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The Role of Physical Exercise and Rehabilitative Implications in the Process of Nerve Repair in Peripheral Neuropathies: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030364. [PMID: 36766469 PMCID: PMC9914426 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The various mechanisms involved in peripheral nerve regeneration, induced by exercise and electrical nerve stimulation, are still unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to summarize the influence of physical exercise and/or electrical stimulation on peripheral nerve repair and regeneration and the variation of impact of intervention depending on timing, as well as kind and dosage of the intervention. A literature survey was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, between February 2021 to July 2021, with an update in September 2022. METHODOLOGY The literature search identified 101,386 articles with the keywords: "peripheral nerve" OR "neuropathy" AND "sprouting" OR "neuroapraxia" OR "axonotmesis" OR "neurotmesis" OR "muscle denervation" OR "denervated muscle" AND "rehabilitation" OR "physical activity" OR "physical exercise" OR "activity" OR "electrical stimulation". A total of 60 publications were included. Eligible studies were focused on evaluating the process of nerve repair (biopsy, electromyographic parameters or biomarker outcomes) after electrical stimulation or physical exercise interventions on humans or animals with peripheral sensory or motor nerve injury. SYNTHESIS This study shows that the literature, especially regarding preclinical research, is mainly in agreement that an early physical program with active exercise and/or electrical stimulation promotes axonal regenerative responses and prevents maladaptive response. This was evaluated by means of changes in electrophysiological recordings of CMAPs for latency amplitude, and the sciatic functional index (SFI). Furthermore, this type of activity can cause an increase in weight and in muscle fiber diameter. Nevertheless, some detrimental effects of exercising and electrical stimulation too early after nerve repair were recorded. CONCLUSION In most preclinical studies, peripheral neuropathy function was associated with improvements after physical exercise and electrical stimulation. For humans, too little research has been conducted on this topic to reach a complete conclusion. This research supports the need for future studies to test the validity of a possible rehabilitation treatment in humans in cases of peripheral neuropathy to help nerve sprouting.
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Figueiredo GSDL, Fernandes M, Atti VN, Valente SG, Roth F, Nakachima LR, dos Santos JBG, Fernandes CH. Use of aerobic treadmill exercises on nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Acta Cir Bras 2022; 37:e370804. [PMID: 36327398 PMCID: PMC9633008 DOI: 10.1590/acb370804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Various postoperative protocols have been proposed to improve outcomes and accelerate nerve regeneration. Recently, the use of physical exercise in a post-surgical neurorraphy procedure has shown good results when started early. We experimentally investigated the hypothesis that post-operative exercise speeds up results and improves clinical and morphologic parameters. METHODS Isogenic rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1 SHAM; 2 SHAM submitted to the exercise protocol (EP); 3 Grafting of the sciatic nerve; and 4 Grafting of the sciatic nerve associated with the EP. The EP was based on aerobic activities with a treadmill, with a progressive increase in time and intensity during 6 weeks. The results were evaluated by the sciatic functional index (SFI), morphometric and morphologic analysis of nerve distal to the lesion, and the number of spinal cord motor neurons, positive to the marker Fluoro-Gold (FG), captured retrogradely through neurorraphy. RESULTS Functional analysis (SFI) did not show a statistical difference between the group grafted with (-50.94) and without exercise (-65.79) after 90 days. The motoneurons count (Spinal cord histology) also showed no diference between these groups (834.5 × 833 respectively). Although functionally there is no difference between these groups, morphometric study showed a greater density (53.62) and larger fibers (7.762) in GRAFT group. When comparing both operated groups with both SHAM groups, all values were much lower. CONCLUSIONS The experimental model that this aerobic treadmill exercises protocol did not modify nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury and repair with nerve graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Santiago de Lima Figueiredo
- MD. Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology – Division of Hand Surgery – Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil.,Corresponding author:
- (55 11) 98386-0432
| | - Marcela Fernandes
- PhD. Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology – Division of Hand Surgery – Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Vinícius Neves Atti
- MD. Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology – Division of Hand Surgery – Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Sandra Gomes Valente
- PhD. Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology – Division of Hand Surgery – Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Felipe Roth
- MD. Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology – Division of Hand Surgery – Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Luis Renato Nakachima
- PhD. Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology – Division of Hand Surgery – Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - João Baptista Gomes dos Santos
- PhD. Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology – Division of Hand Surgery – Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Fernandes
- PhD. Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology – Division of Hand Surgery – Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil
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Intramuscular Stem Cell Injection in Combination with Bioengineered Nerve Repair or Nerve Grafting Reduces Muscle Atrophy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 149:905e-913e. [PMID: 35271540 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000009031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injuries represent a clinical challenge, especially when they are accompanied by loss of neural tissue. In this study, the authors attempted to attain a better outcome after a peripheral nerve injury by both repairing the nerve lesion and treating the denervated muscle at the same time. METHODS Rat sciatic nerves were transected to create 10-mm gaps. Repair was performed in five groups (n = 5 rats for each), as follows: group 1, nerve repair using poly-3-hydroxybutyrate strips to connect the proximal and distal stumps, in combination with control growth medium injection in the gastrocnemius muscle; group 2, nerve repair with poly-3-hydroxybutyrate strip seeded with Schwann cell-like differentiated adipose stem cells (differentiated adipose stem cell strip) in combination with growth medium intramuscular injection; group 3, differentiated adipose stem cell strip in combination with intramuscular injection of differentiated adipose stem cells; group 4, repair using autograft (reverse sciatic nerve graft) in combination with intramuscular injection of growth medium; and group 5, autograft in combination with intramuscular injection of differentiated adipose stem cells. Six weeks after nerve injury, the effects of the stem cells on muscle atrophy were assessed. RESULTS Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate strips seeded with differentiated adipose stem cells showed a high number of βIII-tubulin-positive axons entering the distal stump and abundant endothelial cells. Group 1 animals exhibited more muscle atrophy than all the other groups, and group 5 animals had the greatest muscle weights and muscle fibers size. CONCLUSION Bioengineering nerve repair in combination with intramuscular stem cell injection is a promising technique to treat nerve lesions and associated muscle atrophy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT Nerve injuries and resulting muscle atrophy are a clinical challenge. To optimize functional recovery after a nerve lesion, the authors treated the nerve and muscle at the same time by using regenerative medicine with adipose stem cells and obtained encouraging results for future clinical applications.
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Castanov V, Berger MJ, Ritsma B, Trier J, Hendry JM. Optimizing the timing of peripheral nerve transfers for functional re-animation in cervical spinal cord injury: a conceptual framework. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:3365-3375. [PMID: 34715742 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of upper extremity function following spinal cord injury (SCI) can have devastating consequences on quality of life. Peripheral nerve transfer surgery aims to restore motor control of upper extremities following cervical SCI and is poised to revolutionize surgical management in this population. The surgery involves dividing an expendable donor nerve above the level of the spinal lesion and coapting it to a recipient nerve arising from the lesional or infralesional segment of the injured cord. In order to maximize outcomes in this complex patient population, refinements in surgical technique need to be integrated with principles of spinal cord medicine and basic science. Deciding on the ideal timing of nerve transfer surgery is one aspect of care that is critical to maximizing recovery and has received very little attention to date in the literature. This complex topic is reviewed, with a focus on expectations for spontaneous recovery within upper motor neuron components of the injury, balanced against the need for expeditious reinnervation for lower motor neuron elements of the injury. The discussion also considers the case of a patient with C6 motor complete SCI where myotomes without electrodiagnostic evidence of denervation spontaneously improved by 6 months post-injury, thereby adjusting the surgical plan. The relevant concepts are integrated into a clinical algorithm with recommendations that consider maximal opportunity for spontaneous clinical improvement post-injury while avoiding excessive delays that may adversely affect patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valera Castanov
- Queen's University, 4257, School of Medicine, Kingston, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Michael James Berger
- The University of British Columbia, 8166, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,The University of British Columbia, 8166, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
| | - Benjamin Ritsma
- Queen's University, 4257, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Providence Care Hospital, 4256, Kingston, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Jessica Trier
- Queen's University, 4257, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Providence Care Hospital, 4256, Kingston, Ontario, Canada;
| | - J Michael Hendry
- Queen's University, 4257, School of Medicine, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Queen's University, 4257, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Kingston Health Sciences Centre, 71459, Kingston, Ontario, Canada;
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Nishimoto H, Inui A, Ueha T, Inoue M, Akahane S, Harada R, Mifune Y, Kokubu T, Nishida K, Kuroda R, Sakai Y. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide application with hydrogel prevents muscle atrophy in a rat sciatic nerve crush model. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1653-1658. [PMID: 29193246 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The acceleration of nerve regeneration remains a clinical challenge. We previously demonstrated that transcutaneous CO2 application using a novel hydrogel increases the oxygen concentration in local tissue via an "artificial Bohr effect" with the potential to prevent muscle atrophy. In this study, we investigated the effect of transcutaneous CO2 administration on limb function after peripheral nerve injury in a rat sciatic nerve injury model. In total, 73 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a sham group, a control group (crush injury to sciatic nerve and no treatment) or a CO2 group (crush injury with transcutaneous CO2 application). CO2 was administered percutaneously for 20 min five times per week. Scores for the sciatic function index and pinprick test were significantly higher in the CO2 group than control group. The muscle wet weight ratios of the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles were higher in the CO2 group than control group. Electrophysiological examination showed that the CO2 group had higher compound motor action potential amplitudes and shorter distal motor latency than the control group. Histological examination of the soleus muscle sections at postoperative week 2 showed shorter fiber diameter in the control group than in the CO2 group. The mRNA expression of Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 was lower, mRNA expression of VEGF and myogenin and MyoD was higher in CO2 group at postoperative week 2 compared to the control group. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Transcutaneous CO2 application has the therapeutic potential to accelerate the recovery of muscle atrophy in peripheral nerve injury. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1653-1658, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Nishimoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Atsuyuki Inui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ueha
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan.,NeoChemir Inc., Kobe, Japan
| | - Miho Inoue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shiho Akahane
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Risa Harada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Mifune
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kokubu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Nishida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kuroda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshitada Sakai
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
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Nicolas N, Kobaiter-Maarrawi S, Georges S, Abadjian G, Maarrawi J. Motor Cortex Stimulation Regenerative Effects in Peripheral Nerve Injury: An Experimental Rat Model. World Neurosurg 2018; 114:e800-e808. [PMID: 29572175 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immediate microsurgical nerve suture remains the gold standard after peripheral nerve injuries. However, functional recovery is delayed, and it is satisfactory in only 2/3 of cases. Peripheral electrical nerve stimulation proximal to the lesion enhances nerve regeneration and muscle reinnervation. This study aims to evaluate the effects of the motor cortex electrical stimulation on peripheral nerve regeneration after injury. METHODS Eighty rats underwent right sciatic nerve section, followed by immediate microsurgical epineural sutures. Rats were divided into 4 groups: Group 1 (control, n = 20): no electrical stimulation; group 2 (n = 20): immediate stimulation of the sciatic nerve just proximal to the lesion; Group 3 (n = 20): motor cortex stimulation (MCS) for 15 minutes after nerve section and suture (MCSa); group 4 (n = 20): MCS performed over the course of two weeks after nerve suture (MCSc). Assessment included electrophysiology and motor functional score at day 0 (baseline value before nerve section), and at weeks 4, 8, and 12. Rats were euthanized for histological study at week 12. RESULTS Our results showed that MCS enhances functional recovery, nerve regeneration, and muscle reinnervation starting week 4 compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The MCS induces higher reinnervation rates even compared with peripheral stimulation, with better results in the MCSa group (P < 0.05), especially in terms of functional recovery. CONCLUSIONS MCS seems to have a beneficial effect after peripheral nerve injury and repair in terms of nerve regeneration and muscle reinnervation, especially when acute mode is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Nicolas
- Laboratory of Research in Neurosciences (Mechanisms and Application of Neuromodulation), Faculty of Medicine, St. Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sandra Kobaiter-Maarrawi
- Laboratory of Research in Neurosciences (Mechanisms and Application of Neuromodulation), Faculty of Medicine, St. Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samuel Georges
- Laboratory of Research in Neurosciences (Mechanisms and Application of Neuromodulation), Faculty of Medicine, St. Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gerard Abadjian
- Department of Pathology, Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joseph Maarrawi
- Laboratory of Research in Neurosciences (Mechanisms and Application of Neuromodulation), Faculty of Medicine, St. Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Neurosurgery, Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Bonetti LV, Malysz T, Ilha J, Barbosa S, Achaval M, Faccioni-Heuser MC. The Effects of Two Different Exercise Programs on the Ultrastructural Features of the Sciatic Nerve and Soleus Muscle After Sciatic Crush. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:1654-1661. [PMID: 28463452 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries constitute a significant medical problem and the recovery is critically dependent on post-injury treatment. In this study, following sciatic nerve crush, we investigated the effects of a 4-week endurance training program (ET) and balance and coordination training program (BCT) on the ultrastructural features of the sciatic nerve and soleus muscle. The animals were randomly divided into Sham, non-trained (NT), ET, and BCT groups each of which included three animals. Ultra-thin cross and longitudinal sections (70-85 nm) were digitized and analyzed comparatively. The electron micrographic analysis of the sciatic nerve showed similar organelles features in the injury groups (myelin debris and swelling mitochondria). Nonetheless, the ET group presented better ultrastructural features as demonstrated by the greater predominance of rounded fibers and more defined organization in the myelinated axon bundles. In the soleus muscle's analyses, the injured groups demonstrated similar organelles' features (nucleus contained highly heterochromatic nuclei and smaller mitochondria). However, ET and BCT groups showed apparently enlarged myofibril cross-sectional areas and less collagen around muscle fibers, although, the ET group displayed reduced intermyofibrillar spaces and more closely aligned myofilaments when compared with the BCT group. Based on electron micrographic analysis, our findings suggest the presence of ultrastructural differences between the Sham, NT, and the trained groups. Therefore, exercise type seems to be responsible for producing some different positive features in the trained groups, while ET seems to have a more pronounced influence on the ultrastructural features of the sciatic nerve and the soleus muscle after a crush injury. Anat Rec, 300:1654-1661, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Viçosa Bonetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Taís Malysz
- Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Jocemar Ilha
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Experimental (LAPEx), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | - Silvia Barbosa
- Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Matilde Achaval
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Faccioni-Heuser
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
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Magown P, Brownstone RM, Rafuse VF. Tumor prevention facilitates delayed transplant of stem cell-derived motoneurons. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:637-49. [PMID: 27606345 PMCID: PMC4999595 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nerve injuries resulting in prolonged periods of denervation result in poor recovery of motor function. We have previously shown that embryonic stem cell-derived motoneurons transplanted at the time of transection into a peripheral nerve can functionally reinnervate muscle. For clinical relevance, we now focused on delaying transplantation to assess reinnervation after prolonged denervation. METHODS Embryonic stem cell-derived motoneurons were transplanted into the distal segments of transected tibial nerves in adult mice after prolonged denervation of 1-8 weeks. Twitch and tetanic forces were measured ex vivo 3 months posttransplantation. Tissue was harvested from the transplants for culture and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS In this delayed reinnervation model, teratocarcinomas developed in about one half of transplants. A residual multipotent cell population (~ 6% of cells) was found despite neural differentiation. Exposure to the alkylating drug mitomycin C eliminated this multipotent population in vitro while preserving motoneurons. Treating neural differentiated stem cells prior to delayed transplantation prevented tumor formation and resulted in twitch and tetanic forces similar to those in animals transplanted acutely after denervation. INTERPRETATION Despite a neural differentiation protocol, embryonic stem cell-derived motoneurons still carry a risk of tumorigenicity. Pretreating with an antimitotic agent leads to survival and functional muscle reinnervation if performed within 4 weeks of denervation in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Magown
- Medical Neuroscience Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada; Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Robert M Brownstone
- Medical Neuroscience Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada; Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada B3H 4R2; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders Institute of Neurology University College London London WC1N 3BG United Kingdom
| | - Victor F Rafuse
- Medical Neuroscience Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada; Department of Medicine (Neurology) Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada B3H 4R2
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Hendry JM, Alvarez-Veronesi MC, Snyder-Warwick A, Gordon T, Borschel GH. Side-To-Side Nerve Bridges Support Donor Axon Regeneration Into Chronically Denervated Nerves and Are Associated With Characteristic Changes in Schwann Cell Phenotype. Neurosurgery 2016; 77:803-13. [PMID: 26171579 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic denervation resulting from long nerve regeneration times and distances contributes greatly to suboptimal outcomes following nerve injuries. Recent studies showed that multiple nerve grafts inserted between an intact donor nerve and a denervated distal recipient nerve stump (termed "side-to-side nerve bridges") enhanced regeneration after delayed nerve repair. OBJECTIVE To examine the cellular aspects of axon growth across these bridges to explore the "protective" mechanism of donor axons on chronically denervated Schwann cells. METHODS In Sprague Dawley rats, 3 side-to-side nerve bridges were placed over a 10-mm distance between an intact donor tibial (TIB) nerve and a recipient denervated common peroneal (CP) distal nerve stump. Green fluorescent protein-expressing TIB axons grew across the bridges and were counted in cross section after 4 weeks. Immunofluorescent axons and Schwann cells were imaged over a 4-month period. RESULTS Denervated Schwann cells dedifferentiated to a proliferative, nonmyelinating phenotype within the bridges and the recipient denervated CP nerve stump. As donor TIB axons grew across the 3 side-to-side nerve bridges and into the denervated CP nerve, the Schwann cells redifferentiated to the myelinating phenotype. Bridge placement led to an increased mass of hind limb anterior compartment muscles after 4 months of denervation compared with muscles whose CP nerve was not "protected" by bridges. CONCLUSION This study describes patterns of donor axon regeneration and myelination in the denervated recipient nerve stump and supports a mechanism where these donor axons sustain a proregenerative state to prevent deterioration in the face of chronic denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Hendry
- *Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; ‡Department of Surgery, §Institute of Medical Science, and ¶Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; ‖SickKids Research Institute Program in Neuroscience, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Clements BA, Bushman J, Murthy NS, Ezra M, Pastore CM, Kohn J. Design of barrier coatings on kink-resistant peripheral nerve conduits. J Tissue Eng 2016; 7:2041731416629471. [PMID: 26977288 PMCID: PMC4765812 DOI: 10.1177/2041731416629471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on the design of braided peripheral nerve conduits with barrier coatings. Braiding of extruded polymer fibers generates nerve conduits with excellent mechanical properties, high flexibility, and significant kink-resistance. However, braiding also results in variable levels of porosity in the conduit wall, which can lead to the infiltration of fibrous tissue into the interior of the conduit. This problem can be controlled by the application of secondary barrier coatings. Using a critical size defect in a rat sciatic nerve model, the importance of controlling the porosity of the nerve conduit walls was explored. Braided conduits without barrier coatings allowed cellular infiltration that limited nerve recovery. Several types of secondary barrier coatings were tested in animal studies, including (1) electrospinning a layer of polymer fibers onto the surface of the conduit and (2) coating the conduit with a cross-linked hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel. Sixteen weeks after implantation, hyaluronic acid-coated conduits had higher axonal density, displayed higher muscle weight, and better electrophysiological signal recovery than uncoated conduits or conduits having an electrospun layer of polymer fibers. This study indicates that braiding is a promising method of fabrication to improve the mechanical properties of peripheral nerve conduits and demonstrates the need to control the porosity of the conduit wall to optimize functional nerve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Acan Clements
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jared Bushman
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - N Sanjeeva Murthy
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Mindy Ezra
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher M Pastore
- Kanbar College of Design, Engineering and Commerce, Philadelphia University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joachim Kohn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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11
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Shin KJ, Yoo JY, Lee JY, Gil YC, Kim JN, Koh KS, Song WC. Anatomical study of the nerve regeneration after selective neurectomy in the rabbit: clinical application for esthetic calf reduction. Anat Cell Biol 2016; 48:268-74. [PMID: 26770878 PMCID: PMC4701701 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2015.48.4.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The purposes of this study were therefore to characterize the degeneration and regeneration of nerves to the calf muscles after selective neurectomy, both macroscopically and microscopically, and to determine the incidence of such regeneration in a rabbit model. Seventy four New Zealand white rabbits were used. Selective neurectomy to the triceps surae muscles was performed, and the muscles were subsequently harvested and weighed 1-4 months postneurectomy. The gastrocnemius muscles were stained with Sihler's solution to enable the macroscopic observation of any nerve regeneration that may have occurred subsequent to neurectomy. The change in triceps surae muscle weight was measured along the time course of the experiment. After neurectomy, nerve degeneration was followed by regeneration in all cases. The weight of the triceps surae muscle decreased dramatically between completion of the neurectomy and 1 month postneurectomy, but increased thereafter. The nerve branches were weakly stained with Sihler's solution until 2 months postneurectomy, and then strongly stained after 3 months. The number of myelinated axons was decreased at 2 month after neurectomy compared to nonneurectomized controls, but then gradually increased thereafter. Although there are currently no reports on the incidence of recovery after calf reduction, it may be a very common occurrence in the clinical field based on our findings. The findings of this study provide fundamental anatomical and surgical information to aid planning and practice in calf-reduction surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Jae Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja-Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Young Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Chun Gil
- Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Nam Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Masan University, Masan, Korea
| | - Ki-Seok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wu-Chul Song
- Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Sensory nerve cross-anastomosis and electrical muscle stimulation synergistically enhance functional recovery of chronically denervated muscle. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 134:736e-745e. [PMID: 25347648 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term muscle denervation leads to severe and irreversible atrophy coupled with loss of force and motor function. These factors contribute to poor functional recovery following delayed reinnervation. The authors' previous work demonstrated that temporarily suturing a sensory nerve to the distal motor stump (called sensory protection) significantly reduces muscle atrophy and improves function following reinnervation. The authors have also shown that 1 month of electrical stimulation of denervated muscle significantly improves function and reduces atrophy. In this study, the authors tested whether a combination of sensory protection and electrical stimulation would enhance functional recovery more than either treatment alone. METHODS Rat gastrocnemius muscles were denervated by cutting the tibial nerve. The peroneal nerve was then sutured to the distal tibial stump following 3 months of treatment (i.e., electrical stimulation, sensory protection, or both). Three months after peroneal repair, functional and histologic measurements were taken. RESULTS All treatment groups had significantly higher muscle weight (p<0.05) and twitch force (p<0.001) compared with the untreated group (denervated), but fiber type composition did not differ between groups. Importantly, muscle weight and force were significantly greater in the combined treatment group (p<0.05) compared with stimulation or sensory protection alone. The combined treatment also produced motor unit counts significantly greater than sensory protection alone (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The combination treatment synergistically reduces atrophy and improves reinnervation and functional measures following delayed nerve repair, suggesting that these approaches work through different mechanisms. The authors' research supports the clinical use of both modalities together following peripheral nerve injury.
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Mehanna A, Szpotowicz E, Schachner M, Jakovcevski I. Improved regeneration after femoral nerve injury in mice lacking functional T- and B-lymphocytes. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:147-55. [PMID: 24967682 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays important functional roles in regeneration after injury to the mammalian central and peripheral nervous systems. After damage to the peripheral nerve several types of immune cells, invade the nerve within hours after the injury. To gain insights into the contribution of T- and B-lymphocytes to recovery from injury we used the mouse femoral nerve injury paradigm. RAG2-/- mice lacking mature T- and B-lymphocytes due to deletion of the recombination activating gene 2 were subjected to resection and surgical reconstruction of the femoral nerve, with the wild-type mice of the same inbred genetic background serving as controls. According to single frame motion analyses, RAG2-/- mice showed better motor recovery in comparison to control mice at four and eight weeks after injury. Retrograde tracing of regrown/sprouted axons of spinal motoneurons showed increased numbers of correctly projecting motoneurons in the lumbar spinal cord of RAG2-/- mice compared with controls. Whereas there was no difference in the motoneuron soma size between genotypes, RAG2-/- mice displayed fewer cholinergic and inhibitory synaptic terminals around somata of spinal motoneurons both prior to and after injury, compared with wild-type mice. Extent of myelination of regrown axons in the motor branch of the femoral nerve measured as g-ratio was more extensive in RAG2-/- than in control mice eight weeks after injury. We conclude that activated T- and B-lymphocytes restrict motor recovery after femoral nerve injury, associated with the increased survival of motoneurons and improved remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mehanna
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Lebanese International University School of Arts & Sciences, P.O. Box: 146404 Mazraa, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Emanuela Szpotowicz
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou 515041, PR China.
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Experimental Neurophysiology, University Hospital Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50931 Köln, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175 Bonn, Germany.
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Kruspe M, Thieme H, Guntinas-Lichius O, Irintchev A. Motoneuron regeneration accuracy and recovery of gait after femoral nerve injuries in rats. Neuroscience 2014; 280:73-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Rochkind S, Geuna S, Shainberg A. Phototherapy and nerve injury: focus on muscle response. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 109:99-109. [PMID: 24093608 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420045-6.00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Preservation of biochemical processes in muscles is a major challenge in patients with severe peripheral nerve injury. In this chapter, we address the effects of laser irradiation and biochemical transformation in muscle, using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. The authors attempt to explain the possible mechanism of laser phototherapy applied on skeletal muscle on the basis of literature review and new results. A detailed knowledge of the evolution of endplates acetylcholine receptors and creatine kinase activity following laser irradiation can help to understand the therapeutic effect of laser phototherapy on muscle. This study showed that the laser phototherapy increases biochemical activity in intact muscle and thus could have direct therapeutic applications on muscle, especially during progressive atrophy resulting from peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Rochkind
- Faculty of Life Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Division of Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction, Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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16
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Li Q, Zhang P, Yin X, Han N, Kou Y, Jiang B. Early sensory protection in reverse end-to-side neurorrhaphy to improve the functional recovery of chronically denervated muscle in rat: a pilot study. J Neurosurg 2014; 121:415-22. [PMID: 24878291 DOI: 10.3171/2014.4.jns131723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Early innervation by sensory nerves has been proposed to prevent atrophy of chronically denervated muscle, but conventional end-to-end (ETE) neurorrhaphy has been demonstrated to have adverse effects on muscle contractile function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential for modified sensory nerve protection in reverse end-to-side (ETS) neurorrhaphy as a way of improving the functional recovery of denervated muscle. METHODS Four groups of rats underwent surgical denervation of the tibial nerve projecting to the right hindlimbs (Group 1, unprotected controls; Group 2, positive control [immediate repair without delayed denervation]; Group 3, ETS protected; and Group 4, ETE protected). The proximal and distal stumps of the tibial nerve were ligated in all animals except for those in the immediate-repair group. Other animals underwent denervation without sural nerve protection, or with ETE or ETS neurorrhaphy. The ETE- and ETS-protected and unprotected groups underwent an additional surgery in which the trimmed proximal and distal tibial nerve stumps were sutured together. After 3 months of recovery, the tibial function index was determined, and electrophysiological, histological, and morphometric parameters were assessed. RESULTS Significant muscle atrophy was observed in the unprotected group, while a well-preserved ultrastructure was observed for the gastrocnemius muscle in the ETE- and ETS-protected groups. Enhanced recovery in the ETS-protected group was indicated by the tibial function index, motor nerve conduction velocity, muscle contractile force tests, and the histological results. In contrast, early sensory nerve protection in ETE neurorrhaphy impaired the recovery of the regenerated axons and diminished the contractile force of the denervated muscle. CONCLUSIONS Early sensory protection in reverse ETS neurorrhaphy is an effective method for improving the functional recovery of chronically denervated muscle following peripheral nerve injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtian Li
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Guseva D, Loers G, Schachner M. Function-triggering antibodies to the adhesion molecule L1 enhance recovery after injury of the adult mouse femoral nerve. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112984. [PMID: 25393007 PMCID: PMC4231121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
L1 is among the few adhesion molecules that favors repair after trauma in the adult central nervous system of vertebrates by promoting neuritogenesis and neuronal survival, among other beneficial features. In the peripheral nervous system, L1 is up-regulated in Schwann cells and regrowing axons after nerve damage, but the functional consequences of this expression remain unclear. Our previous study of L1-deficient mice in a femoral nerve injury model showed an unexpected improved functional recovery, attenuated motoneuronal cell death, and enhanced Schwann cell proliferation, being attributed to the persistent synthesis of neurotrophic factors. On the other hand, transgenic mice over-expressing L1 in neurons led to improved remyelination, but not improved functional recovery. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether the monoclonal L1 antibody 557 that triggers beneficial L1 functions in vitro would trigger these also in femoral nerve repair. We analyzed femoral nerve regeneration in C57BL/6J mice that received this antibody in a hydrogel filled conduit connecting the cut and sutured nerve before its bifurcation, leading to short-term release of antibody by diffusion. Video-based quantitative analysis of motor functions showed improved recovery when compared to mice treated with conduits containing PBS in the hydrogel scaffold, as a vehicle control. This improved recovery was associated with attenuated motoneuron loss, remyelination and improved precision of preferential motor reinnervation. We suggest that function-triggering L1 antibodies applied to the lesion site at the time of injury over a limited time period will not only be beneficial in peripheral, but also central nervous system regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Guseva
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Functional recovery of denervated skeletal muscle with sensory or mixed nerve protection: a pilot study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79746. [PMID: 24244555 PMCID: PMC3820544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional recovery is usually poor following peripheral nerve injury when reinnervation is delayed. Early innervation by sensory nerve has been indicated to prevent atrophy of the denervated muscle. It is hypothesized that early protection with sensory axons is adequate to improve functional recovery of skeletal muscle following prolonged denervation of mixed nerve injury. In this study, four groups of rats received surgical denervation of the tibial nerve. The proximal and distal stumps of the tibial nerve were ligated in all animals except for those in the immediate repair group. The experimental groups underwent denervation with nerve protection of peroneal nerve (mixed protection) or sural nerve (sensory protection). The experimental and unprotected groups had a stage II surgery in which the trimmed proximal and distal tibial nerve stumps were sutured together. After 3 months of recovery, electrophysiological, histological and morphometric parameters were assessed. It was detected that the significant muscle atrophy and a good preserved structure of the muscle were observed in the unprotected and protective experimental groups, respectively. Significantly fewer numbers of regenerated myelinated axons were observed in the sensory-protected group. Enhanced recovery in the mixed protection group was indicated by the results of the muscle contraction force tests, regenerated myelinated fiber, and the results of the histological analysis. Our results suggest that early axons protection by mixed nerve may complement sensory axons which are required for promoting functional recovery of the denervated muscle natively innervated by mixed nerve.
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Akyüz N, Rost S, Mehanna A, Bian S, Loers G, Oezen I, Mishra B, Hoffmann K, Guseva D, Laczynska E, Irintchev A, Jakovcevski I, Schachner M. Dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase1 ablation accelerates peripheral nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:517-30. [PMID: 23360803 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) proteoglycans are major components of the extracellular matrix implicated in neural development, plasticity and regeneration. While it is accepted that CS are major inhibitors of neural regeneration, the contributions of DS to regeneration have not been assessed. To enable a novel approach in studies on DS versus CS roles during development and regeneration, we generated a mouse deficient in the dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase1 (Chst14(-/-)), a key enzyme in the synthesis of iduronic acid-containing modules found in DS but not CS. In wild-type mice, Chst14 is expressed at high levels in the skin and in the nervous system, and is enriched in astrocytes and Schwann cells. Ablation of Chst14, and the assumed failure to produce DS, resulted in smaller body mass, reduced fertility, kinked tail and increased skin fragility compared with wild-type (Chst14(+/+)) littermates, but brain weight and gross anatomy were unaffected. Neurons and Schwann cells from Chst14(-/-) mice formed longer processes in vitro, and Chst14(-/-) Schwann cells proliferated more than Chst14(+/+) Schwann cells. After femoral nerve transection/suture, functional recovery and axonal regrowth in Chst14(-/-) mice were initially accelerated but the final outcome 3months after injury was not better than that in Chst14(+/+) littermates. These results suggest that while Chst14 and its enzymatic products might be of limited importance for neural development, they may contribute to the regeneration-restricting environment in the adult mammalian nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Akyüz
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Hundeshagen G, Szameit K, Thieme H, Finkensieper M, Angelov D, Guntinas-Lichius O, Irintchev A. Deficient functional recovery after facial nerve crush in rats is associated with restricted rearrangements of synaptic terminals in the facial nucleus. Neuroscience 2013; 248:307-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hu J, Zhou L, Ma Z. Delayed repair of facial nerve trauma: an experimental study in guinea pigs. Acta Otolaryngol 2013; 133:772-8. [PMID: 23768060 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2013.765967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CONCLUSION The curative effect in the group where facial-facial anastomosis (FFA) was delayed for 7 days was similar to that in the immediate FFA group and had a better repair within 60 days. OBJECTIVE Due to the uncertainty about optimal timing of delayed facial nerve repair, we designed an experimental study in guinea pigs to find out the cut-off duration for delayed nerve repair. METHODS In this study, 64 male guinea pigs were randomly divided into 8 groups: normal, immediate FFA, and delayed FFA for 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, and 90 days (n = 6). Two months after suture of the nerves, the passing rate of myelinated fibers growing from the proximal to the distal stumps was calculated. RESULTS The passing rates of myelinated fibers in the groups with immediate FFA and FFA delayed for 7 days were significantly higher than those in other delayed FFA groups and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05), whereas the passing rates of the groups where FFA was delayed for 60 and 90 days were apparently lower than those of the immediate FFA and other delayed FFA groups. Under the electron microscope, regenerated fibers of the groups with immediate FFA and FFA delayed for 7 days were very similar to the normal myelinated fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiongjiong Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Schaakxs D, Kalbermatten DF, Raffoul W, Wiberg M, Kingham PJ. Regenerative cell injection in denervated muscle reduces atrophy and enhances recovery following nerve repair. Muscle Nerve 2013; 47:691-701. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel F. Kalbermatten
- Department of Plastic; Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery; University Hospital of Basel; Basel; Switzerland
| | - Wassim Raffoul
- Division of Plastic; Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery; CHUV; University Hospital of Lausanne; Lausanne; Switzerland
| | | | - Paul J. Kingham
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology; Section for Anatomy; Umeå University; Umeå SE-901 87; Sweden
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Skouras E, Pavlov S, Bendella H, Angelov DN. Materials and Methods. STIMULATION OF TRIGEMINAL AFFERENTS IMPROVES MOTOR RECOVERY AFTER FACIAL NERVE INJURY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33311-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Future Perspectives in Nerve Repair and Regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 109:165-92. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420045-6.00008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Role of Physical Exercise for Improving Posttraumatic Nerve Regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 109:125-49. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420045-6.00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wu B, Matic D, Djogo N, Szpotowicz E, Schachner M, Jakovcevski I. Improved regeneration after spinal cord injury in mice lacking functional T- and B-lymphocytes. Exp Neurol 2012; 237:274-85. [PMID: 22868200 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the immune system plays important functional roles in regeneration after injury to the spinal cord. Immune response towards injury involves a complex interplay of immune system cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages and microglia, T- and B-lymphocytes. We investigated the influence of the lymphocyte component of the immune system on the locomotor outcome of severe spinal cord injury in a genetic mouse model of immune suppression. Transgenic mice lacking mature T- and B-lymphocytes due to the recombination activating gene 2 gene deletion (RAG2-/- mice) were subjected to severe compression of the lower thoracic spinal cord, with the wild-type mice of the same inbred background serving as controls. According to both the Basso Mouse Scale score and single frame motion analysis, the RAG2-/- mice showed improved recovery in comparison to control mice at six weeks after injury. Better locomotor function was associated with enhanced catecholaminergic and cholinergic reinnervation of the spinal cord caudal to injury and increased axonal regrowth/sprouting at the site of injury. Myelination of axons in the ventral column measured as g-ratio was more extensive in RAG2-/- than in control mice 6weeks after injury. Additionally, the number of microglia/macrophages was decreased in the lumbar spinal cord of RAG2-/- mice after injury, whereas the number of astrocytes was increased compared with controls. We conclude that T- and B-lymphocytes restrict functional recovery from spinal cord injury by increasing numbers of microglia/macrophages as well as decreasing axonal sprouting and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Pereira BP, Tan BL, Han HC, Zou Y, Aung KZ, Leong DT. Intramuscular nerve damage in lacerated skeletal muscles may direct the inflammatory cytokine response during recovery. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2330-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Jung HS, Noh CK, Ma SH, Hong EK, Sohn NW, Kim YB, Kim SH, Sohn Y. Effect of Dipsaci Radix on Hind Limb Muscle Atrophy of Sciatic Nerve Transected Rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 37:1069-84. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x09007508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It was reported that Dipsaci radix (DR) has a reinforcement effect on the bone-muscle dysfunction in the oriental medical classics and the experimental animal studies. The muscle atrophy was induced by unilateral transection of the sciatic nerve of the rats. Water-extract of DR was used as treatment once a day for 12 days. The muscle weights of the hind limb, atrophic changes, glycogen contents, compositions and cross-section areas of muscle fiber types in soleus and medial gastrocnemius were investigated. Muscle fiber type was classified to type-I and type-II with MHCf immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, Bax and Bcl-2 expressions were observed with immunohistochemiatry. DR treatment significantly increased muscle weights of soleus, medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius, and posterior tibialis of the damaged hind limb. DR treatment reduced apoptotic muscle nuclei and hyaline-degenerated muscle fibers in soleus and medial gastrocnemius of the damaged hind limb. DR treatment also significantly increased glycogen contents in medial gastrocnemius of the damaged hind limb. DR treatment significantly attenuated the slow-to-fast shift in soleus of the damaged hind limb but not in medial gastrocnemius. DR treatment significantly increased cross-section areas of type-I and type-II fibers in soleus and medial gastrocnemius of the damaged hind limb. In soleus and medial gastrocnemius, DR treatment significantly reduced Bax positive muscle nuclei in the damaged hind limb. These results suggest that DR treatment has an anti-atrophic effect and an anti-apoptotic effect against myonuclear apoptosis induced by the peripheral nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Sang Jung
- Institute of Oriental Medicine, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Ku Noh
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Disease, Graduate School of East-West Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyungki-Do 449-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Ma
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Disease, Graduate School of East-West Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyungki-Do 449-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ki Hong
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Disease, Graduate School of East-West Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyungki-Do 449-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Nak-Won Sohn
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Disease, Graduate School of East-West Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyungki-Do 449-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Bum Kim
- Institute of Oriental Medicine, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center (CPMDRC), College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Sohn
- Department of Gynecology, College of Oriental Medicine, Sangji University, Gangwondo 220-717, Republic of Korea
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Hadj-Saïd W, Bangratz M, Vignaud A, Chatonnet A, Butler-Browne G, Nicole S, Agbulut O, Ferry A. Effect of locomotor training on muscle performance in the context of nerve-muscle communication dysfunction. Muscle Nerve 2012; 45:567-77. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.22332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Force characteristics of the rat sternomastoid muscle reinnervated with end-to-end nerve repair. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:173471. [PMID: 22203781 PMCID: PMC3238804 DOI: 10.1155/2011/173471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to establish force data for the rat sternomastoid (SM) muscle after reinnervation with nerve end-to-end anastomosis (EEA), which could be used as a baseline for evaluating the efficacy of new reinnervation techniques. The SM muscle on one side was paralyzed by transecting its nerve and then EEA was performed at different time points: immediate EEA, 1-month and 3-month delay EEA. At the end of 3-month recovery period, the magnitude of functional recovery of the reinnervated SM muscle was evaluated by measuring muscle force and comparing with the force of the contralateral control muscle. Our results demonstrated that the immediately reinnervated SM produced approximately 60% of the maximal tetanic force of the control. The SM with delayed nerve repair yielded approximately 40% of the maximal force. Suboptimal recovery of muscle force after EEA demonstrates the importance of developing alternative surgical techniques to treat muscle paralysis.
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Malysz T, Ilha J, Severo do Nascimento P, Faccioni-Heuser MC, De Angelis K, D'agord Schaan B, Achaval M. Exercise training improves the soleus muscle morphology in experimental diabetic nerve regeneration. Muscle Nerve 2011; 44:571-82. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.22133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Wagatsuma A, Kotake N, Mabuchi K, Yamada S. Expression of nuclear-encoded genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in experimentally denervated muscle. J Physiol Biochem 2011; 67:359-70. [PMID: 21394548 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-011-0083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The abundance, morphology, and functional properties of mitochondria become altered in response to denervation. To gain insight into the regulation of this process, mitochondrial enzyme activities and gene expression involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in mouse gastrocnemius muscle was investigated. Sciatic nerve transactions were performed on mice, and then gastrocnemius muscles were isolated at days 5 and 30 after surgery. Muscle weight was decreased significantly by 15% and 62% at days 5 and 30 after surgery, respectively. The activity of citrate synthase, a marker of oxidative enzyme, was reduced significantly by 31% and 53% at days 5 and 30, respectively. Enzyme histochemical analysis revealed that subsarcolemmal mitochondria were largely lost than intermyofibrillar mitochondria at day 5, and this trend was further progressed at day 30 after surgery. Expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, γ coactivator 1 (PGC-1)α, estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), and mitofusin 2 were down-regulated throughout the experimental period, whereas those of PGC-1β, PRC, nuclear respiratory factor (NRF)-1, NRF-2, TFAM, and Lon protease were down-regulated at day 30 after surgery. These results suggest that PGC-1α, ERRα, and mitofusin 2 may be important factors in the process of denervation-induced mitochondrial adaptation. In addition, other PGC-1 family of transcriptional coactivators and DNA binding transcription factors may also contribute to mitochondrial adaptation after early response to denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Wagatsuma
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Effects of activity-dependent strategies on regeneration and plasticity after peripheral nerve injuries. Ann Anat 2011; 193:347-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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34
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Ozsoy U, Hizay A, Demirel BM, Ozsoy O, Bilmen Sarikcioglu S, Turhan M, Sarikcioglu L. The hypoglossal–facial nerve repair as a method to improve recovery of motor function after facial nerve injury. Ann Anat 2011; 193:304-13. [PMID: 21458251 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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35
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Ladak A, Schembri P, Olson J, Udina E, Tyreman N, Gordon T. Side-to-Side Nerve Grafts Sustain Chronically Denervated Peripheral Nerve Pathways During Axon Regeneration and Result in Improved Functional Reinnervation. Neurosurgery 2011; 68:1654-65; discussion 1665-6. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e31821246a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Progressive atrophy of Schwann cells in denervated nerve stumps is a major reason for progressive failure of functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury and surgical repair.
OBJECTIVE:
To examine whether side-to-side nerve bridges between an intact donor nerve and a recipient denervated distal nerve stump promote nerve growth and in turn, protect distal nerve stumps to improve axon regeneration after delayed surgical repair.
METHODS:
In Sprague-Dawley rats, 1 or 3 side-to-side common peroneal (CP) nerve bridges were used to bridge between the donor intact tibial (TIB) nerve and a recipient denervated CP distal nerve stump in the contralateral hind limb. No bridges were placed in control animals. After 4 months, either a fluorescent retrograde dye was applied to back-label TIB motoneurons with axons that had grown into the CP nerve stump or the proximal and distal CP nerve stumps were resutured in experimental and control animals to encourage CP nerve regeneration for 5 months. Retrograde dyes were again applied to count CP motoneurons that regenerated their axons through protected and unprotected nerve stumps.
RESULTS:
Significantly more donor TIB motoneurons regenerated axons into the recipient denervated CP nerve stump through 3 side-to-side CP nerve bridges compared with 1 bridge. This TIB nerve protection significantly increased the number of CP motoneurons regenerating axons through the denervated CP nerve stumps, the number of regenerated axons, and the weight of the reinnervated muscles.
CONCLUSION:
Multiple side-to-side nerve bridges protect chronically denervated nerve stumps to improve axon regeneration and target reinnervation after delayed nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Esther Udina
- Institut Neurosciences, Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology and Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neil Tyreman
- Centre for Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Centre for Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Plastic Surgery, SickKids Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Irintchev A. Potentials and limitations of peripheral nerve injury models in rodents with particular reference to the femoral nerve. Ann Anat 2011; 193:276-85. [PMID: 21481575 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of function after peripheral nerve repair in humans is unsatisfactory. Various causes of poor recovery have been proposed. Still, we do not understand which of these potential factors are indeed detrimental and do not know how to manipulate them experimentally in a clinically feasible way. Future success largely depends on methodological improvement in rodent models. An example of recent progress is the introduction of new functional and anatomical outcome measures in the facial nerve injury paradigm which led to novel insights into facial nerve regeneration and a new therapeutic concept. Less success can be ascribed to the use of the classical spinal nerve model, the sciatic nerve paradigm, not least because of its anatomical and functional complexity making assessment of recovery challenging. A simpler alternative to the sciatic nerve is the femoral nerve model. It offers, alongside with its known usefulness for studies on precision of motor reinnervation, the possibility of reliable functional assessments and a straightforward search of anatomical substrates of dysfunction. The structure-function approach in the femoral nerve paradigm has been useful for testing of novel therapeutic means and analyses of regeneration in mutant mice. The potential of the method has still not been really exploited and its more extensive use may contribute to better understanding of nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Irintchev
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 2, Jena, Germany.
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Guseva D, Zerwas M, Xiao MF, Jakovcevski I, Irintchev A, Schachner M. Adhesion molecule L1 overexpressed under the control of the neuronal Thy-1 promoter improves myelination after peripheral nerve injury in adult mice. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:339-52. [PMID: 21376041 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
L1 is an adhesion molecule favorably influencing the functional and anatomical recoveries after central nervous system (CNS) injuries. Its roles in peripheral nervous system (PNS) regeneration are less well understood. Studies using knockout mice have surprisingly revealed that L1 has a negative impact on functional nerve regeneration by inhibiting Schwann cell proliferation. To further elucidate the roles of L1 in PNS regeneration, here we used a novel transgenic mouse overexpressing L1 in neurons, but not in PNS or CNS glial cells, under the control of a neuron-specific Thy-1 promoter. Without nerve injury, the transgene expression, as compared to wild-type mice, had no effect on femoral nerve function, numbers of quadriceps motoneurons and myelinated axons in the femoral nerve but resulted in slightly reduced myelination in the sensory saphenous nerve and increased neurofilament density in myelinated axons of the quadriceps motor nerve branch. After femoral nerve injury, L1 overexpression had no impact on the time course and degree of functional recovery. Unaffected were also numbers of regenerated quadriceps motoneurons, precision of muscle reinnervation, axon numbers and internodal lengths in the regenerated nerves. Despite the lack of functional effects, myelination in the motor and sensory femoral nerve branches was significantly improved and loss of perisomatic inhibitory terminals on motoneurons was attenuated in the transgenic mice. Our results indicate that L1 is a regulator of myelination in the injured PNS and warrant studies aiming to improve function in demyelinating PNS and CNS disorders using exogenous L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Guseva
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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38
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Udina E, Puigdemasa A, Navarro X. Passive and active exercise improve regeneration and muscle reinnervation after peripheral nerve injury in the rat. Muscle Nerve 2011; 43:500-9. [PMID: 21305568 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lesions of peripheral nerves cause loss of motor and sensory function and also lead to hyperreflexia and hyperalgesia. Activity-dependent therapies promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery and may improve sensory-motor coordination and restoration of adequate circuitry at the spinal level. METHODS We compared the effects of passive (bicycle) and active (treadmill) exercise on nerve regeneration and modulation of the spinal H reflex after transection and repair of the rat sciatic nerve. Animals were evaluated during 2 months using electrophysiological, functional, and histological methods. RESULTS Moderate exercise for 1 hour/day, either active treadmill walking or passive cycling, improved muscle reinnervation, increased the number of regenerated axons in the distal nerve, and reduced the increased excitability of spinal reflexes after nerve lesion. DISCUSSION Maintenance of denervated muscle activity and afferent input, by active or passive exercise, may increase trophic factor release to act on regenerating axons and to modulate central neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Udina
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra E-08193, Spain
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39
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Orderly recruitment of motor units under optical control in vivo. Nat Med 2010; 16:1161-5. [PMID: 20871612 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A drawback of electrical stimulation for muscle control is that large, fatigable motor units are preferentially recruited before smaller motor units by the lowest-intensity electrical cuff stimulation. This phenomenon limits therapeutic applications because it is precisely the opposite of the normal physiological (orderly) recruitment pattern; therefore, a mechanism to achieve orderly recruitment has been a long-sought goal in physiology, medicine and engineering. Here we demonstrate a technology for reliable orderly recruitment in vivo. We find that under optical control with microbial opsins, recruitment of motor units proceeds in the physiological recruitment sequence, as indicated by multiple independent measures of motor unit recruitment including conduction latency, contraction and relaxation times, stimulation threshold and fatigue. As a result, we observed enhanced performance and reduced fatigue in vivo. These findings point to an unanticipated new modality of neural control with broad implications for nervous system and neuromuscular physiology, disease research and therapeutic innovation.
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40
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Motor axonal sprouting and neuromuscular junction loss in an animal model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2010; 69:281-93. [PMID: 20142762 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181d1e60f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle weakness in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 1A disease (CMT1A) caused by mutations in peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) has been attributed to an axonopathy that results in denervation and muscle atrophy. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms involved are not understood. We investigated motor performance, neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), physiological parameters, and muscle morphometry of PMP22 transgenic mice. Neuromuscular junctions were progressively lost in hindlimb muscles of PMP22 transgenic mice, but their motor performance did not completely deteriorate during the observation period. There was considerable variability, including in laterality, in deficits among the animals. Cross-sectional areas and mean fiber size measurements indicated variable myofiber atrophy in hindlimb muscles. There was substantial concomitant axonal sprouting, and loss of neuromuscular junctions was inversely correlated with the accumulated length of axonal branches. Synaptic transmission studied in isolated nerve/muscle preparations indicated variable partial muscle denervation. Acetylcholine sensitivity was higher in the mutant muscles, and maximum tetanic force evoked by direct or indirect stimulation, specific force, and wet weights were markedly reduced in some mutant muscles. In summary, there is partial muscle denervation, and axons may retain some regenerative capacity but fail to reinnervate muscles in PMP22 transgenic mice.
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41
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Plant PJ, Brooks D, Faughnan M, Bayley T, Bain J, Singer L, Correa J, Pearce D, Binnie M, Batt J. Cellular Markers of Muscle Atrophy in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 42:461-71. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0382oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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42
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Sensory protection of rat muscle spindles following peripheral nerve injury and reinnervation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010; 124:1860-1868. [PMID: 19952642 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3181bcee47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle structure and function are dependent on intact innervation. Prolonged muscle denervation results in irreversible muscle fiber atrophy, connective tissue hyperplasia, and deterioration of muscle spindles, specialized sensory receptors necessary for proper skeletal muscle function. The protective effect of temporary sensory innervation on denervated muscle, before motor nerve repair, has been shown in the rat. Sensory-protected muscles exhibit less fiber atrophy and connective tissue hyperplasia and maintain greater functional capacity than denervated muscles. The purpose of this study was to determine whether temporary sensory innervation also protects muscle spindles from degeneration. METHODS Rat tibial nerve was transected and repaired with either the saphenous or the original transected nerve. Negative controls remained denervated. After 3 to 6 months, the electrophysiologic response of the nerve to stretch in the rat gastrocnemius muscle was measured (n = 3 per group). After the animals were euthanized, the gastrocnemius muscle was removed, sectioned, stained, and examined for spindle number (n = 3 per group) and morphology (one rat per group). Immunohistochemical assessment of muscle spindle innervation was examined in four additional animals. RESULTS Significant deterioration of muscle spindles was seen in denervated muscle, whereas in muscle reinnervated with the tibial or the saphenous nerve, spindle number and morphology were improved. Histologic and functional evidence of spindle reinnervation by the sensory nerve was obtained. CONCLUSION These findings add to the known means by which motor or sensory nerves exert protective effects on denervated muscle, and further promote the use of sensory protection for improving the outcome after peripheral nerve injury.
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43
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Mehanna A, Jakovcevski I, Acar A, Xiao M, Loers G, Rougon G, Irintchev A, Schachner M. Polysialic acid glycomimetic promotes functional recovery and plasticity after spinal cord injury in mice. Mol Ther 2009; 18:34-43. [PMID: 19826404 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration after injury of the central nervous system is poor due to the abundance of molecules inhibiting axonal growth. Here we pursued to promote regeneration after thoracic spinal cord injury in young adult C57BL/6J mice using peptides which functionally mimic polysialic acid (PSA) and human natural killer cell-1 (HNK-1) glycan, carbohydrate epitopes known to promote neurite outgrowth in vitro. Subdural infusions were performed with an osmotic pump, over 2 weeks. When applied immediately after injury, the PSA mimetic and the combination of PSA and HNK-1 mimetics, but not the HNK-1 mimetic alone, improved functional recovery as assessed by locomotor rating and video-based motion analysis over a 6-week observation period. Better outcome in PSA mimetic-treated mice was associated with higher, as compared with control mice, numbers of cholinergic and glutamatergic terminals and monaminergic axons in the lumbar spinal cord, and better axonal myelination proximal to the injury site. In contrast to immediate post-traumatic application, the PSA mimetic treatment was ineffective when initiated 3 weeks after spinal cord injury. Our data suggest that PSA mimetic peptides can be efficient therapeutic tools improving, by augmenting plasticity, functional recovery when applied during the acute phase of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mehanna
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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44
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A spatio-temporal analysis of motoneuron survival, axonal regeneration and neurotrophic factor expression after lumbar ventral root avulsion and implantation. Exp Neurol 2009; 223:207-20. [PMID: 19646436 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reimplantation of avulsed rat lumbar spinal ventral roots results in poor recovery of function of the denervated hind limb muscles. In contrast, reimplantation of cervical or sacral ventral roots is a successful repair strategy that results in a significant degree of regeneration. A possible explanation for this difference could be that following lumbar root avulsion, axons have to travel longer distances towards their target muscles, resulting in prolonged denervation of the distal nerve and a diminished capacity to support regeneration. Here we present a detailed spatio-temporal analysis of motoneuron survival, axonal regeneration and neurotrophic factor expression following unilateral avulsion and implantation of lumbar ventral roots L3, L4, and L5. Reimplantation prolongs the survival of motoneurons up to one month post-lesion. The first regenerating motor axons entered the reimplanted ventral roots during the first week and large numbers of fibers gradually enter the lumbar plexus between 2 and 4 weeks, indicating that axons enter the reimplanted roots and plexus over an extended period of time. However, motor axon counts show that relatively few axons reach the distal sciatic nerve in the 16 week post-lesion period. The observed initial increase and subsequent decline in expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor correlate with the apparent spatio-temporal decline in the regenerative capacity of motor axons, indicating that the distal nerve is losing its capacity to support regenerating motor axons following prolonged denervation. These findings have important implications for future strategies to promote long-distance regeneration through distal, chronically denervated peripheral nerves.
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45
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Jiao H, Yao J, Yang Y, Chen X, Lin W, Li Y, Gu X, Wang X. Chitosan/polyglycolic acid nerve grafts for axon regeneration from prolonged axotomized neurons to chronically denervated segments. Biomaterials 2009; 30:5004-18. [PMID: 19540584 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve regeneration for long-term delayed injuries is usually unsatisfied. Here we attempted to use a chitosan/polyglycolic acid (PGA) artificial nerve graft to bridge a long-term delayed 10-mm defect in SD rats based on the previous studies on the graft used for immediate repair of 30-mm-long dog sciatic nerve defects and for clinical treatment of a 35-mm-long median nerve defect at elbow of a human patient. In this study, for experimental groups, the rat sciatic nerve had been transected leaving a 10-mm defect, which was maintained for 3 or 6 months before implantation with the chitosan/PGA artificial nerve graft. The animals non-grafted or grafted with autograft served as negative or positive control group. In experiment groups, nerve regeneration with functional recovery was achieved as measured by electrophysiological and histological techniques, although differences in the quantity and the quality of the regenerated nerve were observed between the 3- and 6-month delayed subgroups. The results showed that: (1) a few denervated Schwann cells survived and sustained their ability to myelinate axons at least 6 months, and (2) the atrophic denervated muscle could be reinnervated by regenerated axons through new muscle-nerve connections. These observations provide the possibility of guiding regenerated axons from survived axotomized neurons to distal nerve stump by the chitosan/PGA artificial nerve graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Jiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
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Guseva D, Angelov DN, Irintchev A, Schachner M. Ablation of adhesion molecule L1 in mice favours Schwann cell proliferation and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 132:2180-95. [PMID: 19541848 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion molecule L1 is one of the few adhesion molecules known to be beneficial for repair processes in the adult central nervous system of vertebrates by promoting axonal growth and neuronal survival. In the peripheral nervous system, L1 is up-regulated by myelination-competent Schwann cells and regenerating axons after nerve damage but its functional role has remained unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that L1 is, as in the central nervous system, beneficial for nerve regeneration in the peripheral nervous system by performing combined functional and histological analyses of adult L1-deficient mice (L1y/-) and wild-type (L1y/+) littermates. Contrary to our hypothesis, quantitative video-based motion analysis revealed better locomotor recovery in L1y/- than in L1y/+ mice at 4-12 weeks after transection and surgical repair of the femoral nerve. Motoneuron regeneration in L1y/- mice was also enhanced as indicated by attenuated post-traumatic loss of motoneurons, enhanced precision of motor reinnervation, larger cell bodies of regenerated motoneurons and diminished loss of inhibitory synaptic input to motoneurons. In search of mechanisms underlying the observed effects, we analysed peripheral nerves at short time-periods (3-14 days) after transection and found that Schwann cell proliferation is strongly augmented in L1y/- versus L1y/+ mice. L1-deficient Schwann cells showed increased proliferation than wild-type Schwann cells, both in vivo and in vitro. These findings suggest a novel role for L1 in nerve regeneration. We propose that L1 negatively regulates Schwann cell proliferation after nerve damage, which in turn restricts functional recovery by limiting the trophic support for regenerating motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Guseva
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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47
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Asensio-Pinilla E, Udina E, Jaramillo J, Navarro X. Electrical stimulation combined with exercise increase axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2009; 219:258-65. [PMID: 19500575 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although injured peripheral axons are able to regenerate, functional recovery is usually poor after nerve transection. In this study we aim to elucidate the role of neuronal activity, induced by nerve electrical stimulation and by exercise, in promoting axonal regeneration and modulating plasticity in the spinal cord after nerve injury. Four groups of adult rats were subjected to sciatic nerve transection and suture repair. Two groups received electrical stimulation (3 V, 0.1 ms at 20 Hz) for 1 h, immediately after injury (ESa) or during 4 weeks (1 h daily; ESc). A third group (ES+TR) received 1 h electrical stimulation and was submitted to treadmill running during 4 weeks (5 m/min, 2 h daily). A fourth group performed only exercise (TR), whereas an untreated group served as control (C). Nerve conduction, H reflex and algesimetry tests were performed at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks after surgery, to assess muscle reinnervation and changes in excitability of spinal cord circuitry. Histological analysis was made at the end of the follow-up. Groups that received acute ES and/or were forced to exercise in the treadmill showed higher levels of muscle reinnervation and increased numbers of regenerated myelinated axons when compared to control animals or animals that received chronic ES. Combining ESa with treadmill training significantly improved muscle reinnervation during the initial phase. The facilitation of the monosynaptic H reflex in the injured limb was reduced in all treated groups, suggesting that the maintenance of activity helps to prevent the development of hyperreflexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Asensio-Pinilla
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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48
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Mehanna A, Mishra B, Kurschat N, Schulze C, Bian S, Loers G, Irintchev A, Schachner M. Polysialic acid glycomimetics promote myelination and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury in mice. Brain 2009; 132:1449-62. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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49
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Electrical stimulation of paralyzed vibrissal muscles reduces endplate reinnervation and does not promote motor recovery after facial nerve repair in rats. Ann Anat 2009; 191:356-70. [PMID: 19481914 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of peripheral nerve injuries requiring surgical repair is poor. Recent work has suggested that electrical stimulation (ES) of denervated muscles could be beneficial. Here we tested whether ES has a positive influence on functional recovery after injury and surgical repair of the facial nerve. Outcomes at 2 months were compared to animals receiving sham stimulation (SS). Starting on the first day after end-to-end suture (facial-facial anastomosis), electrical stimulation (square 0.1 ms pulses at 5 Hz at an ex tempore established threshold amplitude of between 3.0 and 5.0V) was delivered to the vibrissal muscles for 5 min a day, 3 times a week. Restoration of vibrissal motor performance following ES or SS was evaluated using the video-based motion analysis and correlated with the degree of collateral axonal branching at the lesion site, the number of motor endplates in the target musculature and the quality of their reinnervation, i.e. the degree of mono- versus poly-innervation. Neither protocol reduced collateral branching. ES did not improve functional outcome, but rather reduced the number of innervated motor endplates to approximately one-fifth of normal values and failed to reduce the proportion of poly-innervated motor endplates. We conclude that ES is not beneficial for recovery of whisker function after facial nerve repair in rats.
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Agbulut O, Vignaud A, Hourde C, Mouisel E, Fougerousse F, Butler-Browne GS, Ferry A. Slow myosin heavy chain expression in the absence of muscle activity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 296:C205-14. [PMID: 18945940 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00408.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Innervation has been generally accepted to be a major factor involved in both triggering and maintaining the expression of slow myosin heavy chain (MHC-1) in skeletal muscle. However, previous findings from our laboratory have suggested that, in the mouse, this is not always the case (30). Based on these results, we hypothesized that neurotomy would not markedly reduced the expression of MHC-1 protein in the mouse soleus muscles. In addition, other cellular, biochemical, and functional parameters were also studied in these denervated soleus muscles to complete our study. Our results show that denervation reduced neither the relative amount of MHC-1 protein, nor the percentage of muscle fibers expressing MHC-1 protein (P > 0.05). The fact that MHC-1 protein did not respond to muscle inactivity was confirmed in three different mouse strains (129/SV, C57BL/6, and CD1). In contrast, all of the other histological, biochemical, and functional muscle parameters were markedly altered by denervation. Cross-sectional area (CSA) of muscle fibers, maximal tetanic isometric force, maximal velocity of shortening, maximal power, and citrate synthase activity were all reduced in denervated muscles compared with innervated muscles (P < 0.05). Contraction and one-half relaxation times of the twitch were also increased by denervation (P < 0.05). Addition of tenotomy to denervation had no further effect on the relative expression of MHC-1 protein (P > 0.05), despite a greater reduction in CSA and citrate synthase activity (P < 0.05). In conclusion, a deficit in neural input leads to marked atrophy and reduction in performance in mouse soleus muscles. However, the maintenance of the relative expression of slow MHC protein is independent of neuromuscular activity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Agbulut
- EA300, Université Paria Diderot, Paris, France
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