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Richardson JB, Görres JH, Sizmur T. Synthesis of earthworm trace metal uptake and bioaccumulation data: Role of soil concentration, earthworm ecophysiology, and experimental design. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114126. [PMID: 32120252 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trace metals can be essential for organo-metallic structures and oxidation-reduction in metabolic processes or may cause acute or chronic toxicity at elevated concentrations. The uptake of trace metals by earthworms can cause transfer from immobilized pools in the soil to predators within terrestrial food chains. We report a synthesis and evaluation of uptake and bioaccumulation empirical data across different metals, earthworm genera, ecophysiological groups, soil properties, and experimental conditions (metal source, uptake duration, soil extraction method). Peer-reviewed datasets were extracted from manuscripts published before June 2019. The 56 studies contained 3513 soil-earthworm trace metal concentration paired data sets across 11 trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, U, Zn). Across all field and laboratory experiments studied, the median concentrations of Hg, Pb, and Cd in earthworm tissues that were above concentrations known to be hazardous for consumption by small mammals and avian predators but not for Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, and As. Power regressions show only Hg and Cd earthworm tissue concentrations were well-correlated with soil concentrations with R2 > 0.25. However, generalized linear mixed-effect models reveal that earthworm concentrations were significantly correlated with soil concentrations for log-transformed Hg, Cd, Cu, Zn, As, Sb (p < 0.05). Factors that significantly contributed to these relationships included earthworm genera, ecophysiological group, soil pH, and organic matter content. Moreover, spiking soils with metal salts, shortening the duration of exposure, and measuring exchangeable soil concentrations resulted in significantly higher trace metal uptake or greater bioaccumulation factors. Our results highlight that earthworms are able to consistently bioaccumulate toxic metals (Hg and Cd only) across field and laboratory conditions. However, future experiments should incorporate greater suites of trace metals, broader genera of earthworms, and more diverse laboratory and field settings to generate data to devise universal quantitative relationships between soil and earthworm tissue concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Richardson
- Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - J H Görres
- Department of Plant & Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Tom Sizmur
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6DW, UK
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Perić-Mataruga V, Ilijin L, Mrdaković M, Todorović D, Prokić M, Matić D, Vlahović M. Parameters of oxidative stress, cholinesterase activity, Cd bioaccumulation in the brain and midgut of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) caterpillars from unpolluted and polluted forests. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:416-424. [PMID: 30476774 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) can display a variety of different effects on living organisms. The objectives of the present study were to investigate Cd bioaccumulation and differences in parameters of oxidative stress (activities of the enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and amounts of non-enzymatic free sulfhydryl groups and total glutathione) and cholinesterase activity in larval brain and midgut tissues of the polyphagous forest insect Lymantria dispar collected from unpolluted and polluted oak forests. Fourth instar L. dispar caterpillars from the unpolluted forest had higher body mass but accumulated more Cd in comparison to caterpillars from the polluted forest. In both populations the midgut was more sensitive than the brain to the prooxidative effects of Cd. Enzyme activities and amounts of non-enzymatic parameters tended to be greater in midgut tissues than in the brain, except for cholinesterase activity. Parameters of oxidative stress had higher values in caterpillar tissues from the polluted than from the unpolluted oak forest. The observed differences between the two natural populations point to the importance of knowing the history of population exposure to environmental pollution when monitoring forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Perić-Mataruga
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Larisa Ilijin
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mrdaković
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dajana Todorović
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Prokić
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Physiology, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Matić
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Vlahović
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
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Hackenberger DK, Feigl V, Lončarić Ž, Hackenberger BK. Biochemical and reproductive effects of red mud to earthworm Eisenia fetida. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 168:279-286. [PMID: 30390526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Red mud (RM) is the main waste of alumina production whose disposal poses a problem. The research of various possible effects of red mud on soil organisms has been scarce. We have exposed earthworms (Eisenia fetida) to red mud: artificial soil mixtures. The tested samples of red mud were of different origin: Croatian (CRRM) and Hungarian (HURM). The effects of exposure on the metabolic and oxidative status of earthworms were measured using several biochemical biomarkers (acetylcholinesterase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase activity and metallothionenin content) and reproductive success was assessed upon counting the number of hatched juveniles. The LC50 value for CRRM was 40% and for HURM 62% of red mud in the growth medium on weight basis, respectively. A significant effect (p < 0.001) of the RM concentration and origin, as well as significant interactions between the origin of RM and the applied concentrations on all measured biomarkers were observed. CRRM had a higher content of different metals as well as a higher conductivity in comparison to HURM. The reproduction was inhibited after exposure to both RMs. Namely, 25% CRRM caused a 53.26% reduction in the number of juveniles, whereas 18% HURM caused a 68.84% reduction, and 50% HURM caused 97.9% reduction, respectively. Both RMs caused changes in the measured biomarkers related to an oxidative stress. Consequently, the possible adverse effects on soil organisms before the environmental application of red mud should be assessed to avoid further environmental damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viktoria Feigl
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Műegyetem Rkp. 3, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Željka Lončarić
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia
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Coelho C, Foret C, Bazin C, Leduc L, Hammada M, Inácio M, Bedell JP. Bioavailability and bioaccumulation of heavy metals of several soils and sediments (from industrialized urban areas) for Eisenia fetida. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:1317-1330. [PMID: 29710585 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soils and sediments are susceptible to anthropogenic contamination with Metallic Trace Elements (MTEs) and it can present some risks to ecosystems and human health. The levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn were assessed in soils (C, G, K, L) from Estarreja (Portugal) and sediments from a stormwater basin in Lyon (DJG), a harbour (LDB) and a Rhône river site (TRS) (France). An ecotoxicological study was performed with Eisenia fetida (E. fetida) to infer about potential transfer risks to the soil invertebrates. To assess risks associated with MTEs contamination, it is important to know their total concentrations, fractionation and the potential available fractions. CaCl2, DTPA and NaOAc extractions were performed to assess the extractable and available MTEs fractions. The studied sediments were much more contaminated than the soils for all the MTEs analysed. The trace elements fraction linked with DTPA extraction shows higher values when compared with the NaOAc and the CaCl2 pools. Low mortality effects were recorded in the tests with E. fetida. The MTEs levels in soils and sediments and the concentrations bioaccumulated in adult earthworms contributed to a reduction in the number of juveniles produced. E. fetida adults and juveniles accumulated ETMs as follows: Cd > Cu = Zn > Ni > Pb > Fe. Determined BAFs were mostly lower than 1 with some higher values for Cd, Cu and Zn. Calculated SET and ERITME indexes allowed to classify the samples from the most to the less toxic for E. fetida as: LDB > DJG > L > G > C > K > TRS. Despite this order of toxicity, the earthworms exposed to the sediment TRS presented the lowest reproduction rate. The combination of "chemical" measurements with the calculation of BAFs, but especially SET and ERITME indexes can be a useful tool in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Coelho
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Université Lyon 1, ENTPE, 2 rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin F-69518, France.
| | - C Foret
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Université Lyon 1, ENTPE, 2 rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin F-69518, France
| | - C Bazin
- INSAVALOR - PROVADEMSE, 20 Avenue Albert Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - L Leduc
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Université Lyon 1, ENTPE, 2 rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin F-69518, France; INSAVALOR - PROVADEMSE, 20 Avenue Albert Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - M Hammada
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Université Lyon 1, ENTPE, 2 rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin F-69518, France
| | - M Inácio
- GEOBIOTEC Research Centre, Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - J P Bedell
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Université Lyon 1, ENTPE, 2 rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin F-69518, France
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Burgess R, Davis R, Edwards D. Lead bioaccumulation in Texas Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex barbatus) and toxicological implications for Texas Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum) populations of Bexar County, Texas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:8012-8026. [PMID: 29305803 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Uptake of lead from soil was examined in order to establish a site-specific ecological protective concentration level for the Texas Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum) at the Former Humble Refinery in San Antonio, Texas. Soils, harvester ants, and rinse water from the ants were analyzed at 11 Texas Harvester Ant (Pogonomyrmex barbatus) mounds. Soil concentrations at the harvester ant mounds ranged from 13 to 7474 mg/kg of lead dry weight. Ant tissue sample concentrations ranged from < 0.82 to 21.17 mg/kg dry weight. Rinse water concentrations were below the reporting limit in the majority of samples. Two uptake models were developed for the ants. A bioaccumulation factor model did not fit the data, as there was a strong decay in the calculated value with rising soil concentrations. A univariate natural log-transformed regression model produced a significant regression (p < .0001) with a high coefficient of determination (0.82), indicating a good fit to the data. Other diagnostic regression statistics indicated that the regression model could be reliably used to predict concentrations of lead in harvester ants from soil concentrations. Estimates of protective levels for P. cornutum were developed using published sub-chronic toxicological findings for the Western Fence Lizard that were allometricly adapted and compared to the Doseoral equation, which estimated lead consumed through ants plus incidental soil ingestion. The no observed adverse effect level toxicological limit for P. cornutum was estimated to be 5500 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Burgess
- RPS Environmental Services, 4801 Southwest Parkway, Parkway 2, Suite 150, Austin, TX, 78735, USA.
| | - Robert Davis
- Disorbo Consulting, 8501 North Mopac Expressway, Suite 300, Austin, TX, 78759, USA
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Suleiman H, Rorat A, Grobelak A, Grosser A, Milczarek M, Płytycz B, Kacprzak M, Vandenbulcke F. Determination of the performance of vermicomposting process applied to sewage sludge by monitoring of the compost quality and immune responses in three earthworm species: Eisenia fetida, Eisenia andrei and Dendrobaena veneta. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 241:103-112. [PMID: 28550771 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of vermicomposting process applied on three different sewage sludge (precomposted with grass clippings, sawdust and municipal solid wastes) using three different earthworm species. Selected immune parameters, namely biomarkers of stress and metal body burdens, have been used to biomonitor the vermicomposting process and to assess the impact of contaminants on earthworm's physiology. Biotic and abiotic parameters were also used in order to monitor the process and the quality of the final product. Dendrobaena veneta exhibited much lower resistance in all experimental conditions, as the bodyweight and the total number of circulating immune cells decreased in the most contaminated conditions. All earthworm species accumulated heavy metals as follows Cd>Co>Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb>Cr: Eisenia sp. worms exhibited the highest ability to accumulate several heavy metals. Vermicompost obtained after 45days was acceptable according to agronomic parameters and to compost quality norms in France and Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanine Suleiman
- Université de Lille, LGCgE-Lille 1, Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Agnieszka Rorat
- Université de Lille, LGCgE-Lille 1, Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland.
| | - Anna Grobelak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Anna Grosser
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Marcin Milczarek
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Barbara Płytycz
- Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kacprzak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Franck Vandenbulcke
- Université de Lille, LGCgE-Lille 1, Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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7
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Rorat A, Wloka D, Grobelak A, Grosser A, Sosnecka A, Milczarek M, Jelonek P, Vandenbulcke F, Kacprzak M. Vermiremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in sewage sludge composting process. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 187:347-353. [PMID: 27836561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to study the dynamics of the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during sewage sludge vermicomposting. This eco-biotechnology employing earthworms as natural bioreactors for decomposing of organic matter may be used for vermiremediation of particular pollutants present in various organic matter sources. In this experiment, sewage sludge was mixed with bulking agents and precomposted. Afterward, adult Eisenia andrei specimens were introduced into the process. Total heavy metal and PAHs concentration were measured in composts and earthworms before and after the process. While heavy metal concentrations fluctuated mildly in the substratum, several metals clearly accumulated in the earthworms' bodies. Body Accumulation Factors could be ranked as follows (Cd > Cu > Zn > Ni > Cr > Pb). Interestingly, addition of earthworms into the process has led to the high percentage of PAHs removal and some of the 16 priority PAHs analyzed in this study have been accumulated in earthworms' bodies. Applied conditions did not affect worms' viability but they almost completely inhibited their reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rorat
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland; Université Lille Nord de France, LGCgE-Lille 1, Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Dariusz Wloka
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Anna Grobelak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland.
| | - Anna Grosser
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Sosnecka
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Marcin Milczarek
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Paulina Jelonek
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Franck Vandenbulcke
- Université Lille Nord de France, LGCgE-Lille 1, Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Malgorzata Kacprzak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
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Bednarska AJ, Laskowski R, Pyza E, Semik D, Świątek Z, Woźnicka O. Metal toxicokinetics and metal-driven damage to the gut of the ground beetle Pterostichus oblongopunctatus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:22047-22058. [PMID: 27541151 PMCID: PMC5099362 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Toxicokinetics makes up the background for predicting concentrations of chemicals in organisms and, thus, ecological risk assessment. However, physiological and toxicological mechanisms behind toxicokinetics of particular chemicals are purely understood. The commonly used one-compartment model has been challenged recently, showing that in the case of metals it does not describe the pattern observed in terrestrial invertebrates exposed to highly contaminated food. We hypothesised that the main mechanism shaping toxicokinetics of metals in invertebrates at high exposure concentrations in food is the cellular damage to the gut epithelial cells. Gut damage should result in decreased metal assimilation rate, while shedding the dead cells - in increased elimination rate. We performed a typical toxicokinetic experiment, feeding the ground beetles Pterostichus oblongopunctatus food contaminated with Cd, Ni or Zn at 40 mM kg-1 for 28 days, followed by a depuration period of 14 days on uncontaminated food. The male beetles were sampled throughout the experiment for body metal concentrations and histopathological examinations of the midgut. All metals exhibited a complex pattern of internal concentrations over time, with an initial rapid increase followed by a decrease and fluctuating concentrations during further metal exposure. Histopathological studies showed massive damage to the midgut epithelium, with marked differences between the metals. Cd appeared the most toxic and caused immediate midgut cell degeneration. The effects of Ni were more gradual and pronounced after at least 1 week of exposure. Zn also caused extensive degeneration in the gut epithelium but its effects were the weakest among the studied metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka J Bednarska
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Laskowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pyza
- Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Danuta Semik
- Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Świątek
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Woźnicka
- Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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Richardson JB, Renock DJ, Görres JH, Jackson BP, Webb SM, Friedland AJ. Nutrient and pollutant metals within earthworm residues are immobilized in soil during decomposition. SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 101:217-225. [PMID: 28163331 PMCID: PMC5287572 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms are known to bioaccumulate metals, making them a potential vector for metal transport in soils. However, the fate of metals within soil upon death of earthworms has not been characterized. We compared the fate of nutrient (Ca, Mg, Mn) and potentially toxic (Cu, Zn, Pb) metals during decomposition of Amynthas agrestis and Lumbricus rubellus in soil columns. Cumulative leachate pools, exchangeable pools (0.1 M KCl + 0.01 M acetic acid extracted), and stable pools (16 M HNO3 + 12 M HCl extracted) were quantified in the soil columns after 7, 21, and 60 days of decomposition. Soil columns containing A. agrestis and L. rubellus had significantly higher cumulative leachate pools of Ca, Mn, Cu, and Pb than Control soil columns. Exchangeable and stable pools of Cu, Pb, and Zn were greater for A. agrestis and L. rubellus soil columns than Control soil columns. However, we estimated that > 98 % of metals from earthworm residues were immobilized in the soil in an exchangeable or stable form over the 60 days using a mass balance approach. Micro-XRF images of longitudinal thin sections of soil columns after 60 days containing A. agrestis confirm metals immobilization in earthworm residues. Our research demonstrates that nutrient and toxic metals are stabilized in soil within earthworm residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Richardson
- Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA; Department of Earth Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - D J Renock
- Department of Earth Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - J H Görres
- Department of Plant & Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - B P Jackson
- Department of Earth Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - S M Webb
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - A J Friedland
- Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
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10
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Richardson JB, Görres JH, Friedland AJ. Forest floor decomposition, metal exchangeability, and metal bioaccumulation by exotic earthworms: Amynthas agrestis and Lumbricus rubellus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:18253-18266. [PMID: 27272919 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms have the potential to reduce the retention of pollutant and plant essential metals in the forest floor (organic horizons) by decomposing organic matter and increasing exchangeability of metals. We conducted a laboratory experiment to investigate the effects of two exotic earthworms, Amynthas agrestis and Lumbricus rubellus, on forest floor decomposition, metal exchangeability, and metal bioaccumulation. Eighty-one pots containing homogenized forest floor material were incubated for 20, 40, or 80 days under three treatments: no earthworms, A. agrestis added, or L. rubellus added. For earthworm treatments, A. agrestis and L. rubellus were stocked at densities observed in previous field studies. Pots containing either A. agrestis or L. rubellus had lost more forest floor mass than the control plots after 40 and 80 days of incubation. Forest floor pots containing A. agrestis had significantly lower % C (16 ± 1.5 %) than control pots (21 ± 1.2 %) after 80 days. However, L. rubellus consumed more forest floor and C mass than A. agrestis, when evaluated on a per earthworm biomass basis. Exchangeable (0.1 M KCl + 0.01 M AcOH extractable) and stable (15 M HNO3+ 10 M HCl extractable) concentrations of Al, Ca, Cd, Cu, Mg, Mn, Pb, and Zn in forest floor material were measured. Stable concentrations and % exchangeable metals in forest floor material were similar among treatments. Although exchangeable metal concentrations varied significantly for most metals among treatments (except Mg and Zn), we conclude that earthworms did not increase or decrease the exchangeability of metals. However, earthworms bioaccumulated Cu, Cd, Zn, and Mg and had potentially hazardous tissue concentrations of Al and Pb. This was best illustrated by calculating bioaccumulation factors using exchangeable concentrations rather than total concentrations. Future research is needed to understand the effect of earthworms on metals in other soil types.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Richardson
- Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - J H Görres
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - A J Friedland
- Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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11
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Rorat A, Suleiman H, Grobelak A, Grosser A, Kacprzak M, Płytycz B, Vandenbulcke F. Interactions between sewage sludge-amended soil and earthworms--comparison between Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei composting species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:3026-35. [PMID: 26517992 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Vermicomposting is an eco-friendly technology, where earthworms are introduced in the waste, inter alia sewage sludge, to cooperate with microorganisms and enhance decomposition of organic matter. The main aims of the present study was to determine the influence of two different earthworm species, Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei, on the changes of selected metallic trace elements content in substratum during vermicomposting process using three different sewage sludge mainly differentiated by their metal contents. Final vermicompost has shown a slight reduction in Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb, while the Zn concentration tends to increase. Accumulation of particular heavy metals in earthworms' bodies was assessed. Both species revealed high tendency to accumulate Cd and Zn, but not Cu, Ni, and Pb, but E. andrei has higher capabilities to accumulate some metals. Riboflavin content, which content varies depending on metal pollution in several earthworms species, was measured supravitaly in extruded coelomocytes. Riboflavin content decreased slightly during the first 6 weeks of exposure and subsequently restored till the end of the 9-week experiment. Selected agronomic parameters have also been measured in the final product (vermicompost) to assess the influence of earthworms on substratum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rorat
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, ul. Brzeznicka 60a, 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland.
- Université Lille Nord de France, LGCgE-Lille 1, Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, F-59650, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Hanine Suleiman
- Université Lille Nord de France, LGCgE-Lille 1, Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, F-59650, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Anna Grobelak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, ul. Brzeznicka 60a, 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Anna Grosser
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, ul. Brzeznicka 60a, 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kacprzak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, ul. Brzeznicka 60a, 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Barbara Płytycz
- Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Franck Vandenbulcke
- Université Lille Nord de France, LGCgE-Lille 1, Ecologie Numérique et Ecotoxicologie, F-59650, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Tuovinen TS, Kasurinen A, Häikiö E, Tervahauta A, Makkonen S, Holopainen T, Juutilainen J. Transfer of elements relevant to nuclear fuel cycle from soil to boreal plants and animals in experimental meso- and microcosms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 539:252-261. [PMID: 26363398 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Uranium (U), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), thorium (Th) and zinc (Zn) occur naturally in soil but their radioactive isotopes can also be released into the environment during the nuclear fuel cycle. The transfer of these elements was studied in three different trophic levels in experimental mesocosms containing downy birch (Betula pubescens), narrow buckler fern (Dryopteris carthusiana) and Scandinavian small-reed (Calamagrostis purpurea ssp. Phragmitoides) as producers, snails (Arianta arbostorum) as herbivores, and earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) as decomposers. To determine more precisely whether the element uptake of snails is mainly via their food (birch leaves) or both via soil and food, a separate microcosm experiment was also performed. The element uptake of snails did not generally depend on the presence of soil, indicating that the main uptake route was food, except for U, where soil contact was important for uptake when soil U concentration was high. Transfer of elements from soil to plants was not linear, i.e. it was not correctly described by constant concentration ratios (CR) commonly applied in radioecological modeling. Similar nonlinear transfer was found for the invertebrate animals included in this study: elements other than U were taken up more efficiently when element concentration in soil or food was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina S Tuovinen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anne Kasurinen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elina Häikiö
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arja Tervahauta
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sari Makkonen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Toini Holopainen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Juutilainen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Richardson JB, Görres JH, Jackson BP, Friedland AJ. Trace Metals and Metalloids in Forest Soils and Exotic Earthworms in Northern New England, USA. SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 85:190-198. [PMID: 25883392 PMCID: PMC4395857 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Trace metals and metalloids (TMM) in forest soils and invasive earthworms were studied at 9 uncontaminated sites in northern New England, USA. Essential (Cu, Mo, Ni, Zn, Se) and toxic (As, Cd, Pb, Hg and U) TMM concentrations (mg kg-1) and pools (mg m-2) were quantified for organic horizons (forest floor), mineral soils and earthworm tissues. Essential TMM tissue concentrations were greatest for mineral soil-feeding earthworm Octolasion cyaneum. Toxic TMM tissue concentrations were highest for organic horizon-feeding earthworms Dendobaena octaedra, Aporrectodea rosea and Amynthas agrestis. Most earthworm species had attained tissue concentrations of Pb, Hg and Se potentially hazardous to predators. Bioaccumulation factors were Cd > Se > Hg > Zn > Pb > U > 1.0 > Cu > As > Mo > Ni. Only Cd, Se Hg and Zn were considered strongly bioaccumulated by earthworms because their average bioaccumulation factors were significantly greater than 1.0. Differences in bioaccumulation did not appear to be caused by soil concentrations as earthworm TMM tissue concentrations were poorly correlated with TMM soil concentrations. Instead, TMM bioaccumulation appears to be species and site dependent. The invasive Amynthas agrestis had the greatest tissue TMM pools, due to its large body mass and high abundance at our stands. We observed that TMM tissue pools in earthworms were comparable or exceeded organic horizon TMM pools; earthworm tissue pools of Cd were up 12 times greater than in the organic horizon. Thus, exotic earthworms may represent an unaccounted portion and flux of TMM in forests of the northeastern US. Our results highlight the importance of earthworms in TMM cycling in northern forests and warrant more research into their impact across the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Richardson
- Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA ; Department of Earth Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - J H Görres
- Department of Plant & Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - B P Jackson
- Department of Earth Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - A J Friedland
- Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
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Zhou CF, Wang YJ, Sun RJ, Liu C, Fan GP, Qin WX, Li CC, Zhou DM. Inhibition effect of glyphosate on the acute and subacute toxicity of cadmium to earthworm Eisenia fetida. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:2351-7. [PMID: 25043609 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The acute and subacute toxicities of cadmium (Cd) to earthworm Eisenia fetida in the presence and absence of glyphosate were studied. Although Cd is highly toxic to E. fetida, the presence of glyphosate markedly reduced the acute toxicity of Cd to earthworm; both the mortality rate of the earthworms and the accumulation of Cd decreased with the increase of the glyphosate/Cd molar ratio. The subcellular distribution of Cd in E. fetida tissues showed that internal Cd was dominant in the intact cells fraction and the heat-stable proteins fraction. The presence of glyphosate reduced the concentration of Cd in all fractions, especially the intact cells. During a longer period of exposure, the weight loss of earthworm and the total Cd absorption was alleviated by glyphosate. Thus, the herbicide glyphosate can reduce the toxicity and bioavailability of Cd in the soil ecosystems at both short- and long-term exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui-Fan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China; College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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15
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Ardestani MM, van Straalen NM, van Gestel CAM. Uptake and elimination kinetics of metals in soil invertebrates: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 193:277-295. [PMID: 25043314 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Uptake and elimination kinetics of metals in soil invertebrates are a function of both soil and organism properties. This study critically reviewed metal toxicokinetics in soil invertebrates and its potential use for assessing bioavailability. Uptake and elimination rate constants of different metals are summarized. Invertebrates have different strategies for essential and non-essential metals. As a consequence, different types of models must be applied to describe metal uptake and elimination kinetics. We discuss model parameters for each metal separately and show how they are influenced by exposure concentrations and by physiological properties of the organisms. Soil pH, cation exchange capacity, clay and organic matter content significantly affect uptake rates of non-essential metals in soil invertebrates. For essential metals, kinetics is hardly influenced by soil properties, but rather prone to physiological regulation mechanisms of the organisms. Our analysis illustrates that toxicokinetics can be a valuable measurement to assess bioavailability of soil-bound metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud M Ardestani
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nico M van Straalen
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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García-Gómez C, Esteban E, Sánchez-Pardo B, Fernández MD. Assessing the ecotoxicological effects of long-term contaminated mine soils on plants and earthworms: relevance of soil (total and available) and body concentrations. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:1195-209. [PMID: 24875255 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The interactions and relevance of the soil (total and available) concentrations, accumulation, and acute toxicity of several essential and non-essential trace elements were investigated to determine their importance in environmental soil assessment. Three plant species (T. aestivum, R. sativum, and V. sativa) and E. fetida were simultaneously exposed for 21 days to long-term contaminated soils collected from the surroundings of an abandoned pyrite mine. The soils presented different levels of As and metals, mainly Zn and Cu, and were tested at different soil concentrations [12.5, 25, 50, and 100% of contaminated soil/soil (w/w)] to increase the range of total and available soil concentrations necessary for the study. The total concentrations in the soils (of both As and metals) were better predictors of earthworm uptake than were the available concentrations. In plants, the accumulation of metals was related to the available concentrations of Zn and Cu, which could indicate that plants and earthworms accumulate elements from different pools of soil contaminants. Moreover, Zn and Cu, which are essential elements, showed controlled uptake at low concentrations. The external metal concentrations predicted earthworm mortality, whereas in plants, the effects on growth were correlated to the As and metal contents in the plants. In general, the bioaccumulation factors were lower at higher exposure levels, which implies the existence of auto-regulation in the uptake of both essential and non-essential elements by plants and earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción García-Gómez
- Environment Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. A Coruña, km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Chen L, Kost D, Tian Y, Guo X, Watts D, Norton D, Wolkowski RP, Dick WA. Effects of gypsum on trace metals in soils and earthworms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2014; 43:263-72. [PMID: 25602559 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2012.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mined gypsum has been beneficially used for many years as an agricultural amendment. A large amount of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum is produced by removal of SO from flue gas streams when fuels with high S content are burned. The FGD gypsum, similar to mined gypsum, can enhance crop production. However, information is lacking concerning the potential environmental impacts of trace metals, especially Hg, in the FGD gypsum. Flue gas desulfurization and mined gypsums were evaluated to determine their ability to affect concentrations of Hg and other trace elements in soils and earthworms. The study was conducted at four field sites across the United States (Ohio, Indiana, Alabama, and Wisconsin). The application rates of gypsums ranged from 2.2 Mg ha in Indiana to 20 Mg ha in Ohio and Alabama. These rates are 2 to 10 times higher than typically recommended. The lengths of time from gypsum application to soil and earthworm sampling were 5 and 18 mo in Ohio, 6 mo in Indiana, 11 mo in Alabama, and 4 mo in Wisconsin. Earthworm numbers and biomass were decreased by FGD and mined gypsums in Ohio. Among all the elements examined, Hg was slightly increased in soils and earthworms in the FGD gypsum treatments compared with the control and the mined gypsum treatments. The differences were not statistically significant except for the Hg concentration in the soil at the Wisconsin site. Selenium in earthworms in the FGD gypsum treatments was statistically higher than in the controls but not higher than in the mined gypsum treatments at the Indiana and Wisconsin sites. Bioaccumulation factors for nondepurated earthworms were statistically similar or lower for the FGD gypsum treatments compared with the controls for all elements. Use of FGD gypsum at normal recommended agricultural rates seems not to have a significant impact on concentrations of trace metals in earthworms and soils.
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18
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Ardestani MM, van Gestel CAM. Using a toxicokinetics approach to explain the effect of soil pH on cadmium bioavailability to Folsomia candida. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 180:122-30. [PMID: 23747820 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to improve our understanding of metal bioavailability in soil by linking the biotic ligand approach with toxicokinetics modelling. We determined cadmium bioaccumulation kinetics in Folsomia candida (Collembola) as a function of soil pH. Animals were exposed for 21 days to LUFA 2.2 soil at 5 or 20 μg Cd g(-1) dry soil followed by 21 days elimination in clean soil. Internal cadmium concentrations were modelled using a first-order one-compartment model, relating uptake rate constants (k1) to total soil, water or 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable and porewater concentrations. Based on total soil concentrations, k1 was independent of soil pH while it strongly increased with increasing pH based on porewater concentrations explaining the reduced competition of H(+) ions making cadmium more bioavailable in pore water at high pH. This shows that the principles of biotic ligand modelling are applicable to predict cadmium accumulation kinetics in soil-living invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud M Ardestani
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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19
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Latif R, Malek M, Mirmonsef H. Cadmium and lead accumulation in three endogeic earthworm species. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 90:456-459. [PMID: 23283534 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the capability of earthworms from the same ecological group as heavy metal bioindicators. Three earthworm species from the endogeic group were studied: Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny, 1826), Perelia kaznakovi (Michaelsen, 1910) and Octolasion lacteum (Örley, 1885). Their accumulation of the heavy metals lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were studied from three stations in Tehran province, Iran. O. lacteum was used to compare metal accumulations in two sites located next to a highway. A. caliginosa and P. kaznakovi were used at a third site located near the edge of a sewage system to compare metal accumulations between the two endogeic species in this area. At both locations, the concentrations of Cd and Pb in earthworms were higher than in the surrounding soil. The results of the study revealed that P. kaznakovi and A. caliginosa were better bioindicators for Pb, but O. lacteum was a better bioindicator for Cd. These earthworms can therefore be used as Cd and Pb bioindicators in environmental assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robabeh Latif
- School of Biology, College of Science, Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Nwokocha CR, Owu DU, Nwokocha MI, Ufearo CS, Iwuala MOE. Comparative study on the hepatoprotection to heavy metals of Zingiber officinale. Pharmacognosy Res 2012; 4:208-13. [PMID: 23225964 PMCID: PMC3510873 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.102263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Context: Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) is a herb used for culinary and therapeutic purposes due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentials. Objectives: We examined its protective ability against mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) accumulation in the liver. Materials & Methods: Ground Zingiber officinale (7%, w/w of feed) was administered to rats either at the same time with the exposure ofheavy metals (group 2), a week after exposure to heavy metals (group 3) or given a week before heavy metal exposure (group 4) for six weeks. Animals were exposed to either of Hg (10 ppm), Cd (200 ppm) and Pb (100 ppm) in drinking water. The heavy metal accumulations in the liver were determined using AAS. Results: Weight losses induced by these metals were not reversed by Zingiber officinale administration. There was a significant (P<0.01) increase in protection to Pb (97%) and Cd (63%) accumulation when compared to Hg (32%) at week 2. The protective ability was significantly (P<0.01) decreased at week 4 when compared to week 2 for Cd and Pb but not to Hg in groups 3 (50%) and 4 (52%). At week 6, hepatoprotection to Hg (44%) and Cd (85%) was significantly (P<0.01) different but not to Pb which was only significant (P<0.05) in week 2 of treatment for all groups. Discussion and Conclusion: Zingiber officinale affected the bioavailability, elimination and uptake of these metals in a time-dependent way with highest beneficial reducing effect to Cd followed by Hg and least protection to Pb in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemeka R Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Nigeria
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Zhang X, Tian Y, Wang Q, Chen L, Wang X. Heavy metal distribution and speciation during sludge reduction using aquatic worms. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 126:41-47. [PMID: 23073088 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Changes in heavy metal distribution and speciation during the reduction of sewage sludge with the worm, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri were assessed. In sludge containing 108.3 ± 2.2, 455.5 ± 10.3, and 39.4 ± 1.8 mg/kg of Cu, Zn, and Pb, respectively, more than 81% of these metals remained in the sludge after predation by the worms, while 4.1-9.7% of these metals were released into the liquid. The maximum uptake values of Cu, Zn, and Pb by the worms reached 180.5, 587.4, and 55.8 mg/kg, respectively. The predation did not increase metal bioavailability in the final sludge as reflected by a 9.5-12.5% decrease in labile Cu and unchanged levels in labile Zn and Pb. The sewage sludge reduction efficiency of L. hoffmeisteri was 27.6-29.2%. These results indicated the relatively moderate changes in speciation and distribution of Cu, Zn, and Pb and the stable performance of worms in reducing sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Mbarek S, Saidi T, González-Costas JM, González-Romero E, Ben Chaouacha Chekir R. Effects of dietary cadmium exposure on osmoregulation and urine concentration mechanisms of the semi-desert rodent Meriones shawi. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING : JEM 2012; 14:2212-2218. [PMID: 22696068 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30121k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Contamination by cadmium in the environment is of great concern because of its toxicity and threats to human and animal health. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of a cadmium contaminated diet on the osmoregulation and urine concentration mechanisms of the semi-desert rodent Meriones shawi and eventual accumulation of this metal in vital organs such as the kidneys, which are directly implicated in water regulation. Originally, we used Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (DPASV) to avoid the matrix interference due to the highly organic content in the biological samples. Our results show that Meriones shawi successfully maintained a homeostasis state and presented a special adaptation to regulate urine volume during cadmium exposure by decreasing diuresis and increasing urinary osmolality. The plasma osmolality and hematocrit remained constant throughout the experiment. The stripping signals of cadmium are linear up to 0.3-100 μg L(-1) range, with a detection limit of 0.28 μg L(-1). The DPASV technique was useful for easy, fast, selective and sensitive determination of Cd, which permits working at cellular concentration. This gives us more information about the chemical form in which Cd is introduced into the organ, as well as the intracellular Cd quantities. This study has potential importance if this valuable novel animal model, imitating human and animal environmental chronic exposure to Cd, could serve as an appropriate terrestrial biomonitor for Cd contaminated sites. These results are encouraging in the context of developing a low-cost and fast technology for the detection of pollutants and for studying the impairment caused by their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Mbarek
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Food Processes, Higher Institute of Biotechnology at Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, 2020 Ariana, Tunisia.
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Comparative analysis on the effect of Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) in reducing cadmium, mercury and lead accumulation in liver. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2070-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Bade R, Oh S, Shin WS. Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) for the prediction of bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soils to earthworm (Eisenia foetida) and oral bioavailable concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 416:127-136. [PMID: 22134028 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) as a biomimic surrogate was investigated to determine the bioavailable heavy metal concentrations to earthworm (Eisenia foetida). The relationships between the amount of DGT and earthworm uptake; DGT uptake and the bioavailable concentrations of heavy metals in soils were evaluated. The one-compartment model for the dynamic uptake of heavy metals in the soil fitted well to both the earthworm (R(2)=0.641-0.990) and DGT (R(2)=0.473-0.998) uptake data. DGT uptake was linearly correlated with the total heavy metal concentrations in the soil (aqua regia), the bioavailable heavy metal concentrations estimated by fractions I+II of the standard measurements and testing (SM&T) and physiologically based extraction test (PBET, stomach+intestine). The coefficients of determination (R(2)) of DGT uptake vs. aqua regia were 0.433, 0.929 and 0.723; vs. SM&T fractions (I+II) were 0.901, 0.882 and 0.713 and vs. PBET (stomach+intestine) were 0.913, 0.850 and 0.649 for Pb, Zn and Cu, respectively. These results imply that DGT can be used as a biomimic surrogate for the earthworm uptake of heavy metals in contaminated soils as well as predict bioavailable concentrations of heavy metals estimated by SM&T (I+II) and PBET as a human oral bioavailable concentrations of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindra Bade
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-Dong, Buk-Gu, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
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DeForest DK, Schlekat CE, Brix KV, Fairbrother A. Secondary poisoning risk assessment of terrestrial birds and mammals exposed to nickel. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2012; 8:107-119. [PMID: 21793198 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The European Union's Existing Substances regulation (EEC 793/93) was developed to assess the ecological risks posed by chemical substances such as Ni and includes the assessment of secondary poisoning risks. The basic structure of this secondary poisoning risk assessment followed the Technical Guidance Document on Risk Assessment and thus included development of predicted exposure concentrations (PECs) and predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs). A PEC to PNEC ratio greater than 1.0 is indicative of potential risk. The Technical Guidance Document on Risk Assessment provides a generic framework for assessing secondary poisoning risks and prescribes the following terrestrial food chain: soil → earthworm → worm-eating bird or mammal. This secondary poisoning evaluation was conducted at the regional level, and it was found that the generic approach resulted in widespread estimates of potential risk, even at ambient Ni soil concentrations. Accordingly, a tiered approach was used with increasing levels of refinement, including consideration of bioavailability, consideration of a variable diet, and development of dose-based PNEC values. Based on the refined approach, all PEC to PNEC ratios were less than 1.0, except for a ratio of 1.4 in a scenario focused on a regional clay soil, which was of natural origin. This regional-level secondary poisoning evaluation highlighted key risk assessment components that should be considered in future localized secondary poisoning assessments of Ni and other metals, including ingestion rate to body weight ratios for the test organisms used to derive PNECs versus the representative wildlife species evaluated, the appropriateness of high assessment factors for deriving PNECs for naturally occurring essential elements, representative dietary compositions, relative metal bioavailability between the dietary toxicity study and natural diets, and ground-truthing of the risk predictions versus background concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K DeForest
- Windward Environmental, 200 West Mercer Street, Suite 401, Seattle, Washington 98119, USA.
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Mrdakovic Popic J, Salbu B, Skipperud L. Ecological transfer of radionuclides and metals to free-living earthworm species in natural habitats rich in NORM. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 414:167-176. [PMID: 22115612 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Transfer of radionuclides ((232)Th and (238)U) and associated metals (As, Cd, Pb and Cr) from soil to free-living earthworm species was investigated in a thorium ((232)Th) rich area in Norway. Sampling took place within former mining sites representing the technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM), at undisturbed site with unique bedrock geology representing the naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) and at site outside the (232)Th rich area taken as reference Background site. Soil analysis revealed the elevated levels of investigated elements at NORM and TENORM sites. Based on sequential extraction, uranium ((238)U) and cadmium (Cd) were quite mobile, while the other elements were strongly associated with mineral components of soil. Four investigated earthworm species (Aporrectodea caliginosa, Aporrectodea rosea, Dendrodrilus rubidus and Lumbricus rubellus) showed large individual variability in the accumulation of radionuclides and metals. Differences in uptake by epigeic and endogeic species, as well as differences within same species from the NORM, TENORM and Background sites were also seen. Based on total concentrations in soil, the transfer factors (TF) were in ranges 0.03-0.08 and 0.09-0.25, for (232)Th and (238)U, respectively. TFs for lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) and arsenic (As) were low (less than 0.5), while TFs for Cd were higher (about 10). Using the ERICA tool, the estimated radiation exposure dose rate of the earthworms ranged from 2.2 to 3.9 μGy/h. The radiological risk for investigated earthworms was low (0.28). The obtained results demonstrated that free-living earthworm species can survive in soil containing elevated (232)Th and (238)U, as well As, Cd, Pb and Cr levels, although certain amount of radionuclides was accumulated within their bodies. The present investigation contributes to general better understanding of complex soil-to-biota transfer processes of radionuclides and metals and to assessment of risk for non-human species in the ecosystem with multiple contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Mrdakovic Popic
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
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Comparative study on the efficacy of Allium sativum (garlic) in reducing some heavy metal accumulation in liver of wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 50:222-6. [PMID: 22101063 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Heavy metals are known to cause damage through indirect oxidative effects. This study was undertaken to compare the therapeutic efficacy and protective ability of garlic extracts on reducing toxicity induced by mercury, lead and cadmium in the liver. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were fed with rat chow mixed with raw garlic (7% w/w) while mercury (10ppm), cadmium (200ppm) and lead (100ppm) were given in drinking water. Garlic was administered either at the same time with the metals (group 2), a week after exposure to heavy metals (group 3) or a week before heavy metal exposure (group 4) for 6weeks. The heavy metal accumulations in the liver were determined using AAS. The percentage protection showed a time-dependent effect and was significantly (P<0.01) higher for cadmium compared to mercury and lead-treated groups. Analysis between the groups showed that garlic treatment after exposure had a significantly (P<0.05) higher percentage protection when compared with other modes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that garlic offered more hepatoprotective effect to cadmium followed by mercury and least protection to lead at the selected dose of each metal in this study through the processes of uptake, assimilation and elimination of these metals.
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Yan Z, Wang B, Xie D, Zhou Y, Guo G, Xu M, Bai L, Hou H, Li F. Uptake and toxicity of spiked nickel to earthworm Eisenia fetida in a range of Chinese soils. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:2586-2593. [PMID: 21898557 DOI: 10.1002/etc.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bioavailability and toxicity of metals to soil organisms varies among different soils, and knowledge of this variance is useful for the development of soil environmental quality guidelines. In the present study, laboratory experiments were performed to investigate the effects of variations in nickel (Ni) uptake and toxicity on growth, cocoon output, and juvenile production in the earthworm Eisenia fetida in 13 Chinese soils spiked with nickel chloride. Body weight development of E. fetida was rather insensitive to Ni, and significant inhibition of growth was observed only at high Ni concentrations, such as 560 and 1000 mg/kg. The 50% inhibition effect concentrations (EC50s) for cocoon and juvenile production, based on measured Ni concentrations in soils, varied from 169 to 684 mg/kg and from 159 to 350 mg/kg, respectively. The EC50s represented approximately fourfold variation for cocoon output and twofold variation for juvenile production among 13 Chinese soils. Juvenile production, compared to cocoon output, was a more sensitive endpoint parameter to Ni. Nickel uptake in E. fetida increased as simple linear functions of increasing soil Ni concentrations. Tissue Ni-based EC50s (based on Ni concentrations in earthworm tissues) for cocoon production varied from 37 to 121 mg/kg (threefold variation) in 12 of 13 soils, suggesting a similar variation to that of soil Ni-based EC50s. Relationship analysis between soil properties and Ni toxicity showed that neither the EC50s for cocoon output nor those for juvenile production presented significant correlation with soil properties (pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, clay content, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺). This may be ascribed to the narrow range of properties of selected soils. The soil factors that determined Ni toxicity to earthworm reproduction remain undetermined in the present study, and these data should be used cautiously when developing toxicity prediction models because of the narrow selection of soil properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengguang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Wen B, Huang R, Wang P, Zhou Y, Shan XQ, Zhang S. Effect of complexation on the accumulation and elimination kinetics of cadmium and ciprofloxacin in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:4339-4345. [PMID: 21513268 DOI: 10.1021/es104034g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Land application of solid wastes leads to the accumulation of both metals and antimicrobials in soils. To understand the effects of metal and antibiotic interaction on their accumulation by the earthworm Eisenia fetida, uptake and elimination kinetics and subcellular distribution of cadmium (Cd) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) were determined. The kinetics was accurately described by a one-compartment first-order kinetic model. Bioaccumulation kinetics and subcellular distribution of CIP were not affected by Cd addition. However, Cd exhibited different metabolic and subcellular distribution patterns. With CIP, Cd uptake flux and elimination rate constants were about 2.2 and 9.8 times, respectively, those without CIP. In the presence of CIP, Cd redistributed from fractions D (associated with granules) and E (associated with tissue fragments and cell membranes) to fraction C (associated with cytosol). Without CIP, Cd in fraction C could not be excreted, whereas with CIP, Cd in fraction C was significantly excreted, and the excretion rate constant was consistent with that of CIP. A good relationship was found between CIP and Cd in earthworms during uptake and elimination periods (p < 0.01). Our results indicated that the Cd-CIP complex may be taken up, stored, and eliminated by earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Bednarska AJ, Brzeska A, Laskowski R. Two-phase uptake of nickel in the ground beetle Pterostichus oblongopunctatus (Coleoptera: Carabidae): implications for invertebrate metal kinetics. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 60:722-33. [PMID: 20686892 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We studied nickel (Ni) kinetics in the ground beetle Pterostichus oblongopunctatus exposed to different, potentially stressful, temperatures. We found unexpected Ni kinetics in metal-exposed adult and larval beetles. Instead of the pattern observed commonly for other metals, i.e., an increase in metal concentration followed by stabilisation in the uptake phase and a decrease after transfer to uncontaminated food, the Ni-fed beetles apparently switched to decontamination soon after the start of Ni exposure while they were still being fed Ni-spiked food. In addition, internal body Ni concentrations showed high variance. The traditional first-order, one-compartment model with the switch to decontamination set to the last day of the uptake phase appeared inadequate and in most cases was nonsignificant. Instead, the model with a regression-estimated point of switching to decontamination fit the data better, explaining 57.2-91.5% of the temporal variability of mean Ni body concentrations (weighted regression) in adult beetles and 44.1-62.3% in larvae. Temperature did not affect Ni toxicokinetics in adults, but in larvae there were some temperature-dependent differences in kinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka J Bednarska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Rocco A, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Maisto G, Manzo S, Salluzzo A, Jensen J. Suitability of lysosomal membrane stability in Eisenia fetida as biomarker of soil copper contamination. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:984-988. [PMID: 21296422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated metals in soils negatively affect dwelling organisms. Earthworms, which are widespread and perform various essential functions, are able to accumulate metals that can damage the coelomic cells. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect on Eisenia fetida lysosomal membrane stability both during and after copper exposure, and finally to link this to internal concentrations. E. fetida specimens were exposed to a reference soil and two Cu-spiked soils (35 and 350 mg kg(-1) d.w.) for 14 days (uptake period) and then transferred into the reference soil for other 18 days (elimination period). After 3 days of uptake, internal Cu concentrations increased and were higher in the specimens exposed to soils spiked with 350 mg Cu kg(-1) d.w. After 2 days of elimination, a strong decrease of internal Cu concentrations was always observed. The lysosomal membrane stability, measured as neutral red retention-times, was approximately 50 min for the earthworms exposed to the reference soils, whereas it decreased, at the end of the uptake period, to 21 and 13 min, respectively, for the organisms exposed to soils spiked with 35 and 350 mg Cu kg(-1) d.w. A full recovery of the lysosomal membrane stability was reached after 14 and 18 days of the elimination period, respectively, for the organisms exposed to soils spiked with 35 and 350 mg Cu kg(-1) d.w. The neutral-red assay would seem a good biomarker since the lysosomal membrane stability of E. fetida appeared to respond rapidly and strongly to soil copper contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Rocco
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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Holmstrup M, Sørensen JG, Overgaard J, Bayley M, Bindesbøl AM, Slotsbo S, Fisker KV, Maraldo K, Waagner D, Labouriau R, Asmund G. Body metal concentrations and glycogen reserves in earthworms (Dendrobaena octaedra) from contaminated and uncontaminated forest soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:190-197. [PMID: 20870326 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Stress originating from toxicants such as heavy metals can induce compensatory changes in the energy metabolism of organisms due to increased energy expenses associated with detoxification and excretion processes. These energy expenses may be reflected in the available energy reserves such as glycogen. In a field study the earthworm, Dendrobaena octaedra, was collected from polluted areas, and from unpolluted reference areas. If present in the environment, cadmium, lead and copper accumulated to high concentrations in D. octaedra. In contrast, other toxic metals such as aluminium, nickel and zinc appeared to be regulated and kept at low internal concentrations compared to soil concentrations. Lead, cadmium and copper accumulation did not correlate with glycogen reserves of individual worms. In contrast, aluminium, nickel and zinc were negatively correlated with glycogen reserves. These results suggest that coping with different metals in earthworms is associated with differential energy demands depending on the associated detoxification strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holmstrup
- National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
| | - Jesper G Sørensen
- National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Johannes Overgaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University, Building 131, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mark Bayley
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University, Building 131, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Bindesbøl
- National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; Zoophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University, Building 131, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stine Slotsbo
- National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Karina V Fisker
- National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Kristine Maraldo
- National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Dorthe Waagner
- National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; Zoophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University, Building 131, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rodrigo Labouriau
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Research Centre Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Gert Asmund
- National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Department of Arctic Environment, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Li D, Fortner JD, Johnson DR, Chen C, Li Q, Alvarez PJJ. Bioaccumulation of 14C60 by the earthworm Eisenia fetida. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:9170-9175. [PMID: 21049992 DOI: 10.1021/es1024405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon fullerenes, including buckminsterfullerene (C(60)), are increasingly available for numerous applications, thus increasing the likelihood of environmental release. This calls for information about their bioavailability and bioaccumulation potential. In this study, (14)C-labeled C(60) and (14)C-phenanthrene (positive control) were added separately to soils of varying composition and organic carbon content (OC), and their bioaccumulation in the earthworm Eisenia fetida was compared. Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) were measured after 24 h depuration in soils with high C(60) dosages (60, 100, and 300 mg-C(60) kg(-1) dry soil), which exceed the soil sorption capacity, as well as in soils with a low C(60) dose (0.25 mg kg(-1)) conducive to a high fraction of sorbed molecular C(60). The BSAF value for the low-dose soil (0.427) was 1 order of magnitude lower than for less hydrophobic phenanthrene (7.93), inconsistent with the equilibrium partition theory that suggests that BSAF should be constant and independent of the K(OW) value of the chemical. Apparently, the large molecular size of C(60) hinders uptake and bioaccumulation. Lower BSAF values (0.065-0.13) were measured for high-dose soils, indicating that C(60) bioaccumulates more readily when a higher fraction of molecular C(60) (rather than larger precipitates) is available. For the high-dose tests (heterogeneous C(60) system), soil OC content did not significantly affect the extent of C(60) bioaccumulation after 28 d of incubation, although higher OC content resulted in faster initial bioaccumulation. For low-dose soils, C(60) BSAF decreased with increasing soil OC, as commonly reported for hydrophobic chemicals due to partitioning into soil OC. There was no detectable transformation of (14)C(60) in either soil or worm tissue. Overall, the relatively low extent but rapid bioaccumulation of C(60) in E. fetida suggests the need for further studies on the potential for trophic transfer and biomagnification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Smith BA, Greenberg B, Stephenson GL. Comparison of biological and chemical measures of metal bioavailability in field soils: test of a novel simulated earthworm gut extraction. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:755-766. [PMID: 20678790 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bioavailability of metals in soil is a major factor influencing estimates of risk associated with exposure of ecological receptors. Metal concentrations in soil are often compared to ecological screening benchmarks, which are based on total concentrations in soil. Often, the total concentration is not correlated with toxicity. No standardised method exists for determining the bioavailability of metals in soil to ecological receptors. Several surrogate measures of bioavailability were compared to the results of a battery of toxicity tests using copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)-contaminated soils collected from a former industrial area. A calcium chloride (CaCl(2)) extraction, cyclodextrin (HPCD) extraction, simulated earthworm gut (SEG) test, and earthworm bioaccumulation test were performed using the soils. Extractable metals using the CaCl(2) solution were not correlated with any biological responses of earthworms (Eisenia andrei), collembola (Folsomia candida), northern wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus), or alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Concentrations of metals in the HPCD extracts were highly variable and were not adequate for revealing adverse effects. E. andrei tissue concentrations were variable but were predictive of adverse effects to invertebrates. The results of the SEG test correlated with most of the biological endpoints. Bioavailable Cu was correlated with adverse effects to invertebrates and plants using the SEG test. Overall, coefficients of determination associated with the relationships between the biological responses and each measure of bioavailability indicated that those for the SEG test were greater than those for the other surrogate measures of bioavailability. Further validation is required before this test is routinely used to estimate metal bioavailability and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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Laskowski R, Bednarska AJ, Spurgeon D, Svendsen C, van Gestel CAM. Three-phase metal kinetics in terrestrial invertebrates exposed to high metal concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:3794-802. [PMID: 19945146 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Models of metal toxicokinetics are critically evaluated using both newly generated data in the NoMiracle project as well as those originating from older studies. The analysis showed that the most frequently used one-compartment two-phase toxicokinetic model, with one assimilation and one elimination rate constant, does not describe correctly certain data sets pertaining particularly to the pattern of assimilation of trace elements. Using nickel toxicokinetics in carabid beetles and earthworms as examples, we showed that Ni in fact exhibits a three-phase kinetics with a short phase of fast metal accumulation immediately after exposure, followed by partial elimination to an equilibrium concentration at a later stage of a metal exposure phase, and by final elimination upon transfer to an uncontaminated food/soil. A similar phenomenon was also found for data on cadmium kinetics in ground beetles and copper kinetics in earthworms in data already published in the literature that was not accounted for in the earlier analysis of the data. The three-phase model suggests that the physiology of controlling body metal concentrations can change shortly after exposure, at least in some cases, by increasing the elimination rate and/or decreasing metal assimilation. Hence, the three-phase model, that allows for different assimilation and/or elimination rates in different phases of exposure to a toxicant, may provide insight into temporal changes in the physiology of metal handling. Consequently, this alternative model should always be tested when describing metal toxicokinetics when temporal patterns of internal metal concentration exhibit an initial "overshoot" in body metal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Laskowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Smith BA, Egeler P, Gilberg D, Hendershot W, Stephenson GL. Uptake and elimination of cadmium and zinc by Eisenia andrei during exposure to low concentrations in artificial soil. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 59:264-273. [PMID: 20130851 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-009-9459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) are often used in the risk assessment process to estimate trophic transfer of contaminants such as metals from soil. BAFs can be derived from laboratory studies through the determination of steady-state concentrations or kinetic estimation methods. In this study, bioaccumulation tests were performed with artificial soil spiked at low levels with cadmium or zinc to determine uptake and elimination kinetics of both metals by the compost worm Eisenia andrei. The metal-amended soils were acclimated for 21 days prior to the test, after which worms were individually incubated in the soils. The uptake phase comprised 0-21 days, after which the test organisms were transferred into clean soil and the elimination phase continued for an additional 21 days. Subsamples of soil and earthworms (whole body) were collected from independent replicates throughout the uptake phase and elimination phase and analyzed for total metal concentrations. Uptake of Cd in E. andrei increased linearly with time and did not reach steady state within the testing period. Cd uptake and excretion were described by a one-compartment first-order kinetics model. Zn concentrations rapidly increased in E. andrei after 1 day of exposure but subsequently decreased to background levels throughout the remainder of the uptake phase; internal Zn concentrations did not change from background levels during the elimination phase. Kinetic BAFs were calculated for Cd and Zn. Cd is a nonessential metal that is bioaccumulated at a relatively rapid rate, while Zn is an essential metal, and as such, it is regulated by E. andrei. Metal essentiality and concentration significantly impact bioaccumulation of metals by terrestrial invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Smith
- University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Yu S, Lanno RP. Uptake kinetics and subcellular compartmentalization of cadmium in acclimated and unacclimated earthworms (Eisenia andrei). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:1568-1574. [PMID: 20821607 DOI: 10.1002/etc.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Acclimation to cadmium (Cd) levels exceeding background concentrations may influence the ability of earthworms to accumulate Cd with minimum adverse effects. In the present study, earthworms (Eisenia andrei) were acclimated by exposure to 20 mg/kg Cd (dry wt) in Webster soil for 28 d. A 224-d bioaccumulation test was subsequently conducted with both acclimated and unacclimated worms exposed in Webster soils spiked with 20 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg Cd (dry wt). Uptake kinetics and subcellular compartmentalization of Cd were examined. Results suggest that acclimated earthworms accumulated more Cd and required a longer time to reach steady state than unacclimated worms. Most of the Cd was present in the metallothionein (MT) fraction. Cadmium in the MT fraction increased approximately linearly with time and required a relatively longer time to reach steady state than Cd in cell debris and granule fractions, which quickly reached steady state. Cadmium in the cell debris fraction is considered potentially toxic, but low steady state concentrations observed in the present study would not suggest the potential for adverse effects. Future use of earthworms in ecological risk assessment should take into consideration pre-exposure histories of the test organisms. A prolonged test period may be required for a comprehensive understanding of Cd uptake kinetics and compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yu
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Lev SM, Matthies N, Snodgrass JW, Casey RE, Ownby DR. Effects of zinc exposure on earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris, in an artificial soil. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 84:687-691. [PMID: 20431863 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-010-0002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms have the potential to act as trophic links for pollutants that accumulate in urban soils. However, many pollutants may act as micronutrients at low concentrations and toxins at higher concentration. When pollutants are also micronutrients, bioaccumulations may initially increase trophic transfer as pollutant concentration increase, but at higher levels toxic effects may limit population size and the potential for trophic transfer. We found support for this model among earthworms exposed to a range of soil Zn levels. Worms showed increasing bioaccumulation of Zn with increasing Zn soil concentrations, but at higher Zn levels worm growth rates decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Lev
- Urban Environmental Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA.
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Li L, Zhou D, Wang P, Peijnenburg WJGM. Kinetics of cadmium uptake and subcellular partitioning in the earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to cadmium-contaminated soil. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 57:718-24. [PMID: 19234863 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-009-9296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To understand the bioaccumulation kinetics of cadmium (Cd) at the subcellular level, toxicokinetics and subcellular fractionation of Cd were determined for the terrestrial earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to Cd-contaminated red soil. The bioaccumulation factor was 1.74 after exposure to soil containing 1 mg Cd/kg dry weight for 21 days. Four distinct compartments with different Cd-binding affinities were obtained by sequential centrifugations, including the cytosolic fraction (G), the organelles fraction (F), the granular fraction (D), and the tissue, cell membrane, and intact cell fraction (E). Most of the accumulated Cd in the organisms existed as fraction G. Cd bound to the tissue and cell membrane fraction (E) was <8% of total Cd. Only approximately 3% of Cd existed in fraction F, and <1% was found in fraction D. Accumulation and elimination kinetics of Cd in different fractions were accurately described by one-compartment models, and kinetic parameters (uptake rate constant k ( 1 ) and elimination rate constant k ( 2 )) were derived. Fractions G and F were responsible for the linear accumulation pattern during 3 weeks of exposure, whereas fractions D and E showed a nonlinear uptake curve, and steady state was achieved after 7 and 14 days of exposure, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Nahmani J, Hodson ME, Devin S, Vijver MG. Uptake kinetics of metals by the earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to field-contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:2622-8. [PMID: 19482399 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that earthworms can accumulate metals. However, most accumulation studies focus on Cd-, Cu-, Pb- or Zn-amended soils, additionally few studies consider accumulation kinetics. Here we model the accumulation kinetics of 18 elements by Eisenia fetida, exposed to 8 metal-contaminated and 2 uncontaminated soils. Tissue metal concentration was determined after 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days. Metal elimination rate was important in determining time to reach steady-state tissue metal concentration. Uptake flux to elimination rate ratios showed less variation and lower values for essential than for non-essential metals. In theory kinetic rate constants are dependent only on species and metal. Therefore it should be possible to predict steady-state tissue metal concentrations on the basis of very few measurements using the rate constants. However, our experiments show that it is difficult to extrapolate the accumulation kinetic constants derived using one soil to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Nahmani
- Laboratoire Interactions Ecotoxicité, Biodiversité, Ecosystèmes, CNRS UMR 7146, Université Paul Verlaine-Metz, Rue du Général Delestraint, 57070 Metz, France.
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Karjalainen AM, Kilpi-Koski J, Väisänen AO, Penttinen S, van Gestel CAM, Penttinen OP. Ecological risks of an old wood impregnation mill: application of the Triad approach. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2009; 5:379-89. [PMID: 20050027 DOI: 10.1897/ieam_2008-072.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies deal with the distribution and mobility of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) metals in soil, the ecotoxicity of CCA-contaminated soils is rarely studied. The Triad approach was applied to determine the ecological risks posed by a CCA mixture at a decommissioned wood impregnation mill in southern Finland. A combination of (1) chemical analyses; (2) toxicity tests with plants (aquatic: Lemna minor; terrestrial: Lactuca sativa), earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus), and enchytraeids (Enchytraeus albidus) conducted on contaminated soils, their aqueous extracts, and well water collected from the site; and (3) determination of the abundance of enchytraeids and nematodes and the bioaccumulation of metals in plants (horsetail) collected from the field were used to assess the actual risk. Although metal concentrations were low, L. minor growth appeared to be reduced by As contamination of the well water. In soil, metals were heterogeneously distributed with total concentrations of 14.8 to 4360 mg As/kg, 15.2 to 1740 mg Cr/kg, and 4.83 to 790 mg Cu/kg. In several samples, concentrations were above Finnish regulatory guideline values and exceeded the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) or 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values for the toxicity of the individual metals to earthworms and enchytraeids, indicating hazards to the ecosystem. (Bio)availability of metals was high, as indicated by weak electrolyte extractions and body residues in L. rubellus and E. albidus exposed in bioassays. Earthworm survival correlated significantly with body metal concentrations, but not with soil total metal concentrations. Enchytraeid responses in the soil bioassays were less sensitive to CCA metal exposure. Plant growth was affected by CCA pollution, with L. sativa root elongation correlating significantly with total and available As concentrations and L. minor development being significantly reduced in H2O extracts of the most contaminated soil sample. Abundance of enchytraeids and nematodes in the field was much lower than in nonpolluted Finnish soils but did not significantly correlate with CCA contamination. Arsenic accumulation in horsetail did not correlate with As concentrations in soil. Overall, the results of the 3 lines of evidence of the Triad approach indicate possible increased risks to the ecosystem at the most contaminated sites of the CCA treatment area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Mari Karjalainen
- Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland.
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Alonso E, González-Núñez M, Carbonell G, Fernández C, Tarazona JV. Bioaccumulation assessment via an adapted multi-species soil system (MS.3) and its application using cadmium. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:1038-1044. [PMID: 19237196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an experimental design for quantifying the transfer of chemicals at low trophic levels of terrestrial ecosystems. The soil microcosms, MS.3(foodchain) (food chain multi-specie soil system) covered the transfer from soil to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and from soil to plant (Triticum aestivum), then to phytophagus (Rhopalosiphum padi) and finally predator (Chrysoperla carnea) species. Cadmium was used as model pollutant. Cadmium accumulation in foliar invertebrates was related to the species biology. A significant transfer of this metal through the minimized food chain was found for all species, but not a biomagnification in the predator species. Results pointed out the relevance of foliar invertebrates and their trophic relationships as additional exposure routes for assessing secondary poisoning in predators. Hence, MS.3(foodchain), could be applied for terrestrial environmental risk assessment when potential bioaccumulation could be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alonso
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, INIA, Crta. de la Coruña, km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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Button M, Watts MJ, Cave MR, Harrington CF, Jenkin GT. Earthworms and in vitro physiologically-based extraction tests: complementary tools for a holistic approach towards understanding risk at arsenic-contaminated sites. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2009; 31:273-282. [PMID: 18958400 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-008-9208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The relationship of the total arsenic content of a soil and its bioaccumulation by earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus and Dendrodrilus rubidus) to the arsenic fraction bioaccessible to humans, measured using an in vitro physiologically-based extraction test (PBET), was investigated. Soil and earthworm samples were collected at 24 sites at the former arsenic mine at the Devon Great Consols (DGC) in southwest England (UK), along with an uncontaminated site in Nottingham, UK, for comparison. Analysis of soil and earthworm total arsenic via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was performed following a mixed acid digestion. Arsenic concentrations in the soil were elevated (204-9,025 mg kg(-1)) at DGC. The arsenic bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for both earthworm species was found to correlate positively with the human bioaccessible fraction (HBF), although the correlation was only significant (P < or = 0.05) for L. rubellus. The potential use of both in vitro PBETs and earthworms as complementary tools is explored as a holistic and multidisciplinary approach towards understanding risk at contaminated sites. Arsenic resistant earthworm species such as the L. rubellus populations at DGC are presented as a valuable tool for understanding risk at highly contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Button
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG125GG, UK
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Suthar S, Singh S. Bioconcentrations of metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb) in earthworms (Eisenia fetida), inoculated in municipal sewage sludge: do earthworms pose a possible risk of terrestrial food chain contamination? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2009; 24:25-32. [PMID: 18461553 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Efforts have been made to evaluate the possible risks of metal bioaccumulation in composting earthworms during vermicomposting of hazardous wastes, e.g., sewage sludge. The sewage sludge was diluted by mixing cow dung in different proportions, and vermicomposted sludge as well as inoculated earthworms were analyzed for metal (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb) contents. The sludge processed by worms showed a significant reduction in concentration of metals, Cu (29.4-51.6%), Fe (13.1-19.9%), Zn (15.2-25.8%), and Pb (4.6-46.9%), at the end. A considerable concentration of metals, total Cu (16.7-27.6 mg kg(-1)), total Fe (42.9-89.8 mg kg(-1)), total Zn (5.85-75.0 mg kg(-1)), and total Pb (1.79-12.4 mg kg(-1)), in composting earthworms was also recorded. The greater values of bioconcentration factors for metals suggested the possible risk of entering contaminants in higher food chains; since, earthworms are near to the terrestrial food chain, they can potentially mediate metal transfer from soil to a range of predators, including birds. Therefore, feasibility of vermitechnology in hazardous waste recycling needs close attention in respect to possible risk of environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surindra Suthar
- Environmental Biology Lab, Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Sh. B. R. G. Govt Girls (PG) College, Sri Ganganagar 335001, India.
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Maity S, Padhy PK, Chaudhury S. The role of earthworm Lampito mauritii (Kinberg) in amending lead and zinc treated soil. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:7291-7298. [PMID: 18331791 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2007] [Revised: 12/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory experiment was carried out to determine the effect of earthworm (Lampito mauritii) activity on mobility of Pb2+ and Zn2+ in the soil (DTPA-extractable) and its composting potential in presence of these metals. Well clitellate earthworms collected from an uncontaminated site were exposed to different concentrations (75, 150, 300mgkg(-1)) of Pb2+ and Zn2+ separately for 30 days. It was observed that the metal burden in the earthworm tissue increased with the increase in metal treatment. L. mauritii elevated the soil pH of all the metal treated beds and lowered the soil C/N ratio in the cast by reducing the organic carbon and fixing additional nitrogen. Earthworm activity significantly increased the availability of phosphorous, potassium and decreased the amount of DTPA-extractable Pb2+ and Zn2+ in the cast, which implies the immobilization of metals in soils. These findings suggest the use of L. mauritii in amelioration of metal contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulata Maity
- Centre for Environmental Studies, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, India
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Hobbelen P, van Gestel C. Using dynamic energy budget modeling to predict the influence of temperature and food density on the effect of Cu on earthworm mediated litter consumption. Ecol Modell 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Veltman K, Huijbregts MAJ, Vijver MG, Peijnenburg WJGM, Hobbelen PHF, Koolhaas JE, van Gestel CAM, van Vliet PCJ, Hendriks AJ. Metal accumulation in the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. Model predictions compared to field data. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 146:428-36. [PMID: 16938367 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic bioaccumulation model OMEGA (Optimal Modeling for Ecotoxicological Applications) is used to estimate accumulation of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. Our validation to field accumulation data shows that the model accurately predicts internal cadmium concentrations. In addition, our results show that internal metal concentrations in the earthworm are less than linearly (slope<1) related to the total concentration in soil, while risk assessment procedures often assume the biota-soil accumulation factor (BSAF) to be constant. Although predicted internal concentrations of all metals are generally within a factor 5 compared to field data, incorporation of regulation in the model is necessary to improve predictability of the essential metals such as zinc and copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Veltman
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University (RU) Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, Toernooiveld 1, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Nahmani J, Hodson ME, Black S. A review of studies performed to assess metal uptake by earthworms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 145:402-24. [PMID: 16815606 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms perform a number of essential functions in soil; the impacts of metals on earthworms are often investigated. In this review we consider the range of earthworm species, types of soil and forms of metal for which metal uptake and accumulation have been studied, the design of these experiments and the quantitative relationships that have been derived to predict earthworm metal body burden. We conclude that there is a need for more studies on earthworm species other than Eisenia fetida in order to apply the large existing database on this earthworm to other, soil dwelling species. To aid comparisons between studies agreement is needed on standard protocols that define exposure and depuration periods and the parameters, such as soil solution composition, soil chemical and physical properties to be measured. It is recommended that more field or terrestrial model ecosystem studies using real contaminated soil rather than metal-amended artificial soils are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Nahmani
- Department of Soil Science, School of Human and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Berkshire, Reading RG6 6DW, UK.
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