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Chatterjee S, Basak P, Chaklader M, Das P, Pereira JA, Chaudhuri S, Law S. Pesticide induced marrow toxicity and effects on marrow cell population and on hematopoietic stroma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:287-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hanson ML, Peer CJ, Brundage R, Callery PS, Brundage K, Schafer R, Eremin S, Barnett JB. Subcellular localization of the amide class herbicide 3,4-dichloropropionanilide (DCPA) in T cells and hepatocytes. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:1-4. [PMID: 19953415 PMCID: PMC2888467 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903249131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
3,4-Dichloropropionanilide (DCPA), or propanil, a post-emergent herbicide used on rice and wheat crops in the United States, is immunotoxic in vivo and in vitro. Although it has been documented that DCPA exerts differential effects on specific immune cell types and is toxic to the liver, the way in which DCPA modulates intracellular functions leading to these effects is less understood. In this study, Jurkat T cells and hepatocytes from C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to 100 microM DCPA for 1.5 h. Following incubation, subcellular fractions of each cell type were isolated. DCPA, when present, was removed from each cell fraction by liquid-liquid extraction. The extraction product was then analyzed for the presence of DCPA using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The cellular uptake of DCPA was monitored by detection of the molecular ion and product ion of DCPA. The analyses demonstrate that DCPA, a lipophilic compound, localizes primarily in the cytosol of T cells and hepatocytes. These results indicate that DCPA is able to cross the plasma membrane and is accessible to intracellular immunomodulatory effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda L. Hanson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Cody J. Peer
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Rodney Brundage
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Patrick S. Callery
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Kathleen Brundage
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Rosana Schafer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Sergei Eremin
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - John B. Barnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Salazar KD, Ustyugova IV, Brundage KM, Barnett JB, Schafer R. A review of the immunotoxicity of the pesticide 3,4-dichloropropionanalide. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2008; 11:630-645. [PMID: 18821422 DOI: 10.1080/10937400701724386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The pesticide 3,4-dichloropropionanilide (propanil or, alternatively, DCPA) is a member of the acetanilide chemical family and is predominantly used for the control of weeds on commercial rice crops worldwide. This article was written to provide a brief review of the general toxicity of propanil followed by a detailed summary of the immunotoxicity studies that were performed to date in mammalian in vivo and in vitro models. Propanil affects the immune system at organ, cellular, and molecular levels. Studies demonstrated that it produces thymic atrophy and splenomegaly and decreases developing T- and B-cell populations in the thymus and bone marrow. Natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages are critical components of the innate immune system. NK cell cytotoxicity and the ability of macrophages to phagocytose, kill pathogenic bacteria, and produce inflammatory cytokines are suppressed by propanil. Propanil also affects the respiratory burst of macrophages, inhibiting reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production. Molecular mechanisms responsible for propanil's effects have begun to be elucidated and include alterations in nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB transcription factor activity and intracellular Ca(2+) signaling. Propanil exposure alters a number of functions of mature T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes that impacts the adaptive immune response. T-cell cytotoxic activity and cytokine production are major T-cell functions inhibited by propanil. The humoral antibody response to model antigens and intact bacteria is differentially affected after propanil exposure. How these changes in innate and adaptive immune responses impact the host response to bacterial challenge or vaccination has begun to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D Salazar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9177, USA
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Lewis TL, Brundage KM, Brundage RA, Barnett JB. 3,4-Dichloropropionanilide (DCPA) inhibits T-cell activation by altering the intracellular calcium concentration following store depletion. Toxicol Sci 2008; 103:97-107. [PMID: 18281253 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of T cells through the T-cell receptor results in the activation of a series of signaling pathways that leads to the secretion of interleukin (IL)-2 and cell proliferation. Influx of calcium (Ca(2+)) from the extracellular environment, following internal Ca(2+) store depletion, provides the elevated and sustained intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) critical for optimal T-cell activation. Our laboratory has documented that exposure to the herbicide 3,4-dichloropropionanilide (DCPA) inhibits intracellular signaling events that have one or more Ca(2+) dependent steps. Herein we report that DCPA attenuates the normal elevated and sustained [Ca(2+)](i) that follows internal store depletion in the human leukemic Jurkat T cell line and primary mouse T cells. DCPA did not alter the depletion of internal Ca(2+) stores when stimulated by anti-CD3 or thapsigargin demonstrating that early inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-mediated signaling and depletion of Ca(2+) stores were unaffected. 2-Aminoethyldiphenol borate (2-APB) is known to alter the store-operated Ca(2+) (SOC) influx that follows Ca(2+) store depletion. Exposure of Jurkat cells to either DCPA or 50 microM 2-APB attenuated the increase in [Ca(2+)](i) following thapsigargin or anti-CD3 induced store depletion in a similar manner. At low concentrations, 2-APB enhances SOC influx but this enhancement is abrogated in the presence of DCPA. This alteration in [Ca(2+)](i), when exposed to DCPA, significantly reduces nuclear levels of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and IL-2 secretion. The plasma membrane polarization profile is not altered by DCPA exposure. Taken together, these data indicate that DCPA inhibits T-cell activation by altering Ca(2+) homeostasis following store depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia L Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Viginia 26506, USA
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Sheil JM, Frankenberry MA, Schell TD, Brundage KM, Barnett JB. Propanil exposure induces delayed but sustained abrogation of cell-mediated immunity through direct interference with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte effectors. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:1059-64. [PMID: 16835059 PMCID: PMC1513295 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The postemergent herbicide propanil (PRN ; also known as 3,4-dichloropropionanilide) is used on rice and wheat crops and has well-known immunotoxic effects on various compartments of the immune system, including T-helper lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and macrophages. It is unclear, however, whether PRN also adversely affects cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) , the primary (1 degrees ) effectors of cell-mediated immunity. In this study we examined both the direct and indirect effects of PRN exposure on CTL activation and effector cell function to gauge its likely impact on cell-mediated immunity. Initial experiments addressed whether PRN alters the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) pathway for antigen processing and presentation by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) , thereby indirectly affecting effector function. These experiments demonstrated that PRN does not impair the activation of CTLs by PRN-treated APCs. Subsequent experiments addressed whether PRN treatment of CTLs directly inhibits their activation and revealed that 1 degrees alloreactive CTLs exposed to PRN are unimpaired in their proliferative response and only marginally inhibited in their lytic activity. Surprisingly, secondary stimulation of these alloreactive CTL effectors, however, even in the absence of further PRN exposure, resulted in complete abrogation of CTL lytic function and a delayed but significant long-term effect on CTL responsiveness. These findings may have important implications for the diagnosis and clinical management of anomalies of cell-mediated immunity resulting from environmental exposure to various herbicides and other pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Sheil
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
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Salazar KD, Miller MR, Barnett JB, Schafer R. Evidence for a Novel Endocrine Disruptor: The Pesticide Propanil Requires the Ovaries and Steroid Synthesis to Enhance Humoral Immunity. Toxicol Sci 2006; 93:62-74. [PMID: 16788000 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones are known to affect the humoral immune response to a variety of antigens. However, the mechanisms regulating these effects are poorly understood. The immunotoxic chemical propanil and estrogen have similar effects on the immune system including augmentation of humoral immune responses. Propanil enhances the number of phosphorylcholine (PC)-specific IgG2b, IgG3, and IgM antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in the spleen four- to sixfold 7 days after vaccination of female C57BL/6 mice with heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae. Several experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that propanil increases the response via an estrogenic pathway. Ovariectomy abrogated the effect of propanil on the PC-specific ASC response. Both in vitro and in vivo assays indicate that propanil does not bind either estrogen receptor (ER) alpha or beta. Exogenous estradiol administration in ovariectomized mice failed to restore the effect of propanil on the PC response. Treatment of female mice with a pure ER antagonist, ICI 182,780, or the progesterone antagonist RU486 did not inhibit the increase in ASCs. These data suggest that estrogen and progesterone do not regulate the effect of propanil. However, complete inhibition of steroid synthesis with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist antide abrogated the increased response in propanil-treated mice, indicating a necessary role for steroid synthesis. Experiments in male mice demonstrated that propanil increased the number of ASCs comparable to female mice. However, orchiectomy did not inhibit this effect, suggesting that androgens do not regulate the amplification of the humoral response. These data suggest a novel role for the ovarian hormones in the regulation of the PC-specific antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D Salazar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
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Salazar KD, de la Rosa P, Barnett JB, Schafer R. The polysaccharide antibody response after Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccination is differentially enhanced or suppressed by 3,4-dichloropropionanilide and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Toxicol Sci 2005; 87:123-33. [PMID: 15976183 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Propanil (3,4-dichloropropionanilide) and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) are commonly used herbicides that have toxic effects on the immune system. The present study determined the effect of exposure to these chemicals on the immune response to a bacterial vaccine. The antibody responses to the T-independent type 2 antigen, phosphorylcholine (PC) and the T-dependent antigen, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) were characterized in C57BL/6 mice after heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae (HKSP) immunization and single or mixture herbicide exposure. Propanil exposure significantly increased the number of PC-specific IgM, IgG2b, and IgG3 antibody-secreting B cells (ASC) in the spleen 4-6-fold over control animals in a dose-dependent manner. However, the number of ASC in the bone marrow and serum titers were comparable in control and propanil-treated mice. In contrast, 2,4-D exposure decreased the number of PC-specific IgM and IgG bone marrow ASC 2-3-fold from control animals. The decrease in bone marrow ASC in 2,4-D-treated mice corresponded to a 3-4-fold decrease in PC-specific IgM, IgG2b, and IgG3 serum titers compared to control mice. The number of ASC in the spleens of 2,4-D-treated mice was, however, comparable to control mice. The antibody response to PspA was not affected by any of the treatments. There were no mixture interactions between the two herbicides in any of the responses measured. These results characterize the primary PC-specific antibody response in the bone marrow, spleen, and serum after HKSP vaccination and herbicide exposure. The differential effects of propanil and 2,4-D on the antibody response to a bacterial vaccine demonstrate the potential of chemical exposure to augment or suppress immune responses to vaccines and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D Salazar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9177, USA
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de la Rosa P, Barnett JB, Schafer R. Characterization of thymic atrophy and the mechanism of thymocyte depletion after in vivo exposure to a mixture of herbicides. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2005; 68:81-98. [PMID: 15762548 DOI: 10.1080/15287390590886072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
3,4-Dichloropropionanilide (propanil) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) are two commonly used herbicides that are marketed as a chemical mixture. It was hypothesized that the interaction between these two herbicides, when administered as a mixture, would result in a greater effect on the immune system than the individual components of the mixture. The present study demonstrates in a murine model that a mixture of propanil and 2,4-D, when compared to single herbicide exposures, exacerbates decreases in thymocyte populations 2 d postexposure and inhibits the repopulation of T-cells in the thymus 7 d postexposure. Exposure to 150 mg herbicide/kg body weight of propanil or 2,4-D alone had no effect on thymus weight. In contrast, decreases in the ratio of thymus weight to body weight (TW:BW) occurred 2 d after treatment with the mixture of 150 mg propanil/kg body weight + 150 mg 2,4-D/kg body weight (150/150). Thymic atrophy was associated with a decrease in the double-positive thymocyte population (CD4+CD8+) and correlated with sera corticosterone levels from 600 to 1000 pg/ml. Therefore, the hypothesis was tested that glucocorticoids, induced after exposure to herbicides, were responsible for the thymic atrophy and depletion of thymocytes. However, similar levels of corticosterone were induced after exposure to 50, 100, or 150 mg propanil/kg body weight, and 50/50 or 100/100 mixture treatments, doses that did not produce thymic atrophy or cell loss. In addition, RU 486, a glucocorticoid receptor blocker, only partially abrogated the thymic atrophy in mice exposed to the 150/150 mixture of herbicides. These results suggest that glucocorticoids are only partially responsible for herbicide-induced thymic atrophy. This study demonstrates that the effects of exposure to a mixture of chemicals cannot always be predicted based on single exposure data and emphasizes the importance of mixture-based studies.
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Brundage KM, Barnett JB, Mahaney JE. The amide class herbicide 3,4-dichloropropionanilide (DCPA) alters the mobility of hydrocarbon chains in T-lymphocyte but not macrophage membranes. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2003; 66:2253-2265. [PMID: 14612336 DOI: 10.1080/713854000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that the lipophilic herbicide 3,4-dicholoropropionanilide (DCPA) adversely affects cytokine production by activated macrophages and T lymphocytes. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that DCPA alters the mobility of plasma membrane lipid hydrocarbon chains, which interferes with normal T-lymphocyte activation and macrophage function. Electron spin reasonance (ESR) spectroscopy of stearic acid spin labels incorporated into each cell type was used to test the effects of DCPA on lipid hydrocarbon chain mobility in the absence and presence of specific agents that activate each cell type. The results indicated that DCPA treatment had no significant effect on hydrocarbon chain mobility in either cell type per se. However, for T lymphocytes, but not macrophages, DCPA treatment increased a small population of lipid molecules that exhibited reduced hydrocarbon chain mobility near the bilayer hydrocarbon core following cell stimulation. In contrast, there were no significant effects of DCPA on hydrocarbon chain mobility near the head group region of the bilayer for either cell type. The identity of this subpopulation of lipids and its motional properties could not be elucidated from these studies. Nevertheless, data show that DCPA alters the distribution of lipids in distinct motional environments in the membrane of activated T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Brundage
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
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Frost LL, Neeley YX, Schafer R, Gibson LF, Barnett JB. Propanil inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by reducing nuclear levels of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappab in the macrophage cell line ic-21. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 172:186-93. [PMID: 11312646 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is an essential proinflammatory cytokine whose production is normally stimulated by bacterial cell wall components, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), during an infection. Macrophages stimulated with LPS in vitro produce several cytokines, including TNF-alpha. LPS-stimulated primary mouse macrophages produced less TNF-alpha protein and message after treatment with the herbicide propanil (Xie et al., Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 145, 184-191, 1997). Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) tightly regulates TNF-alpha transcription. Therefore, as a step toward understanding the mechanism of the effect of propanil on TNF-alpha transcription, IC-21 cells were transfected with a TNF-alpha promoter-luciferase construct, and the effect of propanil on luciferase activity was measured. Cells transfected with promoter constructs containing a kappaB site showed decreased luciferase activity relative to controls after propanil treatment. These observations implicated NF-kappaB binding as an intracellular target of propanil. Further studies demonstrated a marked reduction in the nuclear levels of the stimulatory p65 subunit of NF-kappaB after propanil treatment, as measured by fluorescence confocal microscopy and Western blot analysis. The p50 subunit of NF-kappaB was not found to be reduced after propanil exposure by Western blot. Electrophoretic mobility gel shift assays showed decreased DNA binding of both p65/p50 heterodimers and p50/p50 homodimers to the kappaB3 site of the TNF-alpha promoter of propanil-treated cells. The marked reduction in nuclear p65/p50 NF-kappaB levels and diminished binding to the TNF-alpha promoter in propanil-treated cells are consistent with reduced TNF-alpha levels induced by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, USA
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Zhao W, Schafer R, Barnett JB. Propanil affects transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of IL-2 expression in activated EL-4 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 154:153-9. [PMID: 9925799 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1998.8545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The amide-class herbicide, propanil, causes numerous immunomodulary effects in animal models. In the present study, we investigated the effect of propanil on IL-2 expression and production in the murine lymphoma T cell line, EL-4. When supernatants of cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in the presence of propanil were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, IL-2 levels were dose-dependently decreased by 20 and 50 microM of propanil but not at 10 microM. Quantitative Northern blot analysis of peak IL-2 message levels also showed a dose-dependent decrease. The kinetic pattern of message production, however, was unaffected. To determine if the reduced message production was due to reduced signaling or message stability, nuclear run-on and mRNA stability assays were performed. Nuclear run-on assays determined that the transcription rate of the IL-2 gene was decreased approximately 50% in the presence of 20 microM propanil, indicating that it was able to interfere with signal transduction. IL-2 message stability assays also demonstrated a reduction in message stability. Thus, propanil appears to reduce IL-2 production by affecting the signal transduction pathway and IL-2 message stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-9177, USA
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12
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Xie YC, Schafer R, Barnett JB. The immunomodulatory effects of the herbicide propanil on murine macrophage interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 145:184-91. [PMID: 9221836 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1997.8179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intraperitoneal (i.p.) exposure to propanil (3,4-dichloropropionanilide) has previously been shown to affect macrophage cytotoxicity. In this study, we compared the immunotoxic effects of propanil, after different routes of in vivo administration, on cytokine production by thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages. C57B1/6 mice were treated with either vehicle or 200 mg/kg propanil i.p., or with vehicle, 40, or 400 mg/kg propanil orally. Three or 7 days later, ex vivo production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by macrophages after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation was determined. Both oral and i.p. propanil exposure resulted in up to a 60-70% reduction in IL-6 and TNF-alpha production by the LPS-stimulated macrophages, depending on the route, postexposure time, and dose of propanil administered. Oral exposure to propanil also caused splenomegaly and thymic atrophy in animals in much the same manner as animals exposed via the i.p. route. In vitro exposure to propanil also significantly reduced macrophage cytokine production. Thioglycollate-elicited macrophages from normal mice were cultured in the continuous presence of 0, 10, or 20 microM propanil plus LPS. This exposure caused a significant reduction in IL-6 and TNF protein production by these macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the message levels of these cytokines were reduced by approximately the same percentage as the protein levels in propanil-treated macrophages, indicating a possible transcriptional or pretranscriptional target(s) for propanil.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Herbicides/administration & dosage
- Herbicides/toxicity
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
- Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Organ Size/drug effects
- Propanil/administration & dosage
- Propanil/toxicity
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/metabolism
- Thioglycolates/toxicity
- Thymus Gland/drug effects
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center of West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506-9177, USA
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13
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Zhao W, Schafer R, Cuff CF, Gandy J, Barnett JB. Changes in primary and secondary lymphoid organ T-cell subpopulations resulting from acute in vivo exposure to propanil. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1995; 46:171-81. [PMID: 7563216 DOI: 10.1080/15287399509532027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Acute exposure to the herbicide propanil is immunotoxic for selected immune functions, as well as causing changes in the weights of the thymus and spleen. Although spleen cellularity and weight increase with propanil exposure, the thymus: body weight ratio decreases with increasing doses of propanil. The present study analyzes the thymocyte subpopulations in the thymus, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes. C57Bl/6 mice were treated with either 0, 100, 150, or 200 mg/kg propanil, and 7 d later thymocyte populations were analyzed by flow cytometry. In the thymus, propanil exposure resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in total numbers of T cells, as would be expected with its reduced weight. Determination of the thymocyte subpopulation distribution in the thymus showed a significant reduction in the number of CD3+CD4+CD8- (CD3+4+8-), CD3+CD4-CD8+ (CD3+4-8+), and CD3+CD4+CD8+ (CD3+4+8+) cells. Percent distribution of these thymic cell subpopulations showed similar decreases only with the highest dose. Apparent dose-related decreases in the numbers of CD3-CD4+CD8+ (CD3-4+8+) cells were also noted and were attributed to the general decrease in total thymus cells. The percentage of CD3- subpopulations showed an increasing trend with dose, which suggests that at 7 d postpropanil exposure there may be a specific effect on this most immature population. Although the size and cellularity of the spleen were increased, no change in CD4+ or CD8+ cell distribution was observed. Similarly, mesenteric lymph nodes showed no changes in the cell subpopulation distribution between propanil-treated and control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown 26506-9177, USA
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