Evaluation of markers, sampling sites and models for estimating rates of passage of silage or hay in dairy cows

Magnesium absorption as influenced by the rumen passage kinetics in lactating dairy cows fed modified levels of fibre and protein

The potassium sensitive magnesium absorption through the rumen wall may be influenced by additional dietary properties, such as diet type, forage type or forage to concentrate ratio. These properties are likely associated to rumen passage kinetics modified by dietary fibre content. The study aimed to assess the effects of rumen passage kinetics on apparent Mg absorption and retention in lactating dairy cows fed modified levels of fibre. Six lactating Red-Holstein and Holstein cows, including four fitted with ruminal cannulas were randomly assigned to a 3 × 3 cross-over design. The experimental diets consisted of early harvested low NDF (341 g NDF/kg DM) and late harvested high NDF (572 g NDF/kg DM) grass silage (80% DM) and of concentrates (20% of DM). As the low-fibre diet was excessive in protein, a third high-fibre diet was formulated to be balanced in digestible protein with the low-fibre diet to avoid any eventual confounding effects of NDF and protein excess. All diets were formulated to contain iso-Ca, -P, -Mg, -K and -Na. Passage kinetics of solid and liquid phase of rumen digesta were evaluated using ruminal marker disappearance profiles. Cows fed the low-fibre diet had compared to the other diets, an up to 40% lower solid and 26% lower liquid phase volume of rumen digesta and a 10% numerically higher fractional rumen liquid passage rate. Rumen pH lost 0.6 units and Mg concentration in the rumen liquid phase tripled when cows were fed the low-fibre diet. Faecal Mg excretion was up to 14% higher in cows fed the low-fibre diet and Mg absorbability was 12% compared to up to 19% in other diets. Urinary Mg excretion in cows fed the low-fibre diet was half of the ones in the other treatments, but Mg retention was not affected. Dietary protein excess neither affected rumen passage kinetics nor Mg absorption and retention. Absorption of Mg was correlated with rumen liquid volume which both decreased with decreasing daily NDF intake (NDFi, 11.8 ± 2.4 l/kg NDFi). Consequently, daily Mg absorption decreased by 1.32 ± 0.28 g/kg decreasing NDFi. To conclude, in addition to the known antagonistic effect of dietary K, the present data indicate that Mg absorption was dependent from NDFi which modified rumen liquid volume, but was independent of dietary protein excess likely associated to low NDF herbages.

Stable isotope-labelled feed nutrients to assess nutrient-specific feed passage kinetics in ruminants

Knowledge of digesta passage kinetics in ruminants is essential to predict nutrient supply to the animal in relation to optimal animal performance, environmental pollution and animal health. Fractional passage rates (FPR) of feed are widely used in modern feed evaluation systems and mechanistic rumen models, but data on nutrient-specific FPR are scarce. Such models generally rely on conventional external marker techniques, which do not always describe digesta passage kinetics in a satisfactory manner. Here the use of stable isotope-labelled dietary nutrients as a promising novel tool to assess nutrient-specific passage kinetics is discussed. Some major limitations of this technique include a potential marker migration, a poor isotope distribution in the labelled feed and a differential disappearance rate of isotopes upon microbial fermentation in non-steady state conditions. Such limitations can often be circumvented by using intrinsically stable isotope-labelled plant material. Data are limited but indicate that external particulate markers overestimate rumen FPR of plant fibre compared with the internal stable isotope markers. Stable isotopes undergo the same digestive mechanism as the labelled feed components and are thus of particular interest to specifically measure passage kinetics of digestible dietary nutrients.

Modelagem comparativa da cinética da fase sólida do capim-elefante picado, suplementado ou não com concentrados, e fornecido a vacas Holandês x Zebu em lactação

Foram comparadas as estimativas da cinética da fase sólida do capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) picado, mordentado com cromo (Cr), obtidas do ajuste de dois modelos não-lineares (bicompartimental tempo-independente e multicompartimental tempo-dependente) a resultados de excreção fecal de vacas Holandês x Zebu em lactação. Utilizaram-se dados de dois experimentos realizados em anos diferentes com capim-elefante cortado aos 60 e 45 dias, e suplementado, 3,3kg/vaca/dia, base matéria natural, ou não com concentrados. Foram utilizadas quatro e três vacas, respectivamente, no primeiro e no segundo ano de experimentação, havendo sempre duas fases de coleta de dados, necessárias para permitir que cada vaca pudesse ser avaliada em cada tratamento. As taxas de passagem ruminal estimadas variaram de 3,0 a 3,2%/h no modelo bicompartimental tempo-independente, e de 2,6 a 3,0%/h no modelo multicompartimental tempo-dependente, enquanto as respectivas taxas de passagem pós-ruminal variaram de 4,9 a 7,4%/h e de 7,4 a 10,9%/h. Os tempos médios de retenção do capim-elefante no trato gastrintestinal das vacas variaram de 66,0 a 76,2h no modelo bicompartimental tempo-independente, e de 48,1 a 57,8h no modelo multicompartimental tempo-dependente. O processo de dependência de tempo imposto pelo modelo multicompartimental permitiu melhor ajuste aos dados de excreção fecal do Cr, em relação ao modelo bicompartimental.

Modelagem comparativa da cinética de fluxo da fase sólida do capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schumack) consumido sob pastejo por vacas mestiças Holandês × Zebu em lactação

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em pastagem de capim-elefante manejada em sistema rotativo. Foram usadas duas repetições de área por tratamento e o período de ocupação dos piquetes foi de três dias. No primeiro experimento (estação da seca) foram usadas 18 vacas Holandês × Zebu em lactação, sendo seis fistuladas no rúmen e alocadas em cada repetição de área de cada um dos três tratamentos: período de descanso da pastagem de 30 dias, sem uso de concentrado, e períodos de descanso de 30 e 45 dias, com uso de concentrado. Entre ordenhas, as vacas receberam cana-de-açúcar com 1% de uréia:sulfato de amônio (9:1). Em cada vaca fistulada, em função do tratamento, foi administrada FDN-cromo-mordente de extrusas de capim-elefante obtidas em cada dia de ocupação do piquete. No segundo experimento (estação das chuvas) foram usadas 12 vacas em lactação (quatro fistuladas no rúmen) e estudaram-se dois períodos de descanso da pastagem (30 e 45 dias) sem suplementação. As estimativas da taxa de passagem ruminal obtidas de dois modelos (bicompartimental tempo-independente e multicompartimental tempo-dependente) foram bastante próximas. Valores superiores para taxa de passagem pós-ruminal foram observados para o modelo multicompartimental tempo-dependente. Na estação da seca, os valores médios para taxas de passagem ruminal e pós-ruminal foram, respectivamente, 0,042 e 0,087/h (modelo bicompartimental tempo-independente) e 0,041 e 0,109/h (modelo multicompartimental tempo-dependente). Na estação das chuvas observaram-se valores de 0,035 e 0,056/h, e de 0,029 e 0,090/h, na mesma ordem de citação.

Modeling ruminal digestibility of carbohydrates and microbial protein flow to the duodenum

Carbohydrates are the major source of energy for dairy cows and for microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. The prediction of ruminal carbohydrate digestibility and of the flow of microbial protein to the small intestine is difficult because of the variability among various feeds in the kinetics of digestion and passage of neutral detergent fiber and starch. Disappearance of fiber and starch in vitro or in situ and gas production in vitro have been extensively evaluated, improved, and reviewed. Similarly, markers and models to measure ruminal passage rate have been extensively researched and improved. Sources of variation and decreased accuracy for these techniques are discussed. Variation and potential errors also remain for the prediction of microbial protein flow to the duodenum using in vivo procedures. However, when in vivo results were accumulated into a database, microbial N flow to the duodenum over a wide range of conditions could be predicted accurately by intake of net energy for lactation or by dry matter intake and percentage of neutral detergent fiber in the diet. Although evaluation of feeding interactions and specific dietary limitations for microbial protein production in the rumen are possible with some models but not with this regression approach, mechanistic models need further validation and more accurate rate constants for improved accuracy over a wide range of conditions.

Effect of whole cottonseed, gossypol, and ruminally protected lysine supplementation on milk yield and composition

To determine whether the gossypol content of the diet affected availability of dietary Lys, 4 cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas and 16 intact cows in early lactation were assigned to diets containing either glanded cottonseed, glanded cottonseed plus 15 g/d of ruminally protected Lys, glandless cottonseed, or glandless cottonseed plus 15 g/d of ruminally protected Lys. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 Latin square design with 3-wk experimental periods. Gossypol concentrations in plasma were lower when cows were fed glandless cottonseed. Lysine supplementation increased the flow and percentage of Lys in duodenal digesta and increased the concentration of Lys in plasma. Neither type of cottonseed nor Lys supplementation affected dry matter intake. Yields of milk and fat-corrected milk from cannulated cows were not affected by diet, but yields from intact cows were increased by Lys supplementation. For both cannulated and intact cows, Lys supplementation increased the percentage of milk protein, and milk protein yield was increased by Lys in intact cows. Dietary gossypol did not affect the response to Lys, indicating that dietary gossypol had little or no effect on the availability of Lys for dairy cows.

Ability of mathematical models to predict faecal output with a pulse dose of indigestible marker

The aim of the work was to compare the faecal output and digestibility estimated by two mathematical approaches with the actual amount of faeces excreted or feed digested by Simmental cows. Experimental data (intakes and digestibility measured over 5 d) and faecal Cr concentrations (measured at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 56, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h after a pulse dose of Cr-mordanted forage) were collected from published experiments and fitted to a multicompartmental (MC) model and a gamma age-dependent (AD) model. From a statistical point of view, the MC model was very satisfactory while the AD model produced lower r2 and higher SE values and reached satisfactory statistical values only for higher DM intakes (lactating animals). The MC model produced higher correlations with the digestibility values while the AD model generated better correlations with the intake data; DM intake and digestibilities were more highly correlated with the model's parameters than neutral-detergent fibre terms. The regression between the estimated faecal outputs obtained with the two models showed an intercept close to 0 (P > 0.05) and angular coefficients near 1; there was a good correspondence of the estimates especially for the lowest values of output. The r2 values of the regressions were 0.800 and 0.829 for the MC and AD models respectively and their SE were 2.93 and 2.63. The ability of the two models to predict faecal output and digestibility was very similar, independent of the statistical accuracy of fitting the Cr-concentration data. The results indicate that variation of Cr concentration is the result of the entire digestive process, i.e. dilution and passage, which interact in a competitive or associative way.