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Oliveira LSM, Alves JS, Bastos MS, Costa RB, de Camargo GMF. Do non-bovine domestic animals produce A2 milk?: an in silico analysis. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:93-95. [PMID: 34151728 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1935982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
A2 milk is an easily digestible product since it has only A2 beta-casein. In cattle, the A1 and A2 alleles are found in the population and the A2 milk is produced from A2A2 animals. Little is known about these alleles in other domestic dairy species. The present study aims to analyze sequence of genetic material available on public databases and quantify the animals genotyped. Eight domestic species were analyzed. There is strong evidence that domestic non-bovine species only carry A2 beta-casein. The data reported here for goats already confirm it due to the large number of animals genotyped as well as buffaloes. It means that they naturally produce A2 milk and no selection must be done. Thus, the fact that A2 milk is easier to digest can be used to add value to dairy product of these species. It helps to conquer new markets. It also improves people's health and breeder profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise S M Oliveira
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jackeline S Alves
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Marisa S Bastos
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Raphael B Costa
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gregorio M F de Camargo
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
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2
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Rahmatalla SA, Arends D, Brockmann GA. Review: Genetic and protein variants of milk caseins in goats. Front Genet 2022; 13:995349. [PMID: 36568379 PMCID: PMC9768343 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.995349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The milk casein genes in goats, are highly polymorphic genes with numerous synonymous and non-synonymous mutations. So far, 20 protein variants have been reported in goats for alpha-S1-casein, eight for beta-casein, 14 for alpha-S2-casein, and 24 for kappa-casein. This review provides a comprehensive overview on identified milk casein protein variants in goat and non-coding DNA sequence variants with some affecting the expression of the casein genes. The high frequency of some casein protein variants in different goat breeds and geographical regions might reflect specific breeding goals with respect to milk processing characteristics, properties for human nutrition and health, or adaptation to the environment. Because protein names, alongside the discovery of protein variants, go through a historical process, we linked old protein names with new ones that reveal more genetic variability. The haplotypes across the cluster of the four genetically linked casein genes are recommended as a valuable genetic tool for discrimination between breeds, managing genetic diversity within and between goat populations, and breeding strategies. The enormous variation in the casein proteins and genes is crucial for producing milk and dairy products with different properties for human health and nutrition, and for genetic improvement depending on local breeding goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siham A. Rahmatalla
- Animal Breeding and Molecular Genetics, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Department of Dairy Production, Faculty of Animal Production, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan,*Correspondence: Siham A. Rahmatalla, ; Gudrun A. Brockmann,
| | - Danny Arends
- Animal Breeding and Molecular Genetics, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gudrun A. Brockmann
- Animal Breeding and Molecular Genetics, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Siham A. Rahmatalla, ; Gudrun A. Brockmann,
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3
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Zhang T, Zhou M, Cai H, Yan K, Zha Y, Zhuang W, Liang J, Cheng Y. Identification, purification, and pharmacological activity analysis of Desmodus rotundus salivary plasminogen activator alpha1 (DSPAα1) expressed in transgenic rabbit mammary glands. Transgenic Res 2022; 31:149-163. [PMID: 35034272 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Desmodus rotundus plasminogen activator alpha 1(DSPAα1) is a thrombolytic protein with advantages, such as a long half-life, high accuracy and specificity for thrombolysis, wide therapeutic window, and no neurotoxicity. To date, DSPAα1 has only been expressed in the Chinese hamster ovary, insect cells, transgenic tobacco plants, and Pichia pastoris. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report the expression of DSPAα1 in transgenic rabbit mammary glands, extract the product, and analyze its pharmacology activity. An efficient mammary gland-specific expression vector pCL25/DSPAα1 was transferred to prokaryotic zygotes in rabbits by microinjection to generate six DSPAα1 transgenic rabbits. The recombinant DSPAα1 (rDSPAα1) expression in transgenic rabbit milk was 1.19 ± 0.26 mg/mL. The rDSPAα1 purification protocol included pretreatment, ammonium sulfate precipitation, benzamidine affinity chromatography, cation exchange chromatography, and Cibacron blue affinity chromatography; approximately 98% purity was achieved using gel electrophoresis. According to sequencing results, the primary structure of rDSPAα1 was consistent with the theoretical design sequence, and its molecular weight was consistent with that of the natural protein. N-terminal sequencing results indicated rDSPAα1 to be a mature protein, as the goat signal peptide sequence of the expression vector was no longer detected. The fibrinolytic activity of rDSPAα1 was estimated to be 773,333 IU/mg. Fibrin-agarose plate assay and in vitro rat blood clot degradation assay showed that rDSPAα1 had strong thrombolytic activity. In conclusion, we report recombinant DSPAα1 with high thrombolytic activity expressed in transgenic rabbit mammary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Minya Zhou
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Heqing Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunning Yan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Zha
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Zhuang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Liang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Li X, Spencer GW, Ong L, Gras SL. Beta casein proteins – A comparison between caprine and bovine milk. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Rahmatalla SA, Arends D, Said Ahmed A, Hassan LMA, Krebs S, Reissmann M, Brockmann GA. Capture Sequencing to Explore and Map Rare Casein Variants in Goats. Front Genet 2021; 12:620253. [PMID: 33708238 PMCID: PMC7940697 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.620253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variations in the four casein genes CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, and CSN3 have obtained substantial attention since they affect the milk protein yield, milk composition, cheese processing properties, and digestibility as well as tolerance in human nutrition. Furthermore, milk protein variants are used for breed characterization, biodiversity, and phylogenetic studies. The current study aimed at the identification of casein protein variants in five domestic goat breeds from Sudan (Nubian, Desert, Nilotic, Taggar, and Saanen) and three wild goat species [Capra aegagrus aegagrus (Bezoar ibex), Capra nubiana (Nubian ibex), and Capra ibex (Alpine ibex)]. High-density capture sequencing of 33 goats identified in total 22 non-synonymous and 13 synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), of which nine non-synonymous and seven synonymous SNPs are new. In the CSN1S1 gene, the new non-synonymous SNP ss7213522403 segregated in Alpine ibex. In the CSN2 gene, the new non-synonymous SNPs ss7213522526, ss7213522558, and ss7213522487 were found exclusively in Nubian and Alpine ibex. In the CSN1S2 gene, the new non-synonymous SNPs ss7213522477, ss7213522549, and ss7213522575 were found in Nubian ibex only. In the CSN3 gene, the non-synonymous SNPs ss7213522604 and ss7213522610 were found in Alpine ibex. The identified DNA sequence variants led to the detection of nine new casein protein variants. New variants were detected for alpha S1 casein in Saanen goats (CSN1S1∗C1), Bezoar ibex (CSN1S1∗J), and Alpine ibex (CSN1S1∗K), for beta and kappa caseins in Alpine ibex (CSN2∗F and CSN3∗X), and for alpha S2 casein in all domesticated and wild goats (CSN1S2∗H), in Nubian and Desert goats (CSN1S2∗I), or in Nubian ibex only (CSN1S2∗J and CSN1S2∗K). The results show that most novel SNPs and protein variants occur in the critically endangered Nubian ibex. This highlights the importance of the preservation of this endangered breed. Furthermore, we suggest validating and further characterizing the new casein protein variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siham A Rahmatalla
- Animal Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Dairy Production, Faculty of Animal Production, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Danny Arends
- Animal Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ammar Said Ahmed
- Animal Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lubna M A Hassan
- Animal Resource Research Corporation, Wildlife Research Center, Federal Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rangelands, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Labor für Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Genzentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Reissmann
- Animal Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gudrun A Brockmann
- Animal Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Occurrence of quantitative genetic polymorphism at the caprine β-CN locus, as determined by a proteomic approach. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Zhang S, Ma X, Wang Z, Zhang P, Li Z. Production of transgenic cattle expressing lysine-rich polypeptide in milk by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Transgenic Res 2019; 28:317-325. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Sowmya K, Mala D, Bhat MI, Kumar N, Bajaj RK, Kapila S, Kapila R. Bio-accessible milk casein derived tripeptide (LLY) mediates overlapping anti- inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects under cellular (Caco-2) and in vivo milieu. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 62:167-180. [PMID: 30300836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are closely linked patho-physiological processes which occur concurrently in many diseased conditions. Recently, interdependence between these two processes explains the antioxidant paradox associated with failure to select appropriate agents required for prevention of diseases known to be induced by oxidative stress. Present study established the overlapping anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative potential along with bio-accessibility of milk casein derived tripeptide (LLY). Tripeptide exhibited anti-inflammatory response under ex vivo conditions by suppressing (P<.01) mice splenocytes proliferation and modulating their cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-10 and TGF-β) with improved phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages. Conversely, tripeptide displayed extraordinary radical scavenging ability and cellular anti-oxidative potential using chemical assays and H2O2 induced oxidative stress model on Caco-2 cells. Under cellular assessment, on one hand tripeptide inhibited (P<.01) intracellular ROS generation and reduced MDA and protein carbonyls but on the other also increased (P<.01) the activity of anti-oxidative enzyme, catalase without much effect on SOD and GPx. This anti-oxidative potential was further established by studying relative expression of genes (Nrf-2 and Keap1) and Nrf-2 nuclear translocation associated with anti-oxidative signaling in Caco-2 cells. Bio-accessibility of tripeptide and its intact transport across Caco-2 cell monolayer was also found to be 1.72±0.22% through PepT1 mediated transport mechanism. Besides, tripeptide displayed strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory potential under in vivo conditions in mice against ethanol induced oxidative stress by elevating (P<.01) liver GSH content and by decreasing (P<.01) the activities of anti-oxidative enzymes, MDA along with reduced expression of CYP2E1, PPAR-α, TNF-α and COX-2 genes than ethanol control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandukuri Sowmya
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Dev Mala
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Bhat
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Bajaj
- Dairy Chemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Suman Kapila
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Rajeev Kapila
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
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9
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Trujillo A, Jordana J, Guamis B, Serradilla J, Amills M. Revisión: E1 polimorfismo del gen de la caseina αs1 caprina y su efecto sobre la producción, la composición y las propiedades tecnológicas de la leche y sobre la fabricación y la maduración del queso. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/108201329800400401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The caprine α s1-casein gene displays a high degree of polymorphism, with eight different protein variants described up to date. The rate of synthesis of the mature protein is closely linked to the caprine αs1-casein genotype. There are three variants which are associated to high αs1-casein content in milk (A, B, and C), one to an intermediate content (E), three to a low content (D, F, and G) and one to a null content (O). During the last few years studies of goat milk protein polymorphism have gained renewed interest, as the ocurrence of certain milk protein genetic variants is correlated with the composititon of milk and also with some milk processing parameters. For instance, analyses of the physicochemical properties of milk from goats homozy gous for the three main α s1-casein alleles (A, E, F) confirm the effects of the genotypes on the percentage of casein and fat, and shows significant effects on the diameter of the micelles and their calcium content. These characteristics seem to be associated with enhanced clotting of goat milk, cheese curd firmness, curd syneresis and overall cheese yield. The caprine αs1-casein gene constitutes a very attractive model for studying the regulation of the expression of the corresponding protein, and might also become a very powerful tool in improving the technolog ical properties of goat milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Trujillo
- Unitat de Tecnologia dels Aliments. Centre Especial de Referència en Làctis. Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Bellaterra 08193. Spain
| | - J. Jordana
- Unitat de Genètica i Millora. Facultat de Veterinària. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Bellaterra 08193. Spain
| | - B. Guamis
- Unitat de Tecnologia dels Aliments. Centre Especial de Referència en Làctis. Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Bellaterra 08193. Spain
| | - J.M. Serradilla
- Departamento de Producción Animal. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes., Universidad de Córdoba. Córdoba 14080. Spain
| | - M. Amills
- Unitat de Genètica i Millora. Facultat de Veterinària. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Bellaterra 08193. Spain
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10
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Cosenza G, Iannaccone M, Pico BA, Ramunno L, Capparelli R. The SNP g.1311T>C associated with the absence ofβ-casein in goat milk influencesCSN2promoter activity. Anim Genet 2016; 47:615-7. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Cosenza
- Department of Agriculture; University of Naples Federico II; via Università 100 80055 Portici Napoli Italy
| | - M. Iannaccone
- Department of Agriculture; University of Naples Federico II; via Università 100 80055 Portici Napoli Italy
| | - B. A. Pico
- Department of Agriculture; University of Naples Federico II; via Università 100 80055 Portici Napoli Italy
- Faculty of Agriculture; Science and Technology; North-West University; Private Bag ×2046 MMABATHO 2735 South Africa
| | - L. Ramunno
- Department of Agriculture; University of Naples Federico II; via Università 100 80055 Portici Napoli Italy
| | - R. Capparelli
- Department of Agriculture; University of Naples Federico II; via Università 100 80055 Portici Napoli Italy
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11
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Tortorici L, Di Gerlando R, Mastrangelo S, Sardina MT, Portolano B. Genetic Characterisation ofCSN2Gene inGirgentanaGoat Breed. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2014.3414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Yan S, Song H, Pang D, Zou Q, Li L, Yan Q, Fan N, Zhao X, Yu H, Li Z, Wang H, Gao F, Ouyang H, Lai L. Expression of plant sweet protein brazzein in the milk of transgenic mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76769. [PMID: 24155905 PMCID: PMC3796561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar, the most popular sweetener, is essential in daily food. However, excessive sugar intake has been associated with several lifestyle-related diseases. Finding healthier and more economical alternatives to sugars and artificial sweeteners has received increasing attention to fulfill the growing demand. Brazzein, which comes from the pulp of the edible fruit of the African plant Pentadiplandra brazzeana Baill, is a protein that is 2,000 times sweeter than sucrose by weight. Here we report the production of transgenic mice that carry the optimized brazzein gene driven by the goat Beta-casein promoter, which specifically directs gene expression in the mammary glands. Using western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, we confirmed that brazzein could be efficiently expressed in mammalian milk, while retaining its sweetness. This study presents the possibility of producing plant protein–sweetened milk from large animals such as cattle and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Song
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingjian Zou
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Quanmei Yan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nana Fan
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhanjun Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haijun Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liangxue Lai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Kugler JE, Horsch M, Huang D, Furusawa T, Rochman M, Garrett L, Becker L, Bohla A, Hölter SM, Prehn C, Rathkolb B, Racz I, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, Adler T, Adamski J, Beckers J, Busch DH, Eickelberg O, Klopstock T, Ollert M, Stöger T, Wolf E, Wurst W, Yildirim AÖ, Zimmer A, Gailus-Durner V, Fuchs H, Hrabě de Angelis M, Garfinkel B, Orly J, Ovcharenko I, Bustin M. High mobility group N proteins modulate the fidelity of the cellular transcriptional profile in a tissue- and variant-specific manner. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16690-16703. [PMID: 23620591 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.463315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclei of most vertebrate cells contain members of the high mobility group N (HMGN) protein family, which bind specifically to nucleosome core particles and affect chromatin structure and function, including transcription. Here, we study the biological role of this protein family by systematic analysis of phenotypes and tissue transcription profiles in mice lacking functional HMGN variants. Phenotypic analysis of Hmgn1(tm1/tm1), Hmgn3(tm1/tm1), and Hmgn5(tm1/tm1) mice and their wild type littermates with a battery of standardized tests uncovered variant-specific abnormalities. Gene expression analysis of four different tissues in each of the Hmgn(tm1/tm1) lines reveals very little overlap between genes affected by specific variants in different tissues. Pathway analysis reveals that loss of an HMGN variant subtly affects expression of numerous genes in specific biological processes. We conclude that within the biological framework of an entire organism, HMGNs modulate the fidelity of the cellular transcriptional profile in a tissue- and HMGN variant-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E Kugler
- Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Marion Horsch
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Di Huang
- Computational Biology Branch, NCBI, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Takashi Furusawa
- Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Mark Rochman
- Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Lillian Garrett
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lore Becker
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Bohla
- German Mouse Clinic, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine M Hölter
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ildikó Racz
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Juan Antonio Aguilar-Pimentel
- Center of Allergy and Environment, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Biederstein, Technische Universität München and Clinical Research Division of Molecular and Clinical Allergotoxicology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thure Adler
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- German Mouse Clinic, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Biederstein, Technische Universität München and Clinical Research Division of Molecular and Clinical Allergotoxicology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Stöger
- German Mouse Clinic, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Site Munich, Munich, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Developmental Genetics, Technische Universität München c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- German Mouse Clinic, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Valérie Gailus-Durner
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benny Garfinkel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Joseph Orly
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ivan Ovcharenko
- Computational Biology Branch, NCBI, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Michael Bustin
- Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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14
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Ma X, Zhang P, Song G, Chen Y, Wang Z, Yin Y, Kong D, Zhang S, Zhao Z, Ouyang H, Tang B, Li Z. The construction and expression of lysine-rich gene in the mammary gland of transgenic mice. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31:1372-83. [PMID: 22577831 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine is the limiting amino acid in cereal grains, which represent a major source of human food and animal feed worldwide, and is considered the most important of the essential amino acids. In this study, β-casein, αS2-casein, and lactotransferrin cDNA clone fragments encoding lysine-rich peptides were fused together to generate a lysine-rich (LR) gene and the mammary gland-specific expression vector pBC1-LR-NEO(r) was constructed. Transgenic mice were generated by pronuclear microinjection of the linearized expression vectors harboring the LR transgene. The transgenic mice and their offspring were examined using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blotting, reverse transcriptase-PCR, in situ hybridization, and Western blotting techniques. Our results showed that the LR gene was successfully integrated into the mouse genome and was transmitted stably. The specific LR gene expression was restricted to the mammary gland, active alveoli of the transgenic female mice during lactation. The lysine level of the two transgenic lines was significantly higher than that of nontransgenic controls (p<0.05). In addition, the growth performance of transgenic pups was enhanced by directly feeding them the LR protein-enriched transgenic milk. Our results demonstrated that lysine-rich gene was successfully constructed and expressed in mammary gland of transgenic mice. This study will provide a better understanding of how mammary gland expression systems that increase the lysine content of milk can be applied to other mammals, such as cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, The Center for Animal Embryo Engineering of Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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15
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A 3,387 bp 5'-flanking sequence of the goat alpha-S1-casein gene provides correct tissue-specific expression of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (hG-CSF) in the mammary gland of transgenic mice. Transgenic Res 2011; 21:485-98. [PMID: 21881921 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A new expression vector containing the 1,944 bp 5'-flanking regulatory region together with exon 1 and intron 1 of the goat alpha-S1-casein gene (CSN1S1), the full-sized human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor gene (hGCSF) and the 3'-flanking sequence of the bovine CSN1S1, was created. The vector DNA was used for generation of four mouse transgenic lines. The transgene was integrated into chromosomes 8 and 12 of two founders as 2 and 5 copies, respectively. Tissue-specific secretion of hG-CSF into the milk of transgenic mice was in the range of 19-40 μg/ml. RT-PCR analysis of various tissues of the transgenic mice demonstrated that expression of hGCSF was detected in only the mammary gland in the progeny of all founders. Moreover, cells were shown to be positive for hG-CSF by immunofluorescent analysis in the mammary glands but not in any other tissues. There were no signs of mosaic expression in the mammary gland. Trace amounts of hG-CSF were detected in the serum of females of two transgenic lines during lactation only. However, no transgenic mice showed any changes in hematopoiesis based on the number of granulocytes in blood. Immunoblotting of hG-CSF in the milk of transgenic mice revealed two forms, presumably the glycosylated and non-glycosylated forms. The hematopoietic activity of hG-CSF in the milk of transgenic females is comparable to that of recombinant G-CSF. In general, the data obtained in this study show that the new expression vector is able to provide correct tissue-specific expression of hG-CSF with high biological activity in transgenic mice.
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16
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BERNARD HERVE. IgE Cross-reactivity with Caseins from Different Species in Humans Allergic to Cow's Milk. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09540109999960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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17
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Wei J, Yang X, Zheng M, Wang M, Dai Y, Chen Z, Li N. The recombinant chimeric antibody chHAb18 against hepatocellular carcinoma can be produced in milk of transgenic mice. Transgenic Res 2010; 20:321-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Reproductive abnormalities in mice expressing omega-3 fatty acid desaturase in their mammary glands. Transgenic Res 2010; 20:283-92. [PMID: 20532624 PMCID: PMC3051059 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Caenorhabditis elegans n-3 fatty acid desaturase (Fat-1) acts on a range of 18- and 20-carbon n-6 fatty acid substrates. Transgenic female mice expressing the Fat-1 gene under transcriptional control of the goat β-casein promoter produce milk phospholipids having elevated levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). However, females from this line were also observed to have impaired reproductive performance characterized by a smaller litter size (2.7 ± 0.6 vs. 7.2 ± 0.7; P < 0.05) than wildtype controls. While there is a close association between PUFA metabolism, prostaglandin biosynthesis, and fertility; reproductive problems in these mice were unanticipated given that the Fat-1 transgene is primarily expressed in the lactating mammary gland. Using multiple approaches it was found that Fat-1 mice have normal ovulation and fertilization rates; however fewer embryos were present in the uterus prior to implantation. Small litter size was also found to be partly attributable to a high incidence of post-implantation fetal resorptions. Embryo transfer experiments revealed that embryos developing from oocytes derived from transgenic ovaries had an increased rate of post-implantation resorption, regardless of the uterine genotype. Ovary transplantation between Fat-1 and C57BL/6 wildtype females revealed that non-ovarian factors also contributed to the smaller litter size phenotype. Finally, surgical removal of the mammary glands from juvenile Fat-1 mice increased the subsequent number of implantation sites per female, but did not lessen the high rate of post-implantation resorptions. In conclusion, we herein report on a system where an exogenous transgene expressed predominately in the mammary gland detrimentally affects female reproduction, suggesting that in certain circumstances the mammary gland may function as an endocrine regulator of reproductive performance.
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19
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Di Luccia A, Picariello G, Trani A, Alviti G, Loizzo P, Faccia M, Addeo F. Occurrence of β-casein fragments in cold-stored and curdled river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.) milk. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:1319-29. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Sztankóová Z, Kysel’ová J, Kott T, Kottová E. Technical Note: Detection of the C Allele of β-Casein (CSN2) in Czech Dairy Goat Breeds Using LightCycler Analysis. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:4053-7. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Lee P, Chung HK, Lee HG, Lee HC, Woo JS, Lee S, Jo SJ, Chang WK, Lee HT, Kwon M, Park JK. Cloning and characterization of 5'-untranslated region of porcine beta casein gene (CSN2). Domest Anim Endocrinol 2008; 35:245-53. [PMID: 18583090 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
beta-Casein (CSN2) is a major milk protein in most mammals. The CSN2 gene is generally induced by lactogenic hormones bound to its promoter. The expression of this gene can be enhanced by signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Here, we analyzed the promoter and intron 1 regions of the porcine CSN2 gene. The porcine CSN2 promoter and intron 1 regions (-3098bp to +2446bp) were cloned into the pGL3-Basic vector containing the luciferase reporter gene (pCSN2-PEI). Lactogenic signals induced the transcription of porcine CSN2. By using AG490, a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, we demonstrated that STAT5 positively regulates the transcription of porcine CSN2. Further, seven STAT mutants were generated by site-directed mutagenesis. By performing electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), we located a critical element for pCSN2-PEI transcription bound to STAT5 in the -102bp to -84bp region. The construct containing only the promoter region (pCSN2-P), however, did not exert any promotive effects on transcription in two cell types-a mouse mammary epithelial cell line (HC11) and porcine mammary gland epithelial cells (PMECs). Thus, the construct containing intron 1 of porcine CSN2 exerts an elevating effect on transcription. We suggest that the transcription of porcine CSN2 is regulated by lactogenic signals via the STAT5 site (-102bp to -84bp) and intron 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poongyeon Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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22
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Park KW, Choi KM, Hong SP, Han GS, Yoo JY, Jin DI, Seol JG, Park CS. Production of transgenic recloned piglets harboring the human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) gene from porcine fetal fibroblasts by nuclear transfer. Theriogenology 2008; 70:1431-8. [PMID: 18804273 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We used nuclear transfer (NT) to develop transgenic female pigs harboring goat beta-casein promoter/human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF). The expression of hGM-CSF was specific to the mammary gland, and the glycosylation-derived size heterogeneity corresponded to that of the native human protein. Although various cell types have been used to generate cloned animals, little is currently known about the potential use of fibroblasts derived from a cloned fetus as donor cells for nuclear transfer. The developmental potential of porcine cloned fetal fibroblasts transfected with hGM-CSF was evaluated in the present study. Cloned fetal fibroblasts were isolated from a recipient following the transplantation of NT embryos. The cells were transfected with both hGM-CSF and the neomycin resistance gene in order to be used as donor cells for NT. Reconstructed embryos were implanted into six sows during estrus; two of the recipient sows delivered seven healthy female piglets with the hGM-CSF gene (confirmed with PCR and fluorescent in situ hybridization) and microsatellite analysis confirmed that the clones were genetically identical to the donor cells. The expression of hGM-CSF was strong in the mammary glands of a transgenic pig that died a few days prior to parturition (110 d after AI). These results demonstrated that somatic cells derived from a cloned fetus can be used to produce recloned and transgenic pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Park
- MGEN, Inc., #1101 World Meridian Venture Center, 60-24 Gasan-Dong, Guemchun-Gu, Seoul 153-781, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Marletta D, Criscione A, Bordonaro S, Guastella AM, D'Urso G. Casein polymorphism in goat's milk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1051/lait:2007034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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24
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Moatsou G, Moschopoulou E, Mollé D, Gagnaire V, Kandarakis I, Léonil J. Comparative study of the protein fraction of goat milk from the Indigenous Greek breed and from international breeds. Food Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Melican D, Gavin W. Repeat superovulation, non-surgical embryo recovery, and surgical embryo transfer in transgenic dairy goats. Theriogenology 2008; 69:197-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 06/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Cosenza G, Pauciullo A, Colimoro L, Mancusi A, Rando A, Di Berardino D, Ramunno L. An SNP in the goat CSN2 promoter region is associated with the absence of β-casein in milk. Anim Genet 2007; 38:655-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007.01649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Moatsou G, Mollé D, Moschopoulou E, Valérie G. Study of Caprine β-casein using Reversed-phase High-performance Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy: Identification of a New Genetic Variant. Protein J 2007; 26:562-8. [PMID: 17846874 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-007-9098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The genotypes and the main phosphorylation levels of beta-casein of goat milk were studied using RP-HPLC/ESI-MS. A new variant of caprine beta-casein named E has been characterized using RP-HPLC/ESI-MS, MALDI-MS and NanoESI MS/MS methods. Its sequence differed from that of variant A in the mono amino acid substitution D47 --> Y47, which resulted in a 48 Da experimental mass difference between them. The calculated molecular mass of the new variant E 6 P was estimated as 23,869 Da. Its phosphorylation pattern was similar to that of variant A, the most abundant types being those with 5 and 6 P in similar quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golfo Moatsou
- Laboratory of Dairy Science and Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 118 55, Greece
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28
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Wu HT, Lin CS, Huang MC. In vitro and ex vivo green fluorescent protein expression in alveolar mammary epithelial cells and mammary glands driven by the distal 5'-regulative sequence and intron 1 of the goat beta-casein gene. Reprod Fertil Dev 2007; 15:231-9. [PMID: 12921698 DOI: 10.1071/rd01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2002] [Accepted: 05/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5'-regulative sequence and intron 1 of the goat beta-casein gene from -4044 to +2123 bp was cloned and fused with the reporter gene of green fluorescent protein (GFP) to create a plasmid termed pGB562/GFP. To detect GFP expression, pGB562/GFP was transfected in vitro via liposomes into the mammary epithelial cell line NMuMG. Cells could not express GFP unless the transfected NMuMG cells lined up to create functional alveoli. These functional cells were cultured with lactogenic hormones, including insulin, dexamethasone and prolactin, and were grown on a layer of the extracellular matrix Matrigel. Green fluorescent protein expression levels in NMuMG cells were 25-, 55- and 42-fold those in the control group at 24, 48, and 72 h after pGB562/GFP transfection respectively. In addition, pGB562/GFP was transfected ex vivo by electroporation into mammary gland fragments and cells were then cultured in vitro with a supplement of lactogenic hormones. Strong GFP expression localized in fragments of the mammary gland was observed 24 h after gene transfer. The novel strategy of ex vivo gene transfer into mammary tissue using GFP as a reporter gene to detect the function of a tissue-specific promoter is efficient and convenient. The data obtained herein reveal that the 5'-regulative sequence and intron 1 of the 6.2 kb goat beta-casein gene can enhance the efficiency of transgene expression. Thus, the GB562 sequence may act as a good promoter and effectively elevate the production of exogenous protein in mammary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Tien Wu
- Institute of Animal Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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29
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30
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Xu HT, Fan BL, Yu SY, Huang YH, Zhao ZH, Lian ZX, Dai YP, Wang LL, Liu ZL, Fei J, Li N. Construct Synthetic Gene Encoding Artificial Spider Dragline Silk Protein and its Expression in Milk of Transgenic Mice. Anim Biotechnol 2007; 18:1-12. [PMID: 17364439 DOI: 10.1080/10495390601091024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Based on the known partial cDNA sequence of dragline silk protein an artificial gene monomer, a 360 bp sequence, was designed and polymerized to encode an analog of dragline silk protein. Six tandem copies of monomer were cloned into pBC1 vector and microinjected into the pronuclei of fertilized Kunming White eggs. Transgenic mice were screened by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Southern blot which revealed that 10 mice (5 male, 5 female) among 58 mice were transgenic positive. Milk of five F0 mice and eight F1 mice was analyzed by Western blot, and two F0 mice and seven F1 mice expressed recombinant dragline silk protein. In transgenic mice milk a maximum of concentration of recombinant dragline silk protein was 11.7 mg/L by radioimmunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agriculture University, Beijing, PR China
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31
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Moatsou G, Vamvakaki AN, Mollé D, Anifantakis E, Léonil J. Protein composition and polymorphism in the milk of Skopelos goats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1051/lait:2006017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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32
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Kao BT, DePeters EJ, Van Eenennaam AL. Mice raised on milk transgenically enriched with n-3 PUFA have increased brain docosahexaenoic acid. Lipids 2006; 41:543-9. [PMID: 16981432 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-5003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The brain contains high levels of the long-chain n-3 FA DHA (22:6n-3), mainly in the gray matter and synaptosomes. Adequate intake of DHA is crucial for optimal nervous system function, particularly in infants. Supplementation of infant formulas with DHA at levels similar to human breast milk is recommended for biochemical and functional benefits to neonates. We generated transgenic mice that produce elevated levels of n-3 PUFA in their milk by expressing the Caenorhabditis elegans n-3 FA desaturase under the control of a lactation-induced goat beta-casein promoter. To examine the postnatal effects of consuming the n-3-enriched milk, we compared the growth and brain and plasma FA composition of mouse pups raised on milk from transgenic dams with those observed for pups raised on milk from nontransgenic dams. A significant decrease in arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) and concomitant increases in n-3 PUFA were observed in the phospholipid fraction of transgenic mouse milk. The n-6:n-3 FA ratios were 4.7 and 34.5 for the transgenic and control milk phospholipid fractions, respectively. DHA and DPA (22:5n-6) comprised 15.1% and 2.8% of brain FA from weanling mice nursed on transgenic dams, as compared with 6.9% and 9.2% for weanling mice nursed on control dams, respectively. This transgenic mouse model offers a unique approach to disassociate the effects and fetal programming resulting from a high n-6:n-3 FA ratio gestational environment from the postnatal nutritional effects of providing milk with differing n-6:n-3 FA ratios.
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MESH Headings
- Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
- Animals
- Animals, Suckling
- Body Weight
- Brain Chemistry/drug effects
- Docosahexaenoic Acids/analysis
- Fatty Acids/blood
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/biosynthesis
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/blood
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/pharmacology
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/blood
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology
- Female
- Lactation/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Milk/chemistry
- Models, Biological
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth T Kao
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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33
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Yu Z, Meng Q, Yu H, Fan B, Yu S, Fei J, Wang L, Dai Y, Li N. Expression and bioactivity of recombinant human lysozyme in the milk of transgenic mice. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:2911-8. [PMID: 16840606 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72563-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human milk lysozyme is an important protein for innate immunity, but human breast milk is a fairly poor source for commercial production of this enzyme. Research on the expression of recombinant human lysozyme (rHlys) is therefore potentially valuable to the dairy industry. In this study, 2 different kinds of transgenic mice, PBC-hLY and PBC-sighLY, were generated and used as system models to express rHlys. Six lines of PBC-hLY transgenic mice with human lysozyme genomic DNA-based constructs were generated, and a maximum expression level of rHlys approaching 0.154 mg/mL was achieved. Antibacterial activity of the whey from PBC-hLY female transgenic mice was determined by a turbidimetric assay. Results showed that antibacterial activity of the whey was strongly enhanced, and confirmed that rHlys retained full activity. For rHlys to be secreted efficiently into the milk of transgenic mice, 5 lines of mice were also generated, in which the signal peptide DNA of bovine beta-casein was substituted for that of lysozyme in PBC-hLY transgenic mice. Compared with PBC-hLY transgenic mice, both the expression levels of rHlys and the antibacterial activity of the whey were much higher in the PBC-sighLY transgenic mice. The concentration of rHlys in one of these mice amounted to 1.405 mg/mL-3 times higher than the level in human whey. The antibacterial activity of the whey was also 3 times higher than that of human whey. The rHlys from both PBC-hLY and PBC-sighLY transgenic mice had the same antibacterial activity as human milk lysozyme. The effect of the signal peptide and copy numbers of the transgene on expression of rHlys was also evaluated. This work will certainly permit a better understanding of how mammary gland bioreactor systems can be applied to produce rHlys in other mammals, such as cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, People's Republic of China
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34
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Kao BT, Lewis KA, DePeters EJ, Van Eenennaam AL. Endogenous production and elevated levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in the milk of transgenic mice. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:3195-201. [PMID: 16840637 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
N-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are important for the normal development and functioning of all organisms. Mammals lack the n-3 fatty acid desaturase required for the synthesis of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), and are therefore dependent on dietary sources to obtain this essential fatty acid. Currently, the richest source of dietary long-chain n-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), are triacylglycerides extracted from rapidly declining marine resources. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans synthesizes a wide range of PUFA and possesses the only known example of an n-3 fatty acid desaturase enzyme in the animal kingdom. Transgenic mice expressing the C. elegans n-3 desaturase under the control of the lactation-induced goat beta-casein mammary gland promoter were generated via pronuclear microinjection. Significant increases in n-3 PUFA, decreases in n-6 PUFA, and an overall decrease in the n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio were observed in the milk produced by transgenic mice. Neonate mice consuming milk from transgenic females accumulated increased levels of docosahexaenoic acid in their brains. This transgenic model may provide useful information to address some basic questions of neonatal nutrition, and demonstrates one of the steps that would be required to increase the n-3 PUFA content of milk and dairy products endogenously. Increasing the proportion of n-3 PUFA in milk fat would help to improve the nutritional composition of an important component of the North American diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Kao
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Cunsolo V, Muccilli V, Saletti R, Marletta D, Foti S. Detection and characterization by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of two truncated goat alphas2-caseins. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:1061-70. [PMID: 16617471 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of truncated forms of goat alphas2-Cn variants A and E are reported. The two proteins, which have experimental Mr values of 24 183 and 24 227 Da, were detected as minor components in a goat milk sample from an autochthonous breed of southern Italy, 'Rossa Mediterranea', by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC/ESI-MS). Characterization of the amino acid sequences, performed by coupling trypsin digestion with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), RP-HPLC/ESI-MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), demonstrated that the polypeptide chains correspond to the 1-204 sequence of mature alphas2-Cn variant A (component with Mr of 24 183 Da) and E (component with Mr of 24 227 Da), respectively. These components seem to be the product of a differential splicing of pre-messenger RNA during the translation process of the alphas2-Cn variants A and E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cunsolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Chessa S, Budelli E, Chiatti F, Cito AM, Bolla P, Caroli A. Short Communication: Predominance of β-Casein (CSN2) C Allele in Goat Breeds Reared in Italy. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:1878-81. [PMID: 15829682 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for the rapid and simultaneous genotyping of A, C, and 0 'CSN2 alleles in goat was developed by single strand conformational polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (SSCP-PCR) technique. Screening the CSN2 variability in 7 goat breeds reared in Italy validated the genotyping test. The SSCP-PCR technique was also suitable for monitoring CSN2 polymorphism. In particular, the discrimination between CSN2*A and CSN2*C is important because the 2 corresponding protein variants cannot be separated by standard typing techniques. The monitoring of CSN2 variability in the goat breeds indicates the predominance of the C allele. In most breeds, CSN2*C occurred with the highest frequency, except in Saanen where CSN2*A and CSN2*C showed similar frequencies. Variant CSN2*C occurred with a frequency of 0.68 (Camosciata), 0.70 (Jonica), 0.71 (Garganica), 0.82 (Maltese), 0.87 (Cilentana), and 0.97 (Orobica). The alignment among the mature CSN2 sequences of different species suggests that CSN2*A is the ancestral allele compared with CSN2*C. Interestingly, the CSN2*A goat variant showed higher frequencies in selected breeds (Saanen and Camosciata).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chessa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Veterinarie per la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milano, Italy
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Melican D, Butler R, Hawkins N, Chen LH, Hayden E, Destrempes M, Williams J, Lewis T, Behboodi E, Ziomek C, Meade H, Echelard Y, Gavin W. Effect of serum concentration, method of trypsinization and fusion/activation utilizing transfected fetal cells to generate transgenic dairy goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Theriogenology 2005; 63:1549-63. [PMID: 15763100 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 05/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This work was performed within a commercial nuclear transfer program to investigate different methods for synchronizing donor cell cycle stage, for harvesting donor cells, and for fusion and activation of reconstructed caprine embryos. Primary fetal cells isolated from day 35 to day 40 fetuses were co-transfected with DNA fragments encoding both the heavy and light immunoglobulin chains of three different monoclonal antibodies and neomycin resistance. Four neomycin resistant cell lines for each antibody were selected, expanded, and aliquots were both cryopreserved for later use as karyoplast donors or used for further genetic characterization. Transfected fetal cells were cultured in 0.5% FBS to synchronize G0/G1 cell cycle stage cells, then re-fed with 10% FBS prior to use to allow donor cells to re-enter the cell cycle. Alternatively, transfected fetal cells were grown to confluence in 10% FBS to induce contact inhibition to synchronize G0/G1 cell cycle stage cells. Adherent monolayers of transfected fetal donor cells were harvested by either partial or complete trypsinization. Donor cells were simultaneously fused and activated with enulceated in vivo produced ovulated oocytes from superovulated does. Half of the fused couplets received an additional electrical activation pulse and non-fused couplets were re-fused. Four live offspring were produced from 587 embryos generated from cell lines cultured in 0.5% FBS, while one live offspring was produced from 315 embryos generated from cell lines cultured in 10% FBS (0.7% versus 0.3% embryos transferred, respectively, P > 0.05). Five offspring were produced from 633 embryos generated from cell lines harvested by partial trypsinization (0.8% embryos transferred), and no offspring were produced from 269 embryos generated from cell lines harvested by complete trypsinization. Four live offspring were produced from 447 embryos generated from re-fused couplets, and one live offspring was produced from 230 embryos generated from fused couplets that received an additional electrical activation pulse (0.9% versus 0.4% embryos transferred, respectively, P > 0.05). These results suggest that low-serum culture of transfected goat fetal cells and harvest by partial trypsinization may be more efficient methods for generating transgenic goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer. In addition, re-fusion of non-fused couplet or an additional activation step was successful for producing live offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Melican
- GTC Biotherapeutics, 300 Charlton Road, Spencer, MA 01562, USA
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38
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Cunsolo V, Galliano F, Muccilli V, Saletti R, Marletta D, Bordonaro S, Foti S. Detection and characterization by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of a goat beta-casein associated with a CSN2 null allele. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2943-9. [PMID: 16178051 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of a truncated goat beta-casein, associated with a null beta-casein allele (CSN2(O')), is reported. The truncated beta-casein predicted at the DNA level (NCBI Acc. No. CAB39313) but never observed at the protein level, here named beta-casein O, was detected as a minor component in a goat milk sample from an autochthonous breed from southern Italy, 'Rossa Mediterranea', by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC/ESI-MS). The ESI mass spectrum of the intact beta-casein O determined an M(r) value of 18 780 Da (calculated 18 781.5). Characterization of the amino acid sequence, performed by coupling trypsin digestion with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), RP-HPLC/ESI-MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), demonstrated that the amino acid sequence corresponds to the 1-166 sequence of mature beta-casein variant A (Acc. No. P33048), thus confirming that the protein is coded by the null allele CSN2(O'), characterized by a transition (C --> T) at the 373rd nucleotide of the 7th exon of the gene, which generates a premature stop codon in position 182.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cunsolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Neveu C, Mollé D, Moreno J, Martin P, Léonil J. Heterogeneity of caprine beta-casein elucidated by RP-HPLC/MS: genetic variants and phosphorylations. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2002; 21:557-67. [PMID: 12638658 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022433823559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Casein variants occurring in milks from goats homozygous at the alpha(s1)-Cn locus were separated and identified by an RP-HPLC/ESI-MS method. Preferential haplotypes arose as well as some particularities in posttranslational modifications. A new variant of caprine beta-Cn, named C, as well as the phosphorylations pattern of the protein were characterized by the combined use of peptide mass fingerprinting and sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry. The molecular mass of the new variant in its 6P form was measured as 23854 Da and it differs in a mono amino acid substitution, A177 --> V177, from the variant A. The phosphorylation pattern of caprine beta-Cn is homologous to bovine beta-Cn concerning the 5P located on Ser15, 17, 18, 19, 35 but it presents a specific additional phosphorylation site on Thr12 that is comparable to human beta-Cn phosphorylation located on Thr3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Neveu
- INRA, Laboratoire de Recherche de Technologie Laitière, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
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40
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Rijnkels M. Multispecies comparison of the casein gene loci and evolution of casein gene family. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2002; 7:327-45. [PMID: 12751895 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022808918013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caseins, the major milk proteins, are present in a genomic cluster spanning 250-350 kb. The divergence at the coding level between human, rodent, and cattle sequences is rather extensive for most of the genes in this region. Nevertheless, comparative analysis of genomic sequences harboring the casein gene cluster region of these species (with equal evolutionary distances 79-88 Myr) shows that the organization and orientation of the genes is highly conserved. The conserved gene structure indicates that the molecular diversity of the casein genes is achieved through variable use of exons in different species and high evolutionary divergence. Comparative analysis also revealed the presence within two species of uncharacterized casein family members and ruled out the previously held notion that another gene family, located in this region, is primate-specific. Several other new genes as well as conserved noncoding sequences with potential regulatory functions were identified. All genes identified in this region are, or are predicted to be, secreted proteins involved in mineral homeostasis, nutrition, and/or host defense, and are mostly expressed in the mammary and/or salivary glands. These observations suggest a possible common ancestry for the genes in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Rijnkels
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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41
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Watanabe M, Sugano S, Togashi T, Imai J, Uchida K, Yamaguchi R, Tateyama S. Molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of canine beta-casein. DNA SEQUENCE : THE JOURNAL OF DNA SEQUENCING AND MAPPING 2001; 11:295-300. [PMID: 11092743 DOI: 10.3109/10425170009033246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A canine beta-casein cDNA was isolated from mammary tissue by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using degenerate primers. It encodes 250 amino acids protein containing the conserved sequence motif of beta-casein. It showed the highest homology with snow-leopard (Uncia uncia (55-62% identity). It also showed 44-53% identity with human, 33-42%, identity with mouse, 29-37%, identity with rat, 43-53% identity with rabbit, 41-48% identity with pig, 44-51% identity with cattle and 44-50% identity with sheep. A 1.2-kb mRNA was detected in mammary tissue by Northern blot analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that canine beta-casein formed a branch with lesser panda and snow leopard, which were grouped into carnivore.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Japan
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42
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Ko JH, Lee CS, Kim KH, Pang MG, Koo JS, Fang N, Koo DB, Oh KB, Youn WS, Zheng GD, Park JS, Kim SJ, Han YM, Choi IY, Lim J, Shin ST, Jin SW, Lee KK, Yoo OJ. Production of biologically active human granulocyte colony stimulating factor in the milk of transgenic goat. Transgenic Res 2000; 9:215-22. [PMID: 11032370 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008972010351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a transgenic female goat harboring goat beta-casein promoter/human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) fusion gene by microinjection into fertilized one-cell goat zygotes. Human G-CSF was produced at levels of up to 50 microg/ml in transgenic goat milk. Its biological activity was equivalent to recombinant human G-CSF expressed from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell when assayed using in vitro HL-60 cell proliferation. Human G-CSF from transgenic goat milk increased the total number of white blood cells in C57BL/6N mice with leucopenia induced by cyclophosphamide (CPA). The secreted human G-CSF was glycosylated although the degree of O-glycosylation was lower compared to CHO cell-derived human G-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon
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43
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Trujillo AJ, Casals I, Guamis B. Analysis of major caprine milk proteins by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83:11-9. [PMID: 10659957 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)74848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Major proteins from caprine milk were separated by preparative gel permeation and cation-exchange fast protein liquid chromatography and were characterized by flow injection analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In addition, proteins from whole skim milk and whole casein were analyzed by coupling reverse-phase HPLC and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry by two different chromatographic methods. These methods successfully resolved the major caprine milk proteins and main casein variants. The experimental molecular masses of major milk proteins and variants were: 19,302 for kappa-CN 2P; 25,599 for alphas2-CN A-11P; 25,514 for alphas2-CN B-10P; 23,370 for alphas1-CN A-8P; 23,345 for alphas1-CN B-8P; 23,264 for alphas1-CN E-8P; 18,817 for alphas1-CN F-3P; 23,835 for beta-CN 6P; 18,181 for beta-LG; 14,180 for alpha-LA and 66,318 for serum albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Trujillo
- Technologia del Aliments, Centre de Referència en Tecnologia dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
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44
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Newton DL, Pollock D, DiTullio P, Echelard Y, Harvey M, Wilburn B, Williams J, Hoogenboom HR, Raus JC, Meade HM, Rybak SM. Antitransferrin receptor antibody-RNase fusion protein expressed in the mammary gland of transgenic mice. J Immunol Methods 1999; 231:159-67. [PMID: 10648935 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies fused to human enzymes offer an alternative to specifically targeting tumors with antibodies linked to plant or bacterial toxins. Since large amounts of these reagents can be administered without eliciting non-specific toxicities, efficient methods of production are needed. The goal of this work was to express a complex immunoenzyme fusion protein (immunotoxin) in the mammary gland of transgenic mice. A chimeric mouse/human antibody directed against the human transferrin receptor (E6) was fused at its CH2 domain to the gene for a human angiogenic ribonuclease, angiogenin (Ang). It was expressed in the mammary gland of mice and secreted into mouse milk. Expression levels in milk were approximately 0.8 g/l. The chimeric protein retained antibody binding activity and protein synthesis inhibitory activity equivalent to that of free Ang. It was specifically cytotoxic to human tumor cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Newton
- Intramural Research Support Program, SAIC Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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45
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Pollock DP, Kutzko JP, Birck-Wilson E, Williams JL, Echelard Y, Meade HM. Transgenic milk as a method for the production of recombinant antibodies. J Immunol Methods 1999; 231:147-57. [PMID: 10648934 PMCID: PMC7125573 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies and their derivatives are increasingly being used as therapeutic agents. Clinical applications of antibodies often require large amounts of highly purified molecules, sometimes for multiple treatments. The development of very efficient expression systems is essential to the full exploitation of the antibody technology. Production of recombinant protein in the milk of transgenic dairy animals is currently being tested as an alternative to plasma fractionation for the manufacture of a number of blood factors (human antithrombin, human alpha-1-antitrypsin, human serum albumin, factor IX). The ability to routinely yield mg/ml levels of antibodies and the scale-up flexibility make transgenic production an attractive alternative to mammalian cell culture as a source of large quantities of biotherapeutics. The following review examines the potential of transgenic expression for the production of recombinant therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Pollock
- Genzyme Transgenics, One Mountain Rd, Framingham, MA 01701-9322, USA
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46
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Persuy MA, Printz C, Medrano JF, Mercier JC. A single nucleotide deletion resulting in a premature stop codon is associated with marked reduction of transcripts from a goat beta-casein null allele. Anim Genet 1999; 30:444-51. [PMID: 10612234 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1999.00547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A null beta-casein allele (CSN2O) was investigated in Creole and Pyrenean goats producing milk devoid of beta-casein (CSN2). Northern blot analyses of total mammary RNA showed much lower amounts of CSN2 transcripts that were similar in size to the wild-type counterpart. The amount of CSN2O mRNA was roughly 5% of the amount of mRNA obtained at the same age and stage of lactation from CSN2A/A goats. Comparative sequence analyses of full-length CSN2O and CSN2A cDNAs showed that both alleles were of similar size, but allele CSN2O had a one-nucleotide deletion in the 5' end of exon 7, which introduces a premature stop codon. The open reading frame of allele CSN2O encodes a shortened polypeptide of 72 amino acids, compared to 223 amino acids for caprine pre beta-casein A. Comparative analyses of RT-PCR products suggested that alleles CSN2O and CSN2A might also differ in the amount and relative ratio of minor deleted CSN2 transcripts. The lower amount of CSN2O mRNA was associated with the occurrence of the premature stop codon which may mediate a rapid decay of CSN2O mRNA and promote skipping of nucleotide stretches containing premature nonsense triplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Persuy
- Laboratoire de Génétique Biochimique et de Cytogénétique, Jouyen-Josas, France
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47
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Litscher ES, Liu C, Echelard Y, Wassarman PM. Zona pellucida glycoprotein mZP3 produced in milk of transgenic mice is active as a sperm receptor, but can be lethal to newborns. Transgenic Res 1999; 8:361-9. [PMID: 10669944 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008996612032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mouse egg zona pellucida glycoprotein mZP3 (approximately 83 kDa M(r)) serves as a species-specific sperm receptor and acrosome reaction-inducer during fertilization in mice. These biological activities are dependent on certain mZP3 serine/threonine- (O-) linked oligosaccharides present at the combining-site for sperm. In an attempt to produce large amounts of biologically active mZP3, we generated several transgenic mouse lines carrying the full-length mZP3 gene fused to the beta-casein gene promoter and transcription termination sequence. We found that different transgenic mouse lines have different amounts of recombinant mZP3 (approximately 63 kDa M(r)) in milk of lactating females, from approximately 0.3 to 3.5 micrograms/microliter of milk. In all cases, purified milk-mZP3 is active as a sperm receptor and acrosome reaction-inducer in vitro. Unexpectedly, we also found that development of litters from these transgenic mice is related to the amount of mZP3 in the mother's milk. In the most extreme case, litters from the highest expressers fail to live beyond about day-7 post partum unless placed immediately after birth with surrogate wild-type mothers. Litters from lower expressers initially display a complex phenotype that includes effects on hair and body growth, but some of the mice survive and, in time, are restored to a wild-type phenotype. These results demonstrate that relatively large amounts of biologically active mZP3 can be produced in transgenic mouse milk for structural and other studies, but that the presence of mZP3 in milk has dramatic developmental effects on litters, ranging from retarded hair and body growth to death of newborn pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Litscher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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48
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Abstract
The caseins comprise the major protein component of milk of most mammals and are secreted as micelles that also carry high concentrations of calcium. They are phosphoproteins that represent the products of four genes, equivalent to those that encode the bovine alpha s1, alpha s2, beta, and kappa-caseins. There is considerable variation in the relative proportions of the particular caseins across species. The primary sequences of the alpha s1, alpha s2, and beta-caseins also show considerable species variation consistent with rapidly evolving genes that are proposed to have a common precursor. In contrast, the kappa-caseins exhibit features that demonstrate a separate origin and function where they are proposed to stabilise the micelle structure. This review focuses on comparative aspects of the caseins across a number of species for which information is now available.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Ginger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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49
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Wall R. Biotechnology for the production of modified and innovative animal products: transgenic livestock bioreactors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(99)00030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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EXPRESSION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEINS IN THE MILK OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS. GENE EXPRESSION SYSTEMS 1999:399-427. [PMCID: PMC7149546 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012253840-7/50015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
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