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Chevalier S, Beauchard O, Teacă A, Soetaert K, Grégoire M. Partial recovery of macrozoobenthos on the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 207:116857. [PMID: 39216251 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The northwestern shelf of the Black Sea has been affected by eutrophication and bottom hypoxia since the sixties. Consequently, the macrozoobenthos has suffered a well-established decline in biodiversity. However, the nature of the current benthic communities remains questionable. From 1995 to 2017, we compiled species and abiotic data for 138 sites over the shelf. Through an appropriate multivariate analytical approach, we identified benthic community changes solely due to organic pollution variations. Our results show signs of recovery with an increase in biodiversity and proportion of species vulnerable to organic enrichment. These changes were related to a decrease in riverine loads and subsequent eutrophication. However, some long-lived species typical of the area still did not exhibit noticeable recovery, which suggests that either the recovery process has not yet been achieved or some environmental conditions are still not met to warrant a sea floor ecosystem state substantially healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Chevalier
- MAST, Modelling for Aquatic Systems, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems,Yerseke 4401 NT, the Netherlands.
| | - Olivier Beauchard
- Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems,Yerseke 4401 NT, the Netherlands
| | - Adrian Teacă
- National Institute for Research and Development on Marine Geology and Geo-ecology - GeoEcoMar, 23-25 Dimitrie Onciul Str., 024053 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Karline Soetaert
- Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems,Yerseke 4401 NT, the Netherlands
| | - Marilaure Grégoire
- MAST, Modelling for Aquatic Systems, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Ashford OS, Kenny AJ, Barrio Froján CRS, Horton T, Rogers AD. Investigating the environmental drivers of deep-seafloor biodiversity: A case study of peracarid crustacean assemblages in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:14167-14204. [PMID: 31938511 PMCID: PMC6953587 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep-sea benthos covers over 90% of seafloor area and hosts a great diversity of species which contribute toward essential ecosystem services. Evidence suggests that deep-seafloor assemblages are structured predominantly by their physical environment, yet knowledge of assemblage/environment relationships is limited. Here, we utilized a very large dataset of Northwest Atlantic Ocean continental slope peracarid crustacean assemblages as a case study to investigate the environmental drivers of deep-seafloor macrofaunal biodiversity. We investigated biodiversity from a phylogenetic, functional, and taxonomic perspective, and found that a wide variety of environmental drivers, including food availability, physical disturbance (bottom trawling), current speed, sediment characteristics, topographic heterogeneity, and temperature (in order of relative importance), significantly influenced peracarid biodiversity. We also found deep-water peracarid assemblages to vary seasonally and interannually. Contrary to prevailing theory on the drivers of deep-seafloor diversity, we found high topographic heterogeneity (at the hundreds to thousands of meter scale) to negatively influence assemblage diversity, while broadscale sediment characteristics (i.e., percent sand content) were found to influence assemblages more than sediment particle-size diversity. However, our results support other paradigms of deep-seafloor biodiversity, including that assemblages may vary inter- and intra-annually, and how assemblages respond to changes in current speed. We found that bottom trawling negatively affects the evenness and diversity of deep-sea soft-sediment peracarid assemblages, but that predicted changes in ocean temperature as a result of climate change may not strongly influence continental slope biodiversity over human timescales, although it may alter deep-sea community biomass. Finally, we emphasize the value of analyzing multiple metrics of biodiversity and call for researchers to consider an expanded definition of biodiversity in future investigations of deep-ocean life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver S. Ashford
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Centre for the Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas)LowestoftUK
- Present address:
Scripps Institution of OceanographyLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Andrew J. Kenny
- Centre for the Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas)LowestoftUK
| | | | - Tammy Horton
- National Oceanography CentreUniversity of Southampton Waterfront CampusSouthamptonUK
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Overholt WA, Schwing P, Raz KM, Hastings D, Hollander DJ, Kostka JE. The core seafloor microbiome in the Gulf of Mexico is remarkably consistent and shows evidence of recovery from disturbance caused by major oil spills. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:4316-4329. [PMID: 31469487 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The microbial ecology of oligotrophic deep ocean sediments is understudied relative to their shallow counterparts, and this lack of understanding hampers our ability to predict responses to current and future perturbations. The Gulf of Mexico has experienced two of the largest accidental marine oil spills, the 1979 Ixtoc-1 blowout and the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) discharge. Here, microbial communities were characterized for 29 sites across multiple years in > 700 samples. The composition of the seafloor microbiome was broadly consistent across the region and was well approximated by the overlying water depth and depth within the sediment column, while geographic distance played a limited role. Biogeographical distributions were employed to generate predictive models for over 4000 OTU that leverage easy-to-obtain geospatial variables which are linked to measured sedimentary oxygen profiles. Depth stratification and putative niche diversification are evidenced by the distribution of taxa that mediate the microbial nitrogen cycle. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that sediments impacted by the DWH spill had returned to near baseline conditions after 2 years. The distributions of benthic microorganisms in the Gulf can be constrained, and moreover, deviations from these predictions may pinpoint impacted sites and aid in future response efforts or long-term stability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will A Overholt
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Patrick Schwing
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Kala M Raz
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Hastings
- Department of Marine Science, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - David J Hollander
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Joel E Kostka
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Do Changes in Current Flow as a Result of Arrays of Tidal Turbines Have an Effect on Benthic Communities? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161279. [PMID: 27560657 PMCID: PMC4999171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrays of tidal energy converters have the potential to provide clean renewable energy for future generations. Benthic communities may, however, be affected by changes in current speeds resulting from arrays of tidal converters located in areas characterised by strong currents. Current speed, together with bottom type and depth, strongly influence benthic community distributions; however the interaction of these factors in controlling benthic dynamics in high energy environments is poorly understood. The Strangford Lough Narrows, the location of SeaGen, the world’s first single full-scale, grid-compliant tidal energy extractor, is characterised by spatially heterogenous high current flows. A hydrodynamic model was used to select a range of benthic community study sites that had median flow velocities between 1.5–2.4 m/s in a depth range of 25–30 m. 25 sites were sampled for macrobenthic community structure using drop down video survey to test the sensitivity of the distribution of benthic communities to changes in the flow field. A diverse range of species were recorded which were consistent with those for high current flow environments and corresponding to very tide-swept faunal communities in the EUNIS classification. However, over the velocity range investigated, no changes in benthic communities were observed. This suggested that the high physical disturbance associated with the high current flows in the Strangford Narrows reflected the opportunistic nature of the benthic species present with individuals being continuously and randomly affected by turbulent forces and physical damage. It is concluded that during operation, the removal of energy by marine tidal energy arrays in the far-field is unlikely to have a significant effect on benthic communities in high flow environments. The results are of major significance to developers and regulators in the tidal energy industry when considering the environmental impacts for site licences.
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Bernhard JM, Morrison CR, Pape E, Beaudoin DJ, Todaro MA, Pachiadaki MG, Kormas KA, Edgcomb VP. Metazoans of redoxcline sediments in Mediterranean deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins. BMC Biol 2015; 13:105. [PMID: 26652623 PMCID: PMC4676161 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) of the Mediterranean (water depth ~3500 m) are some of the most extreme oceanic habitats known. Brines of DHABs are nearly saturated with salt, leading many to suspect they are uninhabitable for eukaryotes. While diverse bacterial and protistan communities are reported from some DHAB haloclines and brines, loriciferans are the only metazoan reported to inhabit the anoxic DHAB brines. Our goal was to further investigate metazoan communities in DHAB haloclines and brines. RESULTS We report observations from sediments of three DHAB (Urania, Discovery, L'Atalante) haloclines, comparing these to observations from sediments underlying normoxic waters of typical Mediterranean salinity. Due to technical difficulties, sampling of the brines was not possible. Morphotype analysis indicates nematodes are the most abundant taxon; crustaceans, loriciferans and bryozoans were also noted. Among nematodes, Daptonema was the most abundant genus; three morphotypes were noted with a degree of endemicity. The majority of rRNA sequences were from planktonic taxa, suggesting that at least some individual metazoans were preserved and inactive. Nematode abundance data, in some cases determined from direct counts of sediments incubated in situ with CellTracker(TM) Green, was patchy but generally indicates the highest abundances in either normoxic control samples or in upper halocline samples; nematodes were absent or very rare in lower halocline samples. Ultrastructural analysis indicates the nematodes in L'Atalante normoxic control sediments were fit, while specimens from L'Atalante upper halocline were healthy or had only recently died and those from the lower halocline had no identifiable organelles. Loriciferans, which were only rarely encountered, were found in both normoxic control samples as well as in Discovery and L'Atalante haloclines. It is not clear how a metazoan taxon could remain viable under this wide range of conditions. CONCLUSIONS We document a community of living nematodes in normoxic, normal saline deep-sea Mediterranean sediments and in the upper halocline portions of the DHABs. Occurrences of nematodes in mid-halocline and lower halocline samples did not provide compelling evidence of a living community in those zones. The possibility of a viable metazoan community in brines of DHABs is not supported by our data at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Bernhard
- Geology & Geophysics Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | | | - Ellen Pape
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - David J Beaudoin
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - M Antonio Todaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Maria G Pachiadaki
- Geology & Geophysics Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - Konstantinos Ar Kormas
- Department of Ichthyology & Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.
| | - Virginia P Edgcomb
- Geology & Geophysics Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
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Ramirez-Llodra E, Trannum HC, Evenset A, Levin LA, Andersson M, Finne TE, Hilario A, Flem B, Christensen G, Schaanning M, Vanreusel A. Submarine and deep-sea mine tailing placements: A review of current practices, environmental issues, natural analogs and knowledge gaps in Norway and internationally. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 97:13-35. [PMID: 26045197 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mining sector is growing in parallel with societal demands for minerals. One of the most important environmental issues and economic burdens of industrial mining on land is the safe storage of the vast amounts of waste produced. Traditionally, tailings have been stored in land dams, but the lack of land availability, potential risk of dam failure and topography in coastal areas in certain countries results in increasing disposal of tailings into marine systems. This review describes the different submarine tailing disposal methods used in the world in general and in Norway in particular, their impact on the environment (e.g. hyper-sedimentation, toxicity, processes related to changes in grain shape and size, turbidity), current legislation and need for future research. Understanding these impacts on the habitat and biota is essential to assess potential ecosystem changes and to develop best available techniques and robust management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramirez-Llodra
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, NIVA, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hilde C Trannum
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, NIVA, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anita Evenset
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre, High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Lisa A Levin
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation and Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0218, USA.
| | - Malin Andersson
- Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Tor Erik Finne
- Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Ana Hilario
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Belinda Flem
- Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Guttorm Christensen
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre, High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Morten Schaanning
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, NIVA, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ann Vanreusel
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Ramirez-Llodra E, Tyler PA, Baker MC, Bergstad OA, Clark MR, Escobar E, Levin LA, Menot L, Rowden AA, Smith CR, Van Dover CL. Man and the last great wilderness: human impact on the deep sea. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22588. [PMID: 21829635 PMCID: PMC3148232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep sea, the largest ecosystem on Earth and one of the least studied, harbours high biodiversity and provides a wealth of resources. Although humans have used the oceans for millennia, technological developments now allow exploitation of fisheries resources, hydrocarbons and minerals below 2000 m depth. The remoteness of the deep seafloor has promoted the disposal of residues and litter. Ocean acidification and climate change now bring a new dimension of global effects. Thus the challenges facing the deep sea are large and accelerating, providing a new imperative for the science community, industry and national and international organizations to work together to develop successful exploitation management and conservation of the deep-sea ecosystem. This paper provides scientific expert judgement and a semi-quantitative analysis of past, present and future impacts of human-related activities on global deep-sea habitats within three categories: disposal, exploitation and climate change. The analysis is the result of a Census of Marine Life--SYNDEEP workshop (September 2008). A detailed review of known impacts and their effects is provided. The analysis shows how, in recent decades, the most significant anthropogenic activities that affect the deep sea have evolved from mainly disposal (past) to exploitation (present). We predict that from now and into the future, increases in atmospheric CO(2) and facets and consequences of climate change will have the most impact on deep-sea habitats and their fauna. Synergies between different anthropogenic pressures and associated effects are discussed, indicating that most synergies are related to increased atmospheric CO(2) and climate change effects. We identify deep-sea ecosystems we believe are at higher risk from human impacts in the near future: benthic communities on sedimentary upper slopes, cold-water corals, canyon benthic communities and seamount pelagic and benthic communities. We finalise this review with a short discussion on protection and management methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramirez-Llodra
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul A. Tyler
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Maria C. Baker
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Malcolm R. Clark
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Elva Escobar
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Lisa A. Levin
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - Ashley A. Rowden
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Craig R. Smith
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Cindy L. Van Dover
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
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Wetzel A, Werner F, Stow D. Chapter 11 Bioturbation and Biogenic Sedimentary Structures in Contourites. DEVELOPMENTS IN SEDIMENTOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-4571(08)10011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Levin LA, Etter RJ, Rex MA, Gooday AJ, Smith CR, Pineda J, Stuart CT, Hessler RR, Pawson D. Environmental Influences on Regional Deep-Sea Species Diversity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Levin
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0218; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125; e-mail:
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom; e-mail:
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, MS 34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; e-mail:
| | - Ron J. Etter
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0218; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125; e-mail:
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom; e-mail:
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, MS 34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; e-mail:
| | - Michael A. Rex
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0218; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125; e-mail:
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom; e-mail:
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, MS 34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; e-mail:
| | - Andrew J. Gooday
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0218; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125; e-mail:
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom; e-mail:
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, MS 34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; e-mail:
| | - Craig R. Smith
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0218; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125; e-mail:
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom; e-mail:
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, MS 34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; e-mail:
| | - Jesús Pineda
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0218; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125; e-mail:
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom; e-mail:
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, MS 34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; e-mail:
| | - Carol T. Stuart
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0218; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125; e-mail:
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom; e-mail:
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, MS 34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; e-mail:
| | - Robert R. Hessler
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0218; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125; e-mail:
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom; e-mail:
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, MS 34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; e-mail:
| | - David Pawson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0218; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125; e-mail:
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom; e-mail:
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail:
- Department of Biology, MS 34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; e-mail:
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Lamont PA, Gage JD, Tyler PA. Deep-Sea Macrobenthic Communities at Contrasting Sites off Portugal, Preliminary Results: II Spatial Dispersion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/iroh.19950800212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Deming JW, Baross JA. The Early Diagenesis of Organic Matter: Bacterial Activity. TOPICS IN GEOBIOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2890-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Alongi DM. Bathymetric patterns of deep-sea benthic communities from bathyal to abyssal depths in the western South Pacific (Solomon and Coral Seas). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(92)90088-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Effects of flow about a biologically produced structure on harpacticoid copepods in San Diego Trough. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(91)90013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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