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Graves SR, Islam A, Webb LD, Marsh I, Plain K, Westman M, Conlan XA, Carbis R, Toman R, Stenos J. An O-Specific Polysaccharide/Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine Induces Protection in Guinea Pigs against Virulent Challenge with Coxiella burnetii. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091393. [PMID: 36146471 PMCID: PMC9503072 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever is caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii and is spread to humans from infected animals especially goats, sheep and cattle, predominantly when giving birth. There is an effective human vaccine (Q-VAX) against Q fever, and although Q fever is a worldwide problem, the vaccine is only used in Australia due to difficulties associated with its use and the risk of adverse reactions. The desire to protect humans, particularly farmers and abattoir workers, from Q fever prompted the development of a new safe and effective human vaccine without all the difficulties associated with the current vaccine. Candidate vaccines were prepared using purified O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) extracted from the lipopolysaccharide of virulent (phase 1) C. burnetii, strain Nine Mile, which was then conjugated to a tetanus toxoid (TT) carrier protein. Two vaccines were prepared using OSP from C. burnetii grown in embryonated eggs (vaccine A) and axenic media (vaccine B). Vaccines with or without alum adjuvant were used to vaccinate guinea pigs, which were later challenged by intranasal inoculation with virulent C. burnetii. Both vaccines protected guinea pigs from fever and loss of weight post challenge. Post-mortem samples of the spleen, liver and kidney of vaccinated guinea pigs contained substantially less C. burnetii DNA as measured by PCR than those of the unvaccinated control animals. This study demonstrated that a C. burnetii OSP-TT conjugate vaccine is capable of inducing protection against virulent C. burnetii in guinea pigs. Additionally, OSP derived from C. burnetii grown in axenic media compared to OSP from embryonated eggs is equivalent in terms of providing a protective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Graves
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2567, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Aminul Islam
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Lawrence D. Webb
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Ian Marsh
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Karren Plain
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Mark Westman
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Xavier A. Conlan
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Rodney Carbis
- Symbioticus Pty Ltd., Strathmore, VIC 3041, Australia
| | - Rudolf Toman
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - John Stenos
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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Cunietti E, Gandini R, Gandini MC, Locatelli E, Viola P, Chinea B, Fasoli A. Anionic Glycoproteins and their Hexosamine Content in Neoplastic Patients: Relationships with the Clinical Stage and the Course of the Disease. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 69:503-8. [PMID: 6665873 DOI: 10.1177/030089168306900603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 40 healthy subjects, in 47 non-cancer patients, and in 142 cancer patients, perchloric acid-soluble glycoproteins (PASG) and hexosamines were determined to investigate their tumor specificity and correlation with the tumor mass. Cancer patients were divided into three subgroups: CI, no evidence of cancer (after radical surgery); CII, locoregional disease; CIII, widespread metastatic disease. There was no statistically significant difference in PASG among normals, non-cancer and CI patients; hexosamines in non-cancer and in CI patients were higher (P < 0.002) than in normals; both PASG and hexosamines were significantly higher in CII and CIII patients than in normals (P < 0.001). In the CI group, 62% of patients who relapsed within 10 months after surgery had high hexosamine values, whereas 69% of patients who did not relapse showed normal levels (P < 0.05). PASG and hexosamines significantly increased with cancer progression and decreased when objective response to treatment was achieved. They are not tumor specific, but seem to be related to the tumor burden; hexosamines seem to have some prognostic value.
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Karri VVSR, Kuppusamy G, Talluri SV, Mannemala SS, Kollipara R, Wadhwani AD, Mulukutla S, Raju KRS, Malayandi R. Curcumin loaded chitosan nanoparticles impregnated into collagen-alginate scaffolds for diabetic wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:1519-1529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wang QC, Zhao X, Pu JH, Luan XH. Influences of acidic reaction and hydrolytic conditions on monosaccharide composition analysis of acidic, neutral and basic polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 143:296-300. [PMID: 27083372 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Monosaccharide composition analysis is important for structural characterization of polysaccharides. To investigate the influences of acidic reaction and hydrolytic conditions on monosaccharide composition analysis of polysaccharides, we chose alginate, starch, chitosan and chondroitin sulfate as representative of acidic, neutral, basic and complex polysaccharides to compare the release degree of monosaccharides under different hydrolytic conditions. The hydrolysis stability of 10 monosaccharide standards was also explored. Results showed that the basic sugars were hard to release but stable, the acidic sugars (uronic acids) were easy to release but unstable, and the release and stability of neutral sugars were in between acidic and basic sugars. In addition, the hydrolysis process was applied to monosaccharide composition analysis of Hippocampus trimaculatus polysaccharide and the appropriate hydrolytic condition was accorded with that of the above four polysaccharides. Thus, different hydrolytic conditions should be used for the monosaccharide composition analysis of polysaccharides based on their structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Chi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Jiang-Hua Pu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Luan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Chou CH, Kuo TF, Lin CC, Tsai JC, Lin FH. GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN SYNTHESIS OF CHONDROCYTES IN FIBRIN GLUE WITH GHC6S PARTICLES. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING-APPLICATIONS BASIS COMMUNICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.4015/s1016237208000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage provides functions of lubrication to shear stress and protection from compressive force, but it has poor ability to repair itself after suffering damage. The advanced method of tissue engineering is developed and used to maintain cell functions for tissue regeneration. In order to improve the ECM synthesis for the regeneration, many materials have been examined on chondrocytes or other cell sources. In this study, fibrinogen was concentrated from plasma cryoprecipitation and then polymerized by thrombin into fibrin. Gelatin/hyaluronic acid/chondroitin-6-sulfate (GHC6S) was prepared by the cross-linking reaction with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and ground in liquid nitrogen to particles. The GHC6S particles were mixed with fibrin glue as the tissue engineering scaffold. Porcine articular cartilage chondrocytes were expanded and seeded into the scaffolds. The engineered constructs were cultured and harvested after cultured for 1 and 2 weeks. Morphology of GHC6S particle was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Total glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and sulfated GAGs were quantified by p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde reaction and 1,9-dimethymethylene blue (DMMB) assay, respectively. The results demonstrated that the total GAGs, especially the content of nonsulfated GAGs, hyaluronic acid, were increased with time in chondrocytes growing in fibrin glue with GHC6S particles. It suggested that the GHC6S in fibrin glue chondrocyte kept the GAGs synthesis, which could help resist the compressive force. Therefore, the GHC6S particles mixed within fibrin glue can be used as a promising scaffold for articular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hung Chou
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Fu Kuo
- Department of Animal Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10772, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Che Tsai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-SHOU University, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Tatung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Sang L, Luo D, Xu S, Wang X, Li X. Fabrication and evaluation of biomimetic scaffolds by using collagen–alginate fibrillar gels for potential tissue engineering applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhang L, Xiao Y, Jiang B, Fan H, Zhang X. Effect of adipic dihydrazide modification on the performance of collagen/hyaluronic acid scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2010; 92:307-16. [PMID: 19810117 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Collagen and hydrazide-functionalized hyaluronic acid derivatives were hybridized by gelating and genipin crosslinking to form composite hydrogel. The study contributed to the understanding of the effects of adipic dihydrazide modification on the physicochemical and biological properties of the collagen/hyaluronic acid scaffold. The investigation included morphology observation, mechanical measurement, swelling evaluation, and collagenase degradation. The results revealed that the stability of composites was increased through adipic dihydrazide modification and genipin crosslinking. The improved biocompatibility and retention of hyaluronic acid made the composite material more favorable to chondrocytes growing, suggesting the prepared scaffold might be high potential for chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Falbe-Hansen I, Jensen OA, Degn JK. Mucosubstances of t acini of the human lacrimal gland (orbital part). II. Biochemical identification. Acta Ophthalmol 2009; 47:620-4. [PMID: 4899982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1969.tb08148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Falbe-Hansen I, Ehlers N, Degn JK. Development of the human foetal vitreous body. I. Biochemical changes. Acta Ophthalmol 2009; 47:39-43. [PMID: 5819834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1969.tb05609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Grosman N, Hvidberg E, Schou J. The effect of oestrogenic treatment on the acid mucopolysaccharide pattern in skin of mice. ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA ET TOXICOLOGICA 2009; 30:458-64. [PMID: 4946990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1972.tb00677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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11
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Wang TW, Sun JS, Wu HC, Huang YC, Lin FH. Evaluation and biological characterization of bilayer gelatin/chondroitin-6-sulphate/hyaluronic acid membrane. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007; 82:390-9. [PMID: 17245743 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A biodegradable polymer scaffold was developed using gelatin, chondroitin-6-sulphate, and hyaluronic acid in the form of bilayer network. The bilayer porous structure of gelatin-chondroitin-6-sulphate-hyaluronic acid (G-C6S-HA) membrane was fabricated using different freezing temperatures followed by lyophilization. 1-Ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide was used as crosslinking agent to improve the biological stability of the scaffold. The morphology, physical-chemical properties, and biocompatibility of bilayer G-C6S-HA membrane were evaluated in this study. The functional groups change in crosslinked G-C6S-HA scaffold was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The retention of glycosaminoglycan contents and matrix degradation rate were also examined by p-dimethylamino benzaldehyde and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid, respectively. Water absorption capacity was carried out to study G-C6S-HA membrane water containing characteristics. The morphology of the bilayer G-C6S-HA membrane was investigated under scanning electron microscope and light microscopy. In vitro biocompatibility was conducted with MTT test, LDH assay, as well as histological analysis. The results showed that the morphology of bilayer G-C6S-HA membrane was well reserved. The physical-chemical properties were also adequate. With good biocompatibility, this bilayer G-C6S-HA membrane would be suitable as a matrix in the application of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wei Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Pietrucha K. Changes in denaturation and rheological properties of collagen-hyaluronic acid scaffolds as a result of temperature dependencies. Int J Biol Macromol 2006; 36:299-304. [PMID: 16102806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the effect of temperature on the mechanical viscoelastic properties such as: storage modulus (E'), loss modulus (E''), and loss tangent (tandelta) of the collagen sponges modified with hyaluronic acid (HA). In order to detect collagen-HA copolymer denaturation and to assess its thermal stability, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) supplemented by thermogravimetric (TG) measurements was used. The denaturation temperature (T(d)) of unmodified collagen samples increased from 69 to 86 degrees C for cross-linked samples, respectively. These temperature dependencies show remarkable changes in E' and E'' at selected temperature up to 226 degrees C for all samples due to the release of loosely and strongly bound water. The influence of HA on the viscoelastic behavior of collagen is manifested by a shift of the tandelta peak associated with the process of decomposition towards higher temperatures resulting in a higher thermo-stability of the modified scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Pietrucha
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Technical University of Łódź, Chemistry Department, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
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Park SN, Lee HJ, Lee KH, Suh H. Biological characterization of EDC-crosslinked collagen-hyaluronic acid matrix in dermal tissue restoration. Biomaterials 2003; 24:1631-41. [PMID: 12559823 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Porous collagen matrices crosslinked with various amounts of hyaluronic acid (HA) by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) were developed as scaffolds for dermal tissue regeneration. The effect of HA on cells in accordance with HA concentrations in the collagenous matrices was investigated using cultures of fetal human dermal fibroblasts, and the effect of EDC-crosslinked collagen-HA matrix on wound size reduction was also evaluated in vivo. Scanning electron microscopic views of the matrices demonstrated that all of the collagen-HA matrices had interconnected pores with mean diameters of 150-250 microm. An HA matrix retention test showed that the concentration of HA decreased slowly after an initial rapid decrease over 24h. Fetal human dermal fibroblasts adhered well to all of the collagen-based matrices as compared with the Porous polyurethane matrix used as a control. An 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide based proliferation test and the hematoxylin and eosin staining of a 2 week cultured matrix showed that the proliferation of fibroblasts was enhanced on a 9.6% HA contained collagen matrix. No significant difference was in terms of fibroblast migration into the various types of scaffolds as HA content was increased. In vivo testing showed that dermis treated with collagen or collagen-HA matrix was thicker than the control, and epithelial regeneration was accelerated, and collagen synthesis increased. However, no significant effect of HA on wound size reduction was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Nae Park
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-ku, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
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Park SN, Park JC, Kim HO, Song MJ, Suh H. Characterization of porous collagen/hyaluronic acid scaffold modified by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide cross-linking. Biomaterials 2002; 23:1205-12. [PMID: 11791924 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop a scaffolding material for tissue regeneration, porous matrices containing collagen and hyaluronic acid were fabricated by freeze drying at -20 degrees C, -70 degrees C or -196 degrees C. The fabricated porous membranes were cross-linked using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) in a range of 1-100 mM concentrations for enhancing mechanical stability of the composite matrix. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) views of the matrices demonstrated that the matrices obtained before cross-linking process had interconnected pores with mean diameters of 40, 90 or 230 microm and porosity of 58-66% according to the freezing temperature, and also the porous structures after cross-linking process were retained. The swelling test and IR spectroscopic measurement of different cross-linked membranes were carried out as a measure of the extent of cross-linking. The swelling behavior of cross-linked membranes showed no significant differences as cross-linking degree increased. FT-IR spectra showed the increase of the intensity of the absorbencies at amide bonds (1655, 1546, 1458 cm(-1)) compared to that of CH bond (2930 cm(-1)). In enzymatic degradation test, EDC treated membranes showed significant enhancement of the resistance to collagenase activity in comparison with 0.625% glutaraldehyde treated membranes. In cytotoxicity test using L929 fibroblastic cells, the EDC-cross-linked membranes demonstrated no significant toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Nae Park
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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15
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Hanthamrongwit M, Reid WH, Grant MH. Chondroitin-6-sulphate incorporated into collagen gels for the growth of human keratinocytes: the effect of cross-linking agents and diamines. Biomaterials 1996; 17:775-80. [PMID: 8730961 DOI: 10.1016/0142-9612(96)81414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the effect of the glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronic acid and chondroitin-6-sulphate (Ch6SO4), diamines and a carbodiimide cross-linking agent on the growth of human epidermal cells on collagen gels. Ch6SO4 incorporated into collagen gels stimulated cell growth rate, but the effect was found to be inconsistent. We found that approximately 50% of the incorporated Ch6SO4 in the gels leached out into the growth medium after the first 3 d in culture, and this is thought to lead to the inconsistent cell growth response. In order to minimize the elution of Ch6SO4 from the gels and thereby maximize its effect on the growth of the keratinocytes, 1-100 micrograms ml-1 Ch6SO4 was added in the medium. The results showed that Ch6SO4 at these concentrations in the medium did not stimulate the cell growth on either plain collagen gels or gels containing 20% Ch6SO4. As an alternative strategy, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and diamines (putrescine or diaminohexane) were used to immobilize Ch6SO4 onto the collagen gels and to cross-link the gels. The cross-linking process partially prevented the elution of Ch6SO4 from the gels. Interestingly, only putrescine, not diaminohexane, promoted the growth of keratinocytes on the cross-linked plain collagen gels. We proposed to develop an artificial skin substitute containing putrescine as a growth factor for the human epidermal cells.
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Toman R, Skultéty L. Structural study on a lipopolysaccharide from Coxiella burnetii strain Nine Mile in avirulent phase II. Carbohydr Res 1996; 283:175-85. [PMID: 8901269 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(96)87610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A lipopolysaccharide isolated from Coxiella burnetti strain Nine Mile in avirulent phase II contains in the lipid A proximal region D-mannose, D-glycero-D-manno-heptose, and 3-deoxy-D- manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) in the molar ratio 2:2:3. The primary structure 1 of the heptasaccharide was determined by glycose analysis, methylation analysis, ESI-MS, and FABMS. [sequence: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- R Toman
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava
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17
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Isolation and characterization of heparan sulfate proteoglycans produced by cloned rat microvascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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18
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Abstract
Simple chemical analogs of extracellular matrices have been synthesized by graft copolymerization of a glycosaminoglycan on to type I collagen. A few of these collagen-graft-glycosaminoglycan copolymers (CG copolymers) have diverted decisively the kinetics and mechanism of skin wound healing in animals and humans away from contraction and scar synthesis, towards the direction of skin regeneration. Detailed animal studies show that CG copolymers show maximum biological activity when the average pore diameter and the degradation rate in collagenase are controlled within critical limits. When seeded with a minimum number of cells these active copolymers induce regeneration of skin, including synthesis of a new epidermis and a new dermis in the correct anatomical relationship. Certain unseeded copolymers have also induced regeneration of peripheral nerve. Another copolymer has induced regeneration of the knee meniscus. The unusual biological activity of these copolymers has led to extensive, successful clinical testing of novel medical devices for the treatment of skin loss with severely burned patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Yannas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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Boyce ST, Christianson DJ, Hansbrough JF. Structure of a collagen-GAG dermal skin substitute optimized for cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1988; 22:939-57. [PMID: 2464601 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820221008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) dermal skin substitutes (membranes) were studied as substrates for cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. Structure of dermal substitutes was optimized for pore size to promote ingrowth of fibrovascular tissue from the wound bed and for culture of human keratinocytes of the membrane's surface. Pore size of the freeze-dried material was regulated by control of the temperature of freezing between -50 degrees C and -20 degrees C and by concentration of starting materials between 0.17% and 1.62% wt/vol. A nonporous surface of collagen-GAG was laminated to the membranes to provide a planar substrate for cultured epidermal keratinocytes. Thickness of dermal substitutes was regulated by control of the volume and concentration of starting materials. Biotin was conjugated to solubilized collagen for binding with avidin of specific quantities of biologically active molecules. The optimized membranes are suitable substrates for the culture of human epidermal keratinocytes, and together with the cells yield a composite material that is histologically similar to skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Boyce
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego Medical Center 92103
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20
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Beaty NB, Mello RJ. Extracellular mammalian polysaccharides: glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1987; 418:187-222. [PMID: 3305540 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This review of the mammalian extracellular matrix polysaccharides covered the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and their association into proteoglycans. As they necessarily pertain to the chromatographic and electrophoretic separations of these molecules, the structural features of the five principal GAGs were briefly reviewed. Much of the current structural work as well as the separation technology has been concerned with the sulfation state and copolymeric sequences of the individual classes of GAGs. The separation methods discussed included electrophoresis by agarose, acrylamide and cellulose acetate, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ion-exchange, gel permeation and biospecific affinity methods. Since detection systems are an integral part of chemical separation technology, current thoughts about the best methods to assay GAGs or detect column fractions were discussed. These included polysaccharide-specific detection systems such as Alcian blue dye, 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue, bovine serum albumin-Coomassie blue, as well as non-specific carbohydrate detection systems such as the carbazole or indole hydrochloride methods. Instrumentation used in the detection of chromatography fractions for these molecules was discussed, since the usual ultraviolet detector, standard with HPLC equipment, is often unsatisfactory. The most sensitive specific detection method for GAGs is the use of monoclonal antibodies, which are only now becoming commercially available. The use of these antibodies, combined with HPLC separation, appears to be the best available biochemical technology for studying the extracellular matrix polysaccharides. Finally, the association between proteoglycans, GAGs and mammalian disease processes was reviewed, emphasizing mucopolysaccharidoses and arthritis. The early detection of both of these diseases is desired for effective counselling and treatment. Many of the methods discussed here have been applied, but others are yet to be tried in efforts to further that goal.
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Bray BA, Keller S, Mandl I, Turino GM. Collagenous membrane from the surface of human visceral pleura. Lung 1985; 163:361-72. [PMID: 3937953 DOI: 10.1007/bf02713836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cox MJ, McDevitt CA, Arnoczky SP, Warren RF. Changes in the chondroitin sulfate-rich region of articular cartilage proteoglycans in experimental osteoarthritis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 840:228-34. [PMID: 3922432 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(85)90123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The chondroitin sulfate-rich region was cleaved from cartilage proteoglycans of experimental osteoarthritic canine joints to establish whether changes in this region of the molecule contribute to the well-documented increase in the chondroitin sulfate to keratan sulfate ratio in osteoarthritis. Experimental osteoarthritis was induced in eight dogs by severance of the right anterior cruciate ligament, the left joint serving as a control. Proteoglycans were extracted from the femoral cartilage of both joints, isolated as A1 fractions by associative density gradient centrifugation and cleaved with hydroxylamine. The chondroitin sulfate-rich region was isolated by either gel chromatography or dissociative density gradient centrifugation. The chondroitin sulfate-rich region from the proteoglycans of the experimental osteoarthritic joints was slightly larger in hydrodynamic size and had both a higher uronate/protein weight ratio and galactosamine/glucosamine molar ratio than the corresponding control. We conclude that the chondroitin sulfate-rich region of proteoglycans in articular cartilage of experimental osteoarthritic joints is larger and has more chondroitin sulfate than that of proteoglycans of normal cartilage.
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23
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Aletras AJ, Tsiganos CP. In situ interaction of cartilage proteoglycans with matrix proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 840:170-9. [PMID: 3995084 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(85)90116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of proteoglycans with other matrix proteins via thiol-disulphide interchange was explored. Chick sternal cartilage was extracted with 4 M guanidine hydrochloride in the presence and absence of N-ethylmaleimide and the proteoglycans from the centrifugation A2 fractions were isolated. Those from extracts without N-ethylmaleimide were linked with reducible bonds with 10-15 proteins-glycoproteins including the link proteins, the 148 kDa and 36 kDa proteins. The same was observed with extracts of pig laryngeal and sheep nasal cartilage. The linked proteoglycans from sheep amounted to 2-3% of the extractable uronic acid and belonged to two populations. The major fraction was included by Sepharose 6B (Mr 110 000) had twice as long chondroitin sulphate chains, higher 4-sulphated residues and a high content of aspartic acid and leucine-rich protein. The larger proteoglycans had a size and composition similar to those of aggregating proteoglycans.
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24
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Linker A, Hovingh P. Structural studies on heparin. Tetrasaccharides obtained by heparinase degradation. Carbohydr Res 1984; 127:75-94. [PMID: 6713443 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(84)85107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Three tetrasaccharides representing major structural sequences of heparin were isolated in good yield and characterized after degradation of heparin by purified flavobacterial heparinase. N-Desulfation was necessary to achieve good separation of these closely related compounds from each other. One of the tetrasaccharides was shown to be derived from the fully sulfated repeating segments; to contain L-iduronic acid and six sulfate groups, and have the structure delta 4,5- HexpA -(2-SO4)-(1----4)-alpha-D- GlcpN -(N-SO4)-(6-SO4)-(1- ---4)-alpha -L- IdopA -(2-SO4)-(1----4)-D- GlcN -(N-SO4)-(6-SO4). The second contained a D-glucuronic acid unit that was nonsulfated instead of the L-iduronic acid, and the third, obtained in a fairly low yield, contained five sulfate groups, three of which being located on the disaccharide at the nonreducing end, and having the structure delta 4,5- HexpA -(2-SO4)-(1----4)-alpha-D- GlcpN -(N-SO4)-(6-SO4)-(1- ---4)-alpha -L- IdopA -(2-SO4)-(1----4)-D- GlcN -(N-SO4). All tetrasaccharides had a sulfated, unsaturated uronic acid unit at the nonreducing end, confirming that the heparinase requires sulfated L-iduronic acid units for activity.
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25
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Knight KR, Robinson HC. The structure of the linkage region of bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan after beta-elimination and sulfite addition. Connect Tissue Res 1984; 12:119-31. [PMID: 6723307 DOI: 10.3109/03008208408992777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A method of peptide "fingerprinting" has been developed allowing the separation of the majority of the tryptic peptides of purified proteoglycan subunit from bovine nasal cartilage. When this preparation was reacted with 0.2 M sodium sulfite at pH 11.5, beta-elimination of the substituted glycosaminoglycans and O-linked oligosaccharides and the quantitative addition of sulfite occurred in the serine and threonine residues of the linkage region. After elimination-addition studies with sodium [35S] sulfite, 6 radiolabelled linkage peptides were isolated by 2-dimensional "fingerprinting." Five of these peptides were derived from a section of the protein core in which each [35S] cysteic acid residue was separated by an average of 6-10 amino acid residues. Apart from [35S] cysteic acid, the predominant amino acids in the attached peptides were glycine and glutamic acid (or glutamine), suggesting that a combination of these amino acids in the nascent protein core may be important for the initiation of glycosaminoglycan chains during proteoglycan biosynthesis.
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26
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Michaelis EK, Michaelis ML, Stormann TM, Chittenden WL, Grubbs RD. Purification and molecular characterization of the brain synaptic membrane glutamate-binding protein. J Neurochem 1983; 40:1742-53. [PMID: 6133916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1983.tb08150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A glutamate-binding protein from rat brain synaptic plasma membranes has been purified to apparent homogeneity. This protein has a Mr of 14,300 based on amino acid and carbohydrate analyses. The protein is enriched with tryptophan residues, which contribute substantially to its hydrophobic nature. It also has a relatively high content of acidic amino acids, which determine is low isoelectric point (4.82). The protein exhibits either a single, high-affinity class of sites for L-[3H]glutamate binding (KD = 0.13 microM) when binding is measured at low protein concentrations, or two classes of sites with high (KD = 0.17 microM) and low affinities (KD = 0.8 microM) when binding is measured at high protein concentrations. These observations suggest preferential binding of L-glutamate to a self-associating form of the protein. The displacement of protein-bound L-[3H]glutamic acid by other neuroactive amino acids has characteristics similar to those observed for displacement of L-glutamate from membrane binding sites. Chemical modification of the cysteine and arginine residues results in an inhibition of glutamate binding activity. The possible function of this protein in the physiologic glutamate receptor complex of neuronal membranes is discussed.
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27
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Effect of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xyloside on proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis in rat serosal mast cell cultures. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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28
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The molecular structure of lubricating glycoprotein-I, the boundary lubricant for articular cartilage. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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29
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Warpehoski MA, Buscemi PJ, Osborn DC, Finlayson B, Goldberg EP. Distribution of organic matrix in calcium oxalate renal calculi. Calcif Tissue Int 1981; 33:211-22. [PMID: 6791784 DOI: 10.1007/bf02409440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The quantity of protein and carbohydrate comprising the matrix of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) renal stones was found to decrease with distance from the surface of the stone. The average organic concentration of stones 3 to 30 mm in diameter ranged from 5.7% at the surface to 2.7% at the core. This concentration gradient suggests matrix involvement in a "growth front" on stone surfaces with migration of organic material from the "older" interior. The matrix distribution was not readily correlated with density variations or with the presence of hydroxyapatite or calcium oxalate dihydrate. Surface matrix concentrations were greater than amounts predicted by physical adsorption. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of the organic-rich surface layer and also suggested that increase in stone size occurs predominantly by crystal growth with microcrystal aggregates as growth centers.
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30
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Separation and quantitative determination of galactosamine and glucosamine at the nanogram level by sulphonyl chloride reaction and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)91831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Lipson SJ, Muir H. Vertebral osteophyte formation in experimental disc degeneration. Morphologic and proteoglycan changes over time. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1980; 23:319-24. [PMID: 7362683 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780230309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Experimental intervertebral disc degeneration produced in rabbits by ventral nuclear herniation reliably produces vertebral osteophytes. Osteophytes arise from proliferating inner annular fibers which undergo metaplasia into cartilage, calcify, and proceed through an endochondral ossification sequence. Proteoglycans extracted from the osteophytes reveal that the degree of aggregation, molecular size of the monomer, and the chondroitin sulfate/keratin sulfate ratio are directly related to the cartilage state of the tissue.
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Abstract
Hyaluronic acid was the only glycosaminoglycan found in detectable amounts in the pulmonary secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis. The compound gave a hexuronate/hexosamines molar ratio of approximately 1. Glucosamine represented over 98% of the total hexosamines, the remainder being galactosamine. No hexoses or sulfate could be detected. It moved as a single spot with the mobility of standard hyaluronic acid on cellulose acetate electrophoresis and this spot disappeared after digestion with testicular hyaluronidase. It was associated with trace amounts of protein, the major amino acids of which are aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and alanine.
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33
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Yannas IV, Burke JF, Gordon PL, Huang C, Rubenstein RH. Design of an artificial skin. II. Control of chemical composition. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1980; 14:107-32. [PMID: 7358747 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820140203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Detailed methodology is described for the reproducible preparation of collagen--glycosaminoglycan (GAG) membranes with known chemical composition. These membranes have been used to cover satisfactorily large experimental full-thickness skin wounds in guinea pigs over the past few years. Such membranes have effectively protected these wounds from infection and fluid loss for over 25 days without rejection and without requiring change or other invasive manipulation. When appropriately designed for the purpose, the membranes have also strongly retarded wound contraction and have become replaced by newly synthesized, stable connective tissue. In our work, purified, fully native collagen from two mammalian sources is precipitated from acid dispersion by addition of chondroitin 6-sulfate. The relative amount of GAG in the coprecipitate varies with the amount of GAG added and with the pH. Since coprecipitated GAG is generally eluted from collagen fibers by physiological fluids, control of the chemical composition of membranes is arrived at by crosslinking the collagen--GAG ionic complex with glutaraldehyde, or, alternately, by use of high-temperature vacuum dehydration. Appropriate use of the crosslinking treatment allows separate study of changes in membrane composition due to elution of GAG by extracellular fluid in animal studies from changes in composition due to enzymatic degradation of the grafted or implanted membrane in these studies. Exhaustive in vitro elution studies extending up to 20 days showed that these crosslinking treatments insolubilize in an apparently permanent manner a fraction of the ionically complexed GAG, although it could not be directly confirmed that glutaraldehyde treatment covalently crosslinks GAG to collagen. By contrast, the available evidence suggests strongly that high-temperature vacuum dehydration leads to formation of chemical bonds between collagen and GAG. Procedures are described for control of insolubilized and "free" GAG in these membranes as well as for control of the molecular weight between crosslinks (Mc). The insolubilized GAG can be controlled in the range 0.5--10 wt. % while "free" GAG can be independently controlled up to at least 25 wt. %; Mc can be controlled in the range 2500--40,000. Studies by infrared spectroscopy have shown that treatment of collagen--GAG membranes by glutaraldehyde or under high-temperature vacuum does not alter the configuration of the collagen triple helix in the membranes. Neither do these treatments modify the native banding pattern of collagen as viewed by electron microscopy. Collagen--GAG membranes appear to be useful as chemically well-characterized, solid macromolecular probes of biomaterial--tissue interactions.
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34
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Jäger KE, Winkler UK. Methyl ester of hyaluronate is unable to stimulate exolipase formation by Serratia marcescens. J Bacteriol 1979; 139:1065-7. [PMID: 225300 PMCID: PMC218058 DOI: 10.1128/jb.139.3.1065-1067.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronate stimulated the formation of exolipase by Serratia marcescens. This ability was abolished when all carboxyl groups of hyaluronate were methyl esterified. Additional studies suggested that the biological inactivity of esterified hyaluronate should be ascribed to the reduced conformational order of the molecules rather than to their electroneutrality.
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35
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Silver FH, Yannas IV, Salzman EW. In vitro blood compatibility of glycosaminoglycan-precipitated collagens. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1979; 13:701-16. [PMID: 479217 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820130504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Precipitation of bovine hide collagen by chondroitin 6-sulfate at low pH and subsequent crosslinking enhances the blood compatibility of native collagen. Both dehydrothermal crosslinking and complexation with chrondroitin 6-sulfate separately decrease the platelet-aggregating activity of collagen. Crosslinking also decreases the number of free acidic and free basic residues on collagen, which suggests that crosslinking involves these residues in condensation reactions with formation of intrachain and interchain synthetic peptide bonds. Clotting times for collagen precipitated with chondroitin 6-sulfate indicate that this surface does not activate or interfere with coagulation via either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway. These findings support further consideration of collagen modified by chondroitin 6-sulfate as a blood compatible material.
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36
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Sahu S, Lynn WS. Hyaluronic acid in the pulmonary secretions of patients with alveolar proteinosis. Inflammation 1978; 3:149-58. [PMID: 738782 DOI: 10.1007/bf00910736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid was the only glycosaminoglycan found in the pulmonary secretions of patients with alveolar proteinosis. The compound gave a hexouronate/hexosamine molar ratio of about 1:1. Glucosamine constituted over 98% of the hexosamines, the remaining being galactosamine. It moved as a single spot with the mobility of standard hyaluronic acid on cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and this spot disappeared after digestion with hyaluronidase. It was associated with small amounts of proteins, the major amino acids of which are aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and leucine.
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37
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Perricone E, Brandt KD. Enhancement of urate solubility by connective tissue. I. Effect of proteoglycan aggregates and buffer cation. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1978; 21:453-60. [PMID: 656160 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780210409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycan aggregates (PGC) facilitated dissolution of 2 1/2 times more sodium urate crystals than nonaggregated proteoglycans. This effect of aggregates on urate solubility was abolished by digestion of the aggregates with hyaluronic acid beta1 leads to 3 hydrolase. PGC, however, did not sustain urate concentrations in supersaturated solutions. Potassium urate was severalfold more soluble than sodium urate. In vivo, where they exist predominantly as their sodium salts in the extracellular connective tissue, proteoglycans may not markedly influence the solubility of sodium urate.
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38
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39
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Palmoski MJ, Brandt KD. Degradative enzymes of cartilage. Effects of freeze-thawing of the tissue prior to extraction, and of protease inhibitors, on proteoglycans extracted with iso-osmotic neutral salt and 4 M guanidinium chloride. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 500:1-12. [PMID: 411522 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(77)90041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of freeze-thawing of the tissue, and of protease inhibitors, on proteoglycans extracted sequentially from pig laryngeal cartilage with 0.15 M sodium acetate and 4 M guanidinium chloride were examined. Freeze-thawing of the tissue prior to extraction resulted in an increase in the proportion of smaller-sized proteoglycans in the sodium acetate extracts and a decrease in the proportion of aggregated proteoglycans in 4 M guanidinium extracts. In addition, a slight decrease in the hydrodynamic size of purified disaggregated proteoglycans was noted after freeze-thawing of the cartilage. When the protease inhibitors EDTA, 6-aminohexanoic acid and benzamidine hydrochloride were added to the sodium acetate buffer the yields of proteoglycans from fresh and freeze-thawed cartilage were diminished, but the inhibitors had no effect on the hydrodynamic size of the proteoglycans extracted with sodium acetate. Addition of the protease inhibitors to the 4 M guanidinium solvent increased the proportion of proteoglycans present in aggregates. The highest proportion of aggregated proteoglycans was obtained when fresh tissue was extracted in the presence of the inhibitors.
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40
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Buonassisi V, Colburn P. Interactions of sulfated mucopolysaccharides with lectins. Application to the separation of mucopolysaccharide mixtures. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 183:399-407. [PMID: 21615 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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41
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Perricone E, Palmoski MJ, Brandt KD. Failure of proteoglycans to form aggregates in morphologically normal aged human hip cartilage. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1977; 20:1372-80. [PMID: 911355 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780200711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The macromolecular organization of proteoglycans in morphologically and histochemically normal hip cartilage from aged humans has been studied. In contrast to findings in articular and nonarticular cartilage from other sources, most of the proteoglycans in these tissues did not exist in large aggregates. Treatment with hyaluronic acid beta1 leads to 3 hydrolase failed to diminish the size of proteoglycans prepared under conditions favoring aggregation, a finding suggesting that they were not complexed with hyaluronic acid. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis failed to demonstrate the presence of link glycoproteins associated with the proteoglycans. After incubation in vitro with hyaluronic acid, minimal augmentation of hydrodynamic size of the preparation occurred, an indication that hyaluronate-proteoglycan interaction had not taken place. These results suggest that proteoglycan aggregation was diminished because of a defect in the core protein of the proteoglycans resulting in an impaired ability of these molecules to interact with hyaluronic acid.
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42
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Geel SE, Gonzales LW. Cerebral cortical ganglioside and glycoprotein metabolism in immature hypothyroidism. Brain Res 1977; 128:515-25. [PMID: 884496 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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43
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Bárány M, Bárány K, Gaetjens E, Steinschneider A. Isolation of phosphorylated acid chloroform/methanol-soluble proteins from live frog muscle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 491:387-97. [PMID: 857903 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(77)90281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
About 6-7% of the total proteins from trichloroacetic acid-washed and freeze-dried frog muscle could be extracted with acid chloroform/methanol. Three of these proteins were found to be phosphorylated in the live frog. They were purified to apparent homogeneity by gel chromatography and preparative gel electrophoresis. The apparent molecular weights, determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, were 34 000, 19 000 and 10 000. Each phosphorylated protein contained 3 mol of a covalently bound neutral sugar but they did not contain any tightly bound lipids. All three proteins incorporated 32P into serine phosphate. The 10 000 dalton protein, which had the highest specific radioactivity contained an unusually high proportion of serine, 14% of the total amino acids. It also did not stain with Coomassie Blue.
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44
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Edelfors S. The influence of lithium on water binding ability, consistency and macromolecules in the rat brain. ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA ET TOXICOLOGICA 1977; 40:126-33. [PMID: 576353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1977.tb02060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wistar male rats were treated with lithium for 50, 80, and 120 days, respectively. Lithium was added to the diet (40 mmol/kg of diet), the plasma lithium concentration being in the range of 0.55-0.70 mmol/1 of plasma. The treatment caused a significantly more rigid consistency of the brain tissue. The water content and water binding ability in various parts of the brain - measured by a drying course - was unchanged. The content of hexosamine and protein in total brains was significantly decreased (about 10 per cent) after the treatment. The content of chondroitin sulphate in various parts of the brain was unchanged, whereas the content of hyaluronic acid was significantly increased in the cerebellum (25 per cent) and in the thalamic area (20 per cent). The results suggest an influence of lithium on the macromolecules from the extracellular space, causing an alteration of the neuronal function.
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45
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Brandt KD, Palmoski MJ, Perricone E. Aggregation of cartilage proteoglycans. II Evidence for the presence of a hyaluronate-binding region on proteoglycans from osteoarthritic cartilage. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1976; 19:1308-14. [PMID: 999739 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780190611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycan aggregates isolated from normal bovine knee cartilage were larger than those from osteoarthritic cartilage of the same joints and appeared relatively more resistant to digestion with leech hyaluronidase. Incubation of proteoglycan subunits from the arthritic cartilage with hyaluronic acid resulted in marked aggregation, comparable in magnitude to that shown by subunits from normal cartilage. The results indicate that the hyaluronate-binding region of these proteoglycans was functionally intact and suggest that diminished aggregation of proteoglycans in osteoarthritic cartilage may be due to an abnormality in some other constituent of the aggregates.
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46
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Kjems E, Lebech K. Isolation of hyaluronic acid from cultures of streptococci in a chemically defined medium. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B, MICROBIOLOGY 1976; 84:162-4. [PMID: 793294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1976.tb01920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A haemolytic streptococcus (Lancefield's group A) has been cultivated in a chemically defined medium. About 300 mg hyaluronic acid of a high degree of purity was isolated per litre of this culture.
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47
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Brandt KD, Palmoski M. Organization of ground substance proteoglycans in normal and osteoarthritic knee cartilage. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1976; 19:209-15. [PMID: 130909 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780190213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A study of the organization of proteoglycans in articular cartilage indicates that nonaggregated proteoglycans existed in larger numbers in osteoarthritic than in normal cartilage and that proteoglycan aggregates in arthritic cartilage were smaller than normal. After dissociation from hyaluronic acid and tissue glycoproteins, no difference in hydrodynamic size of disaggregated proteoglycans was noted, but chondroitin sulfate chains of those from diseased cartilage were shorter than normal. The data suggest that there is a defect in proteoglycan aggregation in osteoarthritic cartilage which could be of pathogenetic significance.
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48
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49
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Abstract
Heparitin sulfate fractions with a large range in sulfate content were subjected to degradation by Flavobacterium heparinase and by nitrous acid. The products obtained were fractionated by chromatography, characterized, and used to arrive at tentative structures for these complex polysaccharides. The heparitin sulfate chains examined appear to be composed of: 1. uninterrupted blocks of N-acetylglucosamine containing disaccharides; 2. larger blocks with a molecular weight range of 5000 to 6000 which include the N-acetyl block but do not contain heparinase sensitive linkages; 3. segments containing mainly areas where N-acetyl, N-sulfate and some disulfated units alternate in the chain. The size and arrangement of these polymer segments seem to vary with the sulfate content of a particular heparitin sulfate. For instance, the polysaccharides with the highest degree of sulfation do not appear to contain N-acetyl blocks of significant size.
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50
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Bray BA, Hsu KC, Wigger HJ, LeRoy EC. Association of fibrinogen and microfibrils with trophoblast basement membrane. Connect Tissue Res 1975; 3:55-71. [PMID: 51701 DOI: 10.3109/03008207509152342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Two non-collagenous placental antigens have been detected both in membranes isolated from terminal villi by sieving and sonication and in acetic acid extracts of the villi. One of the antigens is apparently fibrinogen based on immunologic and chemical data. The second, detectable with anti-membrane antiserum after absorption with fibrinogen remained with the fibrinogen-like antigen during isoelectric precipitation at pH 4.7, electrophoresis at pH 8.6 and chromatography on DEAE cellulose. Fractions of villi in which the two antigens occur comprise more than a third of the weight of the villi. The fibrinogen-related antigen was concentrated in placental basement membranes compared to kidney and lung basement membranes. A third antigen common to the membranes, to glomerular basement membrane and to alveolar basement membrane was also detected.
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