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Pira E, Vacca GM, Dettori ML, Piras G, Moro M, Paschino P, Pazzola M. Polymorphisms at Myostatin Gene ( MSTN) and the Associations with Sport Performances in Anglo-Arabian Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:964. [PMID: 33808485 PMCID: PMC8065447 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred and eighty Anglo-Arabian horses running 1239 races were sampled for the present study. DNA was extracted from the blood and myostatin gene, MSTN, was genotyped. Moreover, prizes won and places were achieved for the 1239 races to perform association analyses between the different genotypes and sport traits. Two SNPs already reported in previous studies regarding the Thoroughbred breed, rs69472472 and rs397152648, were revealed as polymorphic. The linkage disequilibrium analysis investigating the haplotype structure of MSTN did not evidence any association block. Polymorphism at SNP rs397152648, previously known as g.66493737 T>C, significantly influenced sport traits, with heterozygous horses TC showing better results than homozygotes TT. The portion of variance due to the random effect of the individual animal, and the other phenotypic effects of sex, percentage of Arabian blood and race distance, computed together with the genotype at MSTN in the statistical models, exerted a significant influence. Hence, this information is useful to improve knowledge of the genetic profile of Anglo-Arabian horses and a possible selection for better sport performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Pira
- Local Health Authority 7 Pedemontana, Via dei Lotti 40, 36061 Bassano del Grappa, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Massimo Vacca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.M.V.); (M.L.D.); (P.P.)
| | - Maria Luisa Dettori
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.M.V.); (M.L.D.); (P.P.)
| | - Gianpiera Piras
- Local Health Authority of Oristano, Via Carducci 35, 09170 Oristano, Italy;
| | - Massimiliano Moro
- Local Health Authority of Nuoro, Via Amerigo Demurtas 1, 08110 Nuoro, Italy;
| | - Pietro Paschino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.M.V.); (M.L.D.); (P.P.)
| | - Michele Pazzola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.M.V.); (M.L.D.); (P.P.)
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De Palo P, Maggiolino A, Ceci E, Calzaretti G, Centoducati P, Tateo A. Survey on basal blood plasma catecholamine concentrations in Martina Franca donkey (Equus asinus). Equine Vet J 2017; 50:493-497. [PMID: 29265484 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catecholamines are among the most frequently investigated parameters for studying sympathoadrenal activity in response to stress conditions. OBJECTIVES To evaluate basal plasma concentrations of catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine) in healthy donkeys. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Catecholamine concentrations from 440 Martina Franca donkeys were determined: 269 females and 171 entire males, aged from 4 months to 24 years. Animals were subdivided into four age categories: under 12 months old (64 males and 54 females), from 13 to 36 months (56 males and 75 females), from 37 to 120 months (49 males and 80 females) and over 120 months (24 males and 38 females). Indwelling jugular catheters were inserted at least 12 h before drawing blood. The data set was subjected to analysis of variance considering age, sex and the two-way interaction between them as independent variables. Pearson's correlation coefficients between the three catecholamines were evaluated. RESULTS Confidence intervals (CI) for noradrenaline concentration ranged between 239.98 and 255.07 ng/L (mean 247.52 ng/L), for adrenaline between 129.27 and 137.90 ng/L (mean 133.59 ng/L), dopamine concentrations between 149.62 and 160.80 ng/L (mean 155.21 ng/L) and noradrenaline/adrenaline ratio between 1.91 and 2.05 (mean 1.98). Catecholamine plasma concentrations were not influenced by sex. Donkeys older than 37 months had lower adrenaline and noradrenaline plasma concentrations (P<0.001) and higher noradrenaline/adrenaline ratios (P<0.01) than younger animals. MAIN LIMITATIONS Indwelling catheters and blood drawing procedures may have influenced catecholamine levels. CONCLUSIONS Catecholamine concentrations were established within a large group of healthy Martina Franca donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- P De Palo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University "A. Moro" of Bari, Italy, Valenzano (Ba), Italy
| | - A Maggiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University "A. Moro" of Bari, Italy, Valenzano (Ba), Italy
| | - E Ceci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University "A. Moro" of Bari, Italy, Valenzano (Ba), Italy
| | - G Calzaretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University "A. Moro" of Bari, Italy, Valenzano (Ba), Italy
| | - P Centoducati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University "A. Moro" of Bari, Italy, Valenzano (Ba), Italy
| | - A Tateo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University "A. Moro" of Bari, Italy, Valenzano (Ba), Italy
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Baragli P, Sgorbini M, Casini L, Ducci M, Sighieri C. Early Evidence of the Anticipatory Response of Plasma Catecholamine in Equine Exercise. J Equine Vet Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Micera E, Albrizio M, Surdo NC, Moramarco AM, Zarrilli A. Stress-related hormones in horses before and after stunning by captive bolt gun. Meat Sci 2010; 84:634-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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El Hadj Ali N, Hmidet N, Bougatef A, Nasri R, Nasri M. A laundry detergent-stable alkaline trypsin from striped seabream (Lithognathus mormyrus) viscera: purification and characterization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:10943-10950. [PMID: 19852470 DOI: 10.1021/jf902059a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An alkaline trypsin from the intestine of striped seabream (Lithognathus mormyrus) was purified and characterized. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and CM-Sephadex cation-exchange chromatography, with a 24.9-fold increase in specific activity and 13% recovery. The molecular weight of the purified alkaline trypsin was estimated to be 27.5 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and size exclusion chromatography. The purified trypsin appeared as a single band on native PAGE. Interestingly, the enzyme was highly active over a wide range of pH from 8.0 to 11.0, with an optimum at pH 10.0 using Nalpha-benzoyl-dl-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) as a substrate. The relative activities at pH 8.0, 11.0, and 12.0 were 73%, 67% and 50.4%, respectively. The enzyme was extremely stable over a broad pH range (5.0-12.0). The optimum temperature for enzyme activity was 50 degrees C. The purified enzyme was strongly inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). In addition, the enzyme showed excellent stability toward various surfactants and bleache agents and compatibility with some commercial solid and liquid detergents. The trypsin kinetic constants, Km and kcat of the enzyme for BAPNA, were 0.29 mM and 1.36 s(-1), respectively, while the catalytic efficiency kcat/Km was 4.68 s(-1) mM(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedra El Hadj Ali
- Laboratoire de Genie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale d'Ingenieurs de Sfax, B.P. W, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
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SHI CHANGYING, MARSHALL SUEN, SIMPSON BENJAMINK. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TRYPSIN FROM THE PYLORIC CECA OF THE NEW ZEALAND HOKI FISH (MACRURONUS NOVAEZEALANDIAE). J Food Biochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2007.00141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Baragli P, Ducci M, Gatta D, Gazzano A, Sighieri C. Influence of training on plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline kinetics in untrained standardbreds. Equine Vet J 2007:258-61. [PMID: 17402428 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Catecholamines (CAT) play an important role in modulating the response to exercise. But the kinetics of CAT changes during exercise are difficult to study due to their short biological half-life. OBJECTIVES Learning about variations in plasma CAT levels during training could furnish new information regarding sweating, redistribution of blood flow and energy metabolism. METHODS Four untrained Standardbreds, adapted to treadmill work, were used to determine the influence of training on plasma adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) kinetics. Horses underwent a standardised exercise test (SET) on treadmill before (SET1), and 1 (SET2) and 2 months after (SET3) the start of a moderate training period on treadmill. The SET procedure was: warm-up and a single step of 2 min at 200 beats/min heart rate (SS). The automatic blood collection system (that has been carried out during SS) and the preparation of the horses have been described previously. The system was programmed to obtain a blood sample every 15 sec (8 blood samples per SS). Analyses were performed by HPLC. Training progress was monitored by means of anaerobic threshold velocity (V4) and the velocity during SS (V200). Wilcoxon's test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Decreased levels of A and NA with significant differences between SET1/SET2 and SET1/SET3 for A (P = 0.007) and NA (P = 0.007) were found. There were no differences between SET2 and SET3 for A (P = 0.195) and NA (P = 0.054). CONCLUSIONS Training appears to influence the level of plasma CAT and this influence is greater during the first training period in untrained Standardbreds. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE It may prove interesting to associate the study of training-induced modifications of the concentration of plasma CAT with thermoregulation, which is under catecholaminergic control and undergoes important adaptations during training.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Baragli
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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KISHIMURA HIDEKI, TOKUDA YUSUKE, KLOMKLAO SAPPASITH, BENJAKUL SOOTTAWAT, ANDO SEIICHI. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENZYMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TRYPSINS FROM THE PYLORIC CECA OF YELLOW TAIL (SERIOLA QUINQUERADIATA) AND BROWN HAKELING (PHYSICULUS JAPONICUS). J Food Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2006.00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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VAN HAU PHAM, BENJAKUL SOOTTAWAT. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TRYPSIN FROM PYLORIC CAECA OF BIGEYE SNAPPER (PRICANTHUS MACRACANTHUS). J Food Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2006.00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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KISHIMURA HIDEKI, TOKUDA YUSUKE, KLOMKLAO SAPPASITH, BENJAKUL SOOTTAWAT, ANDO SEIICHI. ENZYMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TRYPSIN FROM PYLORIC CECA OF SPOTTED MACKEREL (SCOMBER AUSTRALASICUS). J Food Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2006.00076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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KISHIMURA HIDEKI, HAYASHI KENJI, MIYASHITA YUSUKE, NONAMI YOSHIYUKI. CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO TRYPSIN ISOZYMES FROM THE VISCERA OF JAPANESE ANCHOVY (ENGRAULIS JAPONICA). J Food Biochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2005.00029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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JEONG YOONHWA, WEI CHENGI, PRESTON JAMESF, MARSHALL MAURICER. THE EFFECT OF CRAWFISH PROTEASES ON INACTIVATION AND THE HYDROLYTIC CLEAVAGE OF PECTIC ENZYMES. J Food Biochem 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2001.tb00743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Pell S, McGreevy P. A study of cortisol and beta-endorphin levels in stereotypic and normal Thoroughbreds. Appl Anim Behav Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1591(99)00029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Vatistas NJ, Sifferman RL, Holste J, Cox JL, Pinalto G, Schultz KT. Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training. Equine Vet J 1999:40-4. [PMID: 10696292 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gastric ulceration is a prevalent condition of racehorses. A number of models of gastric ulceration have been described, but none mimic the conditions of a horse in training. The objectives of this study were to determine whether gastric ulcers could be induced and maintained in a group of horses in simulated race training. In addition, serum cortisol was measured on a weekly basis to investigate the possibility that stress may be important in the pathogenesis of gastric ulceration. Thirty horses used in the trial were fed Bermuda grass hay and 6 kg of a concentrate diet, and exercised 6 days/week at speed over a distance of 1.6-2.4 km. Serum was collected and gastroendoscopic examinations performed on a weekly basis for the duration of the trial. All horses developed moderate to severe ulceration, and ulcers were maintained for the 56 day period of the trial. Only one horse had signs of abdominal discomfort, which resolved with minimal symptomatic treatment and without the use of anti-ulcer medications. Serum cortisol remained within reference ranges for the duration of the trial. Although there was some variation between the weekly examinations, serum cortisol concentrations were decreased from values obtained at the start of the trial. In this study ulcers developed without the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents or withholding of feed. This model provides a method to study the condition, and to investigate the effects of medications on the healing of ulcers in racehorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Vatistas
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
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Jimenez M, Hinchcliff KW, Farris JW. Catecholamine and cortisol responses of horses to incremental exertion. Vet Res Commun 1998; 22:107-18. [PMID: 9563169 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006027429526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The responses of the plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisol in horses to varied relative intensities of exertion were examined. The plasma concentrations of cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine increased significantly (p < 0.05) with exertion. The plasma cortisol concentrations at relative work intensities of 48.3% +/- 1.4%, 82.3% +/- 2.0% and 99.6% +/- 0.4% of VO2max were 114%, 124%, and 126%, respectively, of those at rest, whereas the plasma epinephrine concentrations were 239%, 772% and 3483%, and the norepinephrine concentrations were 138%, 255%, and 1121% of the values at rest. There was a significant (p < 0.0001) relationship between the plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. The blood lactate concentration and the plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were significantly (p < 0.0001) related, as were the relative work intensity (%VO2max) and the plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. The relationships between the plasma cortisol concentration and work intensity or blood lactate concentration were not significant (p > 0.05). This study demonstrates a relationship between work intensity and indicators of adrenal medullary and sympathetic activity during brief exertion in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jimenez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, USA
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González O, González E, Sánchez C, Pinto J, González I, Enríquez O, Martínez R, Filgueira G, White A. Effect of exercise on erythrocyte beta-adrenergic receptors and plasma concentrations of catecholamines and thyroid hormones in Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 1998; 30:72-8. [PMID: 9458402 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of exercise stress on erythrocyte beta-adrenergic receptor characteristics and plasma concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline and thyroid hormones were studied in Thoroughbred racehorses during rest and after exercise. Five minutes after a maximal speed race of 1200 +/- 200 m (mean +/- s.d.), both plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations increased with respect to basal values (from 2.48 +/- 0.15 to 3.83 +/- 0.27 and from 2.13 +/- 0.11 to 3.53 +/- 0.27 nmol/l respectively). The increment of adrenaline was greater in high performance (HP) as compared to low performance (LP) horses (76.9 vs. 43.5%), in accordance with the contribution of the adrenal medulla in the sympathoadrenal response to exercise. Triiodothyronine (T3), but not thyroxine (T4) levels increased 5 min after exercise (from 55.6 +/- 2.9 to 81 +/- 3.7 ng/dl and from 0.67 +/- 0.04 to 0.70 +/- 0.05 micrograms/dl respectively). No differences were observed in basal values of thyroid hormones or in the percentage of T3 increment, when comparing HP vs. LP horses. Erythrocyte membranes obtained 5 min after racing showed decreased concentrations of beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-AR) and dissociation constant as compared to basal values (50.1 +/- 7.0 vs. 95.7 +/- 12.0 fmol/mg protein and 0.97 +/- 0.24 vs. 2.04 +/- 0.3 nmol/l respectively). This temporal pattern suggest that the observed changes in beta-AR characteristics could be mediated by catecholamines, but not by thyroid hormones, in this model. This down regulation of beta-AR may act as a protecting mechanism preventing the erythrocytes from the decrease in membrane fluidity known to be provoked by adrenergic agonists. The accomplished study showed that, in the Thoroughbred horse, there is a homeostatic response to race stress, characterised by a sudden increase in plasma catecholamines and T3 and a parallel decrease in beta-AR concentration on the erythrocyte membrane. In this way the racing horse could rapidly adjust its metabolism to the exercise stress, but at the same time override one possible undesirable side-effect caused by these hormonal changes. Further studies will be required to establish performance-related differences occurring in endocrine changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O González
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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PAVLISKO ANDREA, RIAL ANALÍA, COPPES ZULEMA. CHARACTERIZATION OF TRYPSIN PURIFIED FROM THE PYLORIC CAECA OF THE SOUTHWEST ATLANTIC WHITE CROAKER Micropogonias furnieri (Sciaenidae). J Food Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1997.tb00205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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VECCHI SILVIA, COPPES ZULEMA. MARINE FISH DIGESTIVE PROTEASES?RELEVANCE TO FOOD INDUSTRY AND THE SOUTH-WEST ATLANTIC REGION?A REVIEW. J Food Biochem 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1996.tb00551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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KIM H, MEYERS SAMUELP, GODBER JSAMUEL. Anionic Trypsins from Crayfish Hepatopancreas: Effects on Protein Degradation of Tail Meat. J Food Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1996.tb14729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Desmecht D, Linden A, Amory H, Art T, Lekeux P. Relationship of plasma lactate production to cortisol release following completion of different types of sporting events in horses. Vet Res Commun 1996; 20:371-9. [PMID: 8865580 DOI: 10.1007/bf00366544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-eight healthy horses were studied during five sporting events of various intensities and durations, namely show-jumping (n = 6), cross-country in a three-day event (n = 30), trotting races (n = 7), galloping races (n = 7) and endurance rides (n = 8). Venous blood samples were collected at rest and immediately after exercise and analysed for plasma cortisol (CORT) and lactate (LA) levels. The experimental procedure was the same throughout the investigation so as to permit a reliable comparison between the five types of exercise. The type of event significantly affected both the resting (p < or = 0.05) and the post-exercise (p < or = 0.01) plasma CORT. The degree of exercise-induced hypercortisolaemia was related to both the intensity and the duration of exercise for all five sporting events, but the endurance ride induced the most and show-jumping the least serious post-exercise CORT changes. LA production was much more closely related to the intensity of the exercise than was CORT. It is concluded that simultaneous measurements of plasma CORT and LA levels may be useful to discriminate between different types of exercise, adjust training programmes, and improve our comprehension of the physiology of sport horses at exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Desmecht
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium
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Male R, Lorens JB, Smalas AO, Torrissen KR. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Anionic and Cationic Variants of Trypsin from Atlantic Salmon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.677zz.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Forhead AJ, Smart D, Smith RF, Dobson H. Transport-induced stress responses in fed and fasted donkeys. Res Vet Sci 1995; 58:144-51. [PMID: 7761693 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5288(95)90068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Plasma endocrine and metabolic responses to transport for 30 minutes and four hours were investigated in six fed donkeys. In the unstressed animals there was a pulsatile secretion of cortisol at two-hour intervals, from minima of 51.4 +/- 17.6 nmol litre-1 to maxima of 160.0 +/- 11.0 nmol litre-1, but during transport this pulsatility was lost and the animals' stress response was characterised by steady high concentrations of 110 to 220 nmol litre-1. The cortisol concentration decreased after the journey and remained at a minimum until the restoration of pulsatile secretion 8.5 to 10.5 hours later. The transport-induced adrenocortical response did not produce any significant changes in the plasma concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin or urea. The donkeys' responses to transport for four hours were also investigated after they had been deprived of food for one or three days. Food deprivation alone increased plasma cortisol and triglyceride concentrations, and decreased glucose and insulin concentrations, and transport consistently, and feeding after the journey sometimes, accentuated their adrenocortical function; the changes in cortisol concentrations as a result of the journey tended to be lower than in the fed animals. Transport had no effect upon the triglyceride response to either period of fasting. Hyperglycaemia was induced by transport in four of the six donkeys fasted for one day and in all of them after three days of fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Forhead
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool, Neston, South Wirral
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Snow DH, Harris RC, MacDonald IA, Forster CD, Marlin DJ. Effects of high-intensity exercise on plasma catecholamines in the thoroughbred horse. Equine Vet J 1992; 24:462-7. [PMID: 1459060 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In Study 1, a single speed test of 6 to 12 m/sec was performed for 2 mins at an incline of 5 degrees on a high-speed treadmill (single-step test). Only one speed was performed per session and blood samples were taken before and after the test. In Study 2 horses cantered for 1 min at increasing speeds of 6 to 13 m/sec on an incline of 3 degrees (multiple-step test). Blood samples were taken before exercise, throughout the test and during recovery. In the single-step test plasma concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline both increased at speeds of 9 m/sec, as did blood lactate. Mean concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline at the end of the 12 m/sec test were 153 and 148 nmol/litre, respectively. Plasma concentrations were similar over all speeds although there was a tendency for the increase in noradrenaline to be greater than that of adrenaline at the lower speeds. The multiple-step test resulted in smaller increases in both adrenaline and noradrenaline. Although again closely correlated, increases in adrenaline were 20-30% greater than those for noradrenaline. In both exercise models, changes in plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline values with exercise showed an exponential relationship to plasma lactate. A plasma half-life of less than 30 secs was indicated during recovery from the multiple-step test. Changes in adrenaline and noradrenaline were much greater than previously recorded in man and emphasise the importance of catecholamines in mediating the physiological response of the horse to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Snow
- Department of Physiology, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
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Linden A, Art T, Amory H, Massart AM, Burvenich C, Lekeux P. Quantitative buffy coat analysis related to adrenocortical function in horses during a three-day event competition. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE A 1991; 38:376-82. [PMID: 1910239 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1991.tb01024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate stress induced in a cross-country by measuring plasma cortisol and to compare the changes in cortisol level with the leucocytic changes measured with the quantitative buffy coat (QBC) analysis, which is a new method applicable in field conditions for the evaluation of haematological parameters in horses. Seven healthy horses competing in a national three-day event were investigated. Venous blood was sampled under resting condition, 2 min and 180 min after the completion of the cross-country and analysed for haematological parameters, plasma cortisol, protein and lactate levels. Immediately after the event, there was a significant increase in all values except in the granulocytes (Gr) to lymphocytes-monocytes (LM) ratio. 180 min after the event, all the parameters returned to their resting levels while white blood cells (WBC), Gr and Gr/LM ratio were significantly higher with respect to their resting values. A high correlation (r = 0.82) was found between the relative increase in plasma cortisol levels 2 min after exercise and the relative increase in Gr/LM 180 min after exercise. Therefore it was concluded that the Gr/LM ratio measured 180 min after exercise with the QBC analysis is a reliable index to estimate the plasma cortisol levels measured 2 min after exercise. This new technique could consequently be used in order to evaluate, in field conditions, the exercise-induced stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Linden
- Laboratory for Functional Investigation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium
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HEU MINSOO, PYEUN JAEHYEUNG, KIM HYEUNGRAK, GODBER JSAMUEL. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ALKALINE PROTEINASES FROM THE VISCERA OF ANCHOVY, ENGRAVLIS JAPONICA. J Food Biochem 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1991.tb00143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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White A, Reyes A, Godoy A, Martínez R. Effects of transport and racing on ionic changes in thoroughbred race horses. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 99:343-6. [PMID: 1678332 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(91)90011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Packed cell volume (PCV), blood glucose, total plasma proteins (TPP) and plasma electrolytes, osmolality, cortisol and aldosterone alterations produced by transport and racing, were investigated in race horses. 2. Plasma cortisol, sodium and blood glucose, found after transport, were higher, while aldosterone was lower than control levels. 3. After racing, PCV, blood glucose, TPP and plasma cortisol, sodium and osmolality were higher than control, while chloride diminished and aldosterone returned to control values. 4. These results demonstrate that transport and racing are different kinds of stressors, suggesting that the sympathetic system and hypophysis-suprarenal cortex axis have a dissimilar contribution to the physiological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A White
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago
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