1
|
Hebb ALO, Poulin JF, Roach SP, Zacharko RM, Drolet G. Cholecystokinin and endogenous opioid peptides: interactive influence on pain, cognition, and emotion. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29:1225-38. [PMID: 16242828 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented that stressful life experiences contribute to the etiology of human mood disorders. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide found in high concentrations throughout the central nervous system, where it is involved in numerous physiological functions. A role for CCK in the induction and persistence of anxiety and major depression appears to be conspicuous. While increased CCK has been associated with motivational loss, anxiety and panic attacks, an increase in mesocorticolimbic opioid availability has been associated with coping and mood elevation. The close neuroanatomical distribution of CCK with opioid peptides in the limbic system suggests that there may be an opioid-CCK link in the modulation and expression of anxiety or stressor-related behaviors. In effect, while CCK induces relatively protracted behavioral disturbances in both animal and human subjects following stressor applications, opioid receptor activation may change the course of psychopathology. The antagonistic interaction of CCK and opioid peptides is evident in psychological disturbances as well as stress-induced analgesia. There appears to be an intricate balance between the memory-enhancing and anxiety-provoking effects of CCK on one hand, and the amnesic and anxiolytic effects of opioid peptides on the other hand. Potential anxiogenic and mnemonic influences of site-specific mesocorticolimbic CCK and opioid peptide availability, the relative contributions of specific CCK and opioid receptors, as well as the time course underlying neuronal substrates of long-term behavioral disturbances as a result of stressor manipulations, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L O Hebb
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1X5.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Endogenous opioids, stress, and psychopathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-0709(05)80031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
3
|
Fuso L, Marini M, Marzano M, Nardecchia B, Roda LG, Rossi P, Urbani A. Hydrolysis of peripheral leucine enkephalin in allergic asthma. Clin Immunol 1999; 90:411-9. [PMID: 10075871 DOI: 10.1006/clim.1998.4667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasma hydrolysis of leucine enkephalin was studied in a group of patients affected by seasonal allergic asthma in acute and quiescent stage; data were compared with those obtained from a control group of healthy volunteers. Results obtained indicate a statistically significant reduction of leu-enkephalin hydrolysis in allergic subjects. In the quiescent stage, substrate degradation is reduced, and the pattern of the hydrolysis by-products is modified with respect to normal controls. In the acute stage, hydrolysis is further reduced, and the pattern of the hydrolysis by-products is further modified with respect to the quiescent stage. The variations of leu-enkephalin hydrolysis appear to be controlled by decreased activity of proteolytic enzymes and by increased activity of the low-molecular-weight plasma inhibitors active on these enzymes. The sum of these processes is conducive to a distribution of enkephalin-hydrolyzing enzymes, as well as a hydrolysis pattern, that appears to be specific for the allergic subjects and distinct from that seen in the controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Fuso
- Fisiopatologia Respiratoria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bongiorno L, Fuso L, Marini M, Marzano M, Nardecchia B, Roda LG, Rossi P, Urbani A. Leucine enkephalin degradation in allergopathic versus normal human plasma. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1998; 39:93-105. [PMID: 9716256 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(98)00009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme hydrolysis of labelled leu-enkephalin in the presence of plasma enzymes was studied by kinetic and chromatographic techniques in a group of allergopathic patients in the acute and quiescent stage; data obtained have been compared with those obtained with normal controls. Results shown indicate that in the quiescent stage substrate degradation is reduced, and that the pattern of the hydrolysis by-products is modified with respect to the controls. In the acute as compared to the quiescent stage, enkephalin hydrolysis is further reduced, and the pattern of hydrolysis by-products is further modified. ANOVA analysis of these data indicates that the dependency of hydrolysis reduction upon the grouping of subjects (i.e., controls, quiescent and acute stage) is statistically very significant. Reduced substrate hydrolysis, and modified hydrolysis pattern, appears to be associated with decreased activity of the enzymes involved and more significantly with increased activity of the low molecular weight plasma inhibitors. The combination of these two factors appears to define a hydrolysis pattern characteristic of the allergopathic subjects, similar in the quiescent and acute phase, and different from that observed in the controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Bongiorno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Babst R, Bongiorno L, Marini M, Marzano M, Spagnoli G, Roda LG, Urbani A. Age-induced increase of leucine enkephalin enzyme degradation in human plasma. Peptides 1998; 19:1155-63. [PMID: 9786164 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(98)00061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Possible age-induced variations of the hydrolysis of leucine enkephalin in the presence of plasma enzymes were studied by kinetic and chromatographic techniques in a group of elderly individuals. Results obtained indicate that in elderly individuals the activity of enkephalin-degrading plasma enzymes is greater than in the controls; ANOVA analysis of these data indicates that the dependency of the variation of hydrolysis upon the two age groups is statistically significant. Increased substrate hydrolysis, and a modified hydrolysis pattern, appear to be associated with increased activity of the enzymes involved, and with different distribution of the individual enzymes within each class, as well as with severely reduced activity of the low molecular weight plasma inhibitors. The combination of these factors defines a characteristic hydrolysis pattern for the elderly individuals, different from that found in the controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Babst
- Surgical Research Laboratory, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marini M, Urbani A, Trani E, Bongiorno L, Roda LG. Interindividual variability of enkephalin-degrading enzymes in human plasma. Peptides 1997; 18:741-8. [PMID: 9213370 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(97)00129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The interindividual variability of the hydrolysis of leucine enkephalin, and of the formation of its hydrolysis by-products has been studied in human plasma. In agreement with known data, the data obtained indicate that Leu-enkephalin is degraded by several enzymes, belonging to three classes: aminopeptidases, dipeptidylaminopeptidases, and dipeptidylcarboxypeptidases. The relative ratio of the substrate degraded by each enzyme class-as well as the expression of the single enzyme species within each class-appears to be individually determined. Interindividual variability observed seems controlled by two main factors: the pattern of enkephalin-degrading enzymes and, more notably, the low molecular weight plasma inhibitors. Both these factors appear to be partially specific of each donor. Possibly because of the composition of these factors, the hydrolysis pattern of the substrate is characteristic of each donor, and constant in blood obtained from successive drawings, at least within a relatively short period of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Marini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Universitá degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Roda LG, Bongiorno L, Trani E, Urbani A, Marini M. Positive and negative immunomodulation by opioid peptides. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1996; 18:1-16. [PMID: 8732427 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(95)00105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The data that follow review part of the existing evidence concerning the neuroimmune functions mediated by opioid peptides, with particular regard to dual immunomodulatory effects. Limited references to substances other than opioid peptides are included, mainly to emphasize the possible similarities in the mediation of neuroimmune interactions by different informational substances, while the interactions directed from the immune to the nervous system have deliberately been omitted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L G Roda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Universita degli Studi di Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Hydrolysis and inhibition of hydrolysis of leucine enkephalin in Oryctolagus plasma were studied by kinetics and chromatographic techniques. By data obtained, in this species, enkephalins are degraded by the same enzymes active in other mammals: aminopeptidases, dipeptidylaminopeptidases, and dipeptidylcarboxypeptidases. At variance with data obtained in other species, where enkephalins are hydrolyzed mostly by aminopeptidases, in Oryctolagus Leu-enkephalin hydrolysis is mainly due to dipeptidylcarboxypeptidases, whereas aminopeptidases contribution is the minimum of all three enzyme groups. Comparative analyses performed in the presence and in the absence of plasma inhibitors indicate that the ability of these substances to reduce substratum hydrolysis is very limited. On the contrary, the specific hydrolysis pattern evidenced appears to originate primarily from selective inhibition of the three groups of enzymes. Results obtained appear consistent with a role of plasma inhibitors in tuning hydrolysis to specific substrata, without appreciably modifying the amount of the substratum degraded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Marini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Universitá di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bolacchi F, Marini M, Urbani A, Roda LG. Enzymes and inhibitors in leu-enkephalin in metabolism in human plasma. Neurochem Res 1995; 20:991-9. [PMID: 8570020 DOI: 10.1007/bf00995551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The enzymes degrading leucine enkephalin in human plasma and the inhibitors active on these enzymes were studied by kinetic and chromatographic techniques. Data obtained evidence the existence of complex kinetics of leu-enkephalin hydrolysis and of formation of its hydrolysis by-products. These appear to originate from the combined effect of further hydrolysis of the enkephalin's fragments after their release and of competition between the different enzymes present in plasma. Chromatographic separation of plasma proteolysis inhibitors indicates the existence of several pools of substances acting on all three enzyme groups that degrade leu-enkephalin. The partial specificity of these substances induces competition effects: consequently, the actual protection over leu-enkephalin is considerably lower that the total inhibitory activity. That notwithstanding, plasma inhibitors control enkephalin hydrolysis to a relevant extent, while they modify only slightly the ratio of hydrolysis between the different enzymes. This latter parameter--and specifically the large prevalence of aminopeptidases over dipeptidylaminopeptidases and dipeptidylcarboxypeptidases--appears controlled mainly by kinetic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Bolacchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Universita' degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schulteis G, Rodriguez WA, Rodriguez SB, Martinez JL. Individual variability in Tyr-Gly-Gly formation from enkephalin hydrolysis in mouse plasma. Peptides 1993; 14:1083-9. [PMID: 8284261 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(93)90091-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of captopril (an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) and phosphoramidon (a selective enkephalinase inhibitor) on Tyr-Gly-Gly production during Met-enkephalin hydrolysis in plasma samples taken from individual outbred Swiss-Webster and inbred C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Discriminant analysis procedures identified three distinct plasma profiles of Tyr-Gly-Gly production in all strains of mice: a captopril-sensitive/phosphoramidon-insensitive profile, a captopril-insensitive/phosphoramidon-sensitive profile, and a moderate captopril and phosphoramidon sensitivity profile. The abilities of captopril and phosphoramidon to inhibit Tyr-Gly-Gly production in the same mouse plasma sample were highly inversely correlated (r = -0.938). Plasma of Swiss-Webster mice whose cages and bedding had been changed 24 h prior to sample collection was significantly more likely to exhibit the captopril-sensitive/phosphoramidon-insensitive profile than the plasma of mice whose cages/bedding had not been changed for at least 5 days. The results suggest that environmental novelty may dramatically alter the activity of a plasma dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase system, and thereby regulate behavioral and physiological responses to novel experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Schulteis
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|