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Baktybayeva L, Daulet G, Zazybin A, Yu V, Ostapchuk Y, Perfilyeva Y, Kali A, Abdolla N, Malmakova A, Baktybai N, Temirbekova Z, Rafikova K. Stimulation of B-Lymphopoiesis by Administration of a Trimecaine-Based Ionic Compound in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Hematopoietic-Depressive Model. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031378. [PMID: 36771044 PMCID: PMC9920924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO, the secondary form of hematopoietic-depressive status increases the risk of death in people with oncological, infectious, and hormonal diseases. The choice of drugs that stimulate the hematopoietic activity of B-lymphopoiesis is limited. The current leucopoiesis drugs have a number of side effects: thymic preparations stimulate the production of PGE2, which causes chronic inflammation and various autoimmune diseases through the differentiation of T helper 1 (Th1) cells, the proliferation of Th17 cells, and the production of IL-22 from Th22 cells through EP2 and EP4 receptors; cytokine preparations can cause uncontrolled immune reactions and impaired contractility of smooth and cardiac muscles; drugs based on nucleic acids can stimulate the division of all cells, including bacterial and cancerous ones. The use of oligonucleotides such as ribozymes and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs) shows promise as therapeutic moieties, but faces a number of challenges such as nuclease sensitivity, off-target effects, and efficient delivery. The search for substances that stimulate B-lymphopoiesis among ionic compounds was motivated by the discovery of the unique properties of lidocaine docusate, one of the first ionic liquid forms of the known drugs. The lidocaine docusate (protonated form of lidocaine (2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl) acetamide + docusate-anion (dioctylsulfosuccinate))) suppresses the division of pheochromocytoma cells and activates immunity in rats. The trimecaine-based ionic compound (TIC) demonstrates high B-lymphopoiesis-stimulating activity. The TIC compound stimulates an increase in the volume of transitional B cells, which play an important role for further differentiation and formation of a sufficient number of mature B1 cells and mature B2 cells, where mature B2 cells make up the bulk of the functional population of B lymphocytes. The TIC compound most strongly stimulated the restoration of the number of marginal zone B cells, follicular B cells, and activated germinal center B cells after the cytotoxic emptying of the follicular centers of the spleen induced cyclophosphamide. It significantly exceeds the activity of the comparison drug methyluracil. The TIC compound does not affect the level of pro-B, pre-B-I, or pre-B-II bone marrow cells, which prevents the risk of the formation of immature functionally defective cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layilya Baktybayeva
- Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av., 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Guldana Daulet
- Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av., 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexey Zazybin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh British Technical University, Tole Bi Str., 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-705-293-0778
| | - Valentina Yu
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Medicinal Compounds Chemistry, A.B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences, Walikhanov Str., 106, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Yekaterina Ostapchuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunobiotechnology, M.A. Aitkhozhin’s Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Dosmukhamedov Str., 86, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Yuliya Perfilyeva
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunobiotechnology, M.A. Aitkhozhin’s Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Dosmukhamedov Str., 86, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Aikyn Kali
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunobiotechnology, M.A. Aitkhozhin’s Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Dosmukhamedov Str., 86, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurshat Abdolla
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunobiotechnology, M.A. Aitkhozhin’s Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Dosmukhamedov Str., 86, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Aigul Malmakova
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Medicinal Compounds Chemistry, A.B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences, Walikhanov Str., 106, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Nuraly Baktybai
- Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av., 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanerke Temirbekova
- Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av., 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Khadichahan Rafikova
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Oil and Gas Geology, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
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Iwicka E, Hajtuch J, Dzierzbicka K, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Muramyl dipeptide-based analogs as potential anticancer compounds: Strategies to improve selectivity, biocompatibility, and efficiency. Front Oncol 2022; 12:970967. [PMID: 36237313 PMCID: PMC9551026 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.970967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO, cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world. This is an important global problem and a major challenge for researchers who have been trying to find an effective anticancer therapy. A large number of newly discovered compounds do not exert selective cytotoxic activity against tumorigenic cells and have too many side effects. Therefore, research on muramyl dipeptide (MDP) analogs has attracted interest due to the urgency for finding more efficient and safe treatments for oncological patients. MDP is a ligand of the cytosolic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 receptor (NOD2). This molecule is basic structural unit that is responsible for the immune activity of peptidoglycans and exhibits many features that are important for modern medicine. NOD2 is a component of the innate immune system and represents a promising target for enhancing the innate immune response as well as the immune response against cancer cells. For this reason, MDP and its analogs have been widely used for many years not only in the treatment of immunodeficiency diseases but also as adjuvants to support improved vaccine delivery, including for cancer treatment. Unfortunately, in most cases, both the MDP molecule and its synthesized analogs prove to be too pyrogenic and cause serious side effects during their use, which consequently exclude them from direct clinical application. Therefore, intensive research is underway to find analogs of the MDP molecule that will have better biocompatibility and greater effectiveness as anticancer agents and for adjuvant therapy. In this paper, we review the MDP analogs discovered in the last 10 years that show promise for antitumor therapy. The first part of the paper compiles the achievements in the field of anticancer vaccine adjuvant research, which is followed by a description of MDP analogs that exhibit promising anticancer and antiproliferative activity and their structural changes compared to the original MDP molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Iwicka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Justyna Hajtuch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krystyna Dzierzbicka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Iwona Inkielewicz-Stepniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- *Correspondence: Iwona Inkielewicz-Stepniak,
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Khan F, Khanam R, Wasim Qasim M, Wang Y, Jiang Z. Improved Synthesis of D‐Isoglutamine: Rapid Access to Desmuramyl Analogues of Muramyl Dipeptide for the Activation of Intracellular NOD2 Receptor and Vaccine Adjuvant Applications. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farooq‐Ahmad Khan
- Third World Center (TWC) for Chemical Sciences International Center for Chemical & Biological Sciences University of Karachi-75270 Pakistan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry International Center for Chemical & Biological Sciences University of Karachi-75270 Pakistan
| | - Rahila Khanam
- Third World Center (TWC) for Chemical Sciences International Center for Chemical & Biological Sciences University of Karachi-75270 Pakistan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry International Center for Chemical & Biological Sciences University of Karachi-75270 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Wasim Qasim
- Third World Center (TWC) for Chemical Sciences International Center for Chemical & Biological Sciences University of Karachi-75270 Pakistan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry International Center for Chemical & Biological Sciences University of Karachi-75270 Pakistan
| | - Yan Wang
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry International Center for Chemical & Biological Sciences University of Karachi-75270 Pakistan
| | - Zi‐Hua Jiang
- Department of Chemistry Lakehead University 955 Oliver Rd Thunder Bay Ontario P7B 5E1 Canada
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Cao X, Cordova AF, Li L. Therapeutic Interventions Targeting Innate Immune Receptors: A Balancing Act. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3414-3458. [PMID: 34870969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is an organism's first line of defense against an onslaught of internal and external threats. The downstream adaptive immune system has been a popular target for therapeutic intervention, while there is a relative paucity of therapeutics targeting the innate immune system. However, the innate immune system plays a critical role in many human diseases, such as microbial infection, cancer, and autoimmunity, highlighting the need for ongoing therapeutic research. In this review, we discuss the major innate immune pathways and detail the molecular strategies underpinning successful therapeutics targeting each pathway as well as previous and ongoing efforts. We will also discuss any recent discoveries that could inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies. As our understanding of the innate immune system continues to develop, we envision that therapies harnessing the power of the innate immune system will become the mainstay of treatment for a wide variety of human diseases.
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Guzelj S, Nabergoj S, Gobec M, Pajk S, Klančič V, Slütter B, Frkanec R, Štimac A, Šket P, Plavec J, Mlinarič-Raščan I, Jakopin Ž. Structural Fine-Tuning of Desmuramylpeptide NOD2 Agonists Defines Their In Vivo Adjuvant Activity. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7809-7838. [PMID: 34043358 PMCID: PMC8279416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
report on the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of
a series of nucleotide-binding oligomerization-domain-containing protein
2 (NOD2) desmuramylpeptide agonists with improved in vitro and in vivo adjuvant properties. We identified
two promising compounds: 68, a potent nanomolar in vitro NOD2 agonist, and the more lipophilic 75, which shows superior adjuvant activity in vivo. Both compounds had immunostimulatory effects on peripheral blood
mononuclear cells at the protein and transcriptional levels, and augmented
dendritic-cell-mediated activation of T cells, while 75 additionally enhanced the cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood
mononuclear cells against malignant cells. The C18 lipophilic
tail of 75 is identified as a pivotal structural element
that confers in vivo adjuvant activity in conjunction
with a liposomal delivery system. Accordingly, liposome-encapsulated 75 showed promising adjuvant activity in mice, surpassing
that of muramyl dipeptide, while achieving a more balanced Th1/Th2
immune response, thus highlighting its potential as a vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Guzelj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sanja Nabergoj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stane Pajk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronika Klančič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bram Slütter
- Div. BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ruža Frkanec
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Adela Štimac
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Primož Šket
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Žiga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Guryanova SV, Khaitov RM. Strategies for Using Muramyl Peptides - Modulators of Innate Immunity of Bacterial Origin - in Medicine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:607178. [PMID: 33959120 PMCID: PMC8093441 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.607178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of infectious diseases is rampant. The emergence of new infections, the irrational use of antibiotics in medicine and their widespread use in agriculture contribute to the emergence of microorganisms that are resistant to antimicrobial drugs. By 2050, mortality from antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria is projected to increase up to 10 million people per year, which will exceed mortality from cancer. Mutations in bacteria and viruses are occurring faster than new drugs and vaccines are being introduced to the market. In search of effective protection against infections, new strategies and approaches are being developed, one of which is the use of innate immunity activators in combination with etiotropic chemotherapy drugs. Muramyl peptides, which are part of peptidoglycan of cell walls of all known bacteria, regularly formed in the body during the breakdown of microflora and considered to be natural regulators of immunity. Their interaction with intracellular receptors launches a sequence of processes that ultimately leads to the increased expression of genes of MHC molecules, pro-inflammatory mediators, cytokines and their soluble and membrane-associated receptors. As a result, all subpopulations of immunocompetent cells are activated: macrophages and dendritic cells, neutrophils, T-, B- lymphocytes and natural killer cells for an adequate response to foreign or transformed antigens, manifested both in the regulation of the inflammatory response and in providing immunological tolerance. Muramyl peptides take part in the process of hematopoiesis, stimulating production of colony-stimulating factors, which is the basis for their use in the treatment of oncological diseases. In this review we highlight clinical trials of drugs based on muramyl peptides, as well as clinical efficacy of drugs mifamurtide, lycopid, liasten and polimuramil. Such a multifactorial effect of muramyl peptides and a well-known mechanism of activity make them promising drugs in the treatment and preventing of infectious, allergic and oncological diseases, and in the composition of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Guryanova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, Medical Institute, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rahim M. Khaitov
- National Research Center – Institute of Immunology of Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
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Griffin ME, Hespen CW, Wang Y, Hang HC. Translation of peptidoglycan metabolites into immunotherapeutics. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1095. [PMID: 31798878 PMCID: PMC6883908 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of defined peptidoglycan metabolites that activate host immunity and their specific receptors has revealed fundamental insights into host-microbe recognition and afforded new opportunities for therapeutic development against infection and cancer. In this review, we summarise the discovery of two key peptidoglycan metabolites, γ-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP) and muramyl dipeptide and their respective receptors, Nod1 and Nod2, and review progress towards translating these findings into therapeutic agents. Notably, synthetic derivatives of peptidoglycan metabolites have already yielded approved drugs for chemotherapy-induced leukopenia and paediatric osteosarcoma; however, the broad effects of peptidoglycan metabolites on host immunity suggest additional translational opportunities for new therapeutics towards other cancers, microbial infections and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Griffin
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial PathogenesisThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Charles W Hespen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial PathogenesisThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Yen‐Chih Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial PathogenesisThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial PathogenesisThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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Nabergoj S, Mlinarič-Raščan I, Jakopin Ž. Harnessing the untapped potential of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain ligands for cancer immunotherapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1447-1484. [PMID: 30548868 PMCID: PMC6767550 DOI: 10.1002/med.21557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, cancer immunotherapy has emerged as an effective alternative to traditional therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation. In contrast to the latter, cancer immunotherapy has the potential to distinguish between cancer and healthy cells, and thus to avoid severe and intolerable side‐effects, since the cancer cells are effectively eliminated by stimulated immune cells. The cytosolic nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domains 1 and 2 receptors (NOD1 and NOD2) are important components of the innate immune system and constitute interesting targets in terms of strengthening the immune response against cancer cells. Many NOD ligands have been synthesized, in particular NOD2 agonists that exhibit favorable immunostimulatory and anticancer activity. Among them, mifamurtide has already been approved in Europe by the European Medicine Agency for treating patients with osteosarcoma in combination with chemotherapy after complete surgical removal of the primary tumor. This review is focused on NOD receptors as promising targets in cancer immunotherapy as well as summarizing current knowledge of the various NOD ligands exhibiting antitumor and even antimetastatic activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Nabergoj
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Žiga Jakopin
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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NOD1 and NOD2: Molecular targets in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 54:385-400. [PMID: 29207344 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1 and NOD2 are pattern-recognition receptors responsible for sensing fragments of bacterial peptidoglycan known as muropeptides. Stimulation of innate immunity by systemic or local administration of NOD1 and NOD2 agonists is an attractive means to prevent and treat infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss novel data concerning structural features of selective and non-selective (dual) NOD1 and NOD2 agonists, main signaling pathways and biological effects induced by NOD1 and NOD2 stimulation, including induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, type I interferons and antimicrobial peptides, induction of autophagy, alterations of metabolism. We also discuss interactions between NOD1/NOD2 and Toll-like receptor agonists in terms of synergy and cross-tolerance. Finally, we review available animal data on the role of NOD1 and NOD2 in protection against infections, and discuss how these data could be applied in human infectious diseases.
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Effenberg R, Turánek Knötigová P, Zyka D, Čelechovská H, Mašek J, Bartheldyová E, Hubatka F, Koudelka Š, Lukáč R, Kovalová A, Šaman D, Křupka M, Barkocziova L, Kosztyu P, Šebela M, Drož L, Hučko M, Kanásová M, Miller AD, Raška M, Ledvina M, Turánek J. Nonpyrogenic Molecular Adjuvants Based on norAbu-Muramyldipeptide and norAbu-Glucosaminyl Muramyldipeptide: Synthesis, Molecular Mechanisms of Action, and Biological Activities in Vitro and in Vivo. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7745-7763. [PMID: 28829599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acyl analogues of muramyldipeptide (MDP) (abbreviated N-L18 norAbuGMDP, N-B30 norAbuGMDP, norAbuMDP-Lys(L18), norAbuMDP-Lys(B30), norAbuGMDP-Lys(L18), norAbuGMDP-Lys(B30), B30 norAbuMDP, L18 norAbuMDP) are designed and synthesized comprising the normuramyl-l-α-aminobutanoyl (norAbu) structural moiety. All new analogues show depressed pyrogenicity in both free (micellar) state and in liposomal formulations when tested in rabbits in vivo (sc and iv application). New analogues are also shown to be selective activators of NOD2 and NLRP3 (inflammasome) in vitro but not NOD1. Potencies of NOD2 and NLRP3 stimulation are found comparable with free MDP and other positive controls. Analogues are also demonstrated to be effective in stimulating cellular proliferation when the sera from mice are injected sc with individual liposome-loaded analogues, causing proliferation of bone marrow-derived GM-progenitors cells. Importantly, vaccination nanoparticles prepared from metallochelation liposomes, His-tagged antigen rOspA from Borrelia burgdorferi, and lipophilic analogue norAbuMDP-Lys(B30) as adjuvant, are shown to provoke OspA-specific antibody responses with a strong Th1-bias (dominance of IgG2a response). In contrast, the adjuvant effects of Alum or parent MDP show a strong Th2-bias (dominance of IgG1 response).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Effenberg
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology , Technická 5,166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Turánek Knötigová
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute vvi , Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Zyka
- APIGENEX s.r.o. , Poděbradská 173/5, Prague 9, 190 00, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Čelechovská
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute vvi , Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Mašek
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute vvi , Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Bartheldyová
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute vvi , Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Hubatka
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute vvi , Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Koudelka
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute vvi , Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Róbert Lukáč
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute vvi , Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kovalová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, AS CR vvi Flemingovo nám 2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Šaman
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, AS CR vvi Flemingovo nám 2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Křupka
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc , Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Barkocziova
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc , Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kosztyu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc , Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šebela
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc , 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Drož
- APIGENEX s.r.o. , Poděbradská 173/5, Prague 9, 190 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hučko
- APIGENEX s.r.o. , Poděbradská 173/5, Prague 9, 190 00, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology , Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Kanásová
- APIGENEX s.r.o. , Poděbradská 173/5, Prague 9, 190 00, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute vvi , Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.,KP Therapeutics Ltd. , Manchester M3 2ER, United Kingdom
| | - Milan Raška
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute vvi , Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc , Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ledvina
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology , Technická 5,166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Turánek
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute vvi , Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Kövér KE, Szilágyi L, Batta G, Uhrín D, Jiménez-Barbero J. Biomolecular Recognition by Oligosaccharides and Glycopeptides: The NMR Point of View. COMPREHENSIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS II 2010:197-246. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-008045382-8.00193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
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OmpA is the critical component for Escherichia coli invasion-induced astrocyte activation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:677-90. [PMID: 19458541 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181a77d1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the major Gram-negative bacterial pathogen in neonatal meningitis. Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is a conserved major protein in the E. coli outer membrane and is involved in several host-cell interactions. To characterize the role of OmpA in the invasion of astrocytes by E. coli, we investigated OmpA-positive and OmpA-negative E. coli strains. Outer membrane protein A E44, E105, and E109 strains adhered to and invaded C6 glioma cells 10- to 15-fold more efficiently than OmpA-negative strains. Actin rearrangement, protein tyrosine kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase activation were required for OmpA-mediated invasion by E. coli. In vitro infection of C6 cells and intracerebral injection into mice of the E44 strain induced expression of the astrocyte differentiation marker glial fibrillary acidic protein and the inflammatory mediators cyclooxygenase 2 and nitric oxide synthase 2. After intracerebral infection with E44, all C57BL/6 mice died within 36hours, whereas 80% of mice injected with E44 premixed with recombinant OmpA protein survived. Astrocyte activation and neutrophil infiltration were reduced in brain tissue sections in the mice given OmpA. Taken together, these data suggest that OmpA-mediated invasion plays an important role in the early stage of E.coli-induced brain damage, and that it may have therapeutic use in E. coli meningitis.
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Kovacic JC, Muller DWM, Graham RM. Actions and therapeutic potential of G-CSF and GM-CSF in cardiovascular disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006; 42:19-33. [PMID: 17109881 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite their names, the cytokines granulocyte- and granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF and GM-CSF respectively) have actions far beyond simply stimulating the proliferation of neutrophil and monocyte lineage cells. A comprehensive body of evidence now exists demonstrating that G-CSF and GM-CSF effectively mobilize bone-marrow-derived progenitor cells into the peripheral circulation. These mobilized progenitor cells can be conveniently harvested for use in reconstituting bone marrow by transplantation after myelo-ablative treatment of hematological malignancies. In addition, much evidence has recently emerged to suggest that these cytokines may have multiple direct and indirect beneficial cardiovascular effects--including neovascularization of ischemic myocardium and reducing the extent of myocardial damage after infarction. Based on this knowledge and a strong safety record in hematological applications, a number of early clinical trials have evaluated the use of G-CSF or GM-CSF in patients with both acute and chronic myocardial ischemia. Although the interpretation of these trials is complicated by heterogeneity in study design, small patient numbers and methodological concerns related to appropriate selection and blinding of patients, the results of ongoing larger phase II/III trials should soon be available to determine if these agents will be useful additions to the cardiovascular armamentarium.
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14
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Kim JM, Oh YK, Lee JH, Im DY, Kim YJ, Youn J, Lee CH, Son H, Lee YS, Park JY, Choi IH. Induction of proinflammatory mediators requires activation of the TRAF, NIK, IKK and NF-kappaB signal transduction pathway in astrocytes infected with Escherichia coli. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 140:450-60. [PMID: 15932506 PMCID: PMC1809382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is associated with inflammation in the brain. To investigate whether astrocytes are involved in E. coil-induced inflammation, we assessed the levels of expression of proinflammatory mediators produced by E. coli-infected astrocytes. E. coli infection in primary human astrocytes and cell lines increased expression of the CXC chemokine IL-8/GRO-alpha, the CC chemokine MCP-1, TNF-alpha, and iNOS. E. coli infection activated p65/p50 heterodimeric NF-kappaB and concurrently decreased the signals of IkappaBalpha. Blocking the NF-kappaB signals by IkappaBalpha-superrepressor-containing retrovirus or antisense p50 oligonucleotide transfection resulted in down-regulation of expression of the proinflammatory mediators. Furthermore, superrepressors of IkappaBalpha, IkappaB kinase (IKK) or NF-kappaB inducing kinase (NIK) inhibited the up-regulated expression of the downstream target genes of NF-kappaB such as IL-8 and MCP-1, and superrepressors of TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF)2 and TRAF5 also inhibited expression of the E. coli-induced target genes of NF-kappaB. These results indicate that proinflammatory mediators such as the CXC chemokine IL-8/GRO-alpha, the CC chemokine MCP-1, TNF-alpha, and iNOS can be expressed in E. coli-infected astrocytes via an NF-kappaB pathway, suggesting that these mediators may contribute to inflammation in the brain, including infiltration of inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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15
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Maekawa Y, Anzai T, Yoshikawa T, Sugano Y, Mahara K, Kohno T, Takahashi T, Ogawa S. Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor inducer on left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44:1510-20. [PMID: 15464336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2004] [Revised: 04/12/2004] [Accepted: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the influence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induction on post-myocardial infarction (MI) remodeling, especially in relation to the inflammatory response and myocardial fibrosis. BACKGROUND Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor modifies wound healing by promoting monocytopoiesis and infiltration of monocytes and macrophages into injured tissue; however, the effect of GM-CSF induction on the infarct healing process and myocardial fibrosis is unclear. METHODS A model of MI was produced in Wistar rats by ligation of the left coronary artery. The MI animals were randomized to receive GM-CSF inducer (romurtide 200 microg/kg/day for 7 consecutive days) (MI/Ro) or saline (MI/C). RESULTS Echocardiographic and hemodynamic studies on day 14 revealed increased left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic dimension, decreased fractional shortening, elevated LV end-diastolic pressure, and decreased LV maximum rate of isovolumic pressure development in MI/Ro compared with MI/C. Immunoblotting showed that expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 in the infarcted site on day 3 after MI was decreased in MI/Ro compared with MI/C. In the infarcted site, TGF-beta1, collagen type I and type III messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression on day 3, and collagen content on day 7 were reduced in MI/Ro compared with MI/C, in association with marked infarct expansion. In MI/Ro, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA level and the degree of infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages (ED-1-positive)were greater in the infarcted site on day 7 than those in MI/C. CONCLUSIONS The GM-CSF induction by romurtide facilitated infarct expansion in association with the promotion of monocyte recruitment and inappropriate collagen synthesis in the infarcted region during the early phase of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Maekawa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Kim JM, Oh YK, Kim YJ, Youn J, Ahn MJ. Escherichia coli up-regulates proinflammatory cytokine expression in granulocyte/macrophage lineages of CD34 stem cells via p50 homodimeric NF-kappaB. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 137:341-50. [PMID: 15270851 PMCID: PMC1809125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood has emerged as an alternative source of haematopoietic CD34+ cells for allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Although bacteraemia induced by Escherichia coli is considered one of the complications of transplantation, expression of proinflammatory cytokines is poorly understood. In this study, we report the altered expression of proinflammatory cytokines in CD34+ cells and their in vitro cultured cells following E. coli infection. CD34+ stem cells and their cultured cells up-regulated expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha after infection with E. coli. Expression of the proinflammatory cytokines was generated mainly by the granulocyte-macrophage lineages. E. coli infection activated the signals of p50/p50 nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) homodimers and IkappaB kinase. Furthermore, inhibition of NF-kappaB activation lowered the up-regulated expression of the proinflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that CD34+ cells and their cultured cells infected with E. coli induce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines via the NF-kappaB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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17
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Todate A, Suda T, Kuwata H, Chida K, Nakamura H. Muramyl dipeptide‐Lys stimulates the function of human dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.70.5.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Todate
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suda
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuwata
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kingo Chida
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Nakamura
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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18
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Ueda H, Yamazaki M. Induction of tumor necrosis factor-α in solid tumor region by the orally administered synthetic muramyl dipeptide analogue, romurtide. Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1:97-104. [PMID: 11367521 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(00)00017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The novel applications of a muramyl dipeptide analogue, romurtide, were investigated. When mice were intravenously injected with 10-1000 micrograms/mouse of romurtide as a primer and 3 KE/mouse of OK-432 as a trigger, systemic tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) activity was increased. Similar effects were also detected by oral administration of romurtide at 1000 to 10,000 micrograms/mouse. These effects reached maximum at 3 h (intravenous injection, i.v.) or 6 h (oral administration, p.o.) after administration and were sustained for 48 h. When romurtide was administered to MM46 tumor-bearing mice orally, the significant augmentation of TNF-alpha production could be detected in the solid tumor and the liver. When romurtide was intravenously injected to the tumor bearer, the TNF-alpha production was significantly augmented in the spleen. These findings suggest that romurtide can augment the host defense system by both the parenteral and oral route, and indicate the possibility of a new type of anti-tumor therapy to induce TNF-alpha in the tumor region.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ueda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan
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19
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Heinzelmann M, Polk HC, Chernobelsky A, Stites TP, Gordon LE. Endotoxin and muramyl dipeptide modulate surface receptor expression on human mononuclear cells. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 2000; 48:117-28. [PMID: 10936509 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(00)00195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 100 ng/ml) and muramyl dipeptide (MDP 100 ng/ml), two immunomodulatory bacterial cell wall products, were incubated with human whole blood, and the expression of receptors involved in antigen presentation, costimulation, and cell activation was investigated by use of flow cytometry. On monocytes, LPS and MDP increased surface expression of human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR), CD18, CD54 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1), and CD86 (B7-2). On lymphocytes, LPS but not MDP increased HLA-DR expression after 18 h. The expression of CD28, CD49d/CD29, and CD106 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, VCAM-1) remained unchanged on both monocytes and lymphocytes. The early increase (1-6 h) of CD18 and ICAM-1 expression led us to hypothesize that CD18-dependent costimulatory signals were involved in the later (6 h) increase of monocyte HLA-DR expression. However, blocking studies using monoclonal antibodies against CD18 (IB4, 15 microg/ml) demonstrated that the LPS- and MDP-induced increase of HLA-DR and ICAM-1 expression on monocytes was not mediated through CD18. LPS induced the expression of the early activation marker CD69 by a CD14-dependent but CD18-independent mechanism, whereas MDP did not induce CD69 expression. Analysis of leukocyte subsets demonstrated that CD4(+) T-cells, CD8(+) T-cell, CD19(+) B-cells, CD56(+) natural killer (NK)-cells, and CD14(+) monocytes increased the expression of CD69 after stimulation with LPS. Collectively, these data demonstrate a stronger immunomodulatory effect of LPS compared with MDP which may, in part, explain the established difference of toxicity between these two bacterial cell wall products.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heinzelmann
- Price Institute of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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20
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Pabst MJ, Beranova-Giorgianni S, Krueger JM. Effects of muramyl peptides on macrophages, monokines, and sleep. Neuroimmunomodulation 1999; 6:261-83. [PMID: 10393513 DOI: 10.1159/000026384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Muramyl peptides are fragments of peptidoglycan from the cell walls of bacteria. Because of their unique chemistry, the immune system recognizes that muramyl peptides are products of bacteria, and it responds by becoming activated to resist infection. This resistance to infection is nonspecific, and extends to unrelated species of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. A key mechanism of the resistance to infection is activation of macrophages. Macrophage activation results in increased production of microbicidal oxygen radicals like superoxide and peroxide, and in increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. These cytokines, besides activating neutrophils, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes, act on the central nervous system to induce physiological responses like fever and sleep. These physiological responses also aid in combating infection. Muramyl peptides also activate macrophages and other cells of the immune system to kill cancer cells. Muramyl peptides and similar agents will become more important as therapeutic agents in the future, due to increasing resistance of microbes to antibiotics, and increasing numbers of patients with immunodeficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pabst
- Departments of Biochemistry and Oral Biology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, USA.
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21
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Iketani M, Nishimura H, Akayama K, Yamano Y, Morishima I. Minimum structure of peptidoglycan required for induction of antibacterial protein synthesis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 29:19-24. [PMID: 10070741 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(98)00099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Various peptidoglycan fragments, different in mode of cross-linking and molecular size, were isolated, and the elicitor activity was tested for induction of antibacterial protein synthesis in larvae of Bombyx mori. Linear uncross-linked peptidoglycans from Bacillus licheniformis and Micrococcus luteus were effective elicitors, similar to the directly cross-linked peptidoglycan from B. licheniformis cell wall. The fragments of uncross-linked peptidoglycan with a sugar chain length of four or more were active elicitors, but the disaccharide unit had no elicitor activity. The minimum structure of peptidoglycan required for induction of antibacterial protein synthesis was determined to be two repeating N-acetylglucosamine-N-acetylmuramic acid units with peptide side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iketani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
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22
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Hamann L, El-Samalouti V, Ulmer AJ, Flad HD, Rietschel ET. Components of gut bacteria as immunomodulators. Int J Food Microbiol 1998; 41:141-54. [PMID: 9704863 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(98)00047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In 1885 Louis Pasteur was the first to propose that the human immune system may be influenced by microorganisms. A large body of data has since been accumulated proving this assumption to be correct. Bacteria constitute the main constituents of the microbial flora of the human digestive tract and compounds of the bacterial cell wall have been shown to play an important role in the interaction of microbes with higher organisms. These components include peptidoglycan (PG) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria. Both types of molecules are potent activators of the human immune system and exert their activity through the induction of endogenous mediators which are endowed with biological activity. This review focuses on the structure and activity of LPS and PG and illustrates how these bacterial factors stimulate the immune cells resulting in desired physiological or dramatic pathophysiological responses of the host organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hamann
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Germany
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23
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Vézina SA, Archambault D. Modulatory effect of mycobacterium cell wall extract (Regressin) on lymphocyte blastogenic activity and macrophage cytokine gene transcription in swine. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 4:314-20. [PMID: 9144370 PMCID: PMC170525 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.4.3.314-320.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium cell wall extract (MCWE) (Regressin) contains trehalose dimycolate and muramyl dipeptide, both of which have immunomodulatory properties. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of MCWE on the in vitro peripheral blood lymphocyte blastogenic activities to mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA) in 6- to 8-week-old piglets. The effect of MCWE on alveolar macrophage tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) gene transcription, as determined by a reverse transcription-PCR assay standardized with the endogenous glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene, was also investigated. The results show enhanced blastogenic lymphocyte activities to mitogens PHA and ConA in MCWE-exposed cell cultures compared to those of control cell cultures. The enhanced blastogenic activity effect of MCWE was dose dependent. The cell background activity (spontaneous [3H]thymidine incorporation) of lymphocyte cultures was also significantly increased in the presence of MCWE, thereby demonstrating a lymphocyte mitogenic effect of MCWE. Cytokine gene transcription analysis showed that the TNF-alpha transcript levels in alveolar macrophage cell cultures stimulated with MCWE for 6 or 16 h were enhanced compared with those in control cell cultures. An enhancement of IL-1beta mRNA levels in cell cultures stimulated for 16 h with MCWE, compared with those in control cell cultures, was also observed. The overall results demonstrate that MCWE can stimulate lymphocyte functional activity and cytokine mRNA expression in swine, thereby indicating its potential use as a clinical immunotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Vézina
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal,Canada
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24
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Burek B, Hrsak I. In vitro modulation of preleukemic AKR mouse macrophage function by bacterial immunomodulators. Immunol Lett 1995; 45:185-8. [PMID: 7558172 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(95)00002-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Spleen macrophages from 1- and 4-month-old preleukemic AKR mice were stimulated in vitro with the bacterial immunomodulators lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan monomer (PGM) and muramyl dipeptide (MDP), in order to study their migration ability and mitochondrial enzyme activity. Macrophages from 1-month-old AKR mice, characterized by higher functional activity, failed to demonstrate any changes in the parameters studied after in vitro stimulation with the employed compounds. Conversely, the depressed macrophage function, spontaneously developed in 4-month-old AKR mice, most probably related to the preleukemic state, improved significantly and to about the same extent with all three immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Burek
- Department of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Ruder Bosković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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25
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Bahr GM, Darcissac E, Bevec D, Dukor P, Chedid L. Immunopharmacological activities and clinical development of muramyl peptides with particular emphasis on murabutide. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1995; 17:117-31. [PMID: 7544767 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(94)00094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Certain immunopharmacological activities of muramyl peptides have been associated with inflammatory and undesirable side-effects typically observed following the administration of the prototype molecule muramyl dipeptide. This activity is now demonstrated not to be linked to a direct activation of inflammatory processes in endothelial cells. Neither MDP nor other structural derivatives were able to induce inflammatory cytokines release or E-selectin gene expression in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. However, oral administration of muramyl peptides has been reported to induce certain biological effects, including the downregulation of anamnestic, antigen-specific IgE responses, which are not observed following parenteral administration. We elaborate on these findings and extend them to show the efficacy of a new muramyl peptide in suppressing polyclonally induced serum IgE levels in anti-IgD-treated mice. The comparative effects of muramyl peptides, selected for clinical development, on the induction of cytokines in human whole blood are then presented at the level of mRNA accumulation and protein secretion. Moreover, the cytokine profile induced in vitro and in vivo by the combination of the safe immunostimulant, Murabutide, with interferon-alpha is examined. This combination reveals a selective and beneficial synergistic activity and induces anti-inflammatory cytokines in the absence of synergistic toxicity. The potential and the implications for the use of a therapeutic combination of an immunostimulant with a cytokine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Bahr
- Sandoz Forschungsinstitut, Vienna, Austria
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26
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Dokter WH, Dijkstra AJ, Koopmans SB, Mulder AB, Stulp BK, Halie MR, Keck W, Vellenga E. G(AnH)MTetra, a naturally occurring 1,6-anhydro muramyl dipeptide, induces granulocyte colony-stimulating factor expression in human monocytes: a molecular analysis. Infect Immun 1994; 62:2953-7. [PMID: 7516314 PMCID: PMC302903 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.7.2953-2957.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosaminyl-1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutam yl-m- diaminopimelyl-D-alanine [G (Anh)MTetra], a naturally occurring breakdown product of peptidoglycan from bacterial cell walls, was studied for its ability to induce granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mRNA and protein expression in human adherent monocytes. Resting monocytes did not express G-CSF mRNA or secrete G-CSF protein. In contrast, monocytes exposed to G(Anh)MTetra showed a dose-dependent increase in G-CSF mRNA accumulation, which correlates with the secretion of G-CSF protein. Maximal levels of G-CSF mRNA were reached within 2 h of activation. Expression of G-CSF was mediated by an increase in the stability of G-CSF transcripts rather than by an increase in the transcription rate of the G-CSF gene. Experiments with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide revealed that G(Anh)MTetra-induced G-CSF mRNA expression was independent of new protein synthesis. Furthermore, it was shown that the effect of G(Anh)MTetra was regulated by a protein kinase C-dependent pathway, whereas protein kinase A and tyrosine kinases were not involved. Finally, it was shown that G(Anh)MTetra also induced G-CSF mRNA expression in human endothelial cells. The data indicate that, besides lipopolysaccharide, other naturally occurring bacterial cell wall components are able to induce G-CSF expression in different hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Dokter
- Department of Medicine, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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27
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Dokter W, Dijkstra A, Koopmans S, Stulp B, Keck W, Halie M, Vellenga E. G(Anh)MTetra, a natural bacterial cell wall breakdown product, induces interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 expression in human monocytes. A study of the molecular mechanisms involved in inflammatory cytokine expression. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)41763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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28
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Abstract
Nonspecific immunostimulation has progressed from crude microbially derived substances to chemically defined drugs with selective effects on different components of the immune system. John Hadden describes how immunopharmacological analyses of structure-activity relationships, pharmacokinetics and immunopharmacodynamics have directed the effective use of these agents in disease models and suggest that they may be of value in combination with other therapies in the treatment of immunodeficiencies, cancer, infections and even autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Hadden
- Dept of Medicine, University of South Florida Medical College, Tampa 33612
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29
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Abstract
Nonspecific immunostimulation has progressed from crude microbially derived substances to chemically defined drugs with selective effects on different components of the immune system. John Hadden describes how immunopharmacological analyses of structure-activity relationships, pharmacokinetics and immunopharmacodynamics have directed the effective use of these agents in disease models and suggest that they may be of value in combination with other therapies in the treatment of immunodeficiencies, cancer, infections and even autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Hadden
- Department of Medicine, University of South Florida Medical College, Tampa 33612
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30
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Azuma I. Synthetic immunoadjuvants: application to non-specific host stimulation and potentiation of vaccine immunogenicity. Vaccine 1992; 10:1000-6. [PMID: 1471423 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(92)90108-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognized that immunoadjuvants mainly play two roles; non-specific stimulation of host resistance against infections and cancer, and the potentiation of vaccine immunogenicity. This article reviews the recent results of the development of synthetic immunoadjuvants in our laboratory with special reference to muramyldipeptide (MDP), trehalose dimycolate (TDM), lipid A, chitin and their related compounds. The usefulness of MDP derivative MDP-Lys(L18), which has recently gone on the market as a haematopoietic agent for restoration of leukopenia in cancer patients treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, is reviewed. The various approaches to application of synthetic immunoadjuvants to the potentiation of vaccine immunogenicity, including adjuvant formulation, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Azuma
- Institute of Immunological Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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