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Chen-Plotkin AS, Sadri-Vakili G, Yohrling GJ, Braveman MW, Benn CL, Glajch KE, DiRocco DP, Farrell LA, Krainc D, Gines S, MacDonald ME, Cha JHJ. Decreased association of the transcription factor Sp1 with genes downregulated in Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 22:233-41. [PMID: 16442295 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of a polyglutamine tract within the huntingtin protein. Transcriptional dysregulation has been implicated in HD pathogenesis; recent evidence suggests a defect in Sp1-mediated transcription. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays followed by real-time PCR to quantify the association of Sp1 with individual genes. We find that, despite normal protein levels and normal to increased overall nuclear binding activity, Sp1 has decreased binding to specific promoters of susceptible genes in transgenic HD mouse brain, in striatal HD cells, and in human HD brain. Genes whose mRNA levels are decreased in HD have abnormal Sp1-DNA binding, whereas genes with unchanged mRNA levels have normal levels of Sp1 association. Moreover, the altered binding seen with Sp1 is not found with another transcription factor, NF-Y. These findings suggest that mutant huntingtin dissociates Sp1 from target promoters, inhibiting transcription of specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice S Chen-Plotkin
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/B114-2000, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129-4404, USA
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2
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Persson K, Dean-Mckinney T, Steers WD, Tuttle JB. Activation of the transcription factors nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1 in bladder smooth muscle exposed to outlet obstruction and mechanical stretching. J Urol 2001; 165:633-9. [PMID: 11176450 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200102000-00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transcriptional control of bladder genes in response to outlet obstruction, growth factors and mechanical force is poorly understood. We analyzed the effects of bladder obstruction, mechanical stretching and platelet derived growth factor on the activation of the major growth controlling transcription factors nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1. MATERIALS AND METHODS Complete outlet obstruction was created in female rats by proximal urethral ligation and bladders were harvested 3, 6 and 24 hours later, respectively. Bladder cells were grown in culture and stimulated with 10 ng./ml. platelet derived growth factor or 10 cycles per minute of mechanical stretching for 0.5 to 4 hours. Nuclear proteins were high salt extracted and incubated with 32phosphorus double strand oligonucleotides containing a consensus binding sequence for activator protein-1 or nuclear factor-kappaB. The resulting DNA protein complexes were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS Nuclear extract isolated from obstructed bladders showed intense activator protein-1 binding activity 3, 6 and 24 hours after obstruction as well as increased nuclear factor-kappaB binding activity after 6 and 24 hours. Binding activity was absent or minimal in sham operated rats. Cultured cells exposed to mechanical stretching for 2 and 4 hours showed increased activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB DNA binding compared with unstretched cells. Likewise stimulation with platelet derived growth factor caused a consistent increase in activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB binding activity. The binding of nuclear proteins was abolished by a 40-fold excess of an unlabeled specific oligonucleotide but not by excess irrelevant oligonucleotide. Thus, the assays were specific for the factors involved. CONCLUSIONS Bladder obstruction and mechanical stretching cause the formation of activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB DNA complexes, consistent with a role of these transcription factors in the control of hypertrophy associated gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Persson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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3
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Dobi A, Palkovits M, Ring MA, Eitel A, Palkovits CG, Lim F, Agoston DV. Sample and probe: a novel approach for identifying development-specific cis-elements of the enkephalin gene. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1997; 52:98-111. [PMID: 9450682 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(97)00238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a novel 'sample and probe' approach as a means to identifying specific DNA elements of the enkephalin gene that control differentiation of the enkephalinergic phenotype during neurodevelopment. The approach is a systematic spatiotemporal analysis of protein-DNA interactions; soluble nuclear proteins ('samples') prepared from microdissected regions of the developing brain are 'probed' with radiolabeled DNA fragments representing various regulatory regions of the enkephalin gene. The resulting spatiotemporal 'molecular maps', i.e. characteristic patterns of protein-DNA complexes showed DNA regions that harbor potential cis-elements regulating differentiation of the enkephalin phenotype at various stages of neurodevelopment. DNase I footprint analysis of such a DNA region identified a binding site (GACGGGAGATCGCTCGT) which is similar to the motif for a lymphoid-specific, developmentally regulated transcription factor, Ikaros, suggesting that the developing brain expresses Ikaros-like transcription factor(s) in a spatiotemporally defined manner. In summary, our approach offers a unique view into the chronology of coordinated protein-DNA interactions and will greatly facilitate identifying DNA elements and isolating development-specific transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dobi
- Unit on Molecular Control of Neurodifferentiation, LDN, NICHD, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- G Weisinger
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Zhu YS, Branch AD, Robertson HD, Inturrisi CE. Cloning and characterization of hamster proenkephalin gene. DNA Cell Biol 1994; 13:25-35. [PMID: 8286036 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1994.13.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that the hamster adrenal, like the human, contains high levels of preproenkephalin (PPenk) mRNA and enkephalin peptides, and may serve as a mammalian model for the in vivo study of proenkephalin (Penk) gene expression, peptide biosynthesis, and release. To define further the factors that may regulate hamster Penk gene expression, the hamster Penk gene was isolated from a genomic library prepared from Syrian hamster liver. The hamster Penk gene contains four exons and three introns and encodes 268 amino acids including six copies of Met-enkephalin containing peptides and one copy of Leu-enkephalin. In the 5' upstream region, there are TATA and GC boxes and multiple putative regulatory elements including the cAMP response element, AP-1, AP-2, AP-4, and the glucocorticoid response element (GRE). Possible GREs are also present in the introns. A comparison with the human and the rat Penk genes indicates that both the human and hamster Penk gene contain three introns, while the rat Penk gene has two introns. The intron missing from the rat Penk gene is short and separates the first and second exons of the hamster and human genes. In addition, the hamster and human genes share a region (100 bases) in the 5' upstream sequence that is 98% homologous. It is of interest that Penk gene expression is high in the adrenal medulla of both human and hamster, but is much lower in the rat. These homologous regions and the extra intron may contain regulatory features responsible for a high level of expression in the human and hamster adrenal medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021
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6
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Tissue-specific DNaseI hypersensitivity regions are located in the 5'-region of the rat preproenkephalin gene. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)88627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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7
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Gubits RM, Yu H, Casey G, Munell F, Vitek MP. Altered genetic response to beta-adrenergic receptor activation in late passage C6 glioma cells. J Neurosci Res 1992; 33:297-305. [PMID: 1333540 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490330213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated variability in the phenotype of rat C6 glioma cells. In the present study, we compared morphology, growth rate, and beta-adrenergic regulation of gene expression in early (P39-47) and late (P55-90) passage C6 cells. Morphological changes were observed in five independently derived, late passage populations. In four of the five, the untreated cells were more polygonal than the fibroblast-like parental cells, and only a small fraction exhibited process outgrowth after dbcAMP treatment. Untreated cells from the fifth late passage population had longer cytoplasmic processes than parental cells and responded to dbcAMP with further process outgrowth. All late passage populations had shorter generation times than the parental cells. In early passage cells, treatment with the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (IPR), resulted in an increase in c-fos mRNA and a decrease in c-jun mRNA (Gu-bits RM, Yu H: J Neurosci Res, 30:625-630, 1991). Both of these immediate early gene responses were irreversibly lost between P50 and P55. Additional differences in basal or IPR-induced mRNA levels were observed for beta-APP, GFAP, NGF, and PPE, but not for a number of other mRNAs. These results are discussed in relationship to previously described differences in the ability of early and late passage C6 cells to accumulate cAMP (Mallorga P, et al.: Biochim Biophys Acta 678:221-229, 1981).
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MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Bucladesine/pharmacology
- Cell Division
- Enkephalins/genetics
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Genes, fos
- Genes, jun
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/genetics
- Glioma
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Kinetics
- Nerve Growth Factors/genetics
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Rats
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/physiology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Gubits
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
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La Gamma EF, Agarwal BL, DeCristofaro JD. Regulation of adrenomedullary preproenkephalin mRNA: effects of hypoglycemia during development. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1992; 13:189-97. [PMID: 1317492 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(92)90026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To further evaluate whether transsynaptic mechanisms account for stress-induced changes in adrenomedullary preproenkephalin mRNA (ppEnk mRNA), neonatal rats were made hypoglycemic at a time when synapses are non-functional (less than 10 days postnatal age). While ppEnk mRNA in medullae from adult rats increased as much as 60-fold in this paradigm (insulin 10 U/kg), ppEnk mRNA levels in the newborn increased only 1.6-fold (insulin 20 U/kg). To evaluate whether postsynaptic cholinergic pathways of the neonatal adrenal medulla were functional, we treated 5-day-old pups with cholinergic agonists (nicotine [1 mg/kg, s.c., q 12 h] + carbachol [1.7 mumol/kg, s.c., q 12 h x 4 days]). Combined cholinergic agonist treatment augmented enkephalin prohormone and peptide levels up to 3-fold (P less than 0.05). To determine whether the blunted response to hypoglycemia in the newborn resulted from a deficiency in functional transsynaptic activity, synapses were matured using thyroid hormone pretreatment (postnatal days 2 and 3) before hypoglycemic stress. Hypoglycemia now caused a 40-fold increase in adrenomedullary ppEnk mRNA levels only in the T3/insulin treated group. To exclude other secondary effects of hypoglycemia (eg. hormonal, or insulin treatment-dependent), intracellular glycopenia was produced in the presence of secondary hyperglycemia by injecting adult rats or pups with 2-deoxyglucose (500 mg/kg). Similar to the insulin-hypoglycemia group, a large increase in adrenomedullary ppEnk mRNA resulted in the adult but not in the 5-day-old neonatal adrenal medullae. We conclude that enkephalin biosynthesis, like co-stored catecholamines, is induced by a transsynaptic process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E F La Gamma
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY, Stony Brook 11794-8111
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Toth CA, Thomas P. Type I interferon resistance in a colorectal cancer cell line is associated with a more aggressive phenotype in vivo. Br J Cancer 1992; 65:365-8. [PMID: 1558789 PMCID: PMC1977610 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1992.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A type I interferon resistant variant (beta-MIP101) of the poorly differentiated human colon cancer cell MIP101 has a more aggressive phenotype in vivo in the nude mouse. Subcutaneous tumours grew at twice the rate of MIP101, but with similar morphology. beta-MIP101 also produced liver metastases at a higher frequency. beta-MIP101 tumours were diploid while MIP101 tumours were aneuploid. Both cell lines had doubling times of approximately 25 h in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Toth
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, New England Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Gubits RM, Yu H. Beta-adrenergic treatment of C6 glioma cells produces opposite changes in c-fos and c-jun mRNA levels. J Neurosci Res 1991; 30:625-30. [PMID: 1686282 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490300405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The AP1 transcriptional complex is a heterodimer composed of proteins encoded by the fos and jun proto-oncogene families. Changes in the concentration and composition of AP1 occur after cells are perturbed in a variety of different ways (Curran, in Reddy et al., eds. "The Oncogene Handbook," Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp 307-325, 1988; Sonnenberg et al., Neuron 3:359-365, 1989). Transient changes in AP1 content presumably result in altered expression of AP1-regulated target genes, that help to mediate the cell's long-term response to changes in its environment. One factor that may be important in determining which target genes are regulated by AP1 in a given context is the identity of the jun family member present in the complex (Chiu et al., Cell 59:979-986, 1989; Schutte et al., Cell 59:987-997, 1989). Fos induction has been demonstrated after binding of beta-adrenergic ligands to their cell surface receptors (Barka et al., Mol Cell Biol 6:2984-2989, 1986; Gubits et al., Mol Brain Res 6: 39-45, 1989; Arenander et al., J Neurosci Res 24: 107-114, 1989; Mocchetti et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:3891-3895, 1989). However, the response of the jun gene family to this treatment has not been reported. We have therefore examined the effect of beta-adrenergic receptor activation on the expression of c-fos, c-jun, and junB mRNA levels in C6 glioma cells. Our results indicate that c-fos and junB mRNA levels are increased by 52- and 2.7-fold, respectively, after 45 min of isoproterenol (IPR) treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Gubits
- Department of Neurology and Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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11
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La Gamma E, Decristofaro J, Weisinger G. Cholinergic agonist-induced binding of adrenomedullary nuclear proteins to the rat preproenkephalin promoter. Mol Cell Neurosci 1991; 2:517-25. [DOI: 10.1016/1044-7431(91)90019-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/1991] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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12
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Inducible preproenkephalin DNA binding proteins in the rat striatum. Mol Cell Neurosci 1991; 2:427-39. [DOI: 10.1016/1044-7431(91)90030-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/1991] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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13
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Simantov R, Höllt V. Regulation of proenkephalin A gene expression in aggregating fetal rat brain cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1991; 11:245-51. [PMID: 2029727 DOI: 10.1007/bf00769037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Aggregating fetal rat brain cells express a significant amount of proenkephalin A (PENK) mRNA, a selective radioimmunoassay shows that this mRNA is also translated into enkephalins. 2. Depolarization with potassium chloride (KCl) or veratridine increases the expression of PENK mRNA in a time-dependent fashion, with a maximal increase of sixfold. It is interesting, however, that depolarization of the same cultures with KCl has no effect on the expression of prodynorphin mRNA. 3. An increase in PENK mRNA levels has been also observed in cultures treated with 8-Br-cAMP, phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (TPA), or dexamethasone. 4. However, incubation of the cultures with the opioid agonist etorphine or the antagonist naltrexone did not alter PENK gene expression, suggesting that there is not feedback control of opioids on PENK biosynthesis in these cells. 5. The increase in PENK mRNA in depolarized and in TPA-dexamethasone-, or 8-Br-cAMP-treated cultures was not accompanied by a significant increase in the amount of free immunoreactive met-enkephalin. Fetal brain cell cultures are therefore a useful neuronal model system for studying the mechanism that regulated the expression of PENK mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Simantov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Virology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Popovici T, Represa A, Crépel V, Barbin G, Beaudoin M, Ben-Ari Y. Effects of kainic acid-induced seizures and ischemia on c-fos-like proteins in rat brain. Brain Res 1990; 536:183-94. [PMID: 2128198 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed the brain pattern and time-course of c-fos-like proteins expression in kainic acid-induced seizures in the rat. C-fos-like immunoreactivity increased initially in the hippocampus, notably in the dentate gyrus, at the time of the first limbic motor seizure (90 min after kainate). C-fos-like labelling progressively involved different structures of the limbic system when the rats manifested a permanent epileptic state (3-6 h). The labelling was still conspicuous 12 h after kainate treatment and progressively declined to reach control levels 48 h after kainate. This time-course is similar to that produced by kainic acid on 2-deoxyglucose consumption and correlates with the electrographic changes previously described, supporting the idea that c-fos-like immunostaining may provide a useful marker of neuronal activity, with a cellular resolution. Since anoxic-ischemic treatment produces a very slight and transient increase in c-fos-like immunostaining restricted to the fascia dentata, c-fos-like expression is seizure-related and not due to a local hypoxia or ischemia.
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La Gamma EF, De Cristofaro JD, Agarwal BL, Weisinger G. Ontogeny of the opiate phenotype: an approach to defining transsynaptic mechanisms at the molecular level in the rat adrenal medulla. Int J Dev Neurosci 1989; 7:499-511. [PMID: 2816487 DOI: 10.1016/0736-5748(89)90009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmitter phenotypic expressions is a dynamic cellular process governed by multiple interactions with the neuronal environment. During sympathoadrenal development the arrival of presynaptic nerve terminals at the adrenal chromaffin cell (in the immediate postnatal period), coincides with the acquisition and subsequent development of a variety of transmitter biosynthetic capacities. Data discussed herein supports the contention that synaptic connections serve a central role in triggering the ontological cascade. Disruption of the normal timing of innervation events is detrimental to subsequent function and results in permanent deficiencies in development. In addition, alteration of transmitter biosynthetic regulatory mechanisms appears to reside at the level of gene expression. In view of this, additional molecular approaches are necessary to further elucidate the fundamental basis of neuronal transmitter phenotypic plasticity. Our approach to this problem represents a logical extension of previous research in this area and ultimately, will involve characterizing transcription activator molecules important in transmitter gene expression at various ontological ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F La Gamma
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY, Stony Brook 11794-8111
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