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Pingali U, Nutalapati C. Shilajit extract reduces oxidative stress, inflammation, and bone loss to dose-dependently preserve bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteopenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 105:154334. [PMID: 35933897 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accelerated bone loss associated with aging and estrogen withdrawal is mediated in part by increased oxidative stress and inflammation. OBJECTIVE Investigate dietary supplementation with a standardized aqueous extract of shilajit with clinically demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and collagen-promoting activity on attenuating bone loss in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. DESIGN Sixty postmenopausal women aged 45 - 65 years with osteopenia were randomized to receive 1 of 3 treatments daily for 48 weeks: (1) placebo, (2) 250 mg shilajit extract, or (3) 500 mg shilajit extract. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) were measured at weeks 0, 24, and 48, and circulating markers of bone turnover (CTX-1, BALP, RANKL, OPG), oxidative stress (MDA, GSH), and inflammation (hsCRP) at weeks 0, 12, 24, and 48. RESULTS BMD of both the LS and FN progressively decreased in women receiving placebo but was dose-dependently attenuated with shilajit extract supplementation, resulting in significantly increased percentage changes from baseline in BMD at 24- and 48-weeks in both supplemented groups compared to placebo (p < 0.001). CTX-1, BALP, and RANKL decreased, whereas OPG increased, in both groups supplemented with the shilajit extract, but not in the placebo group, resulting in significantly decreased or increased percentage changes from baseline, respectively. MDA was significantly decreased (p < 0.001) and GSH was significantly increased (p < 0.001) in both supplemented groups compared to placebo from week 12 for the duration of the study. Progressive reductions in hsCRP were observed in both supplemented groups, resulting in significantly decreased percentage changes from baseline in supplemented women compared to placebo (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Daily supplementation with this shilajit extract supports BMD in postmenopausal women with osteopenia in part by attenuating the increased bone turnover, inflammation and oxidative stress that coincides with estrogen deficiency in this population at increased risk for osteoporosis and bone fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usharani Pingali
- Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Telangana, India.
| | - Chandrasekhar Nutalapati
- Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Telangana, India
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Effects of 915 nm laser irradiation on human osteoblasts: a preliminary in vitro study. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 33:1189-1195. [PMID: 29450763 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-2453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a non-invasive treatment that uses laser or led devices making its effects a response to light and not to heat. The possibility of accelerating dental implant osteointegration and orthodontic movements and the need to treat refractory bone lesions, such as bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of the jaws, has led researchers to consider the effects of PBM on bone for dentistry purposes. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of 915 nm light supplied with a GaAs diode laser on human osteoblasts in vitro. Osteoblasts were isolated from mandibular cortical bone of a young healthy donor. The irradiation parameters were as follows: doses = 5, 15 and 45 J/cm2; power densities = 0.12 and 1.25 W/cm2; and irradiation times = 41.7, 125 and 375 s. We performed one irradiation per day for 3 and 6 days to study proliferation and differentiation, respectively. Microscopic analysis showed a greater amount of bone nodules in samples treated with 5 J/cm2 and 0.12 W/cm2 compared to controls (56.00 ± 10.44 vs 19.67 ± 7.64, P = 0.0075). Cell growth and quantification of calcium deposition did not show any differences when comparing irradiated and non-irradiated samples. Photobiomodulation, with the parameters investigated in the present study, positively modulated the mineralization process in human osteoblasts, inducing the formation of a greater amount of bone nodules, but did not increase cell proliferation.
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Pereira RC, Delany AM, Khouzam NM, Bowen RE, Freymiller EG, Salusky IB, Wesseling-Perry K. Primary osteoblast-like cells from patients with end-stage kidney disease reflect gene expression, proliferation, and mineralization characteristics ex vivo. Kidney Int 2015; 87:593-601. [PMID: 25354236 PMCID: PMC4344911 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteocytes regulate bone turnover and mineralization in chronic kidney disease. As osteocytes are derived from osteoblasts, alterations in osteoblast function may regulate osteoblast maturation, osteocytic transition, bone turnover, and skeletal mineralization. Thus, primary osteoblast-like cells were cultured from bone chips obtained from 24 pediatric ESKD patients. RNA expression in cultured cells was compared with RNA expression in cells from healthy individuals, to RNA expression in the bone core itself, and to parameters of bone histomorphometry. Proliferation and mineralization rates of patient cells were compared with rates in healthy control cells. Associations were observed between bone osteoid accumulation, as assessed by bone histomorphometry, and bone core RNA expression of osterix, matrix gla protein, parathyroid hormone receptor 1, and RANKL. Gene expression of osteoblast markers was increased in cells from ESKD patients and signaling genes including Cyp24A1, Cyp27B1, VDR, and NHERF1 correlated between cells and bone cores. Cells from patients with high turnover renal osteodystrophy proliferated more rapidly and mineralized more slowly than did cells from healthy controls. Thus, primary osteoblasts obtained from patients with ESKD retain changes in gene expression ex vivo that are also observed in bone core specimens. Evaluation of these cells in vitro may provide further insights into the abnormal bone biology that persists, despite current therapies, in patients with ESKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata C Pereira
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anne M Delany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nadine M Khouzam
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Richard E Bowen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Isidro B Salusky
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abd-Elmeguid A, Abdeldayem M, Kline LW, Moqbel R, Vliagoftis H, Yu DC. Osteocalcin Expression in Pulp Inflammation. J Endod 2013; 39:865-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lencel P, Magne D. Inflammaging: The driving force in osteoporosis? Med Hypotheses 2011; 76:317-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hiraoka N, Takahashi KA, Arai Y, Sakao K, Mazda O, Kishida T, Honjo K, Tanaka S, Kubo T. Intra-articular injection of hyaluronan restores the aberrant expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13 in osteoarthritic subchondral bone. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:354-60. [PMID: 20886647 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Subchondral bone is a candidate for treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). We investigated the effects of intra-articular injection of hyaluronan (IAI-HA) on subchondral bone in rabbit OA model. OA was induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection, with some rabbits receiving IAI-HA. OA was graded morphologically, and expression of mRNA was assessed by real-time RT-PCR. Tissue sections were stained with hyaluronan-binding protein, and penetration of fluorescent hyaluronan was assessed. The in vitro inhibitory effect of hyaluronan on MMP-13 was analyzed in human osteoarthritic subchondral bone osteoblasts (OA Ob) by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. Binding of hyaluronan to OA Ob via CD44 was assessed by immunofluorescence cytochemistry. Expression of MMP-13 and IL-6 mRNA in cartilage and subchondral bone, and morphological OA grade, increased over time. IAI-HA ameliorated the OA grade and selectively suppressed MMP-13 mRNA in subchondral bone. IAI-HA enhanced the hyaluronan staining of subchondral bone marrow cells and osteocyte lacunae. Fluorescence was observed in the subchondral bone marrow space. In OA Ob, hyaluronan reduced the expression and production of MMP-13, and anti-CD44 antibody blocked hyaluronan binding to OA Ob. These findings indicate that regulation of MMP-13 in subchondral bone may be a critical mechanism during IAI-HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hiraoka
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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Lencel P, Hardouin P, Magne D. Do cytokines induce vascular calcification by the mere stimulation of TNAP activity? Med Hypotheses 2010; 75:517-21. [PMID: 20674184 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification occurs during aging in the general population and is increased in the intima by atherosclerosis and in the media by diabetes type 2. In both intima and media, calcification may lead to the formation of a tissue very similar if not identical to bone, with bone cells and bone marrow. Since vascular calcification is associated with cardiovascular complications, a better understanding of the inducing mechanisms could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies. Many studies have provided evidence for a role of inflammation and inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β in the vascular calcification process. TNF-α and IL-1β have indeed been shown to stimulate in vitro the expression by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of tissue-non specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), a key enzyme in the mineralization process, and to trigger the trans-differentiation of VSMCs into osteoblast-like cells, expressing the master transcription factor RUNX2. These data are however somewhat contradictory with the known inhibitory effects of inflammatory cytokines on bone formation. TNF-α for instance dramatically decreases RUNX2 RNA expression, protein stability and activity, and as a consequence, is a potent inhibitor of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. In the present article, we propose a new hypothesis to explain this calcification paradox. We propose that cytokines block bone formation by decreasing RUNX2-mediated type I collagen production in osteoblasts, whereas they induce vascular ossification by the mere stimulation of TNAP by VSMCs, independently of RUNX2. We propose that this stimulation of TNAP in VSMCs in vitro and in vivo may be sufficient to induce the calcification of collagen fibrils, and that the absence of crystal clearance, in turn, induces the differentiation of VSMCs and/or mesenchymal stem cells into bone-forming cells, eventually leading to formation of a bone-like tissue. In case future experimental studies support this hypothesis, the early stimulatory and late inhibitory effects of inflammation on vascular calcification will have to be taken into consideration in the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lencel
- Physiopathology of Inflammatory Bone Diseases, EA4490, Univ Lille Nord de France, Quai Masset, Bassin Napoléon BP120, 62327 Boulogne/Mer, France
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Sakao K, Takahashi KA, Arai Y, Saito M, Honjyo K, Hiraoka N, Kishida T, Mazda O, Imanishi J, Kubo T. Asporin and transforming growth factor-beta gene expression in osteoblasts from subchondral bone and osteophytes in osteoarthritis. J Orthop Sci 2009; 14:738-47. [PMID: 19997821 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-009-1401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To clarify the significance of subchondral bone and osteophytes in the pathology of osteoarthritis (OA), we investigated the expression of asporin (ASPN), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), TGF-beta2, TGF-beta3, and runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) genes involved in bone metabolism. METHODS Osteoblasts were isolated from 19 patients diagnosed with knee OA and from 4 patients diagnosed with femoral neck fracture. Osteoblast expression of mRNA encoding ASPN, TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, TGF-beta3, and Runx2 was analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Expression of ASPN, TGF-beta1, and TGF-beta3 mRNA in the subchondral bone and osteophytes of OA patients increased compared with that of non-OA patients. The ratio of ASPN to TGF-beta1 mRNA in patients with severe cartilage damage was higher than that in patients with mild cartilage damage. CONCLUSIONS The increased ratio of ASPN mRNA to TGF-beta1 mRNA in patients with severe relative to mild cartilage damage indicates that increased ASPN mRNA expression was significantly associated with the severity of cartilage degeneration. This finding suggests that ASPN may regulate TGF-beta1-mediated factors in the development of OA, which may provide clues as to the underlying pathology of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Sakao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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9
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Sakao K, Takahashi KA, Arai Y, Saito M, Honjo K, Hiraoka N, Asada H, Shin-Ya M, Imanishi J, Mazda O, Kubo T. Osteoblasts derived from osteophytes produce interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and matrix metalloproteinase-13 in osteoarthritis. J Bone Miner Metab 2009; 27:412-23. [PMID: 19333684 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-009-0058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the significance of the osteophytes that appear during the progression of osteoarthritis (OA), we investigated the expression of inflammatory cytokines and proteases in osteoblasts from osteophytes. We also examined the influence of mechanical stress loading on osteoblasts on the expression of inflammatory cytokines and proteases. Osteoblasts were isolated from osteophytes in 19 patients diagnosed with knee OA and from subchondral bone in 4 patients diagnosed with femoral neck fracture. Messenger RNA expression and protein production of inflammatory cytokines and proteases were analyzed using real-time RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. To examine the effects of mechanical loading, continuous hydrostatic pressure was applied to the osteoblasts. We determined the mRNA expression and protein production of IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-13, which are involved in the progression of OA, were increased in the osteophytes. Additionally, when OA pathological conditions were simulated by applying a nonphysiological mechanical stress load, the gene expression of IL-6 and IL-8 increased. Our results suggested that nonphysiological mechanical stress may induce the expression of biological factors in the osteophytes and is involved in OA progression. By controlling the expression of these genes in the osteophytes, the progression of cartilage degeneration in OA may be reduced, suggesting a new treatment strategy for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Sakao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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10
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Sakao K, Takahashi KA, Mazda O, Arai Y, Tonomura H, Inoue A, Saito M, Fujioka M, Takamiya H, Imanishi J, Kubo T. Enhanced expression of interleukin-6, matrix metalloproteinase-13, and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand in cells derived from osteoarthritic subchondral bone. J Orthop Sci 2008; 13:202-10. [PMID: 18528653 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-008-1227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to clarify the significance of subchondral bone in the pathology of osteoarthritis (OA) by investigating the expression of inflammatory cytokines, proteases, and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) involved in cartilage degeneration. METHODS Subchondral bone was obtained from 19 patients diagnosed with knee OA and 4 patients diagnosed with femoral neck fracture. Subchondral bone osteoblasts (SBOs) were isolated, and total RNA was extracted. Messenger RNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, proteases, and RANKL/RANK/OPG were analyzed using a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Real-time RT-PCR showed that mRNA expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6), matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), and RANKL were significantly enhanced in OA SBOs compared to SBOs without OA. The expressions of these genes was greater in patients with severe cartilage damage than in those with mild cartilage damage. A high correlation between mRNA expression of IL-6 and that of MMP-13 was found in OA SBOs. CONCLUSION The increases in IL-6, MMP-13, and RANKL expression in OA SBOs suggest that in subchondral bone OA progression involves abnormal osseous tissue remodeling, which induces mechanical property changes. Cartilage degeneration in OA may also be due, at least in part, to IL-6 and MMP-13 produced by SBOs. Comprehensive research on these pathological features may lead to the development of more effective therapies for OA by administration of molecules that affect bone remodeling and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Sakao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Wang DW, Fermor B, Gimble JM, Awad HA, Guilak F. Influence of oxygen on the proliferation and metabolism of adipose derived adult stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:184-91. [PMID: 15754341 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is an avascular connective tissue that exhibits little intrinsic capacity for repair. Articular cartilage exists in a reduced oxygen ( approximately 5%) environment in vivo; therefore, oxygen tension may be an important factor that regulates the metabolism of chondrocyte progenitors. A number of recent studies have developed tissue engineering approaches for promoting cartilage repair using undifferentiated progenitor cells seeded on biomaterial scaffolds, but little is known about how oxygen might influence these engineered tissues. Human adipose-derived adult stem (hADAS) cells isolated from the stroma of subcutaneous fat were suspended in alginate beads and cultured in control or chondrogenic media in either low oxygen (5%) or atmospheric oxygen tension (20%) for up to 14 days. Under chondrogenic conditions, low oxygen tension significantly inhibited the proliferation of hADAS cells, but induced a two-fold increase in the rate of protein synthesis and a three-fold increase in total collagen synthesis. Low oxygen tension also increased glycosaminoglycan synthesis at certain timepoints. Immunohistochemical analysis showed significant production of cartilage-associated matrix molecules, including collagen type II and chondroitin-4-sulfate. These findings suggest oxygen tension may play an important role in regulating the proliferation and metabolism of hADAS cells as they undergo chondrogenesis, and the exogenous control of oxygen tension may provide a means of increasing the overall accumulation of matrix macromolecules in tissue-engineered cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Zreiqat H, Crotti TN, Howlett CR, Capone M, Markovic B, Haynes DR. Prosthetic particles modify the expression of bone-related proteins by human osteoblastic cells in vitro. Biomaterials 2003; 24:337-46. [PMID: 12419636 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00324-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Loss of bone near joint prostheses is thought to be caused by activation of recruited osteoclasts by osteolytic mediators induced by wear particles. It is proposed that particles inhibit osteogenesis during bone remodelling causing a reduction in the levels of peri-implant bone. This study explores whether prosthetic particles modulate bone formation by affecting osteoblastic bone-related mRNAs (alkaline phosphatase, pro-collagen Ialpha1, osteopontin, osteonectin, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein and thrombospondin) or their translated proteins using titanium alloy, commercially pure titanium, and cobalt-chrome particles. The direct effect of the particles revealed no change to the expression of the bone-related mRNAs in human bone-derived cells (HBDC) at the time points investigated; although non-collagenous translated proteins expressed by these HBDC were significantly effected (p<0.05). Different patterns of expression for bone-related proteins were induced by the different particles both directly and indirectly. Inflammatory mediators (interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2) had similar effects on HBDC to the media obtained from monocytes incubated with particles. This study shows that prosthetic wear particles can significantly modify the expression of bone-related proteins by osteogenic cells in vitro. These alterations in osteogenic activity at the interface of the implant and bone may be an important factor in the failure of many orthopaedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zreiqat
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, 2052 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Lomri A, Lemonnier J, Delannoy P, Marie PJ. Increased expression of protein kinase Calpha, interleukin-1alpha, and RhoA guanosine 5'-triphosphatase in osteoblasts expressing the Ser252Trp fibroblast growth factor 2 receptor Apert mutation: identification by analysis of complementary DNA microarray. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16:705-12. [PMID: 11315998 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.4.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Apert (Ap) syndrome is a craniofacial malformation characterized by premature fusion of cranial sutures (craniosynostosis). We previously showed that the Ser252Trp fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR-2) mutation in Ap syndrome increases osteoblast differentiation and subperiosteal bone matrix formation, leading to premature calvaria ossification. In this study, we used the emerging technology of complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray to identify genes that are involved in osteoblast abnormalities induced by the Ser252Trp FGFR-2 mutation. To identify the signaling pathways involved in this syndrome, we used radioactively labeled cDNAs derived from two sources of cellular messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for hybridization: control (Co) and mutant Ap immortalized osteoblastic cells. Among genes that were differentially expressed, protein kinase Ca (PKC-alpha), interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), and the small guanosine-5'-triphosphatase (GTPase) RhoA were increased in FGFR-2 mutant Ap cells compared with Co cells. The validity of the hybridization array was confirmed by Northern blot analysis using mRNAs derived from different cultures. Furthermore, immunochemical and Western blot analyses showed that mutant Ap cells displayed increased PKC-alpha, IL-1alpha, and RhoA protein levels compared with Co cells. Treatment of Co and Ap cells with the PKC inhibitor calphostin C decreased IL-1alpha and RhoA mRNA and protein levels in Ap cells, indicating that PKC is upstream of IL-1alpha and RhoA. Moreover, SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and PD-98059, a specific inhibitor of MAPK kinase (MEKK), also reduced IL-1alpha and RhoA expression in Ap cells. These data show that the Ser252Trp FGFR-2 mutation in Ap syndrome induces constitutive overexpression of PKC-alpha, IL-1alpha, and small GTPase RhoA, suggesting a role for these effectors in osteoblast alterations induced by the mutation. The cDNA microarray technology appears to be a useful tool to gain information on abnormal gene expression and molecular pathways induced by genetic mutations in bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lomri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 349, Lariboisiere Hospital, Paris, France
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Schwartz Z, Carnes DL, Pulliam R, Lohmann CH, Sylvia VL, Liu Y, Dean DD, Cochran DL, Boyan BD. Porcine fetal enamel matrix derivative stimulates proliferation but not differentiation of pre-osteoblastic 2T9 cells, inhibits proliferation and stimulates differentiation of osteoblast-like MG63 cells, and increases proliferation and differentiation of normal human osteoblast NHOst cells. J Periodontol 2000; 71:1287-96. [PMID: 10972644 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2000.71.8.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Embryonic enamel matrix proteins are hypothesized to be involved in the formation of acellular cementum during tooth development, suggesting that these proteins can be used to regenerate periodontal tissues. Enamel matrix protein derived from embryonic porcine tooth germs is used clinically, but the mechanisms by which it promotes the formation of cementum, periodontal ligament, and bone are not well understood. METHODS This study examined the response of osteoblasts at 3 stages of osteogenic maturation to porcine fetal enamel matrix derivative (EMD). Proliferation (cell number and [3H]-thymidine incorporation), differentiation (alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin), matrix synthesis ([35S]-sulfate incorporation; percentage of collagen production), and local factor production (prostaglandin E2 [PGE2] and transforming growth factor-beta 1 [TGF-beta1]) were measured in cultures of 2T9 cells (pre-osteoblasts which exhibit osteogenesis in response to bone morphogenetic protein-2 [BMP-2]), MG63 human osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cells, and normal human osteoblasts (NHOst cells). RESULTS EMD regulated osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, but the effects were cell-specific. In 2T9 cell cultures, EMD increased proliferation but had no effect on alkaline phosphatase-specific activity. EMD decreased proliferation of MG63 cells and increased cellular alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin production. There was no effect on collagen synthesis, proteoglycan sulfation, or PGE2 production; however, TGF-beta1 content of the conditioned media was increased. There was a 60-fold increase in cell number in third passage NHOst cells cultured for 35 days in the presence of EMD. EMD also caused a biphasic increase in alkaline phosphatase that was maximal at day 14. CONCLUSIONS EMD affects early states of osteoblastic maturation by stimulating proliferation, but as cells mature in the lineage, EMD enhances differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Schwartz
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78229-3900, USA
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Gowen M, Stroup GB, Dodds RA, James IE, Votta BJ, Smith BR, Bhatnagar PK, Lago AM, Callahan JF, DelMar EG, Miller MA, Nemeth EF, Fox J. Antagonizing the parathyroid calcium receptor stimulates parathyroid hormone secretion and bone formation in osteopenic rats. J Clin Invest 2000; 105:1595-604. [PMID: 10841518 PMCID: PMC300853 DOI: 10.1172/jci9038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an effective bone anabolic agent, but it must be administered parenterally. An orally active anabolic agent would provide a valuable alternative for treating osteoporosis. NPS 2143 is a novel, selective antagonist (a "calcilytic") of the parathyroid cell Ca(2+) receptor. Daily oral administration of NPS 2143 to osteopenic ovariectomized (OVX) rats caused a sustained increase in plasma PTH levels, provoking a dramatic increase in bone turnover but no net change in bone mineral density. Concurrent oral administration of NPS 2143 and subcutaneous infusion of 17beta-estradiol also resulted in increased bone turnover. However, the antiresorptive action of estrogen decreased the extent of bone resorption stimulated by the elevated PTH levels, leading to an increase in bone mass compared with OVX controls or to either treatment alone. Despite the sustained stimulation to the parathyroid gland, parathyroid cells did not undergo hyperplasia. These data demonstrate that an increase in endogenous PTH secretion, induced by antagonism of the parathyroid cell Ca(2+) receptor with a small molecule, leads to a dramatic increase in bone turnover, and they suggest a novel approach to the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gowen
- Department of Bone and Cartilage Biology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
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16
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Rapuano BE, Bockman RS. Activators of protein kinase A decrease the levels of free arachidonic acid in osteoblasts via stimulation of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1998; 58:147-56. [PMID: 9578154 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-3278(98)90155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to examine the role of protein kinase A (PKA) in the regulation of arachidonic acid availability, the interaction between cAMP agonists and the G protein activator AIF4- in their effects on phospholipid metabolism were measured in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. We show that forskolin and 8-brcAMP, activators of PKA, amplify the AIF4(-)-induced stimulation of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (phosphatidylinositol inositolphosphohydrolase; EC 3.1.4.3), measured by the formation of [3H]inositol phosphates in prelabeled cells. However, the AIF4(-)-stimulated production of 1,2-diacylglycerols and the release of [3H]arachidonic acid ([3H]AA) were inhibited 50-75% by forskolin and 8-bromocAMP. Furthermore, pretreatment with PKA activators prevented much of the AIF4(-)-induced loss of [3H]AA from phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in prelabeled osteoblasts. In addition, in the absence of AIF4-, forskolin was found to stimulate the incorporation of [3H]AA and [32P]orthophosphoric acid selectively into these two major phospholipids and selectively increased their mass. The effects of forskolin and 8-BrcAMP on the levels of free [3H]AA were completely reversed by pretreatment with the PKA inhibitor H-89. Therefore, our findings suggest that the activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase can reduce the availability of free arachidonic acid for prostaglandin synthesis in osteoblast cells by stimulating its reesterification via phospholipid resynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Rapuano
- Division of Research, The Hospital for Special Surgery, NY, NY 10021, USA
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17
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Rapuano BE, Bockman RS. Protein kinases A and C positively regulate G protein-dependent activation of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 1997; 65:198-208. [PMID: 9136078 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(199705)65:2<198::aid-jcb6>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The role(s) of protein kinases in the regulation of G protein-dependent activation of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C by tumor necrosis factor-alpha was investigated in the osteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1. We have previously reported the stimulatory effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and A1F4-, an activator of G proteins, on this phospholipase pathway documented by a decrease in mass of PI and release of diacylglycerol. In this study, we further explored the mechanism(s) by which the tumor necrosis factor or A1F4(-)-promoted breakdown of phosphatidylinositol and the polyphosphoinositides by phospholipase C is regulated. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha was found to elicit a 4-5-fold increase in the formation of [3H]inositol-1,4-phosphate and [3H]inositol-1,4,5-phosphate; and a 36% increase in [3H]inositol-1-phosphate within 5 min in prelabeled cells. [3H]inositol-4-phosphate, a metabolite of [3H]inositol-1,4-phosphate and [3H]inositol-1,4,5-phosphate, was found to be the predominant phosphoinositol product of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and A1F4(-)-activated phospholipase C hydrolysis after 30 min. In addition, the preincubation of cells with pertussis toxin decreased the tumor necrosis factor-induced release of inositol phosphates by 53%. Inhibitors of protein kinase C, including Et-18-OMe and H-7, dramatically decreased the formation of [3H]inositol phosphates stimulated by either tumor necrosis factor-alpha or A1F4- by 90-100% but did not affect basal formation. The activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, or protein kinase A, by the treatment of cells with forskolin or 8-BrcAMP augmented basal, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and A1F4(-)-induced [3H]inositol phosphate formation. Therefore, we report that protein kinases can regulate tumor necrosis factor-alpha-initiated signalling at the cell surface in osteoblasts through effects on the coupling between receptor, G-protein and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Rapuano
- Division of Research, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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18
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Chang J, Poole CA. Sequestration of type VI collagen in the pericellular microenvironment of adult chrondrocytes cultured in agarose. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1996; 4:275-85. [PMID: 11048624 DOI: 10.1016/s1063-4584(05)80105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The chondron represents the chondrocyte and its pericellular microenvironment and plays an important role in the progression of osteoarthritis. Type VI collagen is preferentially localized in the pericellular microenvironment of adult articular cartilage and increases during osteoarthritis. In this study, we characterized the pericellular sequestration of type VI collagen in long-term chondrocyte-agarose cultures, and assessed the action of interleukin-1 on type VI collagen deposition and assembly. Immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis showed that cultured chondrocytes initiate type VI collagen sequestration immediately upon plating and continue pericellular matrix sequestration in a time dependent manner. Confocal microscopy confirmed the cell surface localization and pericellular accumulation of type VI collagen, while image analysis identified a 'cargo-net like' organization of type VI collagen around each chondrocyte. Quantitative analysis revealed a primary phase of rapid cell division and low levels of type VI collagen sequestration, followed by a secondary phase of relative growth stability and high levels of type VI collagen deposition. Interleukin-1 treated cultures showed increased sequestration and retention of type VI collagen in an expanded microenvironment surrounding the chondrocytes. The data suggests a role for type VI collagen in the differentiation of the pericellular microenvironment in vitro. The increased type VI collagen sequestration promoted by interleukin-1 was consistent with previous studies on osteoarthritic cartilage, and implies a functional role for type VI collagen in the chondron remodeling associated with cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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19
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Onodera S, Suzuki K, Matsuno T, Kaneda K, Kuriyama T, Nishihira J. Identification of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in murine neonatal calvariae and osteoblasts. Immunology 1996; 89:430-5. [PMID: 8958058 PMCID: PMC1456561 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone resorption and formation are dynamic processes that occur in both normal and injured bone tissues. Regulation of these processes is mediated at the local level by cytokines and growth factors. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is one of the proinflammatory cytokines that activates macrophages and regulates production of other cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1. We here demonstrate, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, high expression of MIF mRNA in murine osteoblasts obtained from mouse neonatal calvariae and murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. The presence of MIF protein in the osteoblasts was confirmed by Western blot analysis using anti-rat MIF antibody. Moreover, the immunohistochemical study revealed that MIF was localized largely in the cytoplasm. The pathophysiological function of MIF remains undefined; however, the present results suggest that MIF takes part in the osseous metabolism as well as in immunological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Onodera
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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20
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Horan J, Dean DD, Kieswetter K, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. Evidence that interleukin-1, but not interleukin-6, affects costochondral chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and matrix synthesis through an autocrine pathway. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 11:1119-29. [PMID: 8854248 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650110811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the effects of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) on articular cartilage chondrocytes have been reported, little is known concerning the effects of these cytokines on growth plate chondrocytes. In this study, we examined the effect of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 on growth plate chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and matrix production as a function of cell maturation and examined the ability of these cells to produce IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta. Confluent fourth passage cultures of rat costochondral resting zone and growth zone chondrocytes were treated with 0-100 ng/ml of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, or IL-6 for 24 h and then assayed for [3H]-thymidine incorporation, alkaline phosphatase specific activity, [35S]-sulfate incorporation, and percent collagen production. Neutralizing polyclonal antibodies were used to confirm the specificity of response to each cytokine. Treatment of resting zone cells with IL-1 alpha produced a significant, dose-dependent decrease in [3H]-thymidine incorporation, while similarly treated growth zone cells were unaffected by treatment with this cytokine. IL-1 alpha also stimulated alkaline phosphatase specific activity and inhibited [35S]-sulfate incorporation by resting zone chondrocytes, but had no affect on growth zone chondrocytes. When collagen production was examined, it was observed that IL-1 alpha had a stimulatory affect on growth zone cells but no affect on resting zone cells. When the effect of IL-1 beta was examined, it was observed that this cytokine inhibited [3H]-thymidine incorporation by resting zone cells and stimulated isotope incorporation in growth zone cells. IL-1 beta also stimulated alkaline phosphatase specific activity and inhibited [35S]-sulfate incorporation by resting zone chondrocytes but had no affect on growth zone chondrocytes. In contrast to IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta stimulated collagen production by resting zone cells but not growth zone cells. IL-6 had no affect on any of the parameters measured in either cell type. When cytokine production was measured, it was found that IL-1 alpha was produced by both cell types, while IL-1 beta was produced only by resting zone cells. Resting zone cells secreted both IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta into the media, but 75% of the total cytokine produced by these cells was retained in the cell layer. In contrast, growth zone cells did not secrete measurable IL-1 alpha into the media. These results suggest that IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta target resting zone cells, inducing them to differentiate and acquire a phenotype characteristic of the more mature growth zone cells. Moreover, resting zone chondrocytes produce both IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, suggesting the possibility of an autocrine effect of these cytokines on the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Horan
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
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21
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Rabadjija L, Goldhaber P. Age-dependent stimulation or inhibition of calcium release from bone cultures by interleukin-1 beta. Mech Ageing Dev 1995; 81:83-95. [PMID: 8569283 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(95)01587-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) is a potent bone resorption stimulating agent in cultures of fetal or neonatal bones. In the present study, evidence has been provided showing that this cytokine failed to stimulate bone resorption in cultured 75-day-old mouse calvaria maintained in a chemically defined medium for 14 days, as determined by measuring calcium release into the medium and histological examination of cultured bones. Moreover, the cytokine significantly inhibited basal bone resorption in cultured 75-day-old mouse calvaria, a finding reminiscent of the paradoxical effect observed with 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Since IL-1 beta did not alter the number of osteoclasts present in the cultured older calvaria as compared to the untreated control, we hypothesized that in such cultured older bones the cytokine affects primarily the function rather than proliferation/differentiation of osteoclasts, either directly or indirectly through its action on other cells in bone tissue, such as osteoblasts or stromal cells. Also, it is possible that the cytokine affects the formation and/or function of macrophages that have been shown to participate in the bone resorption process. These findings support the concept that at different stages of host maturation, bone tissue may exhibit a different response to the same osteotropic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rabadjija
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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Carlson K, Simonsson B, Ljunghall S. Acute effects of high-dose chemotherapy followed by bone marrow transplantation on serum markers of bone metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int 1994; 55:408-11. [PMID: 7895177 DOI: 10.1007/bf00298552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is an interplay between the cells in the bone marrow and the surrounding bone tissue, but little is known about the effects of myeloablative treatment followed by bone marrow transplantation on bone metabolism. We have therefore investigated 24 patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (14 autologous, 10 allogeneic) for hematological malignancies. Serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH), albumin-modified calcium, and biomarkers for bone turnover--osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP), and carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP)--were measured. The samples were collected before myeloablative treatment, on the day of bone marrow infusion and 1, 2, 3, and 12 weeks thereafter. A serum PTH peak was consistently seen the day after total body irradiation, but no long-term effects on PTH/calcium homeostasis were observed. Bone formation as reflected by serum osteocalcin and B-ALP decreased, with nadir levels 2 to 3 weeks after marrow infusion. A simultaneous increase in bone resorption (increased S-ICTP) occurred. Pretreatment values were not completely regained 12 weeks after transplantation. The findings indicate that bone tissue is affected by myeloablative treatment, and the changes in biomarkers imply a net loss of bone over the study period.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Alkaline Phosphatase/blood
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers/blood
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/adverse effects
- Bone Resorption/pathology
- Bone and Bones/drug effects
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Calcium/blood
- Creatinine/blood
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/radiotherapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/surgery
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/radiotherapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/surgery
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy
- Multiple Myeloma/radiotherapy
- Multiple Myeloma/surgery
- Osteocalcin/blood
- Parathyroid Hormone/blood
- Peptide Fragments/blood
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/radiotherapy
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/surgery
- Procollagen/blood
- Serum Albumin/analysis
- Whole-Body Irradiation
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Affiliation(s)
- K Carlson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Kjeldsen M, Holmstrup P, Bendtzen K. Marginal periodontitis and cytokines: a review of the literature. J Periodontol 1993; 64:1013-22. [PMID: 8295085 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1993.64.11.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent research on the immunopathogenesis of marginal periodontitis has focused on cytokines, because these mediators govern biological activities in inflammatory tissue destruction. Several studies have been carried out to elucidate the involvement of cytokines in periodontitis, including cytokine measurements in samples from gingival tissue, gingival crevicular fluid, and in supernatants of stimulated in vitro grown cells from gingival tissue and peripheral blood. The results, summarized in this review, suggest that cytokines are involved in the progress of periodontitis. Furthermore, cytokines may be valuable as markers of tissue breakdown. At the present stage, however, there are difficulties in detecting and quantifying cytokines by immunochemical methods and, in particular, by bioassays. Increased knowledge of the cytokine network may open new pathways of periodontitis treatment by controlling processes involved in tissue breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kjeldsen
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Lacey DL, Grosso LE, Moser SA, Erdmann J, Tan HL, Pacifici R, Villareal DT. IL-1-induced murine osteoblast IL-6 production is mediated by the type 1 IL-1 receptor and is increased by 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Clin Invest 1993; 91:1731-42. [PMID: 8473513 PMCID: PMC288153 DOI: 10.1172/jci116383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-1-induced osteoblast IL-6 production represents one possible mechanism by which IL-1 augments bone resorption. In this report, we show that the murine osteoblastic cell line (MC3T3-E1) expresses type 1 IL-1 receptors based on 125I-HrIL1 alpha binding, blocked by type 1 IL-1R antibodies (35F5), and analysis of MC3T3 RNA by reverse transcription (RT)-DNA amplification and Northern analysis. MC3T3 cells do not express detectable type 2 IL-1R mRNA by RT-DNA amplification. IL-1 induces (IL-1 ED50, 0.1 pM) IL-6 production through the type 1 IL-1R as 35F5 antibodies block IL-1-stimulated IL-6 production. Vitamin D3 increases IL-1R expression dose- and metabolite-dependently, with 1,25-(OH)2D3 having the greatest potency, and also enhances IL-1's capacity to stimulate IL-6 production at low IL-1 levels. Both IL-1 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 induce type 1 IL-1R and not type 2 IL-1R upregulation based on ligand binding and RT-DNA amplification. Increased IL-1R expression requires a 5-7-h treatment and is protein/RNA synthesis dependent. These observations imply that IL-1-induced IL-6 production in osteoblasts is mediated by type 1 IL-1Rs and that increased IL-1R expression could play a role in mediating IL-1-induced skeletal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Lacey
- Department of Pathology, Jewish Hospital of St. Louis, Washington University, Missouri 63110
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25
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Beresford JN, Graves SE, Smoothy CA. Formation of mineralized nodules by bone derived cells in vitro: a model of bone formation? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1993; 45:163-78. [PMID: 8456798 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320450205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the factors which regulate the proliferation and differentiation of cells of the osteoblast lineage remains one of the major challenges in the field of bone cell biology. Although considerable progress has been made in the isolation and culture of cells of the osteoblast lineage from both animal and, more recently, human bone, uncertainties have persisted as to the extent to which these cell populations retain the ability to differentiate into functional osteoblasts in vitro. The formation in vitro of mineralized nodules that exhibit the morphological, ultrastructural and biochemical characteristics of embryonic/woven bone formed in vivo, represents the first evidence that the differentiation of functional osteoblasts can occur in cultures of isolated animal bone-derived cell populations. It is clear, however, that the culture conditions employed at present only permit a small number of cells to differentiate to the extent of being capable of organising their extracellular matrix into a structure that resembles that of bone. Moreover, it has generally been found that the reproducible mineralization of this extracellular matrix requires supplementation of the culture medium with mM concentrations of beta-GP, which raises doubts as to the physiological relevance of this process. The formation of nodules has also been observed in cultures of human bone-derived cells. As found in cultures of animal bone-derived cells, reproducible mineralization of these nodules will occur in the presence of beta-GP. We have shown, however, that in the presence of the long acting ascorbate analogue Asc-2-P, the formation and mineralization of nodules can occur in the absence of beta-GP. The nodules formed in human bone-derived cell cultures have yet to be characterized as rigorously as those formed in cultures of animal bone-derived cells and thus it remains to be shown that they resemble bone formed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Beresford
- Medical Research Council Bone Research Laboratory, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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26
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Taichman RS, Hauschka PV. Effects of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on osteoblastic expression of osteocalcin and mineralized extracellular matrix in vitro. Inflammation 1992; 16:587-601. [PMID: 1459694 DOI: 10.1007/bf00919342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts play a pivotal role during the bioresponse of bone to agents that stimulate bone resorption and/or inhibit bone formation including hormones, polypeptide growth factors, and cytokines. We examined the cytokines interleukin-1-beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) for their effects on osteoblastic proliferation and development and expression of alkaline phosphate and the osteoblast-specific protein osteocalcin in a mineralizing environment. Primary rat osteoblast-like cells (ROB) and osteoblastic cell lines derived from rat (ROS 17/2.8) and human (MG-63) osteosarcomas were studied. IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha were chosen because of their critical importance during the host response to local inflammatory stimuli. Qualitatively similar two- to threefold inhibition of osteocalcin synthesis by IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha were observed in all three postconfluent bone-forming model systems. Because of the readily measurable concentrations of osteocalcin produced in our culture protocol, it was not necessary to enhance osteoblastic synthesis of osteocalcin by supplementation with 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3, a treatment which exerts pleiotropic effects on osteoblasts. Under the constraints of our protocol, where alkaline phosphatase and mineralization were already elevated at the 14-day onset of treatment, neither of these phenotypic properties was sensitive to a three-day cytokine exposure. Differences were noted in proliferation, where only TNF-alpha stimulated DNA synthesis in ROB cells, while both cytokines stimulated MG-63 cells. IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha failed to alter ROS 17/2.8 DNA synthesis except at the highest doses (25 pM IL-1 beta and 1 nM TNF-alpha) where inhibition was observed. These results further support the view that cytokine-mediated osteoblastic regulation can be relatively selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Taichman
- Department of Periodontology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115
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27
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Zheng MH, Wood DJ, Papadimitriou JM. What's new in the role of cytokines on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation? Pathol Res Pract 1992; 188:1104-21. [PMID: 1300606 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(11)81263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review assesses recent data concerning the role of cytokines produced by a variety of cells in bone on osteoblast function. The following themes are presumed: (1) osteoblasts are mesenchymal cells which act as either the major cellular agents of bone formation or as modulators of bone resorption by osteoclasts. The regulation of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation may involve a negative feedback process resulting in phenotype suppression; (2) cytokines including platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF), parathyroid hormone-related proteins (PTHrP), bone morphogenic proteins (BMP), transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta), fibroblast growth factors (FGF), insulin-like growth factors (IGF), epidermal growth factors (EGF), interleukin-1 and 6, tumour necrosis factors (TNF), interferon and haematopoietic growth factors have effects on osteoblast differentiation and proliferation but their effectiveness may not be identical in vitro and in vivo; (3) finally, therapeutic strategies for cytokine use in clinical practice are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands
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28
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Franck H, Ittel TH, Tasch O, Herborn G, Rau R. Osteocalcin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis--effect of anatomical stages, inflammatory activity and therapy. Rheumatol Int 1992; 12:207-11. [PMID: 1290023 DOI: 10.1007/bf00302154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the degree of inflammatory activity, the anatomical stage and various treatments have an influence on bone turnover in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Osteocalcin (OC) and other parameters of bone turnover were measured in 131 patients with RA. The mean values of alkaline phosphatase (AP), but not of OC were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in our patients compared to controls. In contrast to AP, OC values increased and correlated significantly (r = +0.33, P < 0.01) with ascending anatomical stage in women not on glucocorticoid treatment. As regards therapy, we found significantly lower OC levels in women receiving steroids compared to controls (P < 0.03) and those being treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (P < 0.03), methotrexate (MTX) (P < 0.05), or gold (P < 0.01). Females treated with gold had higher OC levels than patients receiving no antirheumatic drugs (P < 0.03). Furthermore, there was a significantly negative correlation between OC and inflammatory activity [C-reactive protein (CRP)] (r = -0.25, P < 0.003). In conclusion, OC levels were significantly higher (P < 0.032) in patients with advanced (anatomical) stages of RA. In contrast to AP, changes in bone turnover, such as suppression of bone formation by steroids and high inflammatory activity in patients with RA, were easily detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Franck
- Department of Rheumatology, Ratingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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29
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Fujimori Y, Nakamura T, Ijiri S, Shimizu K, Yamamuro T. Heterotopic bone formation induced by bone morphogenetic protein in mice with collagen-induced arthritis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 186:1362-7. [PMID: 1510667 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the influence of systemic inflammation on heterotopic bone formation induced by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). Five-milligram pellets of BMP were implanted in mice with type II collagen-induced arthritis. Intraperitoneal injections of interleukin-1 (IL-1) were also administered to a group of mice without collagen-induced arthritis. The amount of BMP-induced heterotopic bone formation was evaluated by soft X-ray radiography, histology, and assay of calcium content. BMP-induced heterotopic bone formation was markedly enhanced in mice with collagen-induced arthritis, and also in IL-1-treated mice. These findings suggest that bone formation is enhanced in mice with collagen-induced arthritis, and that IL-1 may be responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fujimori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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30
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Williams SR, Jiang Y, Cochran D, Dorsam G, Graves DT. Regulated expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in normal human osteoblastic cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 263:C194-9. [PMID: 1636677 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1992.263.1.c194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An influx of monocytes is observed in many different physiological and pathophysiological states, including bone remodeling and injury. These cells appear at early stages of bone formation and repair and persist throughout the later stages. In experiments described here, unstimulated normal human osteoblastic cells did not produce detectable levels of monocyte chemotactic activity. However, interleukin-1 (IL-1)-stimulated normal human osteoblastic cells produced a chemoattractant that is similar to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) at the levels of mRNA expression, protein production, and chemotactic activity. Northern blot analysis indicates that IL-1 elicits a dose-dependent increase in MCP-1 mRNA in normal human osteoblastic cells. Two proteins of M(r) 9,000 and M(r) 13,000 were specifically immunoprecipitated with MCP-1 antiserum from IL-1-stimulated normal human osteoblastic cells. Monocyte chemotactic activity from IL-1-treated cells was blocked by MCP-1 antiserum. These studies establish that normal human osteoblastic cells can be induced to produce monocyte chemoattractants and that this is accounted for by the induced expression of MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Williams
- Department of Oral Biology, Boston University Medical Center, Massachusetts 02118
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31
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Takeshita A, Niu ZG, Hanazawa S, Takara I, Higuchi H, Katayama I, Kitano S. Effect of interleukin-1 beta on gene expressions and functions of fibroblastic cells derived from human periodontal ligament. J Periodontal Res 1992; 27:250-5. [PMID: 1640347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1992.tb01675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study shows the effect of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) on some gene expressions and functions of fibroblastic cells (HPLF) derived from human periodontal ligament. HPLF were used at passages number 5 to 10. IL-1 beta increased DNA synthesis in both a dose- and an incubation time-dependent manner. IL-1 beta in combination with tumor-necrosis factor alpha or transforming growth factor beta synergistically stimulated the DNA synthesis in the cells. Since many studies have shown that the c-myc oncogene is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, the effect of IL-1 beta on c-myc messenger RNA (mRNA) level in HPLF was examined. IL-1 beta induced a marked c-myc mRNA level in the cells at 90 minutes after initiation of the cytokine treatment. On the other hand, IL-1 beta significantly inhibited alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of the cells in a dose-dependent manner. Also an inhibitory effect was observed on the liver/bone/kidney ALP mRNA level of the cells, and this inhibition by IL-1 beta was dose- and incubation time-dependent. These results suggest that IL-1 beta is a regulatory cytokine involved in the regeneration of the human periodontal ligament.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Takeshita
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Saitama, Japan
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32
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Merry K, Gowen M. The transcriptional control of TGF-beta in human osteoblast-like cells is distinct from that of IL-1 beta. Cytokine 1992; 4:171-9. [PMID: 1498252 DOI: 10.1016/1043-4666(92)90052-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and interleukin 1 (IL-1) are among the most potent osteotropic cytokines. The expression of mRNA for both TGF-beta and IL-1 beta was studied in human osteoblast-like cells in vitro. These cells constitutively expressed TGF-beta but not IL-1 beta mRNA. Treatment of the cells with the systemic hormones 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] (10(-8) M) and parathyroid hormone (10(-7) M) induced an increase in TGF-beta mRNA but failed to stimulate the production of IL-1-beta mRNA. Retinoic acid (10(-8) M) had no effect on either mRNA species. The cytokines IL-1 alpha (200 pg/ml), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) (17 ng/ml) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (500 ng/ml) stimulated the production of IL-1 beta mRNA after 6-8 hours. This was followed by an increase in protein production after 24 hours. In contrast, the production of TGF-beta mRNA remained constant after treatment with these agents. Treatment of the cells with hydrocortisone (10(-8) M) resulted in the suppression of both TGF-beta and IL-1 beta mRNA. However, when the stimulating agent 1,25-(OH)2D3 was added in conjunction with hydrocortisone the mRNA expression of TGF-beta mRNA returned to 70% of the stimulated level. In contrast, the addition of the stimulatory agent IL-1 alpha to hydrocortisone-treated cells resulted in no increase in IL-1 beta mRNA. In-situ hybridization demonstrated both TGF-beta and IL-1 beta mRNA at the cellular level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K Merry
- Bath Institute for Rheumatic Diseases, UK
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33
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Abstract
The metabolism of bone cells can be monitored directly and continuously 'in vitro' by a new technique, based on mass spectrometry. The consumption of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide were measured in 6 different cultures of human bone cells. The method was feasible for measurement of bone cell metabolism and was also tested in suspensions of hepatocytes. The data obtained with these cells were comparable to results obtained with traditional techniques, and a relation to cellular concentration was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Dahl
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gilardetti RS, Chaibi MS, Stroumza J, Williams SR, Antoniades HN, Carnes DC, Graves DT. High-affinity binding of PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB to normal human osteoblastic cells and modulation by interleukin-1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 261:C980-5. [PMID: 1767825 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1991.261.6.c980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone has the capacity for repair and regeneration. The repair process is thought to be locally regulated by growth factors. One of the growth factors that potentially plays a significant role in these processes is platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Two different PDGF genes have been identified, PDGF-A and PDGF-B, whose gene products give rise to biologically active dimers. We now report that PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB exhibit saturable binding to normal human osteoblastic cells. By Scatchard analysis we estimate that there are approximately 43,000 PDGF-AA binding sites per cell, with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 2.2 x 10(-10)M, and 55,000 high-affinity PDGF-BB binding sites per cell, with a Kd of 1.2 x 10(-10)M. The functional consequence of PDGF binding was also assessed. PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB both stimulated migration of normal human osteoblastic cells and stimulated thymidine incorporation. To gain insight into potential transmodulation of the PDGF response, we investigated the capacity of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), a cytokine that induces bone resorption, to modulate PDGF binding and PDGF-induced biological activity. IL-1 beta significantly reduced PDGF-AA binding and significantly decreased both PDGF-AA-mediated cell migration and thymidine incorporation. In contrast, IL-1 beta had only a small effect of PDGF-BB binding and PDGF-BB-induced biological activity in normal human osteoblastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Gilardetti
- Department of Oral Biology, Boston University Medical Center 02118
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35
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Hanazawa S, Murakami Y, Hirose K, Amano S, Ohmori Y, Higuchi H, Kitano S. Bacteroides (Porphyromonas) gingivalis fimbriae activate mouse peritoneal macrophages and induce gene expression and production of interleukin-1. Infect Immun 1991; 59:1972-7. [PMID: 1709918 PMCID: PMC257952 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.6.1972-1977.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine whether Bacteroides (Porphyromonas) gingivalis fimbriae, an important structure involved in attachment of the bacteria to periodontal tissues, activate macrophages and subsequently induce gene expression and production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the cells. The fimbriae increased glucose consumption and lysozyme activity in BALB/c macrophages, both criteria of macrophage activation of peritoneal macrophages, in a dose-dependent fashion. A marked increase in the mRNA level of the c-myc gene, an oncogene, in the cells was observed after a 1-h treatment with the fimbriae, and the level decreased rapidly after 3 h. The fimbriae (4 micrograms of protein per ml) markedly induced IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta gene expression in the cells and IL-1 production. The expression of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta genes measured in terms of specific mRNA increased 1 h after the start of treatment and peaked at 6 h. Such increased expression of IL-1 beta was also observed in C3H/HeJ mice, a lipopolysaccharide low-responder strain. The fimbriae stimulated transcriptional activity of IL-1 beta in the cells, but not that of IL-1 alpha. We also observed that fimbriae-induced IL-1 gene expression was not regulated by endogenous prostaglandin triggered by the fimbriae. Therefore, these observations suggest that B. gingivalis fimbriae may be involved in the pathogenesis of adult periodontal disease via triggering of IL-1 production by monocytes/macrophages in periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hanazawa
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Saitama, Japan
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36
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Rapuano BE, Bockman RS. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates phosphatidylinositol breakdown by phospholipase C to coordinately increase the levels of diacylglycerol, free arachidonic acid and prostaglandins in an osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cell line. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1091:374-84. [PMID: 2001418 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(91)90203-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of (human recombinant) tumor necrosis factor-alpha on phosphatidylinositol breakdown, release of 1,2-diacylglycerols, mobilization of arachidonate from diacylglycerol and prostaglandin synthesis were examined in a model osteoblast cell line (MC3T3-E1). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (10 nM) caused a specific (30%) decrease in the mass of phosphatidylinositol (and no other phospholipids) within 30 min of exposure. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha doubled the rate of incorporation of [32P]orthophosphoric acid into phosphatidylinositol, indicating that the turnover of inositol phosphate was enhanced, and increased the content of diacylglycerol in parallel with phosphatidylinositol breakdown. The cytokine (10-50 nM; 4 h) also promoted a specific release of 24-34% of the [3H]arachidonate from prelabeled phosphatidylinositol, a release of 80% of the 3H-fatty acid from the diacylglycerol pool, and a 30-fold increase in the synthesis of prostaglandin E2. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced liberation of [3H]arachidonate from diacylglycerol, cellular arachidonate release and the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 were each blocked by an inhibitor of diacylglycerol lipase, the compound RHC 80267 (30 microM). Therefore, we conclude that, in the MC3T3-E1 cell line, tumor necrosis factor-alpha activates a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (phosphatidylinositol inositolphosphohydrolase; EC 3.1.4.3) to release diacylglycerol, and increases the metabolism of diacylglycerol to liberate arachidonate for prostaglandin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Rapuano
- Division of Endocrinology, Cornell University Medical College, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021
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37
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Abstract
Osteocalcin is a small (Mr 5800), very interesting bone specific protein, synthesized by osteoblasts and measured in plasma as a biochemical indicator of bone formation. Many immunoassays for osteocalcin have been developed, including radio- and enzymoimmunoassays, with the use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. These are used in many different clinical settings, including bone, kidney, and liver diseases. However, there is a wide range of published values for plasma osteocalcin concentrations in control and patient samples and this has hindered a more widespread adoption of osteocalcin measurement by clinicians. This review discusses how various immunoassays for osteocalcin may contribute to the wide variation of published values and suggests approaches for the development of standardized assays. For example, epitope specificity and immunoreactivity with multiple forms of osteocalcin and osteocalcin peptides in plasma are discussed. It also includes a recent update on interesting clinical applications of osteocalcin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Power
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University College, Galaway, Ireland
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38
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Kabashima H, Maeda K, Iwamoto Y, Hirofuji T, Yoneda M, Yamashita K, Aono M. Partial characterization of an interleukin-1-like factor in human gingival crevicular fluid from patients with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. Infect Immun 1990; 58:2621-7. [PMID: 2196229 PMCID: PMC258864 DOI: 10.1128/iai.58.8.2621-2627.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant level of interleukin-1-(IL-1)-like activity was detected in gingival crevicular fluid obtained from sites in patients with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease, confirming a previous report of IL-1-like activity detected in human gingival crevicular fluid from patients with chronic inflammatory periodontitis (J. A. Charon, T. A. Luger, S. E. Mergenhagen, and J. J. Oppenheim, Infect. Immun. 38:1190-1195, 1982). In the present study, we sought to investigate whether this IL-1-like activity belonged to IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta and to characterize some of the biochemical properties of this factor. Polyclonal antibodies against recombinant human IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta (rIL-1 alpha or rIL-1 beta) have been used for serological comparison of the IL-1-like factor. IL-1-like activity was completely neutralized by anti-human rIL-1 alpha antiserum, but not by anti-human rIL-1 beta antiserum. On gel filtration with a high-pressure liquid chromatographic Superose 12 column, IL-1-like activity was separated into two peaks, one with a molecular weight of about 43,000 and the other with a molecular weight of less than 17,000. The majority of the IL-1-like factor with a low molecular weight in human gingival crevicular fluid migrated at a molecular weight of about 17,000 under the reducing conditions of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The specificity of the IL-1-like factor was further confirmed by an immunochemical method (Western blotting [immunoblotting]) by using anti-human rIL-1 alpha monoclonal antibodies. On isoelectric chromatography with a high-pressure liquid chromatographic Mono P column, the pI of this IL-1-like factor was between pH 4.9 and 5.2. These results suggest that the IL-1-like factor in human gingival crevicular fluid from diseased sites in patients with chronic inflammatory periodontitis consists predominantly of IL-1 alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kabashima
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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39
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Diegelmann RF, Bryson GR, Flood LC, Graham MF. A microassay to quantitate collagen synthesis by cells in culture. Anal Biochem 1990; 186:296-300. [PMID: 2163587 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(90)90083-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A method to quantitate collagen synthesis, total protein synthesis, and DNA in 24-well culture plates is presented. Collagen-producing cells such as human intestinal smooth muscle cells and dermal fibroblasts were pulse-labeled with [3H]proline. After incubation, the plates were heated to 90 degrees C to stop isotope incorporation and sonicated to lyse the cells and an aliquot was removed for DNA quantitation. Carrier protein was added, all protein was precipitated by trichloroacetic acid, and unbound isotope was removed by repeated precipitations. After incubation with purified bacterial collagenase, both the soluble 3H-labeled collagen-derived peptides and the remaining insoluble 3H-labeled noncollagen protein were quantified. Results were expressed as the amount of radioactivity incorporated into collagen and noncollagen protein per nanogram DNA and also as the percentage of collagen synthesis per total protein synthesized. The advantage of this technique over previous attempts to scale down the assay is that the entire assay for DNA, collagen, and non-collagen protein can be carried out in the same well without any transfer of material. This technique also provides a significant savings of culture medium, serum, growth factors, and cell material.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Diegelmann
- Department of Surgery, Children's Medical Center, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0117
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40
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Evans DB, Thavarajah M, Kanis JA. Involvement of prostaglandin E2 in the inhibition of osteocalcin synthesis by human osteoblast-like cells in response to cytokines and systemic hormones. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 167:194-202. [PMID: 2178606 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)91750-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The stimulation of the production of osteocalcin by human osteoblast-like cells in response to 1,25(OH)2D3 is antagonized by several agents that induce the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) including interleukin 1 (IL-1), tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). The mechanism whereby these agents inhibit the synthesis of osteocalcin is not known. In this report we show that exogenous PGE2 inhibits this stimulatory action of 1,25(OH)2D3 on human osteoblast-like cells in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that PGE2 may contribute to the inhibition of osteocalcin synthesis in response to these agents. Assessment of the inhibitory role of endogenous PGE2 synthesis in the action of rhIL-1 alpha, rhIL-1 beta and rhTNF alpha on the production of osteocalcin demonstrated that the inhibition by these agents could be partially overcome by the addition of indomethacin, an inhibitor of PGE2 synthesis. In contrast, the inhibitory action observed with bPTH (1-84) was unaffected by indomethacin. These observations indicate that endogenous PGE2 synthesis mediates, in part, some of the inhibitory actions of the cytokines on the induction of osteocalcin synthesis in response to 1,25(OH)2D3, but not of PTH. Since the antagonism of the synthesis of osteocalcin by rhIL-1 alpha, rhIL-1 beta and rhTNF alpha was not completely abolished following the inhibition of PGE2 synthesis this would indicate that additional PGE2-independent mechanisms also account for the action of these cytokines on osteocalcin production. The nature of these mechanisms is currently not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Evans
- Department of Human Metabolism and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Sheffield Medical School, UK
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41
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Evans DB, Russell RG, Brown BL, Dobson PR. Agents affecting adenylate cyclase activity modulate the stimulatory action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the production of osteocalcin by human bone cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 164:1076-85. [PMID: 2480111 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The stimulation of osteocalcin synthesis by human osteoblast-like cells in response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is antagonised by several bone regulatory agents. We have shown that agents which activate adenylate cyclase inhibit this action of 1,25(OH)2D3 on human osteoblast-like cells. Activation of adenylate cyclase, either via the stimulatory GTP-binding protein using cholera toxin, or directly at the catalytic via the stimulatory GTP-binding protein using cholera toxin, or directly at the catalytic subunit using forskolin, results in a suppression of osteocalcin synthesis. Whilst the activation of adenylate cyclase induces this inhibitory response, neither exogenous dibutyryl cyclic AMP nor the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, IBMX, exerted any apparent effect on the production of osteocalcin. The tumour promoting phorbol ester, 4 beta-phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, also inhibited 1,25(OH)2D3-stimulated osteocalcin production. This was not apparent in response to the non-tumour promoting phorbol ester 4 beta-phorbol suggesting the involvement of protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Evans
- Department of Human Metabolism and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Sheffield Medical School, UK
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42
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Abstract
Many cells and their cytokines produce a significant effect on bone metabolism. Bone matrix synthesis is a function of the osteoblast (Fig 1), influenced directly by numerous local and systemic factors (Tables 1 and 2). Locally synthesized factors such as SGF, BMP, and BDGF may be particularly important in stimulating new bone formation at sites of bone resorption or following bony injury. Of the systemic factors, GH; somatomedin C (IGF-1); high concentrations of insulin, testosterone, PDGF and TGF beta; and low concentrations of PGE2 and IL-1 appear to stimulate bone formation in vitro. These latter factors may be more important in maintaining skeletal growth and bone mass. Bone resorption by osteoclasts (Figs 2 and 3) is also controlled by the osteoblast, as this cell produces a leukotriene-dependent polypeptide that stimulates osteoclastic bone resorption. Osteoblasts cover the periosteal and endosteal bone-surfaces and limit exposure of the underlying bone to osteoclasts. PTH, vitamin D, PGE2, and other systemic factors interact directly with the osteoblast, not the osteoclast. Surface receptor binding of PTH increases intracellular cAMP and calcium and results in release of the factor that stimulates osteoclastic bone resorption. PGE2 induces osteoblasts to activate osteoclasts and is a major controlling factor in bone metabolism; the osteoblast produces PGE2, which can then modify osteoblastic function by positive feedback. Although low concentrations of PGE2 stimulate bone formation, higher concentrations promote osteoblast-mediated bone resorption. Furthermore, many of the systemic factors stimulate bone resorption via a PGE2-associated mechanism. Immune cytokines also appear to exert a profound influence on bone metabolism. INF-gamma inhibits osteoclastic resorption, whereas IL-1, TNF, and LT strongly stimulate bone resorption. However, low concentrations of IL-1 paradoxically result in stimulation of bone formation. These cytokines, particularly in various combinations, may prove extremely important in understanding and treating the bone loss associated with malignancies, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Watrous
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717
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43
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Evans DB, Bunning RA, Van Damme J, Russell RG. Natural human IL-1 beta exhibits regulatory actions on human bone-derived cells in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 159:1242-8. [PMID: 2784676 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that natural homogenous IL-1 beta exhibits regulatory activities on human bone-derived osteoblast-like cells in vitro. IL-1 beta stimulated cellular proliferation and the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 and plasminogen activator activity by the cultured human osteoblast-like cells. In contrast to these stimulatory actions, IL-1 beta antagonised the stimulatory effects of 1.25(OH)2 D3 on the production of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, two markers of the osteoblast phenotype. These studies indicate that this cytokine may therefore have potential physiological and pathological effects on bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Evans
- Department of Human Metabolism and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Sheffield Medical School, UK
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44
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Ohmori Y, Honda K, Kikuchu H, Hanazawa S, Amano S, Hirose K, Takeshita A, Katoh T, Kitano S. Inducing effect of periodontopathic bacteria on interleukin-1 production by mouse peritoneal macrophages. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1988; 3:169-72. [PMID: 3267095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1988.tb00004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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45
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Gowen M, MacDonald BR, Russell RG. Actions of recombinant human gamma-interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha on the proliferation and osteoblastic characteristics of human trabecular bone cells in vitro. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1988; 31:1500-7. [PMID: 3143369 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780311206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Using cultured human osteoblast-like cells, we studied the effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and recombinant human gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN) on osteoblast growth and function, and demonstrated that TNF stimulated bone cell proliferation and prostaglandin production while inhibiting 1,25-(OH)2D3-stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin release. In contrast, gamma-IFN inhibited proliferation and stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity of the cells, while inhibiting 1,25-(OH)2D3-stimulated osteocalcin production and having variable effects on the release of prostaglandins, depending on the presence of other factors. Our results suggest that TNF and gamma-IFN can act directly on bone-forming cells to affect both their proliferation and their differentiated function, and that changes in the ability of cells to produce these factors in disease states may contribute to alterations in the integrity of connective tissue matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gowen
- Department of Human Metabolism and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Sheffield Medical School, United Kingdom
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46
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Vickers C, Herbert A, Neuberger J, Elias E. Improvement in hypertrophic hepatic osteoarthropathy after liver transplantation. Lancet 1988; 2:968. [PMID: 2902417 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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47
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Ikeda E, Kusaka M, Hakeda Y, Yokota K, Kumegawa M, Yamamoto S. Effect of interleukin 1 beta on osteoblastic clone MC3T3-E1 cells. Calcif Tissue Int 1988; 43:162-6. [PMID: 3141017 DOI: 10.1007/bf02571314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of recombinant interleukin 1 Beta (IL-1(beta)) was investigated on osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 cloned from mouse calvaria. IL-1(beta) stimulated cell proliferation which increased cell number and caused dose-related stimulation of DNA synthesis, with a maximal effect at a concentration of 12.5 U/ml; suppressed alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen synthesis maximally at 0.5 and 62.5 U/ml, respectively; and increased the amount of free [3H] hydroxyproline in the cultures, but the amount was quite low. Prostaglandin E2 synthesis was also stimulated dose dependently by the presence of IL-1(beta), with a maximal increase at 2.5 U/ml, at which concentration the prostaglandin E2 level in the medium was 1.61 +/- 0.10 ng/ml. The increased prostaglandin E2 synthesis did not affect either the IL-1(beta)-mediated change in DNA or collagen synthesis or alkaline phosphatase activity. These results extend the possibility that IL-1(beta) is to act as a regulator of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ikeda
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Josai Dental University, Saitama, Japan
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48
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Ohmori Y, Hanazawa S, Amano S, Hirose K, Kumegawa M, Kitano S. Effects of recombinant human interleukin 1 alpha and interleukin 1 beta on cell growth and alkaline phosphatase of the mouse osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 970:22-30. [PMID: 3285895 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(88)90218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human interleukin 1 (rhIL-1)alpha and rhIL-1 beta were examined for their effects on DNA synthesis, cell growth and alkaline phosphatase activity of the mouse osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1. The relative activity of rhIL-1 alpha and rhIL-1 beta was compared in terms of the units which induced half-maximal [3H]thymidine uptake into mouse thymocyte cultures exposed to IL-1. Both rhIL-1 alpha and rhIL-1 beta significantly inhibited DNA synthesis and division of the cells in a concentration- and cultivation time-dependent fashion. In contrast, rhIL-1 alpha and rhIL-1 beta markedly increased alkaline phosphatase activity, which is a marker of osteoblastic differentiation. This activity in cells treated with rhIL-1 alpha and rhIL-1 beta increased about 2.0- and 1.7-fold, respectively, compared with that of control cultures. Inhibition of the DNA synthesis and stimulation of alkaline phosphatase activity by both types of rhIL-1 were completely neutralized by treatment with their respective polyclonal antisera. Also, inhibition of DNA synthesis was unaffected by the addition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors, and stimulation of alkaline phosphatase activity was unaffected by the addition of indomethacin. These results indicate that both rhIL-1 alpha and rhIL-1 beta have qualitatively similar biological effects on osteoblastic cells. They also suggest that IL-1 is an important modulator of the growth and differentiation of osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohmori
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Josai Dental University, Saitama, Japan
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49
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Jandinski JJ. Osteoclast activating factor is now interleukin-1 beta: historical perspective and biological implications. JOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY 1988; 17:145-52. [PMID: 3139850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1988.tb01515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) represents a family of polypeptides with widespread immunological and non-immunological activity. Recent studies show that osteoclast activating factor (OAF) is homologous to IL-1B. In this review, the biological properties, cell sources and actions of IL-1 are discussed. The numerous biological effects of IL-1 on various host systems suggest that elevated levels of the mediator may be an indicator of a pathological process. Since the IL-1 family plays an important role as a key mediator of the inflammatory, immunological and bone resorptive responses it is of considerable concern to dentists.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Jandinski
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Department of Biodental Sciences, Newark 07103-2425
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50
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Goldring MB, Krane SM. Modulation by recombinant interleukin 1 of synthesis of types I and III collagens and associated procollagen mRNA levels in cultured human cells. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)49315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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