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Qarot E, Guan Y, Hanani M. The protective barrier role of satellite glial cells in sensory ganglia. Glia 2024; 72:1054-1066. [PMID: 38450799 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Neurons in sensory ganglia are wrapped completely by satellite glial cells (SGCs). One putative function of SGCs is to regulate the neuronal microenvironment, but this role has received only little attention. In this study we investigated whether the SGC envelope serves a barrier function and how SGCs may control the neuronal microenvironment. We studied this question on short-term (<24 h) cell cultures of dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia from adult mice, which contain neurons surrounded with SGCs, and neurons that are not. Using calcium imaging, we measured neuronal responses to molecules with established actions on sensory neurons. We found that neurons surrounded by SGCs had a smaller response to molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glutamate, GABA, and bradykinin than neurons without glial cover. When we inhibited the activity of NTPDases, which hydrolyze the ATP, and also when we inhibited the glutamate and GABA transporters on SGCs, this difference in the neuronal response was no longer observed. We conclude that the SGC envelope does not hinder diffusional passage, but acts as a metabolic barrier that regulates the neuronal microenvironment, and can protect the neurons and modulate their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Qarot
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Menachem Hanani
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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2
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Schreiter A, Gore C, Labuz D, Fournie‐Zaluski M, Roques BP, Stein C, Machelska H. Pain inhibition by blocking leukocytic and neuronal opioid peptidases in peripheral inflamed tissue. FASEB J 2012; 26:5161-71. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-208678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schreiter
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative IntensivmedizinFreie Universität Berlin, Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin FranklinBerlinGermany
| | - Carmen Gore
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative IntensivmedizinFreie Universität Berlin, Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin FranklinBerlinGermany
| | - Dominika Labuz
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative IntensivmedizinFreie Universität Berlin, Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin FranklinBerlinGermany
| | | | | | - Christoph Stein
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative IntensivmedizinFreie Universität Berlin, Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin FranklinBerlinGermany
| | - Halina Machelska
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative IntensivmedizinFreie Universität Berlin, Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin FranklinBerlinGermany
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3
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Characteristic of galaninergic components of the enteric nervous system in the cancer invasion of human large intestine. Ann Anat 2012; 194:368-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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4
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Abstract
Aminopeptidase N (APN) or CD13 is a conserved type II integral membrane zinc-dependent metalloprotease in the M1 family of ectoenzymes. APN is abundant in the kidneys and central nervous system. Identified substrates include Angiotensin III (Ang III); neuropeptides, including enkephalins and endorphins; and homones, including kallidan and somatostatin. It is developmentally expressed, a myelomonocytic marker for leukemias, and a receptor for coronovirus. There is evolving support for APN in the regulation of arterial blood pressure and the pathogenesis of hypertension. In rodent strains, intracerebraventricular (i.c.v.) infusions of APN reduces, while inhibitors of APN activity have a pressor effect on blood pressure. Dysregulation of central APN has been linked to the pathogenesis of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. There is evidence that renal tubule APN inhibits Na flux and plays a mechanistic role in salt-adaptation. A functional polymorphism of the ANP gene has been identified in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat. Signaling by APN impacting on blood pressure is likely mediated by regulation of the metabolism of Ang III to Ang IV. Whether APN regulates arterial blood pressure in humans or is a therapeutic target for hypertension are subjects for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Danziger
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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5
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Warner FJ, Lew RA, Smith AI, Lambert DW, Hooper NM, Turner AJ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), but not ACE, is preferentially localized to the apical surface of polarized kidney cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:39353-62. [PMID: 16166094 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508914200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is a homologue of angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE), the central enzyme of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). ACE2 is abundant in human kidney and heart and has been implicated in renal and cardiac function through its ability to hydrolyze Angiotensin II. Although ACE2 and ACE are both type I integral membrane proteins and share 61% protein sequence similarity, they display distinct modes of enzyme action and tissue distribution. This study characterized ACE2 at the plasma membrane of non-polarized Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCKII) epithelial cells and compared its cellular localization to its related enzyme, ACE, using indirect immunofluorescence, cell-surface biotinylation, Western analysis, and enzyme activity assays. This study shows ACE2 and ACE are both cell-surface proteins distributed evenly to detergent-soluble regions of the plasma membrane in CHO cells. However, in polarized MDCKII cells under steady-state conditions the two enzymes are differentially expressed. ACE2 is localized predominantly to the apical surface ( approximately 92%) where it is proteolytically cleaved within its ectodomain to release a soluble form. Comparatively, ACE is present on both the apical ( approximately 55%) and basolateral membranes ( approximately 45%) where it is also secreted but differentially; the ectodomain cleavage of ACE is 2.5-fold greater from the apical surface than the basolateral surface. These studies suggest that both ACE2 and ACE are ectoenzymes that have distinct localization and secretion patterns that determine their role on the cell surface in kidney epithelium and in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J Warner
- Proteolysis Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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6
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Allt G, Lawrenson JG. The blood-nerve barrier: enzymes, transporters and receptors--a comparison with the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res Bull 2000; 52:1-12. [PMID: 10779695 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been much more extensively investigated than the blood-nerve barrier (BNB). Nevertheless it is clear that there are both similarities and differences in the molecular and morphophysiological characteristics of the two barrier systems. A number of enzymes, transporters and receptors have been investigated at both the BNB and BBB, as well as in the perineurium of peripheral nerves, which is also a metabolically active diffusion barrier. While there have been few systematic comparisons of the distribution of these molecules in both the BNB and BBB, it is apparent from the data available, reviewed in this article, that their distribution also supports the concept of the BNB and BBB having some features in common but also showing distinct identities. These similarities and differences cannot simply be accounted for by the presence of the inductive influences of astrocytes at the BBB and absence at the BNB. Whether the Schwann cell also has the capacity to induce some BNB properties remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Allt
- Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Wickham L, Zappulla JP, DesGroseillers L. Molecular cloning, sequence analysis and expression distribution of an aminopeptidase in Aplysia california. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1999; 124:429-37. [PMID: 10665371 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(99)00136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We are investigating the role of membrane-bound peptidases in the inactivation of neuropeptides in Aplysia californica. Recently, we reported the biochemical characterization of a membrane-bound neuropeptide-degrading enzyme which has enzymatic characteristics similar to those of the mammalian aminopeptidase N (Bawab W, Querido E, Crine P, DesGroseillers L. Identification and characterization of aminopeptidases from Aplysia californica, Biochem J 1992;286:967-975). We now report the cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding an aminopeptidase enzyme (apAP) and the localization of the apAP transcript in Aplysia. The apAP cDNA encodes a putative protein of 1007 amino acids, which shows around 34% sequence identity to mammalian aminopeptidases A and N sequences. The deduced amino acid sequence suggests that apAP is a type II membrane-bound protein, with a long extracellular domain in which the consensus sequence of zinc-binding metallopeptidases (His-Glu-Xxx-Xxx-His) is found. RT-PCR and Northern blot experiments showed that the apAP gene is expressed as a single 6.8-kb transcript in the central nervous system, gill, heart, kidney and ovotestis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wickham
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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8
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Barnes K, Brown C, Turner AJ. Endothelin-converting enzyme: ultrastructural localization and its recycling from the cell surface. Hypertension 1998; 31:3-9. [PMID: 9449382 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.31.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The potent vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) is secreted constitutively by endothelial cells and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several cardiovascular diseases. It is generated from its inactive intermediate, big ET-1, through the action of endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE). Using several complementary techniques, we have demonstrated that ECE is present at the cell surface and on intracellular vesicles and that it recycles from the cell surface in endothelial cells. This is the first ultrastructural localization of ECE in lung and the first time big ET-1 and ECE have been colocalized by immunogold in a vesicular population, 50 to 100 nm in diameter. In addition, by double immunogold staining of ultrathin cryosections, we have localized ECE together with angiotensin-converting enzyme on the luminal membrane of endothelial cells. With cell surface biotinylation of a transformed rat endothelial cell line and of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, we have confirmed the presence of ECE on the plasma membrane. After treatment of endothelial cells with chloroquine, ECE and trans-Golgi network 38 protein were shown by immunofluorescence staining to localize to the same intracellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, UK.
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9
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Wex T, Bühling F, Arndt M, Frank K, Ansorge S, Lendeckel U. The activation-dependent induction of APN-(CD13) in T-cells is controlled at different levels of gene expression. FEBS Lett 1997; 412:53-6. [PMID: 9257688 PMCID: PMC7126794 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it was shown that aminopeptidase N (E.C. 3.4.11.2, CD13) is up-regulated during mitogenic stimulation of peripheral T-cells. In this study, we demonstrate that the half-life of APN mRNA was considerably prolonged in these cells leading to a 2.7-fold increase of APN transcript level. The apparent half-life time of the APN transcript was investigated by the RNA synthesis inhibitor-chase method using actinomycin D. The steady-state APN mRNA levels was determined by a competitive RT-PCR. The half-lives estimated in resting T-cells, natural killer cells and permanently growing tumour cells varied between 3.5 and 6 h. Finally, nuclear run-on assays revealed that the APN gene expression of stimulated T-cells is controlled by increased promoter activity as well. These studies suggest a control of APN gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in addition to promoter-mediated regulation.
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Key Words
- cd13
- e.c. 3.4.11.2
- actinomycin d
- half-life time
- apn, aminopeptidase n
- ala-pna, alanine-p-nitroanilid
- cd, cluster of differentation
- edta, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- cpm, counts per minute
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- pbs, phosphate-buffered saline
- pha, phytohemagglutinine
- pma, phorbol 12-acetate 13-myristate
- rt-pcr, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- sds, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- ssc, standard sodium citrate
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wex
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Magdeburg, Germany.
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10
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Barnes K, Shimada K, Takahashi M, Tanzawa K, Turner AJ. Metallopeptidase inhibitors induce an up-regulation of endothelin-converting enzyme levels and its redistribution from the plasma membrane to an intracellular compartment. J Cell Sci 1996; 109 ( Pt 5):919-28. [PMID: 8743939 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.109.5.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-converting enzyme is a phosphoramidon-sensitive membrane metallopeptidase that catalyses the final step in biosynthesis of the potent vasoactive endothelin peptides. Immunomagnetic separation technology and immunohistochemistry have been used to demonstrate the co-localisation of endothelin-converting enzyme with the established ectoenzyme, aminopeptidase N, on the surface of endothelial cells. Unlike aminopeptidase N, however, endothelin-converting enzyme is seen to associate in clusters on the plasma membrane which can be distinguished from caveolae both biochemically and immunologically. Pre-treatment of endothelial cells with the metallopeptidase inhibitors phosphoramidon or thiorphan in the range 0.01-100 microM produced a dose-dependent increase in the levels of endothelin-converting enzyme protein and its accumulation in an intracellular compartment. No corresponding change in the levels of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 mRNA was detected under these conditions, nor in the levels of the closely related metalloenzyme, endopeptidase-24.11. The phosphoramidon and thiorphan-dependent increase is not due to direct inhibition of endothelin-converting enzyme not endopeptidase-24.11 but, rather, to an inhibition of the selective turnover of endothelin-converting enzyme protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, UK
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11
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Kioussi C, Mamalaki A, Jessen K, Mirsky R, Hersh LB, Matsas R. Expression of endopeptidase-24.11 (common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia antigen CD10) in the sciatic nerve of the adult rat after lesion and during regeneration. Eur J Neurosci 1995; 7:951-61. [PMID: 7613630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Endopeptidase-24.11, which is identical with the common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia antigen CD10 (CALLA), is a cell surface Zn2+ metalloprotease that regulates peptide-induced responses in different tissues, including the nervous and immune systems. In the peripheral nervous system, high levels of the enzyme are present in all neonatal and early postnatal Schwann cells, while as myelination proceeds it is gradually suppressed in the majority of cells that form myelin but retained in non-myelin-forming cells in the adult animal. In the present study we have investigated the effects of transection, crush and regeneration of the adult rat sciatic nerve on the expression of the endopeptidase by Schwann cells in situ. Endopeptidase-24.11 was monitored by immunocytochemistry using the monoclonal anti-endopeptidase antibody 23B11. For comparison, a parallel study was carried out with a monoclonal antibody directed against the rat nerve growth factor receptor. We found that (i) all Schwann cells of the distal segment re-expressed endopeptidase-24.11 as early as 4 days after axotomy, the level of immunostaining reaching a maximum after 2 weeks, (ii) axonal regeneration repressed Schwann cell expression of endopeptidase-24.11, and (iii) the induction of the nerve growth factor receptor followed a similar pattern to that of endopeptidase-24.11 in the transected and crushed nerve. Enzymatic amplification of endopeptidase-24.11 cDNA from normal and axotomized adult rat sciatic nerve confirmed the expression of endopeptidase-24.11 in these tissues. Our results show that the expression of endopeptidase-24.11 in Schwann cells, as is the case with the nerve growth factor receptor, is induced by the loss of the normal axon-Schwann cell contact. The significant increase in the expression of endopeptidase-24.11 by Schwann cells after axonal damage suggests that the enzyme could play a role in axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kioussi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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12
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Barnes K, Kenny AJ, Turner AJ. Localization of aminopeptidase N and dipeptidyl peptidase IV in pig striatum and in neuronal and glial cell cultures. Eur J Neurosci 1994; 6:531-7. [PMID: 7912983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1994.tb00297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The subcellular distribution of the plasma membrane ectoenzymes, aminopeptidase N (aminopeptidase M) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV, has been examined by fractionating homogenates of porcine striata by a discontinuous Percoll gradient centrifugation procedure which distinguishes fractions containing pre- and post-synaptic elements. The two enzymes showed different distributions--dipeptidyl peptidase IV did not show a significant pre-synaptic location, whereas aminopeptidase N was present on both pre- and post-synaptic fractions. Immunofluorescent staining on mixed and neuron-enriched primary cultures of pig striatal tissue using affinity purified antibodies to the aminopeptidase and to the dipeptidyl peptidase revealed the ectoenzymes on distinct populations of cells. The astrocytic identity of the aminopeptidase N-staining cells was established by correlation with immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein and for vimentin by confocal microscopy. Ultracryosections of striatum immunostained with gold-labelled immunoglobulins of differing diameters demonstrated aminopeptidase N on pericytes and confirmed its location on endothelial and astrocytic glial cells. Thus, several independent approaches indicated that aminopeptidase N, in addition to being present on endothelial and synaptic membranes, is found on astrocytes and pericytes in the perivascular neuropil, whereas dipeptidyl peptidase IV is less widely distributed on microvessels and appears not to have a synaptosomal location.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, UK
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- J Donnerer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Graz Austria
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14
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Barnes K, Turner AJ, Kenny AJ. An immunoelectron microscopic study of pig substantia nigra shows co-localization of endopeptidase-24.11 with substance P. Neuroscience 1993; 53:1073-82. [PMID: 7685069 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(93)90490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Endopeptidase-24.11 is a widely distributed cell surface enzyme with a role in inactivating some neuropeptides and peptide hormones. In the central nervous system it has been implicated in the metabolism of enkephalins and tachykinins, neuropeptides which are expressed by neurons projecting to the substantia nigra. Two immunochemical methods have been used to reveal the ultrastructural localization of endopeptidase-24.11 and substance P in the substantia nigra of piglets. In the first approach, substance P was revealed by immunoperoxidase staining using the rat monoclonal antibody, NC1, and endopeptidase-24.11 by 1 nm colloidal gold using an affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal antibody, both being applied at the pre-embedding stage. NC1 was shown to be highly specific for substance P, with negligible cross-reactivity with neurokinins A and B. The specificity of the immunostaining was confirmed by processing all sections for both markers, even when only one primary antibody was applied. In the second approach, ultrathin cryosections were immunostained using gold particles of different diameters. In a survey of electron micrographs, 80% of the silver-enhanced gold particles were touching neuronal membranes, consistent with the known topology of endopeptidase-24.11. Endopeptidase-24.11 immunoreactivity was observed both on membranes of axons and on pre- and postsynaptic elements. Substance P immunoreactivity was seen within some boutons, apparently associated with vesicles, and in axons. In doubly stained sections, many examples of immunopositive gold-labelled boutons (i.e. endopeptidase-24.11-immunoreactive-positive) containing immunoperoxidase reaction product (i.e. substance P-immunoreactive-positive) were recorded. In ultrathin cryosections, substance P immunoreactivity was mainly observed in dense-core vesicles within boutons, some of which also showed membrane-associated gold particles marking endopeptidase-24.11 immunoreactivity. This is the first demonstration of endopeptidase-24.11 by immunogold at the electron microscopic level and the first demonstration of the ultrastructural co-localization of a membrane peptidase and its putative neuropeptide target. The results lend strong support to the view that endopeptidase-24.11 has a physiological role in the metabolism of substance P, but do not exclude a role in the inactivation of other neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, U.K
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15
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Howell S, Caswell AM, Kenny AJ, Turner AJ. Membrane peptidases on human osteoblast-like cells in culture: hydrolysis of calcitonin and hormonal regulation of endopeptidase-24.11. Biochem J 1993; 290 ( Pt 1):159-64. [PMID: 8439284 PMCID: PMC1132396 DOI: 10.1042/bj2900159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Five membrane peptidase activities have been identified on cultured human osteoblast-like cells. These consisted of the four exopeptidases aminopeptidase-A, aminopeptidase-N, aminopeptidase-W and carboxypeptidase-M, and the endopeptidase, endopeptidase-24.11. The presence of endopeptidase-24.11 was confirmed immunochemically by immunofluorescent staining and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The inclusion of phosphoramidon partially inhibited the hydrolysis of human calcitonin by a membrane fraction prepared from osteoblast-like cell membranes, thus implicating endopeptidase-24.11 in its inactivation. Another metallopeptidase also contributed substantially to calcitonin hydrolysis. Purified porcine endopeptidase-24.11 (1 microgram) was shown to hydrolyse calcitonin with a half-life of 23 min, which compared to a half-life of 0.5 min for substance P under similar conditions. Sequence data revealed that the initial site of hydrolysis of calcitonin was between residues Lys18 and Phe19. The expression of endopeptidase-24.11 by cultured osteoblast-like cells was shown to be modified by various agents: expression was decreased by phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (160 nM for 48 h) and increased in the presence of calcitonin (1.5 nM for 48 h) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (0.01-1 microM for 72 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Howell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, U.K
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16
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Wilkins MR, Unwin RJ, Kenny AJ. Endopeptidase-24.11 and its inhibitors: potential therapeutic agents for edematous disorders and hypertension. Kidney Int 1993; 43:273-85. [PMID: 8441223 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1993.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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17
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18
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Nagae A, Deddish PA, Becker RP, Anderson CH, Abe M, Tan F, Skidgel RA, Erdös EG. Carboxypeptidase M in brain and peripheral nerves. J Neurochem 1992; 59:2201-12. [PMID: 1431901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb10112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase M (CPM), a plasma membrane-bound enzyme, cleaves C-terminal basic amino acids with a neutral pH optimum. We studied its distribution in human, baboon, and dog brain and in dog peripheral nerves. Areas were dissected, homogenized, centrifuged, and assayed for activity with dansyl-Ala-Arg. The corpus callosum and the pyramidal and optic tract were especially rich in CPM, whereas basal ganglia and cortex had low activity. The identity of the basic carboxypeptidase activity with CPM was shown by similarities in subcellular localization, membrane attachment, substrate hydrolysis, inhibition by a specific basic carboxypeptidase inhibitor, and cross-reaction with anti-human CPM antiserum. This antiserum immunoprecipitated an average of 85% of the activity in human and baboon brain and approximately 66% in dog brain. CPM co-purified with myelin extracted from the brain. Consistent with results obtained in placenta and cultured kidney cells, CPM in the brain appears to be membrane-bound via a phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor. In the peripheral nerves, the specific activity in dog sciatic nerve and in vagus was high (98 and 149 nmol/h/mg of protein, respectively). In immunohistochemical studies, glia in the brain, which appear to be oligodendrocytes or astrocytes, and the outer aspects of myelin sheaths and Schwann cells in sciatic and vagus nerves were stained. We conclude that in some areas of the CNS and the PNS, CPM is closely associated with myelin and myelin-forming cells. Northern blot analysis revealed the presence of mRNA coding for CPM in the brain, showing that the enzyme is indeed synthesized there.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nagae
- Laboratory of Peptide Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago 60612
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19
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Kioussi C, Crine P, Matsas R. Endopeptidase-24.11 is suppressed in myelin-forming but not in non-myelin-forming Schwann cells during development of the rat sciatic nerve. Neuroscience 1992; 50:69-83. [PMID: 1407560 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90382-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Endopeptidase-24.11, which is identical with the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA), is a cell surface zinc metalloprotease that has the ability to hydrolyse a variety of physiologically active peptides. Interest in this enzyme is based on the view that it may play a role in the regulation of peptide signals in different tissues, including the nervous and immune systems. We have previously shown that endopeptidase-24.11 is present in Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system of newborn pigs [Kioussi C. and Matsas R. (1991) J. Neurochem. 57, 431-440]. In the present study we have investigated the developmental expression of the endopeptidase by Schwann cells in the rat sciatic nerve, from embryonic day 16 to maturity. Endopeptidase-24.11 was monitored enzymatically as well as by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry using the monoclonal anti-endopeptidase antibody 23B11. We found an age-dependent decline in both the enzyme activity and the levels of immunoreactive protein. Endopeptidase-24.11 was first detected at embryonic day 18 and was present in all neonatal and early postnatal Schwann cells. However, as myelination proceeded the endopeptidase was gradually suppressed in the majority of cells that form myelin but retained in non-myelin-forming cells in the adult animal. At this stage, only very few large diameter myelinated fibers expressed weakly endopeptidase-24.11. Schwann cells dissociated from postnatal day 5 nerves and cultured up to one week in the absence of axons expressed endopeptidase-24.11. These results show that the endopeptidase has a distinct developmental profile in the rat sciatic nerve, similar to that of a group of other Schwann cell surface antigens, including the cell adhesion molecules N-CAM and L1 and the nerve growth factor receptor. We suggest that, as is the case with these antigens, endopeptidase-24.11 may play a role in nerve development and/or regeneration. In addition, persistence of endopeptidase-24.11 in a minority of adult myelin-forming Schwann cells suggests a possible role for the enzyme in axon-myelin apposition and maintenance, especially of larger diameter axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kioussi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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Howell S, Kenny AJ, Turner AJ. A survey of membrane peptidases in two human colonic cell lines, Caco-2 and HT-29. Biochem J 1992; 284 ( Pt 2):595-601. [PMID: 1318037 PMCID: PMC1132680 DOI: 10.1042/bj2840595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The expression of cell-surface peptidases was examined in two human colon carcinoma cell lines, Caco-2 and HT-29. Enzymic assays revealed the presence of eight cell-surface peptidases on a Caco-2 cell line (passage number 82-88), namely aminopeptidase N, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, peptidyl dipeptidase A (angiotension-converting enzyme), aminopeptidase P, aminopeptidase W, endopeptidase-24.11, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and membrane dipeptidase. The presence of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and endopeptidase-24.11 was also confirmed immunochemically. After 15 days culture, the activities of aminopeptidase P, peptidyl dipeptidase A and alkaline phosphatase activities on Caco-2 cells reached a plateau, and that of membrane dipeptidase began to decline. In contrast, aminopeptidase N, dipeptidyl peptidase IV and endopeptidase-24.11 activities were still rising after 26 days in culture. Caco-2 cells of passage number 181-183 were found to lack endopeptidase-24.11, but maintained dipeptidyl peptidase IV expression. Two populations of HT-29 cells were surveyed. Both the standard, undifferentiated population and a differentiated population expressed only three peptidases: dipeptidyl peptidase IV, aminopeptidase W and carboxypeptidase M. In the differentiated HT-29 cells the activity of dipeptidyl peptidase IV after 14-21 days was beginning to plateau whereas aminopeptidase W activity was still rising and that of carboxypeptidase M had begun to decline. These differences in activity profiles observed among this group of cell-surface peptidases indicate that these cell lines, especially Caco-2, are useful models to study the regulation of their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Howell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, U.K
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Davies D, Medeiros MS, Keen J, Turner AJ, Haynes LW. Endopeptidase-24.11 cleaves a chemotactic factor from alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 43:1753-6. [PMID: 1575770 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90706-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The sequence of rat alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP-alpha) contains the tetrapeptide eosinophil granulocyte chemotactic factor Val32-Gly-Ser-Glu35. Peptide fragments formed following hydrolysis of rat CGRP-alpha in vitro by endopeptidase-24.11 were identified. The tetrapeptide fragment was generated following cleavage at a substrate recognition site unusual for this enzyme (-Glu-Ala-). Chemotactic activity of rat CGRP-alpha was increased following hydrolysis. Furthermore, rat CGRP-beta, which lacks the tetrapeptide sequence and is completely devoid of chemotactic activity, displayed low but measurable activity after hydrolysis. Val-Gly-Ser-Glu was identified as the principle fragment with chemotactic activity in rat CGRP-alpha. The results show that the chemotactic activity of the neuropeptide rat CGRP-alpha towards eosinophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes is increased following its hydrolysis in vitro by endopeptidase 24.11 through the formation of a previously identified eosinophil chemotactic tetrapeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Davies
- Department of Zoology, University of Bristol, U.K
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Kenny AJ, Bourne A. Cellular reorganisation of membrane peptidases in Wallerian degeneration of pig peripheral nerve. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1991; 20:875-85. [PMID: 1684807 DOI: 10.1007/bf01190466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical techniques have been used to study a group of membrane peptidases in the distal segment of the ulnar nerve of piglets 7 and 14 days after surgical section. Five peptidases were studied, all of which have a wide distribution on the surfaces of many cell types and have roles in metabolising neuropeptides. In normal pig nerves, endopeptidase-24.11 is expressed by both myelin- and nonmyelin-forming Schwann cells. Peptidyl dipeptidase A (angiotensin converting enzyme), aminopeptidase-N and dipeptidyl peptidase IV are present in the microvessels, and aminopeptidase-N is also seen in the perineurial connective tissue. Of this group of peptidases, only aminopeptidase-W is a neuronal marker in normal nerve. Macrophages were identified by two antibodies, 74-22-15 and 40D (which recognises Ia). Short-term cultures of macrophages obtained by alveolar lavage were positively stained by both antibodies and about half of the cells also expressed aminopeptidase-N and dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Staining by 40D and 74-22-15 revealed the presence of significant numbers of macrophages in normal nerve, but none of the membrane peptidases colocalized with these cells. Seven days after section of the nerve, the distal segment showed morphological changes typical of Wallerian degeneration. Endopeptidase-24.11 was no longer visible in myelin sheaths, but remained a marker for the surface of Schwann cells (defined also by staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein). The macrophage markers revealed marked changes in the morphology of these cells, often consistent with their phagocytic activity. Two peptidases, aminopeptidase-N and aminopeptidase-W, also appeared at this time to be associated with cells exhibiting the morphology of activated macrophages. This association could be confirmed in many instances by double staining with 74-22-15 and antibodies to the peptidases. Angiotensin converting enzyme retained its single location in microvessels at 7 days after section, but at 14 days a new pattern emerged as it, too, was expressed by macrophages. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV was not shown to be a macrophage marker in the degenerating nerve. Thus Wallerian degeneration leads to remarkable changes in the cellular expression of membrane peptidase; endopeptidase-24.11 reflects the changed morphology of Schwann cells while aminopeptidase-N, aminopeptidase-W and angiotensin converting enzyme become expressed by the actively phagocytosing macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kenny
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, UK
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