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Nciri N, Cho N, Bergaoui N, El Mhamdi F, Ben Ammar A, Trabelsi N, Zekri S, Guémira F, Ben Mansour A, Sassi FH, Ben Aissa-Fennira F. Effect of White Kidney Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Beldia) on Small Intestine Morphology and Function in Wistar Rats. J Med Food 2015; 18:1387-99. [PMID: 26488416 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic ingestion of raw or undercooked kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) causes functional and morphological derangement in various tissues. The major objectives of this study were to investigate the gavage effects of a raw Beldia bean variety that is widely consumed in Tunisia, on the small intestine morphology and jejunal absorption of water, electrolytes, and glucose in Wistar rats. Twenty young male rats were randomly divided into two groups of 10 rats. The first group served as the control and was gavaged with 300 mg of a rodent pellet flour suspension (RPFS), whereas the second experimental group was challenged with 300 mg of a Beldia bean flour suspension (BBFS) for 10 days. Histological studies were performed using light and electron microcopy. The intestinal transport of water, sodium, potassium, and glucose was studied by perfusing the jejunal loops of the small bowels in vivo. The feeding experiments indicated that BBFS did not affect weight gain. Histomorphometric analyses showed that the villus heights, crypt depths, and crypt/villus ratios in the jejunum and ileum were greater in the BBFS-fed rats than controls. Electron microscopy studies demonstrated that the rats exposed to RPFS exhibited intact intestinal tracts; however, the BBFS-treated rats demonstrated intestinal alterations characterized by abnormal microvillus architectures, with short and dense or long and slender features, in addition to the sparse presence of vesicles near the brush border membrane. BBFS administration did not significantly affect glucose absorption. However, significant decreases were observed in water and electrolyte absorption compared with the uptake of the controls. In conclusion, raw Beldia beans distorted jejunum morphology and disturbed hydroelectrolytic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Nciri
- 1 Intestinal Immunophysiology-Research Unit (02/RU/09-02), Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar , Bab Saâdoun, Tunis, Tunisia .,2 Department of Animal Resources, Fisheries, and Food Technology, National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia , El Mahrajène, Tunis, Tunisia .,3 School of Energy, Materials, and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education , Cheonan, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Namjun Cho
- 3 School of Energy, Materials, and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education , Cheonan, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Nacef Bergaoui
- 1 Intestinal Immunophysiology-Research Unit (02/RU/09-02), Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar , Bab Saâdoun, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Faiçal El Mhamdi
- 1 Intestinal Immunophysiology-Research Unit (02/RU/09-02), Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar , Bab Saâdoun, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aouatef Ben Ammar
- 4 Common Services Unit on Transmission Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar , Bab Saâdoun, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Najoua Trabelsi
- 5 Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Salah Azaiez Institute of Carcinology , Bab Saâdoun, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sami Zekri
- 1 Intestinal Immunophysiology-Research Unit (02/RU/09-02), Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar , Bab Saâdoun, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fathi Guémira
- 5 Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Salah Azaiez Institute of Carcinology , Bab Saâdoun, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abderraouf Ben Mansour
- 1 Intestinal Immunophysiology-Research Unit (02/RU/09-02), Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar , Bab Saâdoun, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fayçal Haj Sassi
- 1 Intestinal Immunophysiology-Research Unit (02/RU/09-02), Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar , Bab Saâdoun, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Ben Aissa-Fennira
- 1 Intestinal Immunophysiology-Research Unit (02/RU/09-02), Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar , Bab Saâdoun, Tunis, Tunisia
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Kumar S, Verma AK, Das M, Jain S, Dwivedi PD. Clinical complications of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) consumption. Nutrition 2013; 29:821-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pervin M, Paeng N, Yasui K, Imai S, Isemura M, Yokogoshi H, Nakayama T. Effects of Lens culinaris agglutinin on gene expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in the mouse intestine. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:857-861. [PMID: 21969243 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lectins are proteins that bind specifically to the carbohydrate moiety of glyco-conjugates. Japanese mistletoe lectin given intragastrically affected cytokine gene expression in the mouse intestine. This study examines the actions of Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA) on the gene expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in the intestine. RESULTS The results of quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction indicated that LCA caused an up-regulation of the gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). This change was correlated with an increase in the expression of two transcription factors, HNF1α and HNF4α. Experiments using human colonic cancer Caco-2 cells demonstrated that LCA up-regulated the gene expression of G6Pase and PEPCK whereas insulin had the opposite effect. In addition, the observed up-regulation of HNF4α gene expression in the duodenum raises the possibility that the lectin promotes the colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION Lentil beans should be cooked well to avoid unfavourable effects of LCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monira Pervin
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences and Global COE, University of Shizuoka, Yada, Shizuoka, Japan
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Ramadass B, Dokladny K, Moseley PL, Patel YR, Lin HC. Sucrose co-administration reduces the toxic effect of lectin on gut permeability and intestinal bacterial colonization. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:2778-84. [PMID: 20686845 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Legume lectins can have toxic effects when consumed without adequate cooking, occasionally leading to an acute gastroenteritis. Lectins are sugar binging proteins and may use this property to execute their toxic effects; these toxic effects may be secondary to increased gut bacteria and intestinal permeability. However, whether or not sucrose rescues these toxic effects by decreasing gut bacterial concentration and intestinal permeability is unknown. AIM Our aim was to test the hypothesis that sucrose may reduce toxic effects of legume lectins by protecting barrier function, bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation. METHODS Twenty-four rats were randomized to an ad libitum diet of either standard rat chow, a chow containing 26% crude red kidney beans or a chow containing 26% crude red kidney beans supplemented with 1 mM sucrose in drinking water for 24 h. After 12-h fast, rats were gavaged with sugar probes; breath gas and urine were collected for 5 h. Intestine and liver tissues were then collected. Mucosa-associated total bacterial count were measured by targeting the 16s rRNA gene. Four groups of in vitro Caco-2 cell lines were treated with PBS, 200 μg/ml phytohemagglutinin (PHA), 1 mM sucrose and both 200 μg/ml PHA and 1 mM sucrose, respectively, and trans-epithelial resistance was measured. RESULTS Rats fed crude red kidney beans for 24 h showed significant weight loss when compared to controls (P < 0.05), as well as increased intestinal permeability (P < 0.05), increased bacterial load (P < 0.05) and increased bacterial translocation to the liver (P < 0.05). Sucrose rescues the drop in trans-epithelial resistance due to PHA in CaCO2-cells (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Sucrose reduced crude red kidney beans induced increase in intestinal permeability, bacterial load and translocation. Since red kidney beans are an important source of dietary protein in the world, their potential toxicity when inadequately cooked may be rescued by a suitable complementary diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Ramadass
- Section of Gastroenterology, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Ren J, Shi J, Kakuda Y, Kim D, Xue SJ, Zhao M, Jiang Y. Phytohemagglutinin isolectins extracted and purified from red kidney beans and its cytotoxicity on human H9 lymphoma cell line. Sep Purif Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gupta MK, Uhm SJ, Lee HT. Differential but beneficial effect of phytohemagglutinin on efficiency of in vitro porcine embryo production by somatic cell nuclear transfer or in vitro fertilization. Mol Reprod Dev 2007; 74:1557-67. [PMID: 17474088 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In vitro production of porcine embryos has become routine in most laboratories but the yield and quality of the resultant blastocysts remains sub-optimal. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is an N-acetylgalactosamine/galactose sugar-specific lectin with a wide variety of biological activities including mitogenesis, mediation of cell recognition and agglutination of cells. This study was therefore, designed to investigate the effect of PHA on the preimplantation development and quality of parthenogenetic, somatic cell nuclear transferred (SCNT) and in vitro fertilized (IVF) porcine embryos cultured in the absence or presence of PHA. Analysis showed that, supplementation of PHA significantly improved the blastocyst rate of parthenogenetic (70.6 +/- 0.2 vs. 51.4 +/- 0.6%) and SCNT (27.7 +/- 1.7 vs. 12.5 +/- 0.3%) embryos but not IVF embryos (25.0 +/- 14.3 vs. 20.1 +/- 12.7%). Nonetheless, PHA-treated blastocysts had higher hatching ability and contained higher cell number than control blastocysts in all the groups (P < 0.05). TUNEL labeling revealed that blastocysts cultured in the presence of PHA were less predisposed to biochemical apoptosis and showed lower indices of TUNEL, fragmentation and total apoptosis than those cultured in the absence of PHA (P < 0.05). Real time qRT-PCR analysis of parthenogenetic blastocysts revealed that PHA decreased the expression ratio of BAX:BCL-xL transcripts. Therefore, our study suggests that PHA improves the blastocyst yield and quality by enhancing blastocyst expansion, hatching and total cell number and decreasing the apoptosis. However, PHA has a differential effect on development rate of IVF derived embryos. These results may represent an approach towards achieving better preimplantation development of porcine embryos in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Bio-Organ Research Center, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
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Gupta MK, Uhm SJ, Han DW, Lee HT. Embryo quality and production efficiency of porcine parthenotes is improved by phytohemagglutinin. Mol Reprod Dev 2007; 74:435-44. [PMID: 16998814 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In vitro production of porcine embryos has become routine in most laboratories but the yield and quality of the resultant blastocysts remain suboptimal. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is an N-acetylgalactosamine/galactose sugar-specific lectin with a wide variety of biological activities including mitogenesis, mediation of cell recognition, and agglutination of cells. This study was therefore, designed to investigate the effect of PHA on the preimplantation embryo development and quality of in vitro produced porcine parthenotes. Parthenogenetic presumptive diploid zygotes were produced in vitro by electrical activation and cultured in the absence or presence of PHA at different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 microg/ml). There were no significant differences in the cleavage rate of porcine parthenotes in control and treatment groups at all tested concentrations of PHA (P < 0.05). However, supplementation of PHA at the concentration of 15 microg/ml significantly improved the blastocyst rate (68.9 +/- 1.5% vs. 43.1 +/- 4.1%), hatching rate (25.8 +/- 3.1% vs. 8.9 +/- 2.0%), and total nuclei number (95.5 +/- 9.3 vs. 63.4 +/- 4.3) when compared to control group (P > 0.05). TUNEL labeling revealed that blastocysts in PHA group were less predisposed to biochemical apoptosis than in control group while total apoptosis and nuclear fragmentation remained unaltered. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis further revealed that PHA decreased the expression ratio of BAX/BCL-XL and enhanced the relative abundance of IGF2 transcripts. Therefore, our study suggests that PHA improves the blastocyst yield and quality by enhancing blastocyst expansion, hatching, and total cell number and decreasing the apoptosis by positively modulating the expression of embryo survival related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio-Organ Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Puthoff DP, Sardesai N, Subramanyam S, Nemacheck JA, Williams CE. Hfr-2, a wheat cytolytic toxin-like gene, is up-regulated by virulent Hessian fly larval feedingdouble dagger. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2005; 6:411-423. [PMID: 20565667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2005.00289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Both yield and grain-quality are dramatically decreased when susceptible wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants are infested by Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) larvae. Examination of the changes in wheat gene expression during infestation by virulent Hessian fly larvae has identified the up-regulation of a gene, Hessian fly responsive-2 (Hfr-2), which contains regions similar to genes encoding seed-specific agglutinin proteins from Amaranthus. Hfr-2, however, did not accumulate in developing seeds, as do other wheat seed storage proteins. Additionally, a separate region of the HFR-2 predicted amino acid sequence is similar to haemolytic proteins, from both mushroom and bacteria, that are able to form pores in cell membranes of mammalian red blood cells. The involvement of Hfr-2 in interactions with insects was supported by experiments demonstrating its up-regulation by both fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) infestations but not by virus infection. Examination of wheat defence response pathways showed Hfr-2 up-regulation following methyl jasmonate treatment and only slight up-regulation in response to salicylic acid, abscisic acid and wounding treatments. Like related proteins, HFR-2 may normally function in defence against certain insects or pathogens. However, we propose that as virulent Hessian fly larvae manipulate the physiology of the susceptible host, the HFR-2 protein inserts in plant cell membranes at the feeding sites and by forming pores provides water, ions and other small nutritive molecules to the developing larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Puthoff
- USDA-ARS Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Sasaki M, Fitzgerald AJ, Grant G, Ghatei MA, Wright NA, Goodlad RA. Lectins can reverse the distal intestinal atrophy associated with elemental diets in mice. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16:633-42. [PMID: 11876719 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elemental diets cause intestinal atrophy and reduced intestinal integrity, which can lead to significant increases in intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation. Recently, several lectins have been shown to have trophic effects on the intestine. AIMS We examined the effects of concanavalin-A and phytohaemagglutinin on cell proliferation and crypt fission throughout the intestine of mice fed on elemental diets. METHODS Mice were randomized to chow fed, elemental diet, elemental diet plus concanavalin-A and elemental diet plus phytohaemagglutinin groups. Cell proliferation and crypt fission were estimated in microdissected crypts. Plasma gastrin and enteroglucagon levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Elemental diet feeding significantly decreased cell proliferation and crypt fission of the middle and distal small intestine and throughout the colon. Phytohaemagglutinin significantly increased the weight of the intestine, but concanavalin-A had little effect. Cell proliferation in the small intestine was significantly increased by both lectins. However, in the stomach and colon, only phytohaemagglutinin increased proliferation. Crypt fission in the colon was dramatically increased by phytohaemagglutinin. Phytohaemagglutinin increased the plasma gastrin level, but not the enteroglucagon level. CONCLUSIONS Lectins have significant trophic effects on the small intestine and colon of mice fed elemental diets, and these actions vary between different sites in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sasaki
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Fitches E, Ilett C, Gatehouse AM, Gatehouse LN, Greene R, Edwards JP, Gatehouse JA. The effects of Phaseolus vulgaris erythro- and leucoagglutinating isolectins (PHA-E and PHA-L) delivered via artificial diet and transgenic plants on the growth and development of tomato moth (Lacanobia oleracea) larvae; lectin binding to gut glycoproteins in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 47:1389-1398. [PMID: 12770145 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(01)00129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Red kidney bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, contains a lectin phytohemagglutinin (PHA) with toxicity towards higher animals. PHA exists in the isoforms PHA-E and PHA-L, which agglutinate erythrocytes and lymphocytes, respectively. Lacanobia oleracea larvae were reared from hatch on artificial diets containing PHA-E or PHA-L at 2% (w/w) dietary protein, and on transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing either lectin at 0.4-0.6% of total soluble proteins. In artificial diet bioassays neither lectin affected larval survival, development, growth nor consumption. In transgenic plant bioassays both PHA-E and PHA-L promoted larval growth and development. This effect was greatest for PHA-E. Mean larval biomass of insects fed on plants expressing PHA-E was significantly greater (up to two-fold) than controls during the final two instars and the insects developed at a significantly greater rate so that after 26 days 83% of PHA-E exposed insects were in the final instar compared to 44% for control insects. PHA-E and PHA-L were detected by Western blotting in haemolymph, sampled from insects fed diets or plant material containing the lectins. However, despite the demonstrated potential for both isolectins to bind to gut glycopolypeptides in vitro neither was found to accumulate in vivo in the guts of exposed insects. Since lectin binding to gut polypeptides is thought to be necessary for insecticidal activity the failure of PHA-E and PHA-L to bind in vivo may account for their lack of toxicity to L. oleracea.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fitches
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, YO41 1LZ, York, UK
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Habibi J, Backus EA, Huesing JE. Effects of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on the structure of midgut epithelial cells and localization of its binding sites in western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 46:611-619. [PMID: 10742509 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(99)00147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two histological techniques, bright-field microscopy and immunofluoresecent staining were used to elucidate the lethal effect, target tissues and binding sites of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris L., on the western tarnished plant bug. Bright-field microscopy showed that the nuclei of the foregut epithelial cells were slightly disrupted and elongated but the lumen of the gut was open. The midgut epithelial cells also showed severe disruption. However, the cells of the first and the third ventriculus were much more sensitive to PHA than those in the second ventriculus. The epithelial cells in these two regions were severely disrupted and swollen toward the lumen, resulting in complete closure of the gut. Most of the cells in these regions contained two nuclei. Also, interestingly, the epithelial cells of the hindgut were drastically disrupted leading to complete closure of the lumen. Immunofluoresecent images from the midgut showed that strong binding occurred on brush-border microvilli of the epithelial cells only within the first and third ventriculi, and some signals within their cytoplasm. Thus, immunofluoresecent studies showed that PHA binds preferentially to the midgut region which demonstrates the most severe effects, and that these cells may endocytose the bound PHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Habibi
- Department of Entomology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Bolte G, Knauss M, Metzdorf I, Stern M. Dot blot chemiluminescence assay for studying food protein binding to small intestinal brush border membranes in vitro. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 1997; 34:189-203. [PMID: 9314097 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(97)01214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of food proteins with the apical membrane of small intestinal epithelial cells can influence enterocytic antigen handling. For studying these interactions in vitro, isolated brush border membrane vesicles are a widely accepted model. In order to improve measurement of food protein binding, we developed a sensitive dot blot chemiluminescence assay. This assay comprises immobilization of membrane vesicles on nitrocellulose, detection of bound biotinylated food proteins by a peroxidase-catalyzed chemiluminescence reaction, and densitometric quantitation of signal intensities. By using this assay, saturation of brush border membrane binding of food proteins (gliadin peptides, alpha-casein, beta-lactoglobulin, ovalbumin) was demonstrated. Inhibition studies indicated components of specific membrane binding of gliadin peptides, alpha-casein and beta-lactoglobulin, whereas aggregation tendency of ovalbumin interfered with inhibition experiments. Maximal binding intensities of gliadin peptides (22.2 +/- 1.2 densitometric units (d.u.)/microgram membrane protein), alpha-casein (27.9 +/- 1.7 d.u./microgram) and ovalbumin (21.3 +/- 1.6 d.u./microgram) were comparable to sugar-specific lectin binding (range from 23.4 to 35.1 d.u./microgram), in contrast to significantly less binding of beta-lactoglobulin (6.8 +/- 0.6 d.u./microgram). The dot blot chemiluminescence assay is appropriate for characterizing interactions between food proteins and brush border membranes. Its sensitivity makes investigation of pathological membrane alterations possible. Besides, it might be useful for any studies defining ligand-membrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bolte
- University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
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Gupta A, Sandhu R. In vivo binding of mannose specific lectin from garlic to intestinal epithelium. Nutr Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(97)00040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hagen SJ, Trier JS, Dambrauskas R. Exposure of the rat small intestine to raw kidney beans results in reorganization of absorptive cell microvilli. Gastroenterology 1994; 106:73-84. [PMID: 8276211 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(94)94465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS A single exposure to raw kidney beans (RKB) results in vesiculation, shortening, and then regrowth of microvilli in the rat small intestine. This study investigated changes that occur in the structure of microvilli 2-10 hours after RKB exposure. METHODS Circumferences of microvilli from absorptive cells obtained sequentially after challenge with RKB or chow were assigned to one of three groups: small, intermediate, or large. The distribution and concentration of actin in intact mucosae or isolated epithelial sheets were determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and immunoblot analysis with specific probes. RESULTS Six hours after exposure to RKB, most microvilli were large, abnormal in shape, and contained significantly more actin filaments than large microvilli from control rats. In addition, the fluorescence intensity of F-actin increased within injured microvilli without changes in the total intracellular actin concentration. By 8-10 hours after challenge with RKB, some microvilli remained larger than those of control rats but had resumed their normal shape and contained fewer actin filaments than at 6 hours. CONCLUSIONS Exposure of the rat small intestine to RKB results in enlargement of absorptive cell microvilli and reorganization of membrane and core actin filaments without changes in intracellular actin concentration. Enlarged microvilli are rapidly repaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hagen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Effect of Phaseolus vulgaris lectins on glucose absorption, transport, and metabolism in rat everted intestinal sacs. J Nutr Biochem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0955-2863(93)90073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ayyagari R, Raghunath M, Rao BS. Early effects and the possible mechanism of the effect of Concanavalin A (con A) and Phaseolus vulgaris lectin (PHA-P) on intestinal absorption of calcium and sucrose. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 1993; 43:63-70. [PMID: 8464846 DOI: 10.1007/bf01088097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Food lectins are known to affect the absorption of nutrients in experimental animals and altered morphology of the intestinal mucosa due to prolonged feeding of lectins is suggested to be the cause. However, toxic symptoms appear in humans immediately after consumption of lectin rich foods and the mechanism of this immediate action is not known. This study reports the immediate effect of Concanavalin A (Con A) and Phaseolus vulgaris lectin (PHA-P) on the absorption of Ca2+ and sucrose in rat intestine and the possible role of lectin-membrane interactions in the process. Calcium absorption was lowered by Con A, and this was observed to be due to Con A interacting with the intestinal mucosal membrane. Similarly, sucrose absorption was also altered, probably due to Con A binding the intestinal mucosal membrane. On the other hand PHA-P did not have any effect on either sucrose or calcium absorption. Results indicate that the effect on intestinal nutrient absorption depends on the type of lectin used (and its concentration) as well as the type of nutrient, besides the duration of exposure of intestinal mucosa to the lectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ayyagari
- National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad
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Koninkx JF, Hendriks HG, van Rossum JM, van den Ingh TS, Mouwen JM. Interaction of legume lectins with the cellular metabolism of differentiated Caco-2 cells. Gastroenterology 1992; 102:1516-23. [PMID: 1568561 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(92)91709-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The binding of the legume lectins Phaseolus vulgaris E4 and L4, Glycine max agglutinin, Vicia faba agglutinin, and Pisum sativum agglutinin to intact differentiated Caco-2 cells and to brush border membranes of differentiated Caco-2 cells was investigated, and their impact on the cellular metabolism and the microvilli of these cells was assessed. P. vulgaris isolectin E4 showed the most intense staining after binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled lectin to intact Caco-2 cells. P. sativum agglutinin showed the weakest staining intensity. The dissociation constant for P. vulgaris isolectin E4 and P. sativum agglutinin binding was 0.11 x 10(-5) and 1.69 x 10(-5) mol/L, respectively. The values of the dissociation constants for P. vulgaris isolectin L4, G. max agglutinin, and V. faba agglutinin were situated in between these extremes. Stimulation of thymidine, glucosamine, and fucose incorporation was observed after exposure to P. vulgaris isolectins and soybean agglutinin. V. faba agglutinin had an inhibitory effect, whereas P. sativum agglutinin showed little or no effect. Compared with control cells and P. vulgaris isolectin L4- and P. sativum agglutinin-incubated cells, the microvilli of P. vulgaris isolectin E4-, soybean agglutinin-, and V. faba agglutinin-incubated cells were shortened significantly. The data provide evidence that a correlation exists, not only between the dissociation constants of the lectins and the fluorescent staining intensity, but also between the dissociation constants of the lectins and the extent of the legume lectin-induced changes in the cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Koninkx
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hendriks HG, Kik MJ, Koninkx JF, van den Ingh TS, Mouwen JM. Binding of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) isolectins to differentiated human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells and their effect on cellular metabolism. Gut 1991; 32:196-201. [PMID: 1864541 PMCID: PMC1378808 DOI: 10.1136/gut.32.2.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The binding of Phaseolus vulgaris (PHA) isolectins L4 and E4 to the brush border membrane of differentiated Caco-2 cells was studied and the impact on cellular metabolism and microvilli was assessed. Computer analysis of the data based on binding experiments with peroxidase conjugated isolectins gave mean (SD) values for maximal binding of 2540 (151).10(-9) M for PHA-L4 and 2104 (140).10(-9) M for PHA-E4 per mg of brush border membrane protein. The dissociation constants for L4 and E4 binding were 4.3 (1.4).10(-6) M and 1.1 (0.8).10(-6) M, respectively. Incubation of differentiated Caco-2 cells for 30 minutes with ferritin conjugated PHA isolectins showed that, as indicated by the number of ferritin particles, PHA-E4 bound to the microvilli to a greater extent than PHA-L4. Ferritin particles were also localised intracellularly over endocytotic invaginations and vesicles. After incubation for 48 hours with PHA-L4 or PHA-E4, the relative incorporation of precursors for DNA, RNA, and (glyco)protein synthesis into the trichloroacetic acid insoluble fraction of the Caco-2 cells was determined. Both isolectins stimulated the incorporation of thymidine and glucosamine, but neither PHA-L4 nor PHA-E4 were able to influence the incorporation of uridine. With respect to fucose, methionine, and N-acetyl mannosamine, the stimulatory effect remained confined to PHA-E4. Since PHA-L4 and PHA-E4 were tested at the same concentrations, PHA-E4 is more effective than PHA-L4. The changes in the uptake of radioactive precursors were lost after heat inactivation of PHA-E4. Compared with control and PHA-L4 incubated Caco-2 cells, the microvilli of PHA-E4 incubated cells were shortened significantly (p less than 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Hendriks
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kik MJ, Rojer JM, Mouwen JM, Koninkx JF, van Dijk JE, van der Hage MH. The interaction between plant lectins and the small intestinal epithelium: a primary cause of intestinal disturbance. Vet Q 1989; 11:108-15. [PMID: 2662569 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.1989.9694207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The literature concerning the effects of plant lectins on the small intestinal epithelium is reviewed. It appears that after oral intake, intact plant lectins can reach the small intestinal lumen. Their binding to the mucosal surface evokes an increased synthesis of glycoproteins and a degeneration of the intestinal epithelium. The epithelial alterations may result in hyperregenerative villus atrophy and endogenous nitrogen loss. These changes ultimately can lead to less efficient feed conversion, diminished growth, scouring, wasting and death. The possible significance of plant lectins in digestive disturbances in farm animals is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kik
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Larson G, Falk P, Howard R, Banwell JG. Intestinal sphingolipid excretion associated with feeding of phytohemagglutinin lectin (Phaseolus vulgaris) to germ-free and conventional rats. Glycoconj J 1989; 6:539-50. [PMID: 2535498 DOI: 10.1007/bf01053776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal sphingolipids of feces of germ-free and conventional rats were analyzed during the pair feeding of a complete defined diet containing phytohemagglutinin lectin (PHA) from red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) as 1% dietary protein in comparison to casein fed controls. Phytohemagglutinin in the diet increased the total fecal excretion of sphingomyelins (18-fold for germ-free and 20-fold for conventional rats), of non-acid glycosphingolipids (3.5-fold for germ-free and 9-fold for conventional rats) and also of the gangliosides (2.5-fold) for the germ-free rats compared to controls. For germ-free rats the increase of non-acid glycolipids was ascribed to an effect of the lectin strictly on the small intestinal mucosa, while for conventional rats an effect was seen also on the large intestinal mucosa. Increase of fecal gangliosides of germ-free rats was due mainly to an increased excretion of N-acetylneuraminosyl-lactosylceramide, a ganglioside species restricted to epithelial cells of duodenum, of upper jejunum and of large intestines. The effects on glycolipid excretion observed in germ-free rats and the rather similar effects seen in conventional animals suggested that the influence of dietary PHA was due directly to effects elicited by PHA binding to the enterocyte brush border membrane and not to secondary effects induced by increase in the luminal microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Larson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Gothenburg University, Sahlgren's Hospital, Sweden
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Raedler A, Schreiber S. Analysis of differentiation and transformation of cells by lectins. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1988; 26:153-93. [PMID: 3067975 DOI: 10.3109/10408368809106861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During differentiation cells are known to change their biological behavior according to their genotype. This is thought to be accompanied by a modulation of cell surface determinants expressed on the outer cell membrane. Vice versa, cell surface molecules are suggested to mediate extracellular signals to the genome. Most of these molecules integrated in the cell membrane have been proven to be glycoconjugates. The carbohydrate moieties of these molecules can be detected by means of lectins that are characterized by their ability to react specifically with distinct terminal sugar sequences. Thus, lectins have been used as appropriate tools for studying the modulation of functionally important membrane-associated molecules during the differentiation of cells, in particular of B- and T-lymphocytes. Moreover, lectins have been proven to distinguish between differentiated cells and malignant cell clones, according to the hypothesis that transformed cells possess a glycoconjugate profile that corresponds to the stage of differentiation at which they are arrested. Since lectins, like monoclonal antibodies, make it possible to study functionally important molecules that are associated with differentiation and malignancy, they might be of value for diagnostic purposes and, moreover, for analyzing malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raedler
- Medical Department, University of Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Hendriks HG, Koninkx JF, Draaijer M, van Dijk JE, Raaijmakers JA, Mouwen JM. Quantitative determination of the lectin binding capacity of small intestinal brush-border membrane. An enzyme linked lectin sorbent assay (ELLSA). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 905:371-5. [PMID: 3318929 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(87)90465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A test to determine quantitatively the lectin binding sites in brush-border membranes has been developed. Highly purified bovine small intestinal brush-border membranes were prepared, and subsequently coated directly to the bottom of a microtiter plate. Soybean agglutinin conjugated with peroxidase was coupled to its binding sites in the brush-border membranes and the peroxidase activity was determined in a spectrophotometer. The number of soybean agglutinin binding sites in the brush-border membranes has been established by means of iterized computer fit analysis of the data, indicating values for maximal binding of 7.10(-7) M soybean agglutinin per mg of brush-border membrane protein and a dissociation constant of 1.5.10(-5) M.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Hendriks
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hirani S, Bernasconi RJ, Rasmussen JR. Use of N-glycanase to release asparagine-linked oligosaccharides for structural analysis. Anal Biochem 1987; 162:485-92. [PMID: 3605611 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(87)90424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An enzymatic procedure for releasing asparagine-linked oligosaccharides from glycoproteins by treatment with N-glycanase (peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase) has been investigated. Ribonuclease B, transferrin, fetuin, and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein were treated with N-glycanase and the released oligosaccharides were radiolabeled with NaB3H4. Lectin staining of the N-glycanase-treated proteins indicated that the deglycosylation reactions had proceeded to completion. The labeled carbohydrate chains were analyzed by HPLC on Micro-Pak AX-5 and AX-10 columns. The proportion of high-mannose and bi-, tri-, and tetraantennary complex chains obtained from each glycoprotein was in agreement with literature values. These results demonstrate that N-glycanase provides a simple method to release all common classes of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides from a glycoprotein in a form that can be radiolabeled directly for structural analysis.
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