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Three new bioactive flavonoid glycosides from Viscum album. Chin J Nat Med 2019; 17:545-550. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Moon JM, Chung YJ, Chae B, Kang HJ, Cho HH, Kim JH, Kim MR. Effect of mistletoe on endometrial stromal cell survival and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in patients with endometriosis. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1530-1536. [PMID: 30443175 PMCID: PMC6216063 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.28470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Research Question: To evaluate the effect of mistletoe on the cell viability of patients with endometriosis, the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured, and the change in the expression level of VEGF following mistletoe treatment was recorded. Design: Forty reproductive-aged women with endometriosis (stage I/II [group 1, n=20], and stage III/IV [group 2, n=20]) were prospectively enrolled. Twenty women who underwent gynaecologic operations for benign conditions were selected as the control group. Both eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues were obtained from the endometriosis patients. The endometrial tissues were cultured and the stromal cells were separated. The cells were cultured for 24 hours with peritoneal fluid from patients and controls with and without mistletoe supplementation (200 ng/mL), respectively. The MTT assay was used to assess cell viability, and VEGF expression was analysed by Western blotting and ELISA. Results: Using peritoneal fluid from endometriosis patients treated with mistletoe, we found that both eutopic and ectopic endometrial stromal cell viability increased after treatment with peritoneal fluid from patients with early-stage (I and II) endometriosis. After mistletoe treatment, the cell viability was decreased, in both eutopic and ectopic endometrial stromal cells in all stages of endometriosis. These findings were verified consistently by evaluating the expression and concentration of VEGF, a marker of angiogenesis. Conclusions: The present study showed that mistletoe can reduce the cell viability of endometrial stromal cells and the peritoneal fluid-induced elevation of VEGF in eutopic and ectopic endometrial stromal cells obtained from endometriosis patients, especially in the early stage. Mistletoe might have anti-angiogenic activity on endometrial stromal cells and thus is a potential candidate for the treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youn-Jee Chung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Boah Chae
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Hee Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Heub Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Ran Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Xie B, Xie X, Rao B, Liu S, Liu H. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Inhibitory Effects of Qingzaojiufei Decoction on Tumor Growth in Lewis Lung Carcinoma. Integr Cancer Ther 2017; 17:467-476. [PMID: 28617188 PMCID: PMC6041919 DOI: 10.1177/1534735417694953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Qingzaojiufei decoction (QD) is an empirical herbal
formula from traditional Chinese medicine that is used for the treatment of
lung-related diseases. However, the effect of QD on the growth of lung tumor
cells has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the
antitumor activity of QD in Lewis lung carcinomas (LLC) in vivo and in vitro,
and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods: The LLC cells
were used to assess the antitumor activity of QD by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay in
vitro. In vivo, mice were randomly assigned to 5 groups (n = 10/group): the
model control (MC) group was intragastrically administered physiological saline
(0.9% NaCl) twice daily from day 2 after tumor implantation for 2 weeks. The QD
groups were intragastrically administered QD twice daily from 2 weeks before to
2 weeks after tumor implantation for 4 weeks. The mRNA levels were detected by
quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the proteins expression was determined
by immunohistochemistry or western blotting. Results: Compared with
the model group, QD showed inhibition of proliferation of LLC cells and
reductions in tumor weight and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein
expression. Furthermore, QD up-regulated p53 mRNA expression, and downregulated
c-myc and Bcl-2 mRNA expression, while MMP-9, VEGF, and VEGFR protein expression
was suppressed. Phosphorylated ERK1/2 levels were also reduced by QD in a
dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that QD
inhibited lung tumor growth and proliferation, by activation of tumor suppressor
genes, inactivation of oncogenes, suppressing the potential for invasion and
metastasis, and attenuating angiogenesis. The ERK/VEGF/MMPs signaling pathways
may play an important role in QD-induced inhibition of malignant tumor cell
proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xie
- 1 Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiong Xie
- 1 Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Rao
- 1 Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Shengzhang Liu
- 1 Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongning Liu
- 1 Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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Lim YC, Rajabalaya R, Lee SHF, Tennakoon KU, Le QV, Idris A, Zulkipli IN, Keasberry N, David SR. Parasitic Mistletoes of the Genera Scurrula and Viscum: From Bench to Bedside. Molecules 2016; 21:E1048. [PMID: 27548121 PMCID: PMC6273404 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The mistletoes, stem hemiparasites of Asia and Europe, have been used as medicinal herbs for many years and possess sophisticated systems to obtain nutrients from their host plants. Although knowledge about ethnomedicinal uses of mistletoes is prevalent in Asia, systematic scientific study of these plants is still lacking, unlike its European counterparts. This review aims to evaluate the literature on Scurrula and Viscum mistletoes. Both mistletoes were found to have anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antihypertensive properties. Plants from the genus Scurrula were found to inhibit cancer growth due to presence of phytoconstituents such as quercetin and fatty acid chains. Similar to plants from the genus Viscum, Scurrula also possesses TNFα activity to strengthen the immune system to combat cancer. In line with its anticancer activity, both mistletoes are rich in antioxidants that confer protection against cancer as well as neurodegeneration. Extracts from plants of both genera showed evidence of vasodilation and thus, antihypertensive effects. Other therapeutic effects such as weight loss, postpartum and gastrointestinal healing from different plants of the genus Scurrula are documented. As the therapeutic effects of plants from Scurrula are still in exploration stage, there is currently no known clinical trial on these plants. However, there are few on-going clinical trials for Viscum album that demonstrate the functionalities of these mistletoes. Future work required for exploring the benefits of these plants and ways to develop both parasitic plants as a source of pharmacological drug are explained in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Chee Lim
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, BE 1410 Gadong, Brunei.
| | - Rajan Rajabalaya
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, BE 1410 Gadong, Brunei.
| | - Shirley Huan Fang Lee
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, BE 1410 Gadong, Brunei.
| | - Kushan U Tennakoon
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research (IBER), Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, BE 1410 Gadong, Brunei.
| | - Quang-Vuong Le
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research (IBER), Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, BE 1410 Gadong, Brunei.
- Biology Faculty, Vinh University, 182 Le Duan, 470000 Vinh City, Nghe An Province, Vietnam.
| | - Adi Idris
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, BE 1410 Gadong, Brunei.
| | - Ihsan N Zulkipli
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, BE 1410 Gadong, Brunei.
| | - Natasha Keasberry
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, BE 1410 Gadong, Brunei.
| | - Sheba R David
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, BE 1410 Gadong, Brunei.
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Expression of recombinant viscum album coloratum lectin B-chain in the silkworm expression system and evaluation of antioxidant activity. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kim HJ, Kim H, Ahn JH, Suk HJ. Liver injury induced by herbal extracts containing mistletoe and kudzu. J Altern Complement Med 2015; 21:180-5. [PMID: 25668233 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2014.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Along with the use of herbal medicines worldwide, the number of cases of reported herbal-induced hepatotoxicity has also been increasing. This report describes a case of liver injury caused by mistletoe and kudzu extracts in a patient previously in good health. CASE A 55-year-old man with no significant medical history was admitted to a hospital with a 10-day history of mild fever and brownish urine. The patient also had epigastric and right upper quadrant pain. The patient's liver function test results showed significantly elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (958 IU/L) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (1000 IU/L) levels. Serologic viral hepatitis test results were negative. The patient neither consumed alcohol nor took any medications other than an antacid, which was not correlated with the elevated liver function test results. The patient reported taking mistletoe extract for 1 month and kudzu root extract for 10 days to promote his general health. Upon admission to the hospital, his AST and ALT levels were elevated to 1108 IU/L and 1528 IU/L, respectively. The total bilirubin level increased to 9.4 mg/dL on day 4. The modified Roussel Ulcaf Causality Assessment Method yielded a score of 10 points, indicating probable liver injury caused by mistletoe. Therefore, mistletoe- and kudzu-induced liver injury with a hepatocellular pattern was diagnosed. After discontinuation of the mistletoe and kudzu extracts in the hospital, the patient's liver function test values gradually decreased until day 8, with no other abnormal symptoms. The patient was discharged on hospital day 8 and had a follow-up visit at 1 week. CONCLUSION This case of liver injury characterized by a significant increase in AST and ALT levels was related to the use of mistletoe and kudzu extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Kim
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University Healthcare System Seoul , South Korea
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Jiang Y, Wang C, Li YY, Wang XC, An JD, Wang YJ, Wang XJ. Mistletoe alkaloid fractions alleviates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis through inhibition of hepatic stellate cell activation via TGF-β/Smad interference. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 158 Pt A:230-8. [PMID: 25456431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mistletoe (Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nakai) has long been categorized as a traditional herbal medicine in Asia. In addition to its application in cancer therapy, mistletoe has also been used in the treatment of chronic hepatic disorders in China. In the present study, we investigated the antifibrotic effect and mechanisms of action of mistletoe extracts in a rat model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS An experimental model of hepatic fibrosis was established by intraperitoneal injection of rats with CCl4 for 8 weeks. Rats were subsequently treated with a mistletoe alkaloid fraction preparation via oral administration (120mg/kg daily for 8 weeks) or with distilled water as a control. Histopathological changes were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson׳s trichrome staining. The expression of markers relevant to hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation in the liver was assessed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The anti-fibrosis activity and mechanisms of action of mistletoe alkaloid fractions were further investigated in the HSC-T6 HSC line, following treatment with mistletoe alkaloid fractions (12mg/ml) for 48h. RESULTS Hepatic fibrosis decreased markedly in CCl4-treated animals following treatment with mistletoe alkaloid fractions, compared to controls. The mRNA levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), procollagen I and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) were significantly downregulated, by about 40%, 40% and 45%, respectively, in liver tissues from rats treated with mistletoe alkaloid fractions. Furthermore, significant downregulation of TGF-β1, TGF-β1 receptor, phosphorylated Smad 2 and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) proteins, by about 45%, 30% and 40%, respectively, was also observed in liver tissues from mistletoe alkaloid fractions-treated rats. In contrast, Smad 7 levels were significantly increased by about 30% in mistletoe alkaloid fractions-treated rats. Treatment of HSC-T6 cells with mistletoe alkaloid fractions significantly induced Smad 7 expression and inhibited the expression of α-SMA, TGFβ1, TGF-β1 receptor, Smad 2 and TIMP-1, in vitro. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that mistletoe alkaloid fractions decrease extracellular matrix accumulation by inhibiting HSC activation. Mechanistically, this may occur via inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad 2 and Smad 7 signal transduction, thereby blocking the synthesis of procollagen I and TIMP-1. These findings suggest that mistletoe alkaloid fractions may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Chi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Cong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Duo An
- Department of Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Jiao Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China.
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Chinembiri TN, du Plessis LH, Gerber M, Hamman JH, du Plessis J. Review of natural compounds for potential skin cancer treatment. Molecules 2014; 19:11679-721. [PMID: 25102117 PMCID: PMC6271439 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190811679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most anti-cancer drugs are derived from natural resources such as marine, microbial and botanical sources. Cutaneous malignant melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, with a high mortality rate. Various treatments for malignant melanoma are available, but due to the development of multi-drug resistance, current or emerging chemotherapies have a relatively low success rates. This emphasizes the importance of discovering new compounds that are both safe and effective against melanoma. In vitro testing of melanoma cell lines and murine melanoma models offers the opportunity for identifying mechanisms of action of plant derived compounds and extracts. Common anti-melanoma effects of natural compounds include potentiating apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation and inhibiting metastasis. There are different mechanisms and pathways responsible for anti-melanoma actions of medicinal compounds such as promotion of caspase activity, inhibition of angiogenesis and inhibition of the effects of tumor promoting proteins such as PI3-K, Bcl-2, STAT3 and MMPs. This review thus aims at providing an overview of anti-cancer compounds, derived from natural sources, that are currently used in cancer chemotherapies, or that have been reported to show anti-melanoma, or anti-skin cancer activities. Phytochemicals that are discussed in this review include flavonoids, carotenoids, terpenoids, vitamins, sulforaphane, some polyphenols and crude plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawona N Chinembiri
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Lissinda H du Plessis
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Minja Gerber
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Josias H Hamman
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Jeanetta du Plessis
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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Kim JJ, Hwang YH, Kang KY, Kim I, Kim JB, Park JH, Yoo YC, Yee ST. Enhanced dendritic cell maturation by the B-chain of Korean mistletoe lectin (KML-B), a novel TLR4 agonist. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:309-19. [PMID: 24859056 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Korean mistletoe lectin (KML) is composed of A and B sub-chains. The B-chain binds to cell surfaces, whereas the A-chain hinders translation because it is a RIP (ribosome inactivating protein) inducing apoptosis. Although KML has various biological and immunological activities, its potential use in cancer therapy or as an adjuvant therapy is limited by its toxicity to normal cells. This study was conducted to determine whether the B-chain of KML (KML-B) has immunoadjuvant activity and cytotoxicity activity. To evaluate the immunomodulatory activities of B chain KML, in vitro experiments employing bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were performed. Dendritic cells (DCs) are a unique group of white blood cells that are able to capture and process antigens for presentation to T cells, which constitute primary immune response. In the present study, KML-B was found to be non-cytotoxic to BMDCs. Furthermore, the expressions of co-stimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC II) and the secretions of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, and TNF-α) were increased in BMDCs by KML-B. In addition, other indicators (antigen-uptake and CCR7 expression) of BMDC maturation were changed by KML-B, and the ability of KML-B to enhance various functions by BMDCs was found to be dependent on TLR4 expression. Moreover, BMDCs matured by KML-B induced naïve CD4(+) T cell differentiation toward Th1 cells directly and indirectly. These experiments confirm that KML-B exhibits potent immunomodulatory properties and suggest that KML-B be considered a potential dendritic cell-based cancer therapy and immunoadjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Jin Kim
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ho Hwang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Yun Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inbo Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Bae Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Choon Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Yee
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea.
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Safety of Intravenous Application of Mistletoe (Viscum album L.) Preparations in Oncology: An Observational Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:236310. [PMID: 24955100 PMCID: PMC4052504 DOI: 10.1155/2014/236310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background. Traditional mistletoe therapy in cancer patients involves subcutaneous applications of Viscum album L. preparations, with doses slowly increasing based on patient responses. Intravenous infusion of high doses may improve therapeutic outcomes and is becoming more common. Little is known about the safety of this “off-label” application of mistletoe. Methods. An observational study was performed within the Network Oncology. Treatment with intravenous mistletoe applications is described. The frequency of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to intravenous mistletoe applications was calculated and compared to ADR data from a study on subcutaneous applications. Results. Of 475 cancer patients who received intravenous infusions of Helixor, Abnoba viscum, or Iscador mistletoe preparations, 22 patients (4.6%) reported 32 ADRs of mild (59.4%) or moderate severity (40.6%). No serious ADRs occurred. ADRs were more frequently reported to i.v. mistletoe administered alone (4.3%), versus prior to chemotherapy (1.6%). ADR frequency differed with respect to preparation type, with Iscador preparations showing a higher relative frequency, compared to Abnoba viscum and Helixor. Overall, patients were almost two times less likely to experience an ADR to intravenous compared to subcutaneous application of mistletoe. Conclusion. Intravenous mistletoe therapy was found to be safe and prospective studies for efficacy are recommended.
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Protein Fractions from Korean Mistletoe (Viscum Album coloratum) Extract Induce Insulin Secretion from Pancreatic Beta Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:703624. [PMID: 24959189 PMCID: PMC4053293 DOI: 10.1155/2014/703624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mistletoe (Viscum Album coloratum) has been known as a medicinal plant in European and Asian countries. Recent data show that biological activity of mistletoe alleviates hypertension, heart disease, renal failure, and cancer development. In this study, we report the antidiabetic effect of Korean mistletoe extract (KME). KME treatments enhanced the insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cell without any effects of cytotoxicity. PDX-1 and beta2/neuroD known as transcription factors that regulate the expression of insulin gene were upregulated by treatment of the KME protein fractions isolated by ion-exchange chromatography after ammonium sulfate precipitation. Furthermore, these KME protein fractions significantly lowered the blood glucose level and the volume of drinking water in alloxan induced hyperglycemic mice. Taken together with the findings, it provides new insight that KME might be served as a useful source for the development of medicinal reagent to reduce blood glucose level of type I diabetic patients.
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The Korean Mistletoe (Viscum album coloratum) Extract Has an Antiobesity Effect and Protects against Hepatic Steatosis in Mice with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:168207. [PMID: 23935653 PMCID: PMC3725881 DOI: 10.1155/2013/168207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the inhibitory effects of Korean mistletoe extract (KME) on adipogenic factors in 3T3-L1 cells and obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice fed a high-fat diet. Male C57Bl/6 mice fed a high-fat diet were treated with KME (3 g/kg/day) for 15 weeks for the antiobesity and NAFLD experiments. Body weight and daily food intake were measured regularly during the experimental period. The epididymal pad was measured and liver histology was observed. The effects of KME on thermogenesis and endurance capacity were measured. The effects of KME on adipogenic factors were examined in 3T3-L1 cells. Body and epididymal fat pad weights were reduced in KME-treated mice, and histological examination showed an amelioration of fatty liver in KME-treated mice, without an effect on food consumption. KME potently induces mitochondrial activity by activating thermogenesis and improving endurance capacity. KME also inhibited adipogenic factors in vitro. These results demonstrate the inhibitory effects of KME on obesity and NAFLD in mice fed a high-fat diet. The effects appear to be mediated through an enhanced mitochondrial activity. Therefore, KME may be an effective therapeutic candidate for treating obesity and fatty liver caused by a high-fat diet.
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Nhiem NX, Kiem PV, Minh CV, Kim N, Park S, Lee HY, Kim ES, Kim YH, Kim S, Koh YS, Kim SH. Diarylheptanoids and flavonoids from viscum album inhibit LPS-stimulated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:495-502. [PMID: 23484668 DOI: 10.1021/np300490v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Three new diarylheptanoids, (3S,5R)-3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6E-heptene (1), (3S,5S)-3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6E-heptene (2), and (3S)-3-hydroxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6E-hepten-5-one (3), four new flavonoid glycosides, 3,7,3'-tri-O-methylquercetin-4'-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (4), 7,3'-di-O-methylquercetin-4'-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3-O-[6‴-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl)]-α-d-glucopyranoside (5), 7,3'-di-O-methylquercetin-4'-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3-O-[(6'''''→5'''')-O-1'''''-(sinap-4-yl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-6‴-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl)]-α-d-glucopyranoside (6), and (2S)-5-hydroxy-7,3'-dimethoxyflavanone-4'-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→5)-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (9), and 17 known compounds were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Viscum album. Compounds 1, 4, and 19 significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12p40 with IC50 values ranging from 0.09 ± 0.01 to 8.96 ± 0.45 μM. (+)-Medioresinol (13) showed inhibitory effects on LPS-stimulated production of IL-12p40 with an IC50 value of 2.00 ± 0.15 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen X Nhiem
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon 406-840, Korea
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Cho J, Kim I, Jeong JS, Jung SP, Kang TB, Kim JB. Cytotoxicity of recombinant immunotoxin containing lectin A chain from Korean mistletoe. Mol Cell Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-013-0005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Cao Z, Lin W, Huang Z, Chen X, Zhao J, Zheng L, Ye H, Liu Z, Liao L, Du J. Jiedu Xiaozheng Yin, a Chinese herbal formula, inhibits tumor angiogenesis via downregulation of VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 expression in vivo and in vitro. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:1080-6. [PMID: 23254951 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is crucial for cancer growth and metastasis and inhibition of angiogenesis has been recognized to be a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for thousands of years to treat cancer. Jiedu Xiaozheng Yin (JXY), a polyherbal formula of TCM, has been used to treat various tumors in China. However, the mechanism of its anticancer activity has yet to be fully elucidated. Using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and a hepatoma mouse xenograft model, we investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms of ethanol extract of Jiedu Xiaozheng Yin (EE-JXY). EE-JXY treatment significantly inhibited tumor cell growth both in vitro and in the mouse xenograft model (P<0.05). Moreover, EE-JXY reduced tube formation of HUVECs and angiogenesis in the CAM (P<0.01) and microvessel density (MVD) of tumor in vivo (P<0.05). Further studies showed that EE-JXY was able to suppress the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) in both HepG2 cells and HUVECs (P<0.01) and in tumor (P<0.01). Thus, JXY suppressed tumor growth at least by inhibiting angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Cao
- Fujian Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
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16
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Jung HY, Lee AN, Song TJ, An HS, Kim YH, Kim KD, Kim IB, Kim KS, Han BS, Kim CH, Kim KS, Kim JB. Korean Mistletoe (Viscum album coloratum) Extract Improves Endurance Capacity in Mice by Stimulating Mitochondrial Activity. J Med Food 2012; 15:621-8. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hoe-Yune Jung
- School of Life and Food Sciences, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, Korea
- Brain Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
- Bioactive Natural Products Reasearch Team, Pohang Center for Evaluaton of Biomaterials, Pohang, Korea
| | - An-Na Lee
- School of Life and Food Sciences, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, Korea
| | - Tae-Jun Song
- School of Life and Food Sciences, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, Korea
| | - Hyo-Sun An
- School of Life and Food Sciences, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- School of Life and Food Sciences, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, Korea
| | - Kyu-Dae Kim
- School of Life and Food Sciences, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, Korea
| | - In-Bo Kim
- School of Life and Food Sciences, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Shim Kim
- Brain Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Baek-Soo Han
- Brain Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chun-Hyung Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Brain Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jong-Bae Kim
- School of Life and Food Sciences, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, Korea
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17
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Park HJ, Hong JH, Kwon HJ, Kim Y, Lee KH, Kim JB, Song SK. TLR4-mediated activation of mouse macrophages by Korean mistletoe lectin-C (KML-C). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:721-5. [PMID: 20450885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Korean mistletoe lectin (KML-C) is an adjuvant that activates systemic and mucosal immune cells to release cytokines including TNF-alpha, which induces immunity against viruses and cancer cells. Although the immunomodulatory activity of KML-C has been well established, the underlying mechanism of action of KML-C has yet to be explored. When mouse peritoneal macrophages were treated with KML-C, both transcription and translation of TLR4 were upregulated. KML-C-induced TLR4 downstream events were similar to those activated by LPS: the upregulation of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK1); resulting in macrophage activation and TNF-alpha production. When TLR4 was blocked using a TLR4-specific neutralizing antibody, TNF-alpha production from the macrophages was significantly inhibited. Moreover, TLR4-deficient mouse macrophages treated with KML-C also secreted greatly reduced level of TNF-alpha secretion. Finally, TLR4 molecules were co-precipitated with KML-C, to which agarose beads were conjugated, indicating that those molecules are associated. These data indicate that KML-C activates mouse macrophages to secrete TNF-alpha by interacting with the TLR4 molecule and activating its signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jai Park
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Handong University, Namsong-ri 3, Heunghae-eup, Buk-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 791-708, South Korea
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18
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Kim AJ, Han MR, Kim MH, Lee M, Yoon TJ, Ha SD. The antioxidant and chemopreventive potentialities of Mosidae (Adenophora remotiflora) leaves. Nutr Res Pract 2010; 4:30-5. [PMID: 20198206 PMCID: PMC2830412 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2010.4.1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study focused on the antioxidant activities of Mosidae leaf ethanol extract (MLE) and included measurements of reducing power, total phenolic compounds, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. In order to determine whether or not MLE evidences any chemopreventive activities, experimental lung metastasis was induced via the i.v. inoculation of colon26-M3.1 carcinoma cells into BALB/c mice. Additionally, we attempted to characterize any possible cytotoxic effects in murine normal splenocytes and tumor cells (B16-BL6 and colon26-M3.1). The total phenolic content and reducing capacity were measured at 39 mg/100 mL and 1.24, respectively, whereas the DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of MLE were measured to be 88.89% and 22.10%, respectively. Prophylactic i.v. treatment with MLE resulted in a dose-dependent and significant inhibition of lung metastasis. Specifically, a MLE dose of 200 ug per mouse resulted in an 88.90% inhibition of lung metastasis. For the cytotoxicity assay, MLE doses up to 100 ug/mL were not shown to affect the growth of normal murine splenocytes. Additionally, the survival of normal cells was not affected at MLE doses below 500 ug/mL. However, MLE doses up to 500 ug/mL reduced the percentage of tumor cell growth for B16BL6 (67% alive) and colon26-M3.1 (62% alive) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae-Jung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hyejeon College, San 16, Namjang-ri, Hongsung-eup, Hongsung-gun, Choongnam 350-702, Korea
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19
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Thies A, Dautel P, Meyer A, Pfüller U, Schumacher U. Low-dose mistletoe lectin-I reduces melanoma growth and spread in a scid mouse xenograft model. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:106-12. [PMID: 18026191 PMCID: PMC2359693 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of mistletoe lectin-I (ML-I) on melanoma growth and spread in vivo. The human melanoma cell line MV3 was xenografted into severe combined immunodeficient mice and vehicle solution or purified ML-I was administered at 30, 150 and 500 ng per kg body weight (20 mice per group) daily. After 19 days, mice were killed, primary tumours (PTs) and lungs were dissected out, and tumour weights, number of lung metastases (LMs), number of tumour-infiltrating dendritic cells (DCs), and apoptosis rates in the melanoma cells and in the DCs were assessed. A 35% reduction of PT weight (P=0.03) and a 55% decrease in number of LMs (P=0.016) were evident for low-dose ML-I (30 ng kg(-1)) treatment but not for higher doses. Mistletoe lectin-I increased apoptosis rates in the melanoma cells of PTs at all doses, while no induction of apoptosis was noted in the LMs. Low-dose ML-I significantly increased the number of DCs infiltrating the PTs (P<0.0001) and protected DCs against apoptosis, while higher doses induced apoptosis in the DCs (P<0.01). Our results demonstrate that low-dose ML-I reduced melanoma growth and number of metastases in vivo, primarily due to immunomodulatory effects.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- Plant Preparations/administration & dosage
- Plant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 2/administration & dosage
- Toxins, Biological/administration & dosage
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thies
- Zentrum für Experimentelle Medizin, Institut für Anatomie II: Experimentelle Morphologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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20
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Korean mistletoe lectin (KML-IIU) and its subchains induce nitric oxide (NO) production in murine macrophage cells. J Biomed Sci 2007; 15:197-204. [DOI: 10.1007/s11373-007-9210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Effects of Korean Mistletoe Lectin(Viscum album coloratum) on Proliferation and Cytokine Expression in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and T-Lymphocytes. Arch Pharm Res 2007; 30:1252-64. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02980266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Song SK, Moldoveanu Z, Nguyen HH, Kim EH, Choi KY, Kim JB, Mestecky J. Intranasal immunization with influenza virus and Korean mistletoe lectin C (KML-C) induces heterosubtypic immunity in mice. Vaccine 2007; 25:6359-66. [PMID: 17640781 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal adjuvanticity of Korean mistletoe lectin C (KML-C) was investigated in mice intranasally immunized with inactivated influenza virus (H1N1). Mucosal and systemic immune responses were compared to those induced with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB). KML-C increased influenza-specific antibodies with dominant IgG1 subclass in serum, IgG in genital secretions and IgA in saliva, and significantly enhanced influenza-specific lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxic activity in spleens and in mediastinal lymph nodes. When KML-C was used as a mucosal adjuvant, mice were completely protected from mortality after the challenge with a homologous (H1N1) mouse-adapted influenza virus. After challenge with heterologous (H3N2) influenza virus the level of heterosubtypic immunity in KML-C-treated mice was comparable to that of mice that received CTB as adjuvant. These findings suggest that KML-C may be used as an effective mucosal adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Kyu Song
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Han Dong University, Namsong-Ri 3, Buk-Ku, Pohang, Kyungbuk 791-940, South Korea.
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23
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Lyu SY, Park WB. Mistletoe lectin (Viscum album coloratum) modulates proliferation and cytokine expressions in murine splenocytes. BMB Rep 2007; 39:662-70. [PMID: 17129400 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2006.39.6.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that an extract of European mistletoe has a variety of biological effects, such as the stimulation of cytokine production from immune cells, and additional immunoadjuvant activities. While the European mistletoe has been studied intensively, we know less about Korean mistletoe as a therapeutic plant, especially as a possible immunomodulating drug. This study will investigated the effects of Korean mistletoe lectin (Viscum album L. var. coloratum agglutinin, VCA) on murine splenocytes to investigate whether VCA acts as an immunomodulator, which could lead to improved immune responses in these cells. The results showed that VCA inhibited cell proliferation at higher concentrations (at 1-8 ng/ml) and enhanced cell proliferation at lower concentrations (at 4-32 pg/ml). Further studies were carried out to determine if the proproliferative or anti-proliferative activity exhibited by VCA was correlated with cytokine secretion. Consequently, interferon (IFN)-gamma secretion was decreased in concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated murine splenocytes by VCA (4-64 ng/ml), but there was no change in IL-4 levels. This suggests that VCA has the ability to modulate murine splenocyte proliferation and can possibly act on the balance of Th1/Th2 cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yun Lyu
- Immune Modulation Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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24
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Ye W, Nanga RPR, Kang CB, Song JH, Song SK, Yoon HS. Molecular Characterization of the Recombinant A-chain of a Type II Ribosome-Inactivating Protein (RIP) from Viscum album coloratum and Structural Basis on its Ribosome-Inactivating Activity and the Sugar-binding Properties of the B-chain. BMB Rep 2006; 39:560-70. [PMID: 17002877 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2006.39.5.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mistletoe (Viscum album) lectins, which are classified as a type II ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) due to their unique biological function and the potential medical and therapeutic application in cancer cells, receive a rising attention. The heterodimeric glycoproteins contain the Achain with catalytic activity and the B-chain with sugar binding properties. In recent years, studies involving the lectins from the white berry European mistletoe (Viscum album) and the yellow berry Korean mistletoe (Viscum album coloratum) have been described. However, the detailed mechanism in exerting unique cytotoxic effect on cancer cells still remains unclear. Here, we aim to understand and define the molecular basis and biological effects of the type II RIPs, through the studies of the recombinant Korean mistletoe lectin. To this end, we expressed, purified the recombinant Korean mistletoe lectin (rKML), and investigated its molecular characteristics in vitro, its cytotoxicity and ability to induce apoptotic cell death in cancer cells. To gain structural basis for its catalytic activity and sugar binding properties, we performed homology modeling studies based on the high degree of sequence identity and conserved secondary structure prediction between Korean and European, Himalayan mistletoe lectins, and Ricin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Ye
- Division of Structural and Computational Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637511, Singapore
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Kim WH, Park WB, Gao B, Jung MH. Critical Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Korean Mistletoe Lectin-Induced Apoptosis in Human Hepatocarcinoma Cells. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 66:1383-96. [PMID: 15340045 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.001347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viscum album L. coloratum agglutinin (VCA), isolated from Korean mistletoe, is a strong inducer of apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible are not clear. Here, we show that VCA induces apoptotic killing, as demonstrated by DNA fragmentation, Hoechst 33258 staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay, and flow cytometry analysis in hepatocarcinoma Hep3B cells. VCA treatment results in a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim). Furthermore, treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine reduces ROS induction by VCA, preventing apoptosis in Hep3B cells, indicating that oxidative stress is involved in VCA-mediated cell death. Our results also show rapid changes in mitochondrial transition permeability, Bax translocation, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activity, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase degradation in Hep3B cells occurring in VCA-induced apoptosis. There is much evidence that implicates c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) activation with apoptosis in a variety of cellular and animal models. In this study, we show that VCA induces JNK phosphorylation, which is abolished with pretreatment with a JNK inhibitor. Moreover, Hep3B cells overexpressing JNK1 or stress-activated protein kinase kinase (SEK1) seem to be more susceptible to cell death from ROS and loss of DeltaPsim induced by VCA, whereas expression of dominant-negative JNK1 or SEK1 in Hep3B cells do not. These data suggest that JNK phosphorylation may be a major regulator involved in VCA-induced apoptosis. Together, these results suggest that VCA induces apoptosis by inducing ROS production and a loss of DeltaPsim, in which JNK phosphorylation plays a critical role in these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Ho Kim
- Division of Metabolic Disease, Department of Biomedical Science, National Institutes of Health, Seoul, South Korea
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26
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Jung MJ, Yoo YC, Lee KB, Kim JB, Song KS. Isolation ofepi-oleanolic acid from korean mistletoe and its apoptosis-lnducing activity in tumor cells. Arch Pharm Res 2004; 27:840-4. [PMID: 15460445 DOI: 10.1007/bf02980176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A triterpene was isolated as a cytotoxic principle from the dichloromethane extract of Korean mistletoe (KM; Viscum album coloratum) by repeated silica gel chromatography and recrystallization. In in vitro analysis of cytotoxic activity using various human and murine tumor cell lines, the dichloromethane extract of KM was highly cytotoxic against these cells. We isolated the most active compound, referred to VD-3, from the dichloromethane extract of KM. The VD-3 was shown to be less cytotoxic to normal cells (murine splenocytes). From the identification of the chemical structure of VD-3 by spectral data and chemical synthesis, the compound was proven to be epi-oleanolic acid. Tumor cells treated with VD-3 showed a typical pattern of apoptotic cell death, such as apparent morphological changes and DNA fragmentation. These results indicate that epi-oleanolic acid is an important compound responsible for antitumor activity of KM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Ju Jung
- Division of Applied Biology and Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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27
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Wang S, Zheng Z, Weng Y, Yu Y, Zhang D, Fan W, Dai R, Hu Z. Angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis activity of Chinese medicinal herbal extracts. Life Sci 2004; 74:2467-78. [PMID: 15010258 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2002] [Accepted: 03/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous extracts of 24 herbs traditionally used as curing ischemic heart disease in clinic in China were screened for their in vitro angiogenic activity, another twenty-four traditionally used as anti-tumor or anti-inflammatory remedies in China were screened for their in vitro anti-angiogenic activity. The activity of angiogenesis was determined by quantitation of vessels on chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model and cell proliferation of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). Among the herbal extracts examined, the aqueous extracts of Epimedium sagittatum, Trichosanthes kirilowii and Dalbergia odorifera showed the strong angiogenetic activity both in CAM and BAECs models; and the aqueous extracts of Berberis paraspecta, Catharanthus roseus, Coptis chinensis, Taxus chinensis, Scutellaria baicalensis, Polygonum cuspidatum and Scrophularia ningpoensis elicited significant inhibition at a concentration of 1g dry herb /ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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28
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Pryme IF, Bardocz S, Pusztai A, Ewen SW, Pfüller U. A mistletoe lectin (ML-1)-containing diet reduces the viability of a murine non-Hodgkin lymphoma tumor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 28:52-6. [PMID: 15041078 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study we show that the characteristics of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) tumors in female Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI, USA) mice fed mistletoe lectin (ML)-containing diets were different from those in mice fed control diet. The non-Hodgkin lymphoma tumor was originally established from a spontaneous tumor which developed in the inguinal region of a male mouse. Mice (five animals per group) were fed a lactalbumin (LA)-based control diet or a diet which provided up to 10 mg lectin per day. At the highest daily intake (10 mg lectin) the degree of mitotic activity in tumors was reduced by 75% and the nuclear area had diminished by 21%. The overall level of lymphocyte infiltration (CD3 positive cells) in tumors from mistletoe lectin fed mice was increased by a factor of two. Other morphological studies showed a high incidence of apoptotic bodies in non-Hodgkin lymphoma tumors obtained from mice fed mistletoe lectin diets. The feeding of such diets thus produced several identifiable changes in the morphology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma tumors. These were consistent with the observed reduction in tumor mass. In 4/15 mice fed a mistletoe lectin diet for 11 days there was no longer evidence of viable tumor. The results show that this lectin exerts powerful anti-tumor effects when provided by the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Pryme
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Aarstadveien 19, NO-5009 Bergen, Norway.
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29
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Yoon TJ, Yoo YC, Kang TB, Song SK, Lee KB, Her E, Song KS, Kim JB. Antitumor activity of the Korean Mistletoe Lectin is attributed to activation of macrophages and NK cells. Arch Pharm Res 2003; 26:861-7. [PMID: 14609136 DOI: 10.1007/bf02980033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory effect of the lectins (KML-C) isolated from Korean mistletoe (KM; Viscum album coloratum) on tumor metastases produced by murine tumor cells (B16-BL6 melanoma, colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma and L5178Y-ML25 lymphoma cells) was investigated in syngeneic mice. An intravenous (i.v.) administration of KML-C (20-50 ng/mouse) 2 days before tumor inoculation significantly inhibited lung metastases of both B16-BL6 and colon 26-M3.1 cells. The prophylactic effect of 50 ng/mouse of KML-C on lung metastasis was almost the same with that of 100 microg/mouse of KM. Treatment with KML-C 1 day after tumor inoculation induced a significant inhibition of not only the experimental lung metastasis induced by B16-BL6 and colon 26-M3.1 cells but also the liver and spleen metastasis of L5178Y-ML25 cells. Furthermore, multiple administration of KML-C given at 3 day-intervals after tumor inoculation led to a significant reduction of lung metastasis and suppression of the growth of B16-BL6 melanoma cells in a spontaneous metastasis model. In an assay for natural killer (NK) cell activity, i.v. administration of KML-C (50 ng/mouse) significantly augmented NK cytotoxicity against Yac-1 tumor cells 2 days after KML-C treatment. In addition, treatment with KML-C (50 ng/mouse) induced tumoricidal activity of peritoneal macrophages against B16-BL6 and 3LL cells. These results suggest that KML-C has an immunomodulating activity to enhance the host defense system against tumors, and that its prophylactic and therapeutic effect on tumor metastasis is associated with the activation of NK cells and macrophages.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Female
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Korea
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Metastasis/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Transplantation/methods
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- Plant Lectins/isolation & purification
- Plant Lectins/therapeutic use
- Plants, Medicinal/chemistry
- Viscum album/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Taek Joon Yoon
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Han Dong University, Namsong-Ri 3, Buk-Ku, Pohang, Korea
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30
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Hostanska K, Vuong V, Rocha S, Soengas MS, Glanzmann C, Saller R, Bodis S, Pruschy M. Recombinant mistletoe lectin induces p53-independent apoptosis in tumour cells and cooperates with ionising radiation. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:1785-92. [PMID: 12771996 PMCID: PMC2377150 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mistletoe extracts are used as alternative cancer treatment in addition to standard chemotherapy and radiation treatment and have an immunostimulatory and pain-relieving effect. A direct antitumour effect of mistletoe extracts against tumour cells of lymphoid origin has been linked to the D-galactoside-specific mistletoe lectin I. In this study, we investigated the cellular effect of bacterially expressed, recombinant mistletoe lectin alone or in combination with ionising radiation in a genetically defined p53-wild-type and p53-deficient E1A/ras-transformed murine tumour cells system. Downregulation of the proliferative activity and cell killing by recombinant mistletoe lectin occurred in a clear dose response (0.1-1 ng ml(-1)). Induction of apoptosis was p53-independent, but apoptosis-associated factor-1-dependent. Cellular treatment with lectin in combination with ionising radiation resulted in both p53-wild-type and p53-deficient tumour cells in an at least additive, antiproliferative effect and enhanced activation of caspase-3. Combined treatment with ionising radiation and lectin revealed a similar cytotoxic effect in human, p53-mutated adenocarcinoma cells. Thus, recombinant mistletoe lectin alone and in combination with ionising radiation bypasses often prevalent apoptotic deficiencies in treatment-resistant tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hostanska
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistr. 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - V Vuong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistr. 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Rocha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistr. 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M S Soengas
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - C Glanzmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistr. 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Saller
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistr. 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Bodis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistr. 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Pruschy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistr. 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistr. 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland. E-mail:
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31
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Van Huyen JPD, Bayry J, Delignat S, Gaston AT, Michel O, Bruneval P, Kazatchkine MD, Nicoletti A, Kaveri SV. Induction of Apoptosis of Endothelial Cells by Viscum album: A Role for Anti-Tumoral Properties of Mistletoe Lectins. Mol Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03402170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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32
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Park WB, Lyu SY, Kim JH, Choi SH, Chung HK, Ahn SH, Hong SY, Yoon TJ, Choi MJ. Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis by Korean mistletoe lectin is associated with apoptosis and antiangiogenesis. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2001; 16:439-47. [PMID: 11776761 DOI: 10.1089/108497801753354348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mistletoe lectins are major active components in the extract of European mistletoes that have been widely used in adjuvant chemotherapy of cancer. This study was performed to investigate the mechanism of anticancer and antimetastatic activity of the purified Korean mistletoe lectin (Viscum album L. coloratum agglutinin, VCA). C57BL6 mice inoculated with B16-BL6 melanoma cells and treated with VCA were assessed for survival and metastasis. The induction of apoptosis of B16-BL6 cells by VCA was investigated by morphological changes, DNA fragmentation characteristics, and cell cycle analysis. The antiangiogenic activity of VCA was also measured by the CAM (choriallantoic membrane) assay. Length of survival of mice was increased and lung metastasis was inhibited by VCA. Treatment of cells with VCA resulted in growth suppression, nuclear morphological changes, DNA fragmentation, and an increased fraction of cells in sub-G1 consistent with apoptosis. Antiangiogenesis of VCA was assessed by CAM assay, where vessel growth induced by fat emulsion was decreased. These results suggest that VCA inhibits tumor growth and metastasis by increasing apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Allantois/blood supply
- Allantois/drug effects
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Chick Embryo
- Chorion/blood supply
- Chorion/drug effects
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Female
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Melanoma, Experimental/blood supply
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/secondary
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Plant Preparations
- Plant Proteins
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 2
- Toxins, Biological/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Park
- College of Natural Science, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 139-774, Korea.
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33
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Yoon TJ, Yoo YC, Kang TB, Her E, Kim SH, Kim K, Azuma I, Kim JB. Cellular and humoral adjuvant activity of lectins isolated from Korean mistletoe (Viscum album colaratum). Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1:881-9. [PMID: 11379043 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(01)00024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The adjuvant effect of lectins (KML-C) isolated from Korean mistletoe (Viscum album coloratum) on induction of humoral and cellular immune responses against keyhole limpet hemocyanine (KLH) was examined. When mice were immunized subcutaneously (s.c.) with KLH (20 micrograms/mouse) admixed with or without 50 ng/mouse of KML-C (KLH + KML-C), mice immunized with KLH + KML-C showed significantly higher antibody titers against KLH than those immunized with KLH alone, showing the highest titer 5 weeks after immunization. Furthermore, boost immunization with KLH + KML-C at 2-week interval elicited much higher activity than single immunization to enhance antibody responses against KLH. The assay for determining isotypes of antibodies revealed that KML-C augmented KLH-specific antibody titers of IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b. The culture supernatants obtained from the splenocytes of mice treated with KLH + KML-C also showed a higher level of both KLH-specific Th-1 (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) and Th-2 type cytokine (IL-4). In an in vitro analysis of T lymphocyte proliferation to KLH on week 4, the splenocytes of mice treated with KLH + KML-C showed a significantly higher proliferating activity than those treated with KLH alone. In addition, mice immunized twice with KLH + KML-C and followed by intrafootpad (i.f.) injection of KLH (50 micrograms/site) 14 weeks after the primary immunization induced a higher delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction than mice treated with KLH alone. These results suggest that KML-C is a potent immunoadjuvant to enhance cellular and humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Yoon
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Han Dong University, Namsong-Ri 3, Buk-ku, Pohang, Kyungbook 791-940, South Korea
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34
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Lyu SY, Park SM, Choung BY, Park WB. Comparative study of Korean (Viscum album var. coloratum) and European mistletoes (Viscum album). Arch Pharm Res 2000; 23:592-8. [PMID: 11156181 DOI: 10.1007/bf02975247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A lectin (agglutinin, VCA) from Korean mistletoe (Viscum album L. coloratum) was isolated by affinity chromatograpy on a asialofetuin-Sepharose 4B. The molecular weights of A- and B-chains of VCA were differenf from those of VAAS. The VCA recognized the antibody of VAAs in the Western blot analysis and ELLA system. We also investigated the synergistic effects of the components in mistletoe by dividing the extract into different molecular weight fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Lyu
- College of Pharmacy, Sook-Myung Womens University, Seoul, Korea
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35
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Kim MS, So HS, Lee KM, Park JS, Lee JH, Moon SK, Ryu DG, Chung SY, Jung BH, Kim YK, Moon G, Park R. Activation of caspase cascades in Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var. coloratum) lectin-II-induced apoptosis of human myeloleukemic U937 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000; 34:349-55. [PMID: 11368891 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(01)00072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mistletoe lectins are of high biological activity and exert cytotoxic effects. We have previously shown that Korean mistletoe, Viscum album var. coloratum, lectin-II specifically induces apoptotic cell death in cancer cells, not normal lymphocytes. The destructive mechanism by mistletoe lectins on tumor cells was mediated by activation of c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase. Herein, we investigated the involvement of caspase cascade and its proteolytic cleavage effects on biosubstrates of human myeloleukemic U937 cells by D-galactoside and N-acetyl-galactosamine-specific Korean mistletoe lectin-II. Mistletoe lectin-II induced ladder pattern DNA fragmentation and activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9 of U937 cells, but not caspase-1 protease, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Consistent with catalytic activation of protease, both poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and protein kinase C-delta (PKC-delta) are also cleaved in mistletoe lectin-II-treated U937 cells. An inhibitor of caspase-3-like protease, DEVD-CHO peptide, significantly inhibited mistletoe lectin-II-induced apoptosis, PARP cleavage, and fragmentation of DNA. These results provide the evidence that Korean mistletoe lectin-II induces apoptotic death of U937 cells via activation of caspase cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 570-749, Chonbuk, South Korea
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36
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Yoon TJ, Yoo YC, Kang TB, Shimazaki K, Song SK, Lee KH, Kim SH, Park CH, Azuma I, Kim JB. Lectins isolated from Korean mistletoe (Viscum album coloratum) induce apoptosis in tumor cells. Cancer Lett 1999; 136:33-40. [PMID: 10211936 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(98)00300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic lectins (KML-C) were isolated from an extract of Korean mistletoe [Viscum album C. (coloratum)] by affinity chromatography on a hydrolysed Sepharose 4B column, and the chemical and biological properties of KML-C were examined, partly by comparing them with a lectin (EML-1) from European mistletoe[Viscum album L. (loranthaceae)]. The hemagglutinating activity of KML-C was inhibited by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and D-galactose at the minimum concentrations of 6.3 and 12.5 microM/ml, respectively. Further biochemical analyses indicated that KML-C consists of four chains (Mr = 27.5, 30, 31 and 32.5 kDa) which, in some of the molecules, are disulfide-linked, and that the chains of KML-C are distributed over a broad range of isoelectric points (pI), 8.0 to 9.0, whereas the range for EML-1 is 6.6-7.0. A difference was also observed between the N-terminal sequences of KML-C and EML-1. The isolated lectins showed strong cytotoxicity against various human and murine tumor cells, and the cytotoxic activity of KML-C was higher than that of EML-1. Tumor cells treated with KML-C exhibited typical patterns of apoptotic cell death, such as apparent morphological changes and DNA fragmentation, and its apoptosis-inducing activity was blocked by addition of Zn2+, an inhibitor of Ca2+/Mg2+ -dependent endonucleases, in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that KML-C is a novel lectin related to the cytotoxicity of Korean mistletoe, and that its cytotoxic activity against tumor cells is due to apoptosis mediated by Ca2+/Mg2+ -dependent endonucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Yoon
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Han Dong University, Pohang, Kyungbook, South Korea
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37
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McNamara DA, Harmey JH, Walsh TN, Redmond HP, Bouchier-Hayes DJ. Significance of angiogenesis in cancer therapy. Br J Surg 1998; 85:1044-55. [PMID: 9717994 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1998.00816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For most solid tumours, surgery remains the most effective primary treatment. Despite apparently curative resection, significant numbers of patients develop secondary disease due to growth of undetected micrometastases. The ability of a tumour to metastasize is related to the degree of angiogenesis it induces. In addition, micrometastases rely on new vessel formation to provide the nutrients necessary for growth. A better understanding of how tumours acquire their blood supply may lead to more effective adjuvant therapies and improve survival following surgery. METHODS A systematic review of the literature on angiogenesis between 1971 and 1997 was performed using the Medline database to ascertain current thinking on angiogenesis and its relevance in oncological surgery. RESULTS Angiogenesis is a physiological process subject to autocrine and paracrine regulation which has the potential to become abnormal and play a part in a number of pathological states, including cancer. Increased angiogenic stimuli in the perioperative period, associated with concomitant reduction in tumour-derived antiangiogenic factors following resection of a primary tumour, result in a permissive environment which allows micrometastases to grow. CONCLUSION Recognition of the role of angiogenesis in metastatic tumour growth represents a significant development in our understanding of tumour biology. The development of antiangiogenic agents offers new promise in the treatment of malignancy. Such agents may prevent or control the development and growth of primary and metastatic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A McNamara
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin
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