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Ripamonti C, Fulfaro F, Ticozzi C, Casuccio A, De Conno F. Role of Pamidronate Disodium in the Treatment of Metastatic Bone Disease. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 84:442-55. [PMID: 9824995 DOI: 10.1177/030089169808400403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims and Background Bone metastases are a common feature of advanced neoplastic disease and are considered to be among the most frequent causes of pain and complications in oncologic patients. The main objective of the treatment of such patients is to control their symptoms and improve their quality of life. Pamidronate disodium is a second-generation bisphosphonate capable of inhibiting bone resorption (particularly osteoclast activity) without affecting bone reminerali-zation. After a brief introduction concerning the pathophysiology of bone metastases and neoplastic bone pain, we herein present data on the clinical pharmacology and toxicity of bisphosphonates in general, and pamidronate in particular. We conclude by reviewing the literature on the use of pamidronate in phase II and III trials involving patients with metastatic bone disease. Methods The paper is based on a review of articles published between 1984 and 1997 selected from the Cancerline and Medline databases. Results In the considered phase II and III studies involving patients with bone metastases (breast cancer and multiple myeloma in particular), pamidronate proved to be efficacious in reducing the incidence of pain and skeletal complications, decreasing the excretion of metabolic markers of bone resorption and improving the quality of life. Intravenous infusions of 60-90 mg over a period of 2 hr every 3-4 weeks did not cause any significant toxic effects and was easily managed. Conclusions Pamidronate is a bisphosphonate that is efficacious in the treatment of symptomatic bone metastases and can be considered an important therapeutic option in association with systemic treatments, radiotherapy and normal supportive care, especially in patients with breast cancer and multiple myeloma. Further randomized studies are necessary to confirm the positive preliminary results in other neoplasms, analyze the cost/benefit ratio of the treatment, and verify the possibility that, in addition to being used for palliative purposes, pamidronate may also prevent or delay the appearance of bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ripamonti
- Pain Therapy and Palliative Care Division, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Valdez J, Mercau G, Vitalone H, Perdigon G. Histological Study of Murine Fibrosarcoma Treated with Prostaglandin Inhibitors. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/039463209200500306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous work we reported that treatment with indomethacin, aspirin and piroxicam in inbred BALB/c mice bearing a transplantable fibrosarcoma induced by methylcholanthrene produced tumor regressions in 45, 32 and 30 per cent of the animals, respectively. In the remaining mice, in which there was no tumor regression, tumor volumes varied (small 0.05<0,5 cm3 medium 0,5<1,35 cm3 and large > 1,35 cm3). In this histological study we observed that the antitumoral effect of these nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs occurred together with a remarkable tumor encapsulation and a decrease in the physical characteristics of malignancy of the tumor cells. The tumor-associated macrophages, which can be detected only by the iron-dextran phagocytosis but not by that of colloidal carbon or trypan blue, were found in the peritumoral area in all cases under study. Their numbers and/or phagocytic capacity were slightly increased in both regressing and small tumors with respect to large, medium and control tumors. These findings suggest that the action of these prostaglandin synthesis inhibiting drugs would permit tumor encapsulation by an improvement in the macrophage-fibroblast relationship together with a decrease in the malignancy of the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.C. Valdez
- Sección de Inmunología, Instituto de Microbiología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Ayacucho 491. (4000). Tucumán
| | - G.T. Mercau
- Cátedra de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, República Argentina
| | - H. Vitalone
- Cátedra de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, República Argentina
| | - G. Perdigon
- Sección de Inmunología, Instituto de Microbiología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Ayacucho 491. (4000). Tucumán
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Abstract
The immune system has the power to modulate the expression of radiation-induced normal and tumor tissue damage. On the one hand, it can contribute to cancer cure, and on the other hand, it can influence acute and late radiation side effects, which in many ways resemble acute and chronic inflammatory disease states. The way radiation-induced inflammation feeds into adaptive antigen-specific immune responses adds another dimension to the tumor-host cross talk during radiation therapy and to possible radiation-driven autoimmune responses. Understanding how radiation affects inflammation and immunity is therefore critical if we are to effectively manipulate these forces for benefit in radiation oncology treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ewa D Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Josephine A Ratikan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael W Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
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Schaue D, McBride WH. Opportunities and challenges of radiotherapy for treating cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2015; 12:527-40. [PMID: 26122185 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The past 20 years have seen dramatic changes in the delivery of radiation therapy, but the impact of radiobiology on the clinic has been far less substantial. A major consideration in the use of radiotherapy has been on how best to exploit differences between the tumour and host tissue characteristics, which in the past has been achieved empirically by radiation-dose fractionation. New advances are uncovering some of the mechanistic processes that underlie this success story. In this Review, we focus on how these processes might be targeted to improve the outcome of radiotherapy at the individual patient level. This approach would seem a more productive avenue of treatment than simply trying to increase the radiation dose delivered to the tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Room B3-109, Center for Health Sciences, Westwood, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Room B3-109, Center for Health Sciences, Westwood, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA
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Long KB, Beatty GL. Harnessing the antitumor potential of macrophages for cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e26860. [PMID: 24498559 PMCID: PMC3902119 DOI: 10.4161/onci.26860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages constitute a dominant fraction of the population of immune cells that infiltrate developing tumors. Recruited by tumor-derived signals, tumor-infiltrating macrophages are key orchestrators of a microenvironment that supports tumor progression. However, the phenotype of macrophages is pliable and, if instructed properly, macrophages can mediate robust antitumor functions through their ability to eliminate malignant cells, inhibit angiogenesis, and deplete fibrosis. While much effort has focused on strategies to block the tumor-supporting activity of macrophages, emerging approaches designed to instruct macrophages with antitumor properties are demonstrating promise and may offer a novel strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen B Long
- Abramson Cancer Center; Department of Medicine; Division of Hematology-Oncology; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Gregory L Beatty
- Abramson Cancer Center; Department of Medicine; Division of Hematology-Oncology; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
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Schaue D, Kachikwu EL, McBride WH. Cytokines in radiobiological responses: a review. Radiat Res 2012; 178:505-23. [PMID: 23106210 DOI: 10.1667/rr3031.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines function in many roles that are highly relevant to radiation research. This review focuses on how cytokines are structurally organized, how they are induced by radiation, and how they orchestrate mesenchymal, epithelial and immune cell interactions in irradiated tissues. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are the major components of immediate early gene programs and as such can be rapidly activated after tissue irradiation. They converge with the effects of ionizing radiation in that both generate free radicals including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). "Self" molecules secreted or released from cells after irradiation feed the same paradigm by signaling for ROS and cytokine production. As a result, multilayered feedback control circuits can be generated that perpetuate the radiation tissue damage response. The pro-inflammatory phase persists until such times as perceived challenges to host integrity are eliminated. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory cytokines then act to restore homeostasis. The balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory forces may shift to and fro for a long time after radiation exposure, creating waves as the host tries to deal with persisting pathogenesis. Individual cytokines function within socially interconnected groups to direct these integrated cellular responses. They hunt in packs and form complex cytokine networks that are nested within each other so as to form mutually reinforcing or antagonistic forces. This yin-yang balance appears to have redox as a fulcrum. Because of their social organization, cytokines appear to have a considerable degree of redundancy and it follows that an elevated level of a specific cytokine in a disease situation or after irradiation does not necessarily implicate it causally in pathogenesis. In spite of this, "driver" cytokines are emerging in pathogenic situations that can clearly be targeted for therapeutic benefit, including in radiation settings. Cytokines can greatly affect intrinsic cellular radiosensitivity, the incidence and type of radiation tissue complications, bystander effects, genomic instability and cancer. Minor and not so minor, polymorphisms in cytokine genes give considerable diversity within populations and are relevant to causation of disease. Therapeutic intervention is made difficult by such complexity; but the potential prize is great.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Schaue
- David Geffen School Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1714, USA.
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Interactions between rnacrophage cytokines and eicosanoids in expression of antitumour activity. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 1:295-308. [PMID: 18475475 PMCID: PMC2365362 DOI: 10.1155/s0962935192000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and eicosanoid products of macrophages play an essential role in expression of antitumour activity of macrophages either in a cell-to-cell contact system between the effector and the target cell or as cell-free soluble products. In this review the relationship between three main monokines, namely TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 and the interrelationship between these monokines and eicosanoids (PGE2, PGI2, LTB4, LTC4) in their production and in expression of antitumour activity is discussed. Emphasis is given to the effect of tumour burden on production of the monokines and of the eicosanoids and on the production of these compounds by the tumour cells. Finally, the therapeutic implications drawn from animal studies and clinical trials is discussed.
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Cho HR, Choi SH, Lee N, Hyeon T, Kim H, Moon WK. Macrophages homing to metastatic lymph nodes can be monitored with ultrasensitive ferromagnetic iron-oxide nanocubes and a 1.5T clinical MR scanner. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29575. [PMID: 22253739 PMCID: PMC3254614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the ability of macrophages to specifically home to tumors, their potential use as a delivery vehicle for cancer therapeutics has been suggested. Tracking the delivery and engraftment of macrophages into human tumors with a 1.5T clinical MR scanner requires the development of sensitive contrast agents for cell labeling. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether intravenously injected macrophages could target a primary tumor as well as metastatic LNs, and whether these cells could be detected in vivo by MRI. Methodology Peritoneal macrophages were obtained from BALB/c nude mice. The viability, phagocytotic capacity and migratory activity of the macrophages were assessed. MR imaging was performed using a clinical 1.5 T MR scanner and we estimated the T2* of the labeled macrophages. Metastatic lymph nodes were produced in BALB/c nude mice. We administrated 2×106 macrophages labeled with 50 µg Fe/mL FIONs intravenously into the mice. In the 3D T2* GRE MR images obtained one day after the injection of the labeled macrophages or FION solution, the percentages of pixels in the tumors or LNs below the minimum normalized SI (signal intensity) threshold were summated and reported as the black pixel count (%) for the FION hypointensity. Tumors in the main tumor model as well as the brachial, axillary and inguinal lymph nodes in the metastatic LN models were removed and stained. For all statistical analyses, single-group data were assessed using t test or the Mann-Whitney test. Repeated measurements analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey–Kramer post hoc comparisons were performed for multiple comparisons. Conclusions The FION-labeled macrophages, which could be non-invasively monitored using a 1.5 T clinical MR scanner, targeted both the main tumors and LN metastases. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the use of macrophages may have many future applications in the clinic for vectorizing therapeutic agents toward main tumors as well as LN metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Rim Cho
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Radiation Applied Life Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hong Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nohyun Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Oxide Nanocrystalline Materials and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Oxide Nanocrystalline Materials and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeonjin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Moon
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Radiation Applied Life Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Halvorson KG, Sevcik MA, Ghilardi JR, Sullivan LJ, Koewler NJ, Bauss F, Mantyh PW. Intravenous ibandronate rapidly reduces pain, neurochemical indices of central sensitization, tumor burden, and skeletal destruction in a mouse model of bone cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 2008; 36:289-303. [PMID: 18411018 PMCID: PMC2638081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Over half of all chronic cancer pain arises from metastases to bone and bone cancer pain is one of the most difficult of all persistent pain states to fully control. Currently, bone pain is treated primarily by opioid-based therapies, which are frequently accompanied by significant unwanted side effects. In an effort to develop nonopioid-based therapies that could rapidly attenuate tumor-induced bone pain, we examined the effect of intravenous administration of the bisphosphonate, ibandronate, in a mouse model of bone cancer pain. Following injection and confinement of green fluorescent protein-transfected murine osteolytic 2472 sarcoma cells into the marrow space of the femur of male C3H/HeJ mice, ibandronate was administered either as a single dose (300 microg/kg), at Day 7 post-tumor injection, when tumor-induced bone destruction and pain were first evident, or in three consecutive doses (100 microg/kg/day) at Days 7, 8, and 9 post-tumor injection. Intravenous ibandronate administered once or in three consecutive doses reduced ongoing and movement-evoked bone cancer pain-related behaviors, neurochemical markers of central sensitization, tumor burden, and tumor-induced bone destruction. These results support limited clinical trials that suggest the potential of ibandronate to rapidly attenuate bone pain and illuminate the mechanisms that may be responsible for limiting pain and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Halvorson
- Neurosystems Center and Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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10
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Lau YS, Adamopoulos IE, Sabokbar A, Giele H, Gibbons CLMH, Athanasou NA. Cellular and humoral mechanisms of osteoclast formation in Ewing's sarcoma. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1716-22. [PMID: 17533390 PMCID: PMC2359921 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular mechanisms that account for tumour osteolysis associated with Ewing's sarcoma are uncertain. Osteoclasts are marrow-derived multinucleated cells (MNCs) that effect tumour osteolysis. Osteoclasts are known to form from macrophages by both receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB (RANK) ligand (RANKL)-dependent and -independent mechanisms. In this study, our aim has been to determine whether tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) isolated from Ewing's sarcoma are capable of differentiating into osteoclasts and to characterise the cellular and humoral mechanisms whereby this occurs. Tumour-associated macrophages were isolated from two Ewing's sarcomas and cultured on both coverslips and dentine slices for up to 21 days with soluble RANKL and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). Osteoclast formation from TAMs (CD14+) was evidenced by the formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and vitronectin receptor (VNR)-positive MNCs, which were capable of carrying out lacunar resorption. This osteoclast formation was inhibited by the addition of bisphosphonates. Both Ewing's sarcoma-derived fibroblasts and some bone stromal cells expressed RANKL and supported osteoclast formation by a contact-dependent mechanism. We also found that osteoclast differentiation occurred when Ewing's TAMs were cultured with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the presence of M-CSF and that TC71 Ewing's sarcoma cells stimulated osteoclast formation through the release of a soluble factor, the action of which was abolished by an antibody to TNF-α. These results indicate that TAMs in Ewing's sarcoma are capable of osteoclast differentiation by both RANKL-dependent and TNF-α-dependent mechanisms and that Ewing's sarcoma cells produce osteoclastogenic factor(s). Our findings suggest that anti-resorptive and anti-osteoclastogenic therapies may be useful in inhibiting the osteolysis of Ewing's sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Lau
- Department of Pathology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - I E Adamopoulos
- Department of Pathology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - A Sabokbar
- Department of Pathology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - H Giele
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - C L M H Gibbons
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - N A Athanasou
- Department of Pathology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
- E-mail:
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Szabo KA, Singh G. Modulation of monocyte matrix metalloproteinase-2 by breast adenocarcinoma cells. Breast Cancer Res 2005; 7:R661-8. [PMID: 16168111 PMCID: PMC1242127 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The presence of monocyte and macrophage cells in growing breast tumors, and the positive relationship between the degree of immune cell infiltration and tumor growth, suggest a possible paracrine growth regulatory function of immune cells in breast cancer. Method To better understand the interaction between monocytes and breast cancer cells, in vitro matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase activity was assessed from the THP-1 myeloid cell line in response to conditioned media from two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Results Enzymography and immunoblotting revealed increased MMP-2 as well as increased levels of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Furthermore, a significant increase in the invasive potential of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells was noted in response to THP-1 cell-conditioned media. Conclusion These data demonstrate that monocyte cells in the breast tumor microenvironment play an important role in the modulation of MMPs, which may have a significant effect on the control of tumor growth and metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Szabo
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gurmit Singh
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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de la Torre E, Davel L, Jasnis MA, Gotoh T, de Lustig ES, Sales ME. Muscarinic receptors participation in angiogenic response induced by macrophages from mammary adenocarcinoma-bearing mice. Breast Cancer Res 2005; 7:R345-52. [PMID: 15987429 PMCID: PMC1143557 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Revised: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The role of macrophages in tumor progression has generated contradictory evidence. We had previously demonstrated the ability of peritoneal macrophages from LMM3 murine mammary adenocarcinoma-bearing mice (TMps) to increase the angiogenicity of LMM3 tumor cells, mainly through polyamine synthesis. Here we investigate the ability of the parasympathetic nervous system to modulate angiogenesis induced by TMps through the activation of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAchR). Methods Peritoneal macrophages from female BALB/c mice bearing a 7-day LMM3 tumor were inoculated intradermally (3 × 105 cells per site) into syngeneic mice. Before inoculation, TMps were stimulated with the muscarinic agonist carbachol in the absence or presence of different muscarinic antagonists or enzyme inhibitors. Angiogenesis was evaluated by counting vessels per square millimeter of skin. The expression of mAchR, arginase and cyclo-oxygenase (COX) isoforms was analyzed by Western blotting. Arginase and COX activities were evaluated by urea and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, respectively. Results TMps, which stimulate neovascularization, express functional mAchR, because carbachol-treated TMps potently increased new blood vessels formation. This response was completely blocked by preincubating TMps with pirenzepine and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine (4-DAMP), M1 and M3 receptor antagonists, and partly by the M2 receptor antagonist methoctramine. M1 receptor activation by carbachol in TMps triggers neovascularization through arginase products because Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine reversed the agonist action. Preincubation of TMps with methoctramine partly prevented carbachol-stimulated urea formation. In addition, COX-derived liberation of PGE2 is responsible for the promotion of TMps angiogenic activity by M3 receptor. We also detected a higher expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in TMps than in macrophages from normal mice. Carbachol significantly increased VEGF expression in TMps, and this effect was totally reversed by methoctramine and pirenzepine. Arginase and COX inhibitors partly decreased VEGF derived from TMps. Conclusion TMps themselves induce a potent angiogenic response that is augmented by carbachol action. mAchR activation triggers arginine metabolism, PGE2 synthesis and VEGF production, promoting neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia de la Torre
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Instituto de Oncología A.H. Roffo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lilia Davel
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Instituto de Oncología A.H. Roffo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María A Jasnis
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Instituto de Oncología A.H. Roffo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomomi Gotoh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eugenia Sacerdote de Lustig
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Instituto de Oncología A.H. Roffo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María E Sales
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Instituto de Oncología A.H. Roffo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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McBride WH, Chiang CS, Olson JL, Wang CC, Hong JH, Pajonk F, Dougherty GJ, Iwamoto KS, Pervan M, Liao YP. A Sense of Danger from Radiation1. Radiat Res 2004; 162:1-19. [PMID: 15222781 DOI: 10.1667/rr3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Tissue damage caused by exposure to pathogens, chemicals and physical agents such as ionizing radiation triggers production of generic "danger" signals that mobilize the innate and acquired immune system to deal with the intrusion and effect tissue repair with the goal of maintaining the integrity of the tissue and the body. Ionizing radiation appears to do the same, but less is known about the role of "danger" signals in tissue responses to this agent. This review deals with the nature of putative "danger" signals that may be generated by exposure to ionizing radiation and their significance. There are a number of potential consequences of "danger" signaling in response to radiation exposure. "Danger" signals could mediate the pathogenesis of, or recovery from, radiation damage. They could alter intrinsic cellular radiosensitivity or initiate radioadaptive responses to subsequent exposure. They may spread outside the locally damaged site and mediate bystander or "out-of-field" radiation effects. Finally, an important aspect of classical "danger" signals is that they link initial nonspecific immune responses in a pathological site to the development of specific adaptive immunity. Interestingly, in the case of radiation, there is little evidence that "danger" signals efficiently translate radiation-induced tumor cell death into the generation of tumor-specific immunity or normal tissue damage into autoimmunity. The suggestion is that radiation-induced "danger" signals may be inadequate in this respect or that radiation interferes with the generation of specific immunity. There are many issues that need to be resolved regarding "danger" signaling after exposure to ionizing radiation. Evidence of their importance is, in some areas, scant, but the issues are worthy of consideration, if for no other reason than that manipulation of these pathways has the potential to improve the therapeutic benefit of radiation therapy. This article focuses on how normal tissues and tumors sense and respond to danger from ionizing radiation, on the nature of the signals that are sent, and on the impact on the eventual consequences of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1714, USA.
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14
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Bingle L, Brown NJ, Lewis CE. The role of tumour-associated macrophages in tumour progression: implications for new anticancer therapies. J Pathol 2002; 196:254-65. [PMID: 11857487 DOI: 10.1002/path.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1445] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The role of macrophages in tumour growth and development is complex and multifaceted. Whilst there is limited evidence that tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) can be directly tumouricidal and stimulate the anti-tumour activity of T cells, there is now contrasting evidence that tumour cells are able to block or evade the activity of TAMs at the tumour site. In some cases, tumour-derived molecules even redirect TAM activities to promote tumour survival and growth. Indeed, evidence has emerged for a symbiotic relationship between tumour cells and TAMs, in which tumour cells attract TAMs and sustain their survival, with TAMs then responding to micro-environmental factors in tumours such as hypoxia (low oxygen tension) by producing important mitogens as well as various growth factors and enzymes that stimulate tumour angiogenesis. This review presents evidence for the number and/or distribution of TAMs being linked to prognosis in different types of human malignancy. It also outlines the range of pro- and anti-tumour functions performed by TAMs, and the novel therapies recently devised using TAMs to stimulate host immune responses or deliver therapeutic gene constructs to solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bingle
- Tumour Targeting Group, Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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Nakayama M, Kayagaki N, Yamaguchi N, Okumura K, Yagita H. Involvement of TWEAK in interferon gamma-stimulated monocyte cytotoxicity. J Exp Med 2000; 192:1373-80. [PMID: 11067885 PMCID: PMC2193363 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.9.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TWEAK, a new member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, induces cell death in some tumor cell lines, but its physiological functions are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of TWEAK in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by using newly generated anti-human TWEAK mAbs. Although freshly isolated PBMCs expressed no detectable level of TWEAK on their surfaces, a remarkable TWEAK expression was rapidly observed on monocytes upon stimulation with interferon (IFN)-gamma but not with IFN-alpha or lipopolysaccharide. Cytotoxic activity of IFN-gamma-stimulated monocytes against human squamous carcinoma cell line HSC3 was inhibited partially by anti-TWEAK mAb alone and almost completely by combination with anti-TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) mAb. These results revealed a novel pathway of monocyte cytotoxicity against tumor cells that is mediated by TWEAK and potentiated by IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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16
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Chapple KS, Cartwright EJ, Hawcroft G, Tisbury A, Bonifer C, Scott N, Windsor AC, Guillou PJ, Markham AF, Coletta PL, Hull MA. Localization of cyclooxygenase-2 in human sporadic colorectal adenomas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 156:545-53. [PMID: 10666384 PMCID: PMC1850032 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A putative target for the anti-colorectal cancer action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase (COX), COX-2. COX-2 is expressed within intestinal adenomas in murine polyposis models, but expression has been poorly characterized in human colorectal neoplasms. Therefore, we investigated the localization of the COX-2 protein in human sporadic colorectal adenomas. Immunohistochemistry for COX-2 and CD68 (a tissue macrophage marker) was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (n = 52) and frozen, acetone-fixed (n = 6) sections of human sporadic colorectal adenomas. Forty of 52 (77%) formalin-fixed adenomas expressed immunoreactive COX-2. COX-2 was localized to superficial interstitial macrophages in 39 cases (75%) and to deep interstitial macrophages in 9 cases (17%). COX-2 staining of dysplastic epithelial cells was observed in 15 cases (29%). A logistic regression analysis identified the adenoma site (P = 0.012) and histological type (P = 0.001) as independent predictors of superficial macrophage COX-2 expression. There was no relationship between the number of macrophages within an adenoma and macrophage COX-2 expression. These results indicate that COX-2 is expressed predominantly by interstitial macrophages within human sporadic colorectal adenomas. If COX-2 does indeed play a role in the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis in man, these data suggest COX-2-mediated paracrine signaling between the macrophages and epithelial cells within adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Chapple
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Histopathology, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
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17
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Abstract
The cancer-related event that is most disruptive to the cancer patient's quality of life is pain. To begin to define the mechanisms that give rise to cancer pain, we examined the neurochemical changes that occur in the spinal cord and associated dorsal root ganglia in a murine model of bone cancer. Twenty-one days after intramedullary injection of osteolytic sarcoma cells into the femur, there was extensive bone destruction and invasion of the tumor into the periosteum, similar to that found in patients with osteolytic bone cancer. In the spinal cord, ipsilateral to the cancerous bone, there was a massive astrocyte hypertrophy without neuronal loss, an expression of dynorphin and c-Fos protein in neurons in the deep laminae of the dorsal horn. Additionally, normally non-noxious palpation of the bone with cancer induced behaviors indicative of pain, the internalization of the substance P receptor, and c-Fos expression in lamina I neurons. The alterations in the neurochemistry of the spinal cord and the sensitization of primary afferents were positively correlated with the extent of bone destruction and the growth of the tumor. This "neurochemical signature" of bone cancer pain appears unique when compared to changes that occur in persistent inflammatory or neuropathic pain states. Understanding the mechanisms by which the cancer cells induce this neurochemical reorganization may provide insight into peripheral factors that drive spinal cord plasticity and in the development of more effective treatments for cancer pain.
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18
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Dinapoli MR, Calderon CL, Lopez DM. The altered tumoricidal capacity of macrophages isolated from tumor-bearing mice is related to reduce expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. J Exp Med 1996; 183:1323-9. [PMID: 8666890 PMCID: PMC2192536 DOI: 10.1084/jem.183.4.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a major effector molecule in the destruction of tumor cells by activated macrophages. However, in many cases, developing neoplasms appear to be capable of impairing steps in the complex process leading to NO production as a means of avoiding immune destruction. After activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peritoneal-elicited macrophages (PEM) from mice bearing mammary tumors display alterations in their ability to lyse tumor cells due to reduced production of NO. In contrast, when these same cells are stimulated with LPS in combination with interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), they are able to produce NO and lyse targets at normal levels. Since tumor-associated macrophages are intimately associated with the cells of the developing tumor, their ability to produce NO and lyse tumor targets is likely to be more relevant to controlling tumor growth. This population of macrophages exhibited a more profound inability to produce NO and lyse targets and, unlike the PEM, was not able to upregulate these functions even when treated with combinations of LPS and IFN-gamma. Northern and Western blots revealed that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein levels correlated directly with the ability of each macrophage population to produce NO, and the levels of these macromolecules were altered sufficiently in tumor bearers' macrophages to account for the diminished NO production described. These results indicate that a spatial gradient of suppression of macrophage cytolytic activity and iNOS expression exists in mammary tumor-bearing mice, whereby macrophages from within the tumor exhibit a more pronounced suppression than the more distally located PEM. This suppression may be due to proximity of the macrophages to the developing tumor, macrophage maturational state, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Dinapoli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33136, USA
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19
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Chiu RK, Droll A, Cooper DL, Dougherty ST, Dirks JF, Dougherty GJ. Molecular mechanisms regulating the hyaluronan binding activity of the adhesion protein CD44. J Neurooncol 1995; 26:231-9. [PMID: 8750189 DOI: 10.1007/bf01052626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we describe the isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone designated B6F1.3, that appears to 'activate' the hyaluronan-binding capacity of CD44 upon transfection into the murine fibroblastoid cell line MOP8. Sequence analysis indicates that the putative regulatory molecule encoded by this clone is identical to the murine interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain (mIL-2R gamma), a recently described type 1 transmembrane protein that constitutes an integral component of the cell surface receptors that bind a number of cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and perhaps also IL-13. Mutations in this molecule have been shown to be responsible for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) in humans. With the exception of bone marrow, the mIL-2R gamma chain was found to be expressed at high levels on all hemopoietic cell lines and tissue types examined. Non-hemopoietic tissues are generally negative. FACS analysis and Western blot analysis indicated respectively that B6F1.3 does not mediate its effects by upregulating the expression of CD44 or by altering the alternative splicing of the molecule. Removal of the cytoplasmic tail of the mIL-2R gamma chain, including a Src homology region 2 (SH2) subdomain, abolished its ability to enhance CD44-mediated binding to hyaluronan suggesting the involvement of signal transduction events triggered via the cytoplasmic domain in the 'activation' process. Determining whether activating molecules such as B6F1.3 are co-expressed within tumor cells may help improve the potential value of CD44 as a diagnostic marker of metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Chiu
- Terry Fox Laboratory, B.C. Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
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20
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Evans R, Kamdar SJ, Duffy TM. Qualitative and quantitative intratumoral changes in gene expression following cyclophosphamide injection and the adoptive transfer of T cells: the potential contribution of tumor-associated macrophages. Int J Cancer 1994; 56:568-73. [PMID: 8112893 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910560417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy (AIT) of mice bearing the MCA/76-9 rhabdomyosarcoma in combination with cyclophosphamide (CY) injection results in the permanent regression of tumors. This report is concerned with changes in the tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) population and the influence of both CY injection and CY/AIT on their potential functions. Sequential analyses of FcR, MAC-I and Class-II MHC antigen expressed by tumor-associated cells (TAC) showed that CY injection or CY/AIT induced marked increases in the proportions of all 3 parameters as compared with the relatively stable levels in progressing tumors. These changes were time- and treatment-related. The mean MAC-I fluorescence (antigen density per cell) increased nearly 2-fold by 48 hr after CY injection, regardless of subsequent AIT. In contrast, the density of Class-II antigen per cell declined by as much as 75% within 48 hr after CY injection and did not recover by 7 days. This initial decline was also seen after CY/AIT and was followed by a rapid recovery to near-normal values by day 7. Northern analysis of RNA isolated from whole tumor tissue indicated wide fluctuations in expression of the typical macrophage genes encoding the proteins MAC-I, IL-I alpha, IL-I beta, TNF alpha, IA beta and c-fms. However, with the exception of MAC-I and IL-1 alpha/IL-1 beta mRNA, the modifications appeared to be qualitative rather than representing changes in the proportions of TAM. The data suggest that the changes in membrane antigen and gene expression by TAM reflect a complex interaction between TAM and their environment, in particular tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. In addition, it is evident that CY injection per se is responsible for defined fundamental changes that presumably influence the outcome of AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Evans
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
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21
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Asano T, Matsushima K, Kleinerman ES. Liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide up-regulates monocyte chemotactic and activating factor gene expression in human monocytes at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1994; 38:16-22. [PMID: 8299114 PMCID: PMC11038700 DOI: 10.1007/bf01517165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/1993] [Accepted: 08/19/1993] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (L-MTP-PE) is a novel immune modulator that is now under investigation against metastatic melanoma and osteosarcoma. We have already reported that L-MTP-PE induced monocyte-mediated tumoricidal activity and up-regulation of the tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 (IL-1) in vivo and in vitro. We now demonstrate that L-MTP-PE also induces monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF) mRNA expression at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Monocyte chemotactic activity was also present in the supernatants of L-MTP-PE-stimulated cells. In monocytes, the increased expression of MCAF was induced rapidly (by 2 h) but was short-lived. By 4 h, MCAF mRNA had decreased to background level. We found no change in MCAF mRNA levels in lymphocytes exposed to L-MTP-PE. We therefore conclude that L-MTP-PE selectively up-regulates MCAF expression in monocytes and that MCAF may play a role in the tumoricidal and immune-stimulating activity of L-MTP-PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Asano
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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22
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Zhai YF, Esselman WJ, Oakley CS, Chang CC, Welsch CW. Growth of MCF-7 human breast carcinoma in severe combined immunodeficient mice: growth suppression by recombinant interleukin-2 treatment and role of lymphokine-activated killer cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1992; 35:237-45. [PMID: 1511458 PMCID: PMC11038342 DOI: 10.1007/bf01789329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/1991] [Accepted: 03/30/1992] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse, lacking functional T and B lymphocytes, has been considered by many groups to be a prime candidate for the reconstitution of a human immune system in a laboratory animal. In addition, this immuno-deficient animal would appear to have excellent potential as a host for transplanted human cancers, thus providing an exceptional opportunity for the study of interactions between the human immune system and human cancer in a laboratory animal. However, because this animal model is very recent, few studies have been reported documenting the capability of these mice to accept human cancers, and whether or not the residual immune cells in these mice (e.g. natural killer, NK, cells; macrophages) possess antitumor activities toward human cancers. Thus, the purpose of this study was (a) to determine whether or not a human breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7) can be successfully transplanted to SCID mice, (b) to determine whether or not chronic treatment of SCID mice with a potent lymphokine (recombinant interleukin-2, rIL-2) could alter MCF-7 carcinoma growth, and (c) to assess whether or not rIL-2-activated NK cells (LAK cells) are important modulators of growth of MCF-7 cells in SCID mice. To fulfill these objectives, female SCID mice were implanted s.c. with MCF-7 cells (5 x 10(6) cells/mouse) at 6 weeks of age. Six weeks later, some of the mice were injected i.p. twice weekly with rIL-2 (1 x 10(4) U mouse-1 injection-1). Results clearly show that MCF-7 cells can grow progressively in SCID mice; 100% of the SCID mice implanted with MCF-7 cells developed palpable measurable tumors within 5-6 weeks after tumor cell inoculation. In addition, MCF-7 tumor growth was significantly (P less than 0.01) suppressed by rIL-2 treatment. rIL-2 treatment was non-toxic and no effect of treatment on body weight gains was observed. For non-tumor-bearing SCID mice, splenocytes treated in vitro with rIL-2 (lymphokine-activated killer, LAK, cells) or splenocytes derived from rIL-2-treated SCID mice (LAK cells) had significant (P less than 0.01) cytolytic activity toward MCF-7 carcinoma cells in vitro. In contrast, splenocytes (LAK cells) derived from tumor(MCF-7)-bearing rIL-2-treated SCID mice lacked cytolytic activities toward MCF-7 cells in vitro. No significant concentration of LAK cells in MCF-7 human breast carcinomas ws observed nor did rIL-2 treatment significantly alter growth of MCF-7 cells in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Estrogens/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/immunology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/therapy
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Zhai
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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23
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Valdéz JC, Perdigón G. Piroxicam, indomethacin and aspirin action on a murine fibrosarcoma. Effects on tumour-associated and peritoneal macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 86:315-21. [PMID: 1834380 PMCID: PMC1554136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma in BALB/c mice was accompanied by an increase in the activation state of tumour-associated macrophages (TAM), as measured by their FcIgG receptor expression, phagocytic index and beta-glucuronidase levels. All of these parameters were markedly higher in TAM than in peritoneal macrophages (PM) derived from the same animal. On the other hand, PM from tumour-bearing mice showed lower activation parameters than PM from normal animals. We also studied the effect on tumour development of three inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis: indomethacin, piroxicam and aspirin. Intraperitoneal administration of these drugs during 8 d was followed by the regression of palpable tumours. Indomethacin (90 mg/d) induced 45% regression, while with piroxicam (two 400 mg/d doses and six 200 mg/d doses) and aspirin (1 mg/d) 32% and 30% regressions, respectively, were observed. The growth rate of nonregressing tumours, which had reached different volumes by the end of the treatment, was delayed to a similar extent by the three anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drugs (NSAID). With respect to TAM, the treatment did not induce any significant change in their activation state, though both piroxicam and indomethacin increased slightly the TAM number. In contrast, NSAID administration was followed by a remarkable increase in the activation parameters of PM when compared with PM from tumour-bearing mice receiving no treatment. Indeed, these parameters were in some cases higher than those of PM from normal mice. The leukocytosis (60,000/microliters) with neutrophilia (80%) induced by tumour growth on peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) was reversed by the treatment to values close to normal, in parallel with the reduction of tumour size. A drop in haematocrit was also noted which was most probably a consequence of tumour growth rather than of the treatment. This study reveals that the three NSAID tested have a remarkable antitumour activity, which correlates with the restoration of PM activity and PBL values.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Valdéz
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Luis C. Verna, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho, Argentina
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24
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Munn DH, Cheung NK. Antibody-dependent antitumor cytotoxicity by human monocytes cultured with recombinant macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Induction of efficient antibody-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity not detected by isotope release assays. J Exp Med 1989; 170:511-26. [PMID: 2526848 PMCID: PMC2189400 DOI: 10.1084/jem.170.2.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is known to stimulate proliferation of monocyte/macrophage progenitors and enhance in vitro antitumor cytotoxicity by murine macrophages. In this paper we have shown that recombinant human M-CSF causes human peripheral blood monocytes to differentiate in culture into metabolically active macrophage-like cells. These cells mediate very efficient antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against human melanoma and neuroblastoma cell lines in the presence of two murine IgG3 mAbs (3F8 and R24). They also mediate antibody-independent cytotoxicity (or cytostasis) to a lesser extent. Human serum had an inconsistent effect on ADCC, but often induced similar high levels of ADCC. Cytotoxicity was measured using a novel ELISA to detect surviving tumor cells after ADCC. Two conventional isotope-release assays (51Cr and [3H]TdR) underestimated or entirely failed to detect ADCC by M-CSF-activated monocytes. Optimal activation occurred with 100-300 U/ml of M-CSF, and required 9-11 d for completion. Most of the M-CSF cultured monocytes expressed the low-affinity Fc receptor (CD16). ADCC by cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage using murine IgG3 mAbs may have significance for the immunotherapy of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Munn
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
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25
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Economou JS, Colquhoun SD, Anderson TM, McBride WW, Golub S, Holmes EC, Morton DL. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor production by tumor-associated mononuclear leukocytes and peripheral mononuclear leukocytes in cancer patients. Int J Cancer 1988; 42:712-4. [PMID: 3263326 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910420514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by tumor-associated mononuclear leukocytes (TAML) and peripheral mononuclear leukocytes (PMBL) from 9 otherwise untreated patients with a variety of malignancies (lung, sarcoma, stomach, renal) was assessed. Cells were cultured for 24 hr in vitro in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and IL-1 and TNF levels were measured in culture supernatants. TNF production was comparable between TAMLs and PBMLs. However, a striking defect in IL-1 production by TAMLs was noted. There was no basal production of IL-1 and LPS-stimulated TAMLs produced only 1% the amount of IL-1 produced by LPS-stimulated PBMLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Economou
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Armand Hammer Laboratories, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA Medical Center 90024
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26
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Kelly PM, Davison RS, Bliss E, McGee JO. Macrophages in human breast disease: a quantitative immunohistochemical study. Br J Cancer 1988; 57:174-7. [PMID: 2833921 PMCID: PMC2246436 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1988.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a quantitative histological study of 34 breast biopsies using a marker for human macrophages, the monoclonal antibody EBM/11. Seventeen of the biopsies were of malignant tumours. Both benign and malignant breast tissue contained large numbers of macrophages with significantly higher numbers occurring in the malignant group. An analysis was made of macrophage counts according to stage, grade and prognostic index of the malignant tumours. There was no correlation between macrophage numbers and any of these parameters in malignant breast tumours. We discuss the possible reasons why some earlier studies (using other markers such as lysozyme), have shown an apparently insignificant number of intratumoral macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Kelly
- Nuffield Department of Pathology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK
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