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Akhter N, Alam M, Amin Khan MR, Sharmin S, Emon NU, Bakar Siddique MA, Hossain KH, Rahman MA. Therapeutic potentials of Adenostemma lavenia (L.) O.Kuntze evidenced into an array of pharmacological effects and ligand-receptor interactions. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15541. [PMID: 37151655 PMCID: PMC10161694 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study constructed the phytochemical profiles of Adenostemma lavenia (L) methanol extract (MEAL) and investigated its anti-nociceptive, anti-diarrheal, antipyretic, thrombolytic and anthelmintic effects. The GC-MS characterized MEAL had undergone an in vivo antipyretic effect assayed on Swiss albino mice adopting the yeast-induced pyrexia model, antinociceptive activity tested following acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced licking paw models, anti-diarrheal effect in castor oil-induced diarrhea, castor oil-induced enteropooling, and charcoal-induced intestinal transit tests, in vitro thrombolytic effect using clot-lysis model and anthelmintic effects assayed on Tubifex tubifex nematode. The MEAL biometabolites and associated proteins of target diseases were interacted with computational analysis. The MEAL showed a significant dose-dependent percentage of inhibition in acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw licking displaying inhibition of 80.40% in acetic acid-induced writhing and 36.23% and 58.21% in the second phase of the formalin-induced model. The MEAL inhibition of 34.37%, 35.29%, and 42.95% in castor oil-induced diarrhea, castor oil-induced enteropooling, and charcoal-induced gastrointestinal motility, respectively. The MEAL significantly reduced yeast-induced pyrexia. Its biometabolites showed remarkable (-4.1 kcal/mol to 7.4 kcal/mol) binding affinity with the protein receptors. Caryophyllene and Cyclobarbital yielded the best binding scores in this research. Results suggest that pure compounds-based pharmacological investigations are necessary to affirm the therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Akhter
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chattogram 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Munsur Alam
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ruhul Amin Khan
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Sanjida Sharmin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chattogram 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Nazim Uddin Emon
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chattogram 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Bakar Siddique
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Helal Hossain
- Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, 9620 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Md Atiar Rahman
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author. Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh.
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Emon NU, Rudra S, Alam S, Haidar IKA, Paul S, Richi FT, Shahriar S, Sayeed MA, Tumpa NI, Ganguly A. Chemical, biological and protein-receptor binding profiling of Bauhinia scandens L. stems provide new insights into the management of pain, inflammation, pyrexia and thrombosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112185. [PMID: 34543985 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bauhinia scandens L. (Family, Fabaceae) is a medicinal plant used for conventional and societal medication in Ayurveda. The present study has been conducted to screen the chemical, pharmacological and biochemical potentiality of the methanol extracts of B. scandens stems (MEBS) along with its related fractions including carbon tetrachloride (CTBS), di-chloromethane (DMBS) and n-butanol (BTBS). UPLC-QTOF-MS has been implemented to analyze the chemical compounds of the methanol extracts of Bauhinia scandens stems. Additionally, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects were performed by following the acetic acid-induced writhing test and formalin-mediated paw licking test in the mice model. The antipyretic investigation was performed by Brewer Yeast induced pyrexia method. The clot lysis method was implemented to screen the thrombolytic activity in human serum. Besides, the in silico study was performed for the five selected chemical compounds of Bauhinia scandens, found by UPLC-QTOF-MS By using Discover Studio 2020, UCSF Chimera, PyRx autodock vina and online tools. The MEBS and its fractions exhibited remarkable inhibition in dose dependant manner in the antinociceptive and antiinflammatory investigations. The antipyretic results of MEBS and DMBS were close to the standard drug indomethacin. Investigation of the thrombolytic effect of MEBS, CTBS, DMBS, and BTBS revealed notable clot-lytic potentials. Besides, the phenolic compounds of the plant extracts revealed strong binding affinity to the COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1 and plasminogen activator enzymes. To recapitulate, based on the research work, Bauhinia scandens L. stem and its phytochemicals can be considered as prospective wellsprings for novel drug development and discovery by future researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazim Uddin Emon
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chattogram 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Sajib Rudra
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Safaet Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Susmita Paul
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Fahmida Tasnim Richi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Saimon Shahriar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Aktar Sayeed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chattogram 4318, Bangladesh.
| | - Nadia Islam Tumpa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Amlan Ganguly
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
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3
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Abstract
Plasminogen (Plg) facilitates inflammatory cell recruitment, a function that depends upon its binding to Plg receptors (Plg-Rs). However, the Plg-Rs that are critical for cell migration are not well defined. Three previously characterized Plg-Rs (alpha-enolase, annexin 2, and p11) and a recently identified Plg-R (histone H2B [H2B]) were assessed for their contribution to Plg binding and function on macrophages. Two murine macrophage cell lines (RAW 264.7 and J774A.1) and mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by thioglycollate were analyzed. All 4 Plg-Rs were present on the surface of these cells and showed enhanced expression on the thioglycollate-induced macrophages compared with peripheral blood monocytes. Using blocking Fab fragments to each Plg-R, H2B supported approximately 50% of the Plg binding capacity, whereas the other Plg-Rs contributed less than 25%. Anti-H2B Fab also demonstrated a major role of this Plg-R in plasmin generation and matrix invasion. When mice were treated intravenously with anti-H2B Fab, peritoneal macrophage recruitment in response to thioglycollate was reduced by approximately 45% at 24, 48, and 72 hours, with no effect on blood monocyte levels. Taken together, these data suggest that multiple Plg-Rs do contribute to Plg binding to macrophages, and among these, H2B plays a very prominent and functionally important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku Das
- Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
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Roychoudhury PK, Khaparde SS, Mattiasson B, Kumar A. Synthesis, regulation and production of urokinase using mammalian cell culture: a comprehensive review. Biotechnol Adv 2006; 24:514-28. [PMID: 16822639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase, a serine protease, catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, which is responsible for dissolution of clots in blood vessels. It is an important drug for treatment of thromboembolic disease. Production of urokinase by mammalian cell culture has the following important steps: synthesis, regulation and secretion. Production and accumulation of this product in a bioreactor is a real challenge for biochemical engineers. Considerable information at molecular level needs to be understood for production of urokinase in order to correlate different parameters, which in turn can maximize the productivity. This information will be highlighted in this review. Moreover, urokinase production is a product-inhibited process. Therefore, in situ urokinase separation strategy is required to operate a bioreactor at its maximum urokinase formation rate. Integrated urokinase production and isolation processes developed recently will also be discussed briefly in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K Roychoudhury
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India
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Zeitler P, Pahnke J, Marx A. Expression of stromelysin-1 (MMP-3), gelatinase B (MMP-9), and plasminogen activator system during fetal calvarial development. Histopathology 2004; 44:360-6. [PMID: 15049902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether degrading proteases can be found in patent calvarial sutures. Sutural growth and fusion means replacement of the sutural connective tissue, rich in fibronectin and collagen type V, by expanding calvarial bone. Proliferation of one tissue into the border area of another implies the presence of enzymes able to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM). An important family of proteases is the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), as is the plasminogen/plasmin system. METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of two MMPs with substrate specifity for fibronectin and collagen type V and of the plasminogen activator system was studied by immunohistochemistry in samples of human fetal calvariae (age range weeks 19-35 of gestation). In all cases, intense staining for MMPs, urokinase, and urokinase receptor was found in the sutural connective tissue and along the outer and inner borders of calvarial bone. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that degradation of sutural connective tissue takes place during sutural growth. This might facilitate proliferation of calvarial bone. Recently, it was shown that an important regulatory mechanism of sutural growth is apoptosis of osteoblasts in the osteogenic front. Intact fibronectin is known to prevent apoptosis of proliferating osteoblasts while fibronectin degradation induces their apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zeitler
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Pancholi V, Fontan P, Jin H. Plasminogen-mediated group A streptococcal adherence to and pericellular invasion of human pharyngeal cells. Microb Pathog 2004; 35:293-303. [PMID: 14580393 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2003.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-enolase (SEN) is a strong plasminogen-binding protein on the surface of group A streptococci (GAS). By flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analyses and using human enolase-specific antibody, human pharyngeal cells (Detroit 562) also were found to express enolase on their surface. Detroit 562 cells preferentially bound to Lys-plasminogen and this binding was inhibited in the presence of a lysine analog, epsilon-aminocaproic acid and by carboxypeptidase-B treatment suggesting that the C-terminal lysine residue of the putative pharyngeal cell receptor(s) may play an important role in plasminogen-binding. The increased plasminogen-binding in the presence of free enolase indicated the presence of an enolase/SEN-specific receptor on the pharyngeal cell surface. GAS, when precoated with Lys-plasminogen, adhered to pharyngeal cells significantly more in numbers than when precoated with fibronectin or laminin. Similarly, GAS adhered also significantly more in numbers to pharyngeal cells which were precoated with Lys-plasminogen. GAS adhered similarly in high numbers when incubated with pharyngeal cells in the presence of soluble plasminogen. The de novo pharyngeal cell-bound protease activity, created as a result of activation of bound plasminogen by t-PA, indicated its potential role in pericellular fibrinolytic activity. Further GAS with tPA-activated plasminogen bound on their surface penetrated through Transwell-grown pharyngeal cells in significantly higher numbers. Together, the results presented in this study highlight a novel function of plasminogen in streptococcal adherence to pharyngeal cells and a newly discovered streptococcal ability to pericellularly invade pharyngeal cells as a result of tPA/endogenous plasminogen activator-mediated proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Pancholi
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Public Health Research Institute, The International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren Street, W450T, Newark, NJ 07103-3535, USA.
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7
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Dominguez M, Montes R, Páramo JA, Anglés-Cano E. Bivalency of plasminogen monoclonal antibodies is required for plasminogen bridging to fibrin and enhanced plasmin formation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1598:165-76. [PMID: 12147357 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(02)00364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Binding of plasminogen to fibrin and cell surfaces is essential for fibrinolysis and pericellular proteolysis. We used surface plasmon resonance and enzyme kinetic analyses to study the effect of two mAbs (A10.2, CPL15) on plasminogen binding and activation at fibrin surfaces. A10.2 is directed against the lysine-binding site (LBS) of kringle 4, whereas CPL15 recognises a region in kringle 1 outside the LBS. In the presence of CPL15 and A10.2 mAbs, binding of plasminogen (K(d)=1.16+/-0.22 micromol/l) to fibrin was characterised by a mAb concentration-dependent bell-shaped isotherm. A progressive increase in the concentration of mAbs at the surface was also detected, and reached a plateau corresponding to the maximum of plasminogen bound. These data indicated that at low mAb concentration, bivalent plasminogen-mAb-plasminogen ternary complexes are formed, whereas at high mAb concentration, a progressive shift to monovalent plasminogen-mAb binary complexes is observed. Plasmin formation in the presence of mAbs followed a similar bell-shaped profile. Monovalent Fab fragments of mAb A10.2 showed no effect on the binding of plasminogen, confirming the notion that a bivalent mAb interaction is essential to increase plasminogen binding and activation at the surface of fibrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Dominguez
- Plasminogen Activation in Cardiovascular Remodelling, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U460, UFR de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard-BP 416, Paris, France
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8
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Zeitler P, Pahnke J, Collmann H. Immunolocalization of urokinase and its receptor in prematurely fused cranial sutures of infants. Orthod Craniofac Res 2002; 5:22-8. [PMID: 12071370 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0544.2002.50101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In cranial sutural samples derived from five children with premature cranial suture fusion we have performed immunostaining for the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and urokinase receptor (uPAR). We have found a strong reactivity for cell- or matrix-bound uPA and uPAR in the sutural connective tissue and associated with the osteoblasts and osteocytes lining the calvarial bone. The sutural tissue itself showed a banding with different intensity of urokinase and uPAR staining concerning connective tissue. It is proposed that the components of the plasminogen activating system are involved in tissue turnover of sutural tissue and in sutural growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zeitler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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9
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Schvartz I, Kreizman T, Brumfeld V, Gechtman Z, Seger D, Shaltiel S. The PKA phosphorylation of vitronectin: effect on conformation and function. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 397:246-52. [PMID: 11795878 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitronectin (Vn) stabilizes the inhibitory form of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), an important modulator of fibrinolysis. We have previously reported that Vn is specifically phosphorylated by PKA (at Ser378), a kinase we have shown to be released from platelets upon their physiological activation. Here we describe the molecular consequences of this phosphorylation and show (by circular dichroism, and by phosphorylation with casein kinase II) that it acts by modulating the conformation of Vn. The PKA phosphorylation of Vn is enhanced in the presence of either PAI-1, or heparin, or both. This enhanced phosphorylation occurs exclusively on Ser378 as shown with the Vn mutants Ser378Ala and Ser378Glu. The binding of PKA phosphorylated Vn to immobilized PAI-1 and to immobilized plasminogen is shown to be lower than that of Vn. The evidence compiled here suggests that this phosphorylation of Vn can modulate plasminogen activation and consequently control fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Schvartz
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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10
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Abstract
Plasminogen plays an integral role in the inflammatory response, and this participation is likely to depend on its interaction with cell surfaces. It has previously been reported that isolation of human neutrophils from blood leads to a spontaneous increase in their plasminogen-binding capacity, and the basis for this up-regulation has been explored as a model for mechanisms for modulation of plasminogen receptor expression. Freshly isolated human peripheral blood neutrophils exhibited relatively low plasminogen binding, but when cultured for 20 hours, they increased this capacity dramatically, up to 50-fold. This increase was abolished by soybean trypsin inhibitor and was susceptible to carboxypeptidase B treatment, implicating proteolysis and exposure of carboxy-terminal lysines in the enhanced interaction. In support of this hypothesis, treatment of neutrophils with elastase, cathepsin G, or plasmin increased their plasminogen binding, and specific inhibitors of elastase and cathepsin G suppressed the up-regulation that occurred during neutrophil culture. When neutrophils were stimulated with phorbol ester, their plasminogen binding increased rapidly, but this increase was insensitive to the protease inhibitors. These results indicate that plasminogen binding to neutrophils can be up-regulated by 2 distinct pathways. A major pathway with the propensity to markedly up-regulate plasminogen binding depends upon the proteolytic remodeling of the cell surface. In response to thioglycollate, neutrophils recruited into the peritoneum of mice were shown to bind more plasminogen than those in peripheral blood, suggesting that modulation of plasminogen binding by these or other pathways may also occur in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Herren
- Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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11
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Sechi LA, De Marchi S. Relationship of lipoprotein(a) to variables of coagulation in hypertensive subjects. J Investig Med 2001; 49:12-20. [PMID: 11217142 DOI: 10.2310/6650.2001.34086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coagulation factors are independent predictors of cardiovascular damage in the general population. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between general cardiovascular risk factors, lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), and some hemostatic variables, and to characterize the isoforms of apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) in hypertensive subjects. METHODS Plasma lipids, apolipoproteins, Lp(a), apo(a) isoforms, fibrinogen, and parameters that directly reflect the coagulation activation were measured in 389 untreated essential hypertensive patients recruited at a hypertension clinic. Hypertensive patients were compared with 323 normotensive controls. RESULTS In normotensive subjects, Lp(a) concentrations were significantly correlated with fibrinogen (r = 0.138; P < 0.02) but not D-dimer (r = 0.074; not significant). In hypertensive subjects, log Lp(a) concentrations were significantly correlated with age (r = 0.127; P < 0.02), apo-B (r = 0.128; P < 0.02), plasma fibrinogen (r = 0.193; P < 0.001), and fibrin D-dimer (r = 0.200; P < 0.001) levels, but not with body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, apo-AI, prothrombin fragment 1 + 2, and antithrombin III. The relationship of Lp(a) with fibrinogen (male: r = 0.198, P < 0.002; female: r = 0.177, P < 0.01) and D-dimer (male: r = 0.211, P < 0.002; female: r = 0.188, P < 0.01) was significant in both sexes, whereas the relationship of Lp(a) with age and apo-B was found only in males. Multivariate analysis showed that both fibrinogen and D-dimer were independently related with Lp(a). Elevated fibrinogen, D-dimer, and Lp(a) levels were significantly and independently associated with clinical evidence of atherosclerotic disease. Apo(a) phenotypes were analyzed to investigate the genetic background of the relationships between Lp(a) and coagulation parameters. In both hypertensive and normotensive subjects, Lp(a) levels were inversely correlated with apo(a) isoform protein size, whereas fibrinogen and D-dimer concentrations were comparable in patients with apo(a) isoforms of different size. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between Lp(a) and clotting variables is significantly stronger in hypertensive than in normotensive subjects, providing a compelling argument for accelerated progression of atherothrombosis in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Sechi
- Hypertension Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pathology and Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Udine, Italy.
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Parmer RJ, Mahata M, Gong Y, Mahata SK, Jiang Q, O'Connor DT, Xi XP, Miles LA. Processing of chromogranin A by plasmin provides a novel mechanism for regulating catecholamine secretion. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:907-15. [PMID: 11018079 PMCID: PMC381423 DOI: 10.1172/jci7394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA) is the major soluble protein in the core of catecholamine-storage vesicles and is also distributed widely in secretory vesicles throughout the neuroendocrine system. CgA contains the sequences for peptides that modulate catecholamine release, but the proteases responsible for the release of these bioactive peptides from CgA have not been established. We show here that the major fibrinolytic enzyme, plasmin, can cleave CgA to form a series of large fragments as well as small trichloroacetic acid-soluble peptides. Peptides generated by plasmin-mediated cleavage of CgA significantly inhibited nicotinic cholinergic stimulation of catecholamine release from PC12 cells and primary bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. We also show that the zymogen, plasminogen, as well as tissue plasminogen activator bind saturably and with high capacity to catecholaminergic (PC12) cells. Occupancy of cell surface binding sites promoted the cleavage of CgA by plasmin. Positive and negative modulation of the local cellular fibrinolytic system resulted in substantial alterations in catecholamine release. These results suggest that catecholaminergic cells express binding sites that localize fibrinolytic molecules on their surfaces to promote plasminogen activation and proteolytic processing of CgA in the environment into which CgA is secreted to generate peptides which may regulate neuroendocrine secretion. Interactions between CgA and plasmin(ogen) define a previously unrecognized autocrine/paracrine system that may have a dramatic impact upon catecholamine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Parmer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, California 92161, USA.
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Yarzábal A, Avilán L, Hoelzl K, de Muñoz M, Puig J, Kansau I. A study of the interaction between Helicobacter pylori and components of the human fibrinolytic system. Braz J Med Biol Res 2000; 33:1015-21. [PMID: 10973131 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2000000900004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of plasminogen, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and urokinase with a clinical strain of Helicobacter pylori was studied. Plasminogen bound to the surface of H. pylori cells in a concentration-dependent manner and could be activated to the enzymatic form, plasmin, by t-PA. Affinity chromatography assays revealed a plasminogen-binding protein of 58.9 kDa in water extracts of surface proteins. Surface-associated plasmin activity, detected with the chromogenic substrate CBS 00.65, was observed only when plasminogen and an exogenous activator were added to the cell suspension. The two physiologic plasminogen activators, t-PA and urokinase, were also shown to bind to and remain active on the surface of bacterial cells. epsilon-Aminocaproic acid caused partial inhibition of t-PA binding, suggesting that the kringle 2 structure of this activator is involved in the interaction with surface receptors. The activation of plasminogen by t-PA, but not urokinase, strongly depended on the presence of cells and a 25-fold enhancer effect on the initial velocity of activation by t-PA compared to urokinase was established. Furthermore, a relationship between cell concentration and the initial velocity of activation was demonstrated. These findings support the concept that plasminogen activation by t-PA on the bacterial surface is a surface-dependent reaction which offers catalytic advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yarzábal
- Laboratorio de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
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Yamakami K, Yoshizawa N, Wakabayashi K, Takeuchi A, Tadakuma T, Boyle MD. The potential role for nephritis-associated plasmin receptor in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Methods 2000; 21:185-97. [PMID: 10816380 DOI: 10.1006/meth.2000.0990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G from a patient convalescing from acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) bound specific antigenic sites in early APSGN glomeruli. A streptococcal cytoplasmic antigen (preabsorbing antigen, PA-Ag), could selectively preabsorb fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled IgG and prevented glomerular staining. The antigen was purified and identified as an M(r) approximately 43,000 protein with a pI of 4.7 that strongly activated complement C3 (N. Yoshizawa, S. Oshima, I. Sagel, J. Shimizu, and G. Treser, 1992, J. Immunol. 148, 3110-3116). In the present study, a nephritogenic antigen was purified by affinity chromatography using APSGN IgG-immobilized Sepharose followed by chromatography on an anion-exchange resin. Purification was monitored by ELISA and Western blotting using the binding characteristics of the specific antibodies present in APSGN serum. The molecular weight of the purified antigen, named nephritis-associated plasmin receptor (NAPlr), was an M(r) approximately 43,000 protein and the internal amino acid sequence was found to be homologous to those of the plasmin receptor (Plr) of group A streptococci strain 64/14 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from Bacillus subtilis. The purified NAPlr exhibited GAPDH activity and plasmin(ogen) binding activity. Using FITC-labeled rabbit anti-NAPlr, the antigen was found to be present in the glomeruli of 22 of 22 patients in the early stage of APSGN. Bacterial Plr was also demonstrated in human APSGN glomeruli for the first time using monoclonal antibody to the recombinant Plr protein. Antibody to NAPlr was found in the sera of 46 of 50 (92%) patients within 3 months of onset. These results led us to speculate that NAPlr bound to the glomeruli may contribute to the pathogenesis of APSGN via plasmin and complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamakami
- Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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15
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Tabengwa EM, Abou-Agag LH, Benza RL, Torres JA, Aikens ML, Booyse FM. Ethanol-Induced Up-Regulation of Candidate Plasminogen Receptor Annexin II in Cultured Human Endothelial Cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Nordstrand A, Norgren M, Holm SE. Pathogenic mechanism of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2000; 31:523-37. [PMID: 10680980 DOI: 10.1080/00365549950164382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Considerable knowledge has been accumulated regarding the characteristics of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN), and many attempts have been made to identify a streptococcal factor or factors responsible for triggering this disease. However, the pathogenic mechanism behind APSGN remains largely unknown. As glomerular deposition of C3 is generally demonstrated before that of IgG in the disease process, it is likely that the inflammatory response is initiated by renal deposition of a streptococcal product, rather than by deposition of antibodies or pre-formed immune complexes. During recent years, a number of streptococcal products have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenic process. In this review, possible roles of these factors are discussed in the context of the clinical and renal findings most often demonstrated in patients with APSGN. Streptokinase was observed to be required in order to induce signs of APSGN in mice, and a number of findings suggest that the initiation of the disease may occur as a result of renal binding by certain nephritis-associated variants of this protein. However, additional factors may be required for the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nordstrand
- Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Umeå university, Sweden
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17
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Brünner N, Nielsen HJ, Hamers M, Christensen IJ, Thorlacius-Ussing O, Stephens RW. The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in blood from healthy individuals and patients with cancer. APMIS 1999; 107:160-7. [PMID: 10190293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1999.tb01539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface plasminogen activation system functions in promoting tumor dissemination, and is facilitated by a glycolipid anchored three domain receptor for urokinase. This receptor can also be found in a soluble form (suPAR) in extracts of tumors, as well as in plasma from both healthy individuals and cancer patients. The suPAR in plasma consists of the intact three domain protein, but neither the precise mechanism of its release from cell surfaces, nor its biological function are understood. Increased levels of plasma suPAR have been found in patients with cancers of the lung, breast, ovary, and colon, and recent data now indicates that the level of the molecule is related to patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Brünner
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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The Urokinase Plasminogen Activation System in Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59259-456-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Pantzar M, Ljungh A, Wadström T. Plasminogen binding and activation at the surface of Helicobacter pylori CCUG 17874. Infect Immun 1998; 66:4976-80. [PMID: 9746606 PMCID: PMC108617 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.10.4976-4980.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of iodine-labelled plasminogen to Helicobacter pylori CCUG 17874 was characterized. Inhibition of the binding was observed after preincubation of H. pylori cells with nonradiolabelled plasminogen, lysine, or the lysine analogue epsilon-aminocaproic acid. Fragments of plasminogen, kringles 1 to 3, kringle 4, and mini-plasminogen, were also studied as potential inhibitors. Mini-plasminogen caused total inhibition of the plasminogen binding, while the other fragments caused only partial inhibition. These findings suggest that H. pylori binds specifically the fifth kringle structure of the plasminogen molecule. Plasminogen binding to H. pylori seems to be independent of culture media and independent of the presence of the cytotoxin-associated CagA antigen. Immunoblot analysis identified two plasminogen binding proteins of 57 and 42 kDa. Scatchard plot analysis revealed one binding mechanism with a Kd value of 7 x 10(-7) M. Conversion of H. pylori cell-bound plasminogen to plasmin in the presence of a tissue-type plasminogen activator was demonstrated by digestion of the chromogenic substrate S-2251. No activation was noted when plasminogen or tissue-type plasminogen activator was incubated with H. pylori cells alone. Formation of H. pylori cell surface-bound plasmin may be important to provide a powerful proteolytic mechanism for gastric tissue penetration in type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, since plasmin degrades not only fibrin but also extracellular matrix proteins such as various collagens and fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pantzar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
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20
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Castellino FJ, McCance SG. The kringle domains of human plasminogen. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 1998; 212:46-60; discussion 60-5. [PMID: 9524763 DOI: 10.1002/9780470515457.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mature form of the zymogen, human plasminogen (HPlg), contains 791 amino acids present in a single polypeptide chain. The fibrinolytic enzyme, human plasmin (HPlm), is formed from HPlg as a result of activator-catalysed cleavage of the Arg561-Val562 peptide bond in HPlg. The resulting HPlm contains a heavy chain of 561 amino acid residues, originating from the N-terminus of HPlg, doubly disulfide-linked to a light chain of 230 amino acid residues. This latter region, containing the C-terminus of HPlg, is homologous to serine proteases such as trypsin and elastase. The heavy chain of HPlm consists of five repeating triple-disulfide-linked peptide regions, c. 80 amino acid residues in length, termed kringles (K), that are responsible for interactions of HPlg and HPlm with substrates, inhibitors and regulators of HPlg activation. Important among the ligands of the kringles are positive activation effectors, typified by lysine and its analogues, and negative activation effectors, such as Cl-. The kringle domains of HPlg that participate in these binding interactions are K1, K4 and K5, and perhaps K2. These modules appear to function as independent domains. The amino acid residues important in these kringle/ligand binding interactions have been proposed by structural determinations, and their relative importance quantified by site-directed mutagenesis experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Castellino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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21
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Brunner G, Reimbold K, Meissauer A, Schirrmacher V, Erkell LJ. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans enhance tumor cell invasion in vitro by stimulating plasminogen activation. Exp Cell Res 1998; 239:301-10. [PMID: 9521847 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1997.3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metastasizing tumor cells invade host tissues by degrading extracellular matrix constituents. We report here that the highly sulfated glycosaminoglycans, heparin and heparan sulfate, as well as the sulfated polysaccharide, fucoidan, significantly enhanced tumor cell invasion in vitro into fibrin, the basement membrane extract, Matrigel, or through a basement membrane-like extracellular matrix. The enhancement of tumor cell invasion was due to a stimulation of the proteolytic cascade of plasminogen activation since the effect required plasminogen activation and was abolished by inhibitors of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) or plasmin. Sulfated polysaccharides enhanced five reactions of tumor-cell initiated plasminogen activation in a dose-dependent manner. They amplified plasminogen activation in culture supernatants up to 70-fold by stimulating (i) pro-uPA activation by plasmin and (ii) plasminogen activation by uPA. (iii) In addition, sulfated polysaccharides partially protected plasmin from inactivation by alpha 2-antiplasmin. Sulfated polysaccharides also stimulated tumor-cell associated plasminogen activation, e.g., (iv) cell surface pro-uPA activation by plasmin and (v) plasminogen activation by cell surface uPA. These results suggest that sulfated glycosaminoglycans liberated by tumor-cell mediated extracellular matrix degradation in vivo might amplify pericellular plasminogen activation and locally enhance tumor cell invasion in a positive feedback manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brunner
- Division of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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Plasminogen Deficiency Differentially Affects Recruitment of Inflammatory Cell Populations in Mice. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v91.6.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIt is widely held that the plasminogen (Plg) system plays a role in inflammation through plasmin-mediated directional cell migration. However, substantial evidence for its involvement in the inflammatory response has been obtained from indirect studies and lacks firm biological confirmation. To directly characterize plasminogen's involvement in the inflammatory response, we used thioglycollate to induce a peritoneal inflammatory reaction in Plg(+/+),Plg(+/−), and Plg(−/−) mice. At 6 hours poststimulation, neutrophil recruitment into the peritoneum was maximal and similar between Plg(+/+), Plg(+/−), andPlg(−/−) mice. In contrast, monocyte recruitment was significantly diminished after 24 hours poststimulation inPlg(−/−) mice relative to Plg(+/+) mice. Lymphocyte recruitment also was blunted. Blood monocyte levels in these mice indicated that diminished recruitment into the peritoneum was not the result of a diminished source of cells in the circulation. Macrophage phagocytic function was similar between Plg(+/+) and Plg(−/−) mice. This study establishes a direct involvement of plasminogen in monocyte recruitment during a representative inflammatory response.
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23
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Abstract
It is widely held that the plasminogen (Plg) system plays a role in inflammation through plasmin-mediated directional cell migration. However, substantial evidence for its involvement in the inflammatory response has been obtained from indirect studies and lacks firm biological confirmation. To directly characterize plasminogen's involvement in the inflammatory response, we used thioglycollate to induce a peritoneal inflammatory reaction in Plg(+/+),Plg(+/−), and Plg(−/−) mice. At 6 hours poststimulation, neutrophil recruitment into the peritoneum was maximal and similar between Plg(+/+), Plg(+/−), andPlg(−/−) mice. In contrast, monocyte recruitment was significantly diminished after 24 hours poststimulation inPlg(−/−) mice relative to Plg(+/+) mice. Lymphocyte recruitment also was blunted. Blood monocyte levels in these mice indicated that diminished recruitment into the peritoneum was not the result of a diminished source of cells in the circulation. Macrophage phagocytic function was similar between Plg(+/+) and Plg(−/−) mice. This study establishes a direct involvement of plasminogen in monocyte recruitment during a representative inflammatory response.
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24
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Sjöström I, Gröndahl H, Falk G, Kronvall G, Ullberg M. Purification and characterisation of a plasminogen-binding protein from Haemophilus influenzae. Sequence determination reveals identity with aspartase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1324:182-90. [PMID: 9092705 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(96)00218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plasminogen binding proteins have been described both for Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. In the present work we describe the purification and characterization of a plasminogen binding protein from Haemophilus influenzae (strain HI-23459). Bacteria were sonicated in order to solubilize plasminogen-binding proteins. The supernatant was subjected to affinity chromatography on plasminogen kringle-4 fragment bound to Sepharose 4B and subsequently processed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B. Characterization of the protein by SDS-PAGE displayed a single band with a molecular mass of about 55,000, both prior to and after reduction. The purified protein stimulates tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) catalysed plasminogen activation by a factor of approximately 300, mainly due to a decrease in K(m). Antibodies were raised in rabbits and used in quantitative and qualitative analysis. However, using a FITC-conjugate we failed to demonstrate the presence of the purified protein on the surface of intact bacteria. The corresponding gene was isolated from a lambda EMBL3 phage library prepared from chromosomal DNA from the same H. influenzae strain, using an oligonucleotide probe based on the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence. An open reading frame corresponding to 472 amino acid was found. The amino acid sequence of the translated gene demonstrates 97% identity with the recently published sequence from aspartate ammonia lyase (aspartase) from H. influenzae. Enzymatic analysis of the purified protein revealed a high aspartase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sjöström
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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van Hinsbergh VW, Koolwijk P, Hanemaaijer R. Role of fibrin and plasminogen activators in repair-associated angiogenesis: in vitro studies with human endothelial cells. EXS 1997; 79:391-411. [PMID: 9002228 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-9006-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from existing ones, plays a central role in development and in a number of pathological conditions. Tissue repair-associated angiogenesis usually involves cell invasion into a fibrin structure and the presence of inflammatory cells. In this chapter the role of plasminogen activators in the dissolution of fibrin and the invasion of endothelial cells into a fibrin matrix is described. Tissue-type plasminogen activator is stored in endothelial cells and can be released acutely into the vessel lumen upon stimulation of the endothelium to activate fibrinolysis and to prevent fibrin deposition. At the basolateral side of the cell, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) bound to a specific cellular receptor is involved in the proteolytic modulation of matrix proteins and cell-matrix interaction. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) cooperates with the angiogenic factors basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in inducing human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro to invade a three dimensional fibrin matrix and to form capillary-like tubular structures. The formation of these capillary-like tubules requires cell-bound uPA activity.
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26
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Kim SO, Plow EF, Miles LA. Regulation of plasminogen receptor expression on monocytoid cells by beta1-integrin-dependent cellular adherence to extracellular matrix proteins. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:23761-7. [PMID: 8798602 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.39.23761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen binding sites function to arm cell surfaces with the proteolytic activity of plasmin, critical for degradation of extracellular matrices. We have assessed the effects of adhesion of the representative monocytoid cell lines, THP-1 and U937, to purified extracellular matrix proteins on their expression of plasminogen receptors. After adhesion to immobilized fibronectin, adherent and nonadherent subpopulations of cells were separated. Plasminogen binding to the nonadherent population of cells increased 3-fold, whereas binding to the adherent population decreased by 60%. These changes were due to differences in the plasminogen binding capacities of the cells, while the affinities of the cells for plasminogen were unchanged. The up-regulation of receptor expression in the nonadherent cell population was: 1) induced rapidly and reversibly, 2) independent of new protein synthesis, 3) required an interaction between adherent and nonadherent cell populations, and 4) associated with an enhanced ability of the cells to promote plasminogen activation and to degrade fibronectin. Other immobilized adhesive proteins, laminin and vitronectin, also supported up-regulation of plasminogen receptors in the nonadherent cells. Carboxypeptidase B treatment eliminated the increment in the plasminogen binding capacity of the nonadherent cells, suggesting that the increase in binding was due to exposure of new carboxyl-terminal lysyl residues on the cell surfaces. Furthermore, both the adherence of the cells and up-regulation of plasminogen binding sites was abolished by beta1-integrin monoclonal antibodies. These results suggest that proteins found in extracellular matrices have the capacity to modulate the expression of plasminogen binding sites, thus regulating local proteolysis and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Kim
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Vascular Biology (VB-1), La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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27
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Abstract
The involvement of proteases in the metastatic spread of tumour cells and in tumour related processes, such as angiogenesis and ulceration, has been known for many decades. This chapter reviews the involvement of one proteolytic system--the plasminogen activation system--in tumour progression. In recent years, many biochemical properties of the various components of the plasminogen activation system have become known. These properties and the functional relationship between the components are discussed in the first section. Since interfering with proteolysis by tumour cells and by newly formed endothelial cells can be an objective for future therapy, experimental tumour models have been used to study the effects of inhibitors of plasminogen activation. The second section deals with this issue. Finally, the presence of the various components of the plasminogen activation system in human tumours is reviewed. Following the availability of specific ELISAs, antibodies and molecular probes, the content and the cellular distribution of the components of the plasminogen activation system have recently been mapped in various human tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J de Vries
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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28
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Gase K, Gase A, Schirmer H, Malke H. Cloning, sequencing and functional overexpression of the Streptococcus equisimilis H46A gapC gene encoding a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase that also functions as a plasmin(ogen)-binding protein. Purification and biochemical characterization of the protein. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 239:42-51. [PMID: 8706717 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0042u.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified DNA sequences involved in the function of the complex promoter of the streptokinase gene from Streptococcus equisimilis H46A, a human serogroup C strain known to express this gene at a high level. As a prerequisite to understanding possible mechanisms that control the balance between the plasminogen activating and plasmin(ogen) binding capacities of H46A, we describe here its gapC gene encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GraP-DH, EC 1.2.1.12), a glycolytic enzyme apparently transported to the cell surface where it functions as a plasmin(ogen).binding protein. The gapC gene was cloned and sequenced and found to code for a 336-amino-acid polypeptide (approximately 35.9 kDa) exhibiting 94.9% sequence identity to the Plr protein from Streptococcus pyogenes shown by others to be capable of plasmin binding [Lottenberg, R., Broder, C. C., Boyle, M. D., Kain, S. J., Schroeder, B. L. & Curtiss, R. III (1992) J. Bacteriol. 174, 5204-5210]. To study the properties of the GapC protein, its gene was inducibly overexpressed in Escherichia coli from QIAexpress expression plasmids to yield the authentic GapC or (His)6GapC carrying a hexahistidyl N-terminus to permit affinity purification. Both proteins were functionally active, exhibiting specific GraP-DH activities of about 80 kat/mol (approximately 130 U/mg) after purification. Their binding parameters [association (ka) and dissociation (kd) rate constants, and equlibrium dissociation constants (Kd = kd/ka)] for the interaction with human Gluplasminogen and plasmin were determined by real-time biospecific interaction analysis using the Pharmacia BIAcore instrument. For comparative purposes, the commercial GraP-DH from Bacillus stearothermophilus (BstGraP-DH), a nonpathogenic organism, was included in these experiments. The Kd values for binding of plasminogen to GapC, (His)6GapC and BstGraP-DH were 220 nM, 260 nM and 520 nM, respectively, as compared to 25 nM, 17 nM and 98 nM, respectively, for the binding to plasmin. These data show that both the zymogen and active enzyme possess low-affinity binding sites for the gapC gene product and that the hexahistidyl terminus does not affect its function. Prior limited treatment with plasmin enhanced the subsequent plasminogen binding capacity of all three GraP-DHs, presumably by the exposure of new C-terminal lysine residues for binding to the zymogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gase
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Jena University, Germany
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29
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Cheng XF, Pohl G, Bäck O, Wallén P. Characterization of receptors interacting specifically with the B-chain of tissue plasminogen activator on endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0268-9499(96)80028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Interaction of a recombinant form of apolipoprotein[a] with human fibroblasts and with the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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31
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Tapiovaara H, Alitalo R, Vaheri A. Plasminogen activation on tumor cell surface and its involvement in human leukemia. Adv Cancer Res 1996; 69:101-33. [PMID: 8791680 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Tapiovaara
- Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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32
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The pathogenesis of leg ulcers due to chronic venous hypertension (CVH) seems to be related to perivenular fibrin-film formation due to decreased cutaneous fibrinolytic activity dependent on reduced release of tissue-type plasminogen activator that leads to tissue anoxia and ulcer formation. The purpose of the work is a spectrophotometric evaluation of urokinase (UPA) at the edge, the floor and in the periulcerous skin of leg ulcers. METHODS We examined a group of 10 patients with chronic leg ulcers caused by CVH. The biopsies from each patient were taken: (1) from the edge of the ulcer; (2) from the perilesional skin and (3) from the floor of the ulcer. Urokinase levels were evaluated in the same areas in 10 control subjects. The UPA activity was determined spectrophotometrically at 405 nm. RESULTS The results of our study showed that UPA is detectable in the center of the ulcer, on the edge, in the perilesional skin, as well as in the controls. Data are statistically significant. The highest levels of UPA are found at the edge of the ulcer; they were lower in the center and in the periulcerous skin. CONCLUSION A chemoattracting effect of UPA on human keratinocytes has been documented and this study showed significantly higher levels of UPA at the edge and on the floor of the ulcers, suggesting a possible role of an UPA gradient that could promote mobilization of keratinocytes from the edge to the floor, thus inducing reepithelialization. Moreover, UPA could play some role in neoangiogenesis and fibroblast chemoattraction, thus contributing in various ways to wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lotti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Siena, Italy
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33
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Rydholm H, Boström S, Eriksson E, Risberg B. Complex intracellular signal transduction regulates tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) synthesis in cultured human umbilical vein endothelium. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1995; 55:323-30. [PMID: 7569735 DOI: 10.3109/00365519509104970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells are central in fibrinolysis because of their high production of both activators (t-PA, uPA) and inhibitors (PAI-1). The t-PA and PAI-1 synthesis could be regulated by signals transduction at several cellular levels. The purpose of this in vitro study, on cultured endothelial cells, was to explore the receptor/second messenger regulation of the t-PA and PAI-1 synthesis. Quiescent confluent human umbilical vein endothelial cells, cultured in passage 1, were exposed to different test substances. Samples from the conditioned medium were collected after 16 and 24 h and analysed for t-PA and PAI-1 antigen. All data presented were related to the data from control dishes (= 100%), in the same experiment. The results from the present study (mean +/- 95% confidence interval) demonstrated the following. (1) Forskolin, with a documented direct cAMP-inducing effect, decreased the basal PAI-1 production to 61 +/- 15%, and Na-nitroprusside, with a documented cGMP-inducing effect, increased the basal PAI-1 production to 141 +/- 38% without affecting the basal t-PA production. The surface receptor agonists isoprenalin or ephedrine, which indirectly affect adenylate cyclase, had no effect on t-PA or PAI-1 production. (2) Phorbolester (PMA), which directly activates proteinkinase C (PKC), increased the basal t-PA and PAI-1 production to 350 +/- 71%, and 163 +/- 35% respectively. (3) Thrombin, but not endothelin-1 (ET-1), increased the basal t-PA and PAI-1 production to 195 +/- 34% and 136 +/- 18%, respectively, indicating an PKC-mediated thrombin effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rydholm
- Department of Surgery, Ostra Hospital, University of Göteborg, Sweden
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34
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Abstract
Recent research is helping us understand the complex interactions that occur between platelets and their environment. The several intracellular events that occur during platelet activation are being identified as ar their effects on other platelets, the endothelium and coagulation factors. Heightened platelet activation is seen early in essential hypertension and probably plays an important role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and the disorders associated with it. This review identifies some of the changes in platelet structure and function in essential hypertension and their role in the pathogenesis of hypertensive vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Islim
- Cardiology Department, City Hospital, Birmingham, U.K
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35
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Abstract
Over the past decade, the existence of cell-surface receptors for components of the plasminogen system, t-PA, u-PA, plasminogen and plasmin, has been demonstrated. Plasminogen receptors have been detected on virtually all cell types tested, and occupancy has also been demonstrated in biological settings. Characteristic features of plasminogen receptors include their relatively low affinity and their extraordinarily high density on many cells. These receptors recognize the lysine binding sites associated with the kringles of plasminogen. Plasminogen receptors include proteins with carboxyl-terminal lysine residues (enolase and annexin II are representatives) and nonproteins, such as gangliosides. Plasminogen binding to cells enhances plasmin activity by augmenting plasminogen activation, increasing the enzymatic activity of plasmin, and protecting plasmin for inactivation by inhibitors. t-PA receptors serve two major functions, clearance and cell-surface localization. The liver is the main organ for t-PA clearance; parenchymal, endothelial and Kupffer cells are all capable of t-PA uptake. Clearance receptors on these cells are heterogeneous and include ones which recognize the carbohydrate side chains of t-PA and ones which take up t-PA: PAI-1 complexes. Receptors which recognize free t-PA also mediate liver clearance, and alpha 2-MR/LRP is a representative of this latter category. Receptors that localize t-PA on cell surfaces serve a profibrinolytic function. Vascular endothelial cells are rich in such receptors, and annexin II is a representative of these t-PA binding sites. Circulating blood cells also bind t-PA, and some of the sites on these cells are shared with plasminogen. Cells of neuronal origin are capable of binding t-PA with high affinity; and amphoterin, a protein involved in neurite outgrowth, may be a neuronal t-PA receptor. Overall, the plasminogen system is one of the most widely distributed and versatile of the cell surface-proteinase systems. By activating bound plasminogen by cell-bound plasminogen activators, the cell harnesses the broad proteolytic activity of plasmin. Cells can then utilize this activity to perform functions such as assisting in cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Redlitz
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
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36
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Reduction of PAI-2 production in cultured human peripheral blood monocytes by estradiol and progesterone-no effect on t-PA, u-PA and PAI-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0268-9499(95)80004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Åstedt B, Billström A, Lecander I. Urokinase-producing tumour growth in SCID mice inhibited by recombinant PAI-2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0268-9499(95)80008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Schmitt M, Wilhelm O, Jänicke F, Magdolen V, Reuning U, Ohi H, Moniwa N, Kobayashi H, Weidle U, Graeff H. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (CD87): a new target in tumor invasion and metastasis. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 1995; 21:151-65. [PMID: 8556577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.1995.tb01089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Extravasation and intravasation of tumor cells in solid malignant tumors is controlled by 3 steps: 1) attachment to and interaction of tumor cells with components of the basement membrane and the extracellular matrix, 2) local proteolysis, and 3) tumor cell migration. Evidence has accumulated that different types of tumor-associated proteases, their inhibitors and receptors are involved in tumor invasion and metastasis. Four different classes of proteases are known to be correlated with the malignant phenotype: 1) Matrix metalloproteases; including collagenases, gelatinases and stromelysins. 2) Cysteine proteases; including cathepsins B and L. 3) Aspartyl protease cathepsin D. 4) Serine proteases; including plasmin and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). A strong independent prognostic value (relapse-free and/or overall survival) has especially been demonstrated for uPA and its inhibitor PAI-1 in patients with cancer of the breast, ovary, stomach, esophagus, colon, lung, and kidney thus predicting the course of the cancer disease. The strong correlation between elevated uPA and/or PAI-1 values in primary cancer tissues and the malignant phenotype of cancer cells has prompted to explore new tumor biology-oriented concepts in order to suppress uPA or uPA receptor (CD87) expression or to abrogate interaction of uPA with CD87. Various very different approaches to interfere with the expression or reactivity of uPA or CD87 at the gene or protein level were successfully tested including antisense oligonucleotides, antibodies, inhibitors and recombinant or synthetic uPA and CD87 analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schmitt
- Frauenklinik, Technischen Universität, München, Germany
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39
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Stack MS, Rinehart AR, Pizzo SV. Comparison of plasminogen binding and activation on extracellular matrices produced by vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 226:937-43. [PMID: 7813484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Plasminogen is the zymogen form of the serine proteinase plasmin. Although plasmin functions primarily as a fibrinolytic enzyme, recent evidence from numerous laboratories indicates that plasmin is also active in extracellular-matrix (ECM) proteolysis. The role of plasmin in ECM degradation suggests that activation of plasminogen may be regulated by interaction with components of the ECM. In the current study, we have investigated binding and kinetic interactions between plasminogen, plasminogen activators and ECM synthesized by either vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCECM) or endothelial cells (ECECM). We report binding of plasminogen, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and urinary-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) to intact SMCECM with concentrations of ligand yielding half-maximal binding (B50) of 34, 5 and 15 nM, respectively. ECECM bound only plasminogen and t-PA, with B50 values of 32 nM and 10 nM, respectively. The initial rate of t-PA-catalyzed plasminogen activation was enhanced 41-fold in the presence of SMCECM and 27-fold on ECECM. In contrast, u-PA-catalyzed activation on SMCECM and ECECM was increased only 1.5-fold or 3-fold, respectively. These data suggest that the ECM may provide an alternative surface for assembly and regulation of plasminogen activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Stack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
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Vaheri A, Tapiovaara H, Myöhänen H, Bizik J. Alpha 2-macroglobulin in the regulation of pericellular plasminogen activation of human tumor cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 737:409-18. [PMID: 7524411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb44327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Vaheri
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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41
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An endothelial cell receptor for plasminogen/tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). II. Annexin II-mediated enhancement of t-PA-dependent plasminogen activation. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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42
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Ullberg M, Wiman B, Kronvall G. Binding of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) to Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1994; 9:171-7. [PMID: 7804168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1994.tb00488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Forty-nine bacterial strains representing five species known to interact with human plasminogen were tested for the ability to bind the two major human plasminogen activators, t-PA and urokinase. The bacterial species tested included Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus equisimilis and human group G streptococci. All N. meningitidis and 11 of 14 H. influenzae strains displayed substantial binding of t-PA with values in the range of 20-46%. On the contrary, none of the streptococcal strains bound significant amounts of tPA. With urokinase no binding could be found for any of the bacterial species tested. Scatchard analysis with a selected H. influenzae strain (HI23354) demonstrated 10,000 receptors per bacterium for t-PA with a Kd value of about 20 nmol l-1. The corresponding values with a selected N. meningitidis strain (Mo 52) was 8500 receptors per bacterium and 70 nmol l-1. t-PA binding could be reduced about 40% by the addition of 10 mmol l-1 of the lysine analogue epsilon-aminocaproic acd (EACA) whereas no inhibitory effect could be demonstrated with arginine. Addition of 2 mumol l-1 of plasminogen which is enough to occupy all bacterial sites for plasminogen did not interfere with the t-PA binding, suggesting that the receptors for t-PA and plasminogen are distinct. Using very high plasminogen concentrations however, t-PA binding could be reduced by about 50% possibly due to an interaction between t-PA and plasminogen in the fluid phase. Our results demonstrate the occurrence of a previously unknown type of bacterial receptor that is capable of specifically binding t-PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ullberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Humphries J, De La Cadena R, Atkins T, Colman R, Gonias S. Interaction of high molecular weight kininogen with plasminogen inhibits binding of plasminogen to cell surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0268-9499(94)90050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Ringnér M, Valkonen KH, Wadström T. Binding of vitronectin and plasminogen to Helicobacter pylori. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1994; 9:29-34. [PMID: 7522734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1994.tb00470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have studied how some extracellular matrix proteins, fibronectin, fibrinogen, collagen type I and type IV, plasminogen and vitronectin bind to Helicobacter pylori. Radiolabelled vitronectin and plasminogen bound to the haemagglutinating H. pylori strain 17874 at a high level (53% and 32%, respectively), type IV collagen showed an intermediate level of binding (16%), while binding by 125I-labelled fibrinogen, fibronectin and collagen type I remained at a low level (5-7%). Both 125I-vitronectin and plasminogen showed a dose-dependent binding to cells of H. pylori 17874. Plasminogen binding by this strain was specific since the binding was inhibited by nonlabelled plasminogen, but not by highly glycosylated glycoproteins such as fetuin and orosomucoid or by a variety of monosaccharides. We have previously shown that 125I-vitronectin shows a specific and saturable binding to H. pylori 17874, and that sialic acid-rich glycoproteins such as fetuin and orosomucoid drastically reduced binding. We now report that a simultaneous incubation of 125I-vitronectin and 125I-plasminogen with cells of H. pylori 17874 showed a total binding approximately similar to the level of binding when either 125I-plasminogen, or 125I-vitronectin only were incubated with the bacterial cells. Nonlabelled vitronectin inhibited the binding of 125I-plasminogen by H. pylori, but nonlabelled plasminogen had no effect on the binding of 125I-vitronectin. Our findings suggest that there are different but probably closely localized binding sites for vitronectin and plasminogen on H. pylori 17874.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ringnér
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, Sweden
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45
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Campbell PG, Wines K, Yanosick TB, Novak JF. Binding and activation of plasminogen on the surface of osteosarcoma cells. J Cell Physiol 1994; 159:1-10. [PMID: 7511144 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041590102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Plasmin (Pm) is a broad action serine protease implicated in numerous physiological functions. In bone, Pm may play a role in growth, resorption, metastasis, and the activation of growth factors. The various components of the Pm system are known to bind and function on the cell surface of various cell types, but no pertinent data are available describing membrane-bound Pm or its zymogen, plasminogen (Pg), in either normal or neoplastic bone cells. We report here that Pg binds to the surface of the human osteosarcoma cell line MG-63 and is activated to Pm by endogenous urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). These conclusions are based on experiments utilizing radiolabeled compounds and a cell surface proteolytic assay measuring amidolytic activity of Pm. 125I-Pg binding to cells was time dependent, saturable, reversible, and specific. Binding was characterized by a relatively low affinity (Kd approximately 0.9 microM) and a high capacity (approximately 7.5 x 10(6) sites/cell). The binding of 125I-Pg was associated with lysine binding sites of the plasminogen molecule. Activation of 125I-Pg to 125I-Pm occurred on the cell surface and was dependent upon cell bound uPA, as determined by inhibitory antibodies. Binding of Pg to MG-63 monolayers represented approximately 80% bound specifically to the cell surface and the remainder to the surrounding extra-cellular matrix. Either co-incubation with uPA or pre-incubation with Pm resulted in increased 125I-Pg binding to osteosarcoma cells. Cell surface Pm proteolytic activity was confirmed by an amidolytic chromogenic assay. Both Pm and Pg bound to cells with Pg being activated by endogenous uPA. Plasmin activated on the cell surface was partially protected from inhibition by alpha 2-antiPm (requiring Pm lysine binding site interaction) but inhibited by aprotinin, (interacting directly with the Pm catalytic site). Resistance of cell bound Pm to alpha 2-antiPm inhibition suggests that cell surface proteolysis can occur in the presence of a soluble Pm inhibitor known to exist in the extracellular space. Based on these results, we speculate that the various bone physiological processes implicating Pm may occur at or near the bone cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Campbell
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212
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46
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Moser TL, Young TN, Rodriguez GC, Pizzo SV, Bast RC, Stack MS. Secretion of extracellular matrix-degrading proteinases is increased in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1994; 56:552-9. [PMID: 8112891 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910560415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical events associated with tumor invasion involve localized degradation of the basement membrane by tumor-associated proteinases. In this study, we have characterized the proteinase secretion profiles of 5 ovarian epithelial carcinoma cell lines (DOV 13, OVCA 420, OVCA 429, OVCA 432, OVCA 433) as well as normal ovarian epithelial cells. Immunocapture assays demonstrated that all 5 carcinoma cell lines produce both secreted and surface-associated plasminogen activator. Urinary-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) production was one order of magnitude greater than production of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). Furthermore, t-PA secretion by normal ovarian epithelial cells was not detectable, whereas u-PA production was 17- to 38-fold lower than in ovarian carcinoma cells. Western-blotting analysis demonstrated that u-PA was secreted as the single chain form (scu-PA) when cells were cultured in serum-free medium. Incubation of plasminogen with ovarian carcinoma cell-conditioned medium resulted in direct activation of the zymogen to plasmin. Furthermore, following incubation of cells with plasminogen, plasmin was eluted from the cell surface, indicating that ovarian carcinoma cells contain binding sites for plasminogen/plasmin which are accessible to surface-associated plasminogen activators. In addition to plasminogen activators, metalloproteinases were also produced by DOV 13, OVCA 429 and OVCA 433 cells. DOV 13 cells produce a 68-kDa metalloproteinase similar to matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) whereas a 92-kDa enzyme similar to MMP-9 is secreted by OVCA 429 and 433. Together, ovarian carcinoma-associated plasminogen activators and metalloproteinases catalyze the hydrolysis of the major basement membrane protein components, type-IV collagen, type-IV gelatin, laminin and fibronectin. The enhanced proteolytic capability of ovarian carcinoma cells relative to normal ovarian epithelium suggests a biochemical mechanism by which invasion and spread of ovarian epithelial carcinoma may be mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Moser
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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47
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Gonzalez-Gronow M, Gawdi G, Pizzo S. Characterization of the plasminogen receptors of normal and rheumatoid arthritis human synovial fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)41788-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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48
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49
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Hoover GJ, Menhart N, Martin A, Warder S, Castellino FJ. Amino acids of the recombinant kringle 1 domain of human plasminogen that stabilize its interaction with omega-amino acids. Biochemistry 1993; 32:10936-43. [PMID: 8218159 DOI: 10.1021/bi00092a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A series of strategically designed recombinant (r) mutants of the kringle 1 region of human plasminogen ([K1HPg]) have been constructed and the resulting gene products employed to reveal the identities of the residues that contribute to stabilization of the binding of omega-amino acid ligands to this domain. On the basis of determinations of the binding constants of the ligands, 6-aminohexanoic acid and trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid, to a variety of these mutants, we find that the anionic site of the polypeptide responsible for stabilization of the amino group of the ligands consists of both D54 and D56 and the cationic site of the polypeptide that interacts with the carboxylate group of the ligand is composed solely of R70. The main hydrophobic interactions that stabilize binding of these ligands, likely by interactions with the ligand hydrophobic regions, are principally due to W61, Y63, and Y71. The results obtained are consistent with conclusions that could be made from analysis of the X-ray crystal structure of r-[K1HPg] and from previous studies from this laboratory regarding the binding of ligands of this type to the kringle 2 region of tissue-type plasminogen activator ([K2tPA]). It thus appears as though a common ligand binding site has evolved in different kringles with ligand specificity differences between r-[K2tPA] and r-[K1HPg] perhaps explainable by the different nature of the cationic sites on these polypeptides that are involved in coordination to the ligand carboxylate groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Hoover
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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50
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Jänicke F, Schmitt M, Pache L, Ulm K, Harbeck N, Höfler H, Graeff H. Urokinase (uPA) and its inhibitor PAI-1 are strong and independent prognostic factors in node-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1993; 24:195-208. [PMID: 8435475 DOI: 10.1007/bf01833260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that invasion and metastasis in solid tumors require the action of tumor-associated proteases, which promote the dissolution of the surrounding tumor matrix and the basement membranes. The serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), which is elevated in solid tumors, appears to play a key role in these processes. We used enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA) to test for uPA antigen and its inhibitor PAI-1 in tumor tissue extracts of 247 breast cancer patients who were enrolled in a prospective study. The relation of these data to known prognostic factors and to other variables such as DNA analysis and cathepsin D was studied. Disease-free and overall survival were analyzed according to Cox's proportional hazard model. The major new finding is that breast cancer patients with either high uPA (> 2.97 ng/mg protein) or high content of the uPA inhibitor PAI-1 (> 2.18 ng/mg protein) in their primary tumors have an increased risk of relapse and death. Multivariate analyses revealed uPA to be an independent and strong prognostic factor. The impact of uPA is as high as that of the lymph node status. In node-negative patients the impact of uPA is closely followed by that of PAI-1. Since uPA and PAI-1 are independent prognostic factors, the node-negative patients could be subdivided further by combining these two variables. In this refined analysis, patients whose primary tumors have lower levels of both antigens evidently have a very low risk of relapse (93% disease-free survival at three years) in contrast to patients with high uPA and high PAI-1 (55% disease-free survival at three years). The combination of uPA and PAI-1 in our group of patients with axillary node-negative breast cancer allows us to identify the 45 percent of patients having an increased risk of relapse. Consequently, more than half of the patients had less than a 10% probability of relapse and thus would possibly be candidates for being spared the necessity of adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jänicke
- Frauenklinik, Technischen Universität München, FRG
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