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Bredlau AL, Dixit S, Chen C, Broome AM. Nanotechnology Applications for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:104-115. [PMID: 26903150 PMCID: PMC5327462 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160223121002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) are invariably fatal tumors found in the pons of elementary school aged children. These tumors are grade II-IV gliomas, with a median survival of less than 1 year from diagnosis when treated with standard of care (SOC) therapy. Nanotechnology may offer therapeutic options for the treatment of DIPGs. Multiple nanoparticle formulations are currently being investigated for the treatment of DIPGs. Nanoparticles based upon stable elements, polymer nanoparticles, and organic nanoparticles are under development for the treatment of brain tumors, including DIPGs. Targeting of nanoparticles is now possible as delivery techniques that address the difficulty in crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB) are developed. Theranostic nanoparticles, a combination of therapeutics and diagnostic nanoparticles, improve imaging of the cancerous tissue while delivering therapy to the local region. However, additional time and attention should be directed to developing a nanoparticle delivery system for treatment of the uniformly fatal pediatric disease of DIPG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ann-Marie Broome
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, MSC 120/BEB 213, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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2
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Jones PD, Kaiser MA, Ghaderi Najafabadi M, McVey DG, Beveridge AJ, Schofield CL, Samani NJ, Webb TR. The Coronary Artery Disease-associated Coding Variant in Zinc Finger C3HC-type Containing 1 (ZC3HC1) Affects Cell Cycle Regulation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16318-27. [PMID: 27226629 PMCID: PMC4965579 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.734020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have to date identified multiple coronary artery disease (CAD)-associated loci; however, for most of these loci the mechanism by which they affect CAD risk is unclear. The CAD-associated locus 7q32.2 is unusual in that the lead variant, rs11556924, is not in strong linkage disequilibrium with any other variant and introduces a coding change in ZC3HC1, which encodes NIPA. In this study, we show that rs11556924 polymorphism is associated with lower regulatory phosphorylation of NIPA in the risk variant, resulting in NIPA with higher activity. Using a genome-editing approach we show that this causes an effective decrease in cyclin-B1 stability in the nucleus, thereby slowing its nuclear accumulation. By perturbing the rate of nuclear cyclin-B1 accumulation, rs11556924 alters the regulation of mitotic progression resulting in an extended mitosis. This study shows that the CAD-associated coding polymorphism in ZC3HC1 alters the dynamics of cell-cycle regulation by NIPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Jones
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE3 9QP and
| | - Michael A Kaiser
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE3 9QP and
| | - Maryam Ghaderi Najafabadi
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE3 9QP and
| | - David G McVey
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE3 9QP and
| | - Allan J Beveridge
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE3 9QP and
| | - Christine L Schofield
- Horizon Discovery Limited, 7100 Cambridge Research Park, Waterbeach, Cambridge CB25 9TL, United Kingdom
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE3 9QP and
| | - Tom R Webb
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE3 9QP and
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3
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Silvestre-Roig C, Fernández P, Mansego ML, van Tiel CM, Viana R, Anselmi CV, Condorelli G, de Winter RJ, Martín-Fuentes P, Solanas-Barca M, Civeira F, Focaccio A, de Vries CJM, Chaves FJ, Andrés V. Genetic variants in CCNB1 associated with differential gene transcription and risk of coronary in-stent restenosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:59-70. [PMID: 24395923 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of diagnostic tools to assess restenosis risk after stent deployment may enable the intervention to be tailored to the individual patient, for example, by targeting the use of drug-eluting stent to high-risk patients, with the goal of improving safety and reducing costs. The CCNB1 gene (encoding cyclin B1) positively regulates cell proliferation, a key component of in-stent restenosis. Therefore, we hypothesized that single-nucleotide polymorphisms in CCNB1 may serve as useful tools in risk stratification for in-stent restenosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified 3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in CCNB1 associated with increased restenosis risk in a cohort of 284 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty and stent placement (rs350099: TT versus CC+TC; odds ratio [OR], 1.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-3.03; P=0.023; rs350104: CC versus CT+TT; OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.02-3.26; P=0.040; and rs164390: GG versus GT+TT; OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.33-3.85; P=0.002). These findings were replicated in another cohort study of 715 patients (rs350099: TT versus CC+TC; OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 0.92-3.81; P=0.080; rs350104: CC versus CT+TT; OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.18-4.25; P=0.016; and rs164390: GG versus GT+TT; OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.03-3.47; P=0.040). Moreover, the haplotype containing all 3 risk alleles is associated with higher CCNB1 mRNA expression in circulating lymphocytes and increased in-stent restenosis risk (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.00-1.823; P=0.039). The risk variants of rs350099, rs350104, and rs164390 are associated with increased reporter gene expression through binding of transcription factors nuclear factor-Y, activator protein 1, and specificity protein 1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Allele-dependent transcriptional regulation of CCNB1 associated with rs350099, rs350104, and rs164390 affects the risk of in-stent restenosis. These findings reveal these common genetic variations as attractive diagnostic tools in risk stratification for restenosis.
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4
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Silvestre-Roig C, Fernández P, Esteban V, Pello ÓM, Indolfi C, Rodríguez C, Rodríguez-Calvo R, López-Maderuelo MD, Bauriedel G, Hutter R, Fuster V, Ibáñez B, Redondo JM, Martínez-González J, Andrés V. Inactivation of Nuclear Factor-Y Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Neointima Formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1036-45. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Atherosclerosis and restenosis are multifactorial diseases associated with abnormal vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. Nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y) plays a major role in transcriptional activation of the
CYCLIN B1
gene (
CCNB1
), a key positive regulator of cell proliferation and neointimal thickening. Here, we investigated the role of NF-Y in occlusive vascular disease.
Approach and Results—
We performed molecular and expression studies in cultured cells, animal models, and human tissues. We find upregulation of NF-Y and cyclin B1 expression in proliferative regions of murine atherosclerotic plaques and mechanically induced lesions, which correlates with higher binding of NF-Y to target sequences in the
CCNB1
promoter. NF-YA expression in neointimal lesions is detected in VSMCs, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB, a main inductor of VSMC growth and neointima development, induces the recruitment of NF-Y to the
CCNB1
promoter and augments both
CCNB1
mRNA expression and cell proliferation through extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 and Akt activation in rat and human VSMCs. Moreover, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of a NF-YA-dominant negative mutant inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-BB–induced
CCNB1
expression and VSMC proliferation in vitro and neointimal lesion formation in a mouse model of femoral artery injury. We also detect NF-Y expression and DNA-binding activity in human neointimal lesions.
Conclusions—
Our results identify NF-Y as a key downstream effector of the platelet-derived growth factor-BB–dependent mitogenic pathway that is activated in experimental and human vasculoproliferative diseases. They also identify NF-Y inhibition as a novel and attractive strategy for the local treatment of neointimal formation induced by vessel denudation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Silvestre-Roig
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (C.S.-R., P.F., V.E., O.M.P., V.F., B.I., V.A.) and Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation (M.D.L.-M., J.M.R.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, URT CNR, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy (C.I.); Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut Català de
| | - Patricia Fernández
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (C.S.-R., P.F., V.E., O.M.P., V.F., B.I., V.A.) and Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation (M.D.L.-M., J.M.R.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, URT CNR, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy (C.I.); Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut Català de
| | - Vanesa Esteban
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (C.S.-R., P.F., V.E., O.M.P., V.F., B.I., V.A.) and Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation (M.D.L.-M., J.M.R.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, URT CNR, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy (C.I.); Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut Català de
| | - Óscar M. Pello
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (C.S.-R., P.F., V.E., O.M.P., V.F., B.I., V.A.) and Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation (M.D.L.-M., J.M.R.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, URT CNR, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy (C.I.); Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut Català de
| | - Ciro Indolfi
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (C.S.-R., P.F., V.E., O.M.P., V.F., B.I., V.A.) and Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation (M.D.L.-M., J.M.R.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, URT CNR, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy (C.I.); Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut Català de
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (C.S.-R., P.F., V.E., O.M.P., V.F., B.I., V.A.) and Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation (M.D.L.-M., J.M.R.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, URT CNR, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy (C.I.); Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut Català de
| | - Ricardo Rodríguez-Calvo
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (C.S.-R., P.F., V.E., O.M.P., V.F., B.I., V.A.) and Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation (M.D.L.-M., J.M.R.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, URT CNR, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy (C.I.); Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut Català de
| | - María Dolores López-Maderuelo
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (C.S.-R., P.F., V.E., O.M.P., V.F., B.I., V.A.) and Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation (M.D.L.-M., J.M.R.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, URT CNR, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy (C.I.); Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut Català de
| | - Gerhard Bauriedel
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (C.S.-R., P.F., V.E., O.M.P., V.F., B.I., V.A.) and Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation (M.D.L.-M., J.M.R.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, URT CNR, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy (C.I.); Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut Català de
| | - Randolph Hutter
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (C.S.-R., P.F., V.E., O.M.P., V.F., B.I., V.A.) and Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation (M.D.L.-M., J.M.R.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, URT CNR, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy (C.I.); Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut Català de
| | - Valentín Fuster
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (C.S.-R., P.F., V.E., O.M.P., V.F., B.I., V.A.) and Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation (M.D.L.-M., J.M.R.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, URT CNR, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy (C.I.); Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut Català de
| | - Borja Ibáñez
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (C.S.-R., P.F., V.E., O.M.P., V.F., B.I., V.A.) and Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation (M.D.L.-M., J.M.R.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, URT CNR, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy (C.I.); Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut Català de
| | - Juan M. Redondo
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (C.S.-R., P.F., V.E., O.M.P., V.F., B.I., V.A.) and Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation (M.D.L.-M., J.M.R.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, URT CNR, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy (C.I.); Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut Català de
| | - José Martínez-González
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (C.S.-R., P.F., V.E., O.M.P., V.F., B.I., V.A.) and Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation (M.D.L.-M., J.M.R.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, URT CNR, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy (C.I.); Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut Català de
| | - Vicente Andrés
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (C.S.-R., P.F., V.E., O.M.P., V.F., B.I., V.A.) and Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation (M.D.L.-M., J.M.R.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, URT CNR, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy (C.I.); Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut Català de
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5
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Goh D, Tan A, Farhatnia Y, Rajadas J, Alavijeh MS, Seifalian AM. Nanotechnology-Based Gene-Eluting Stents. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1279-98. [DOI: 10.1021/mp3006616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Goh
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
- UCL Medical School, University
College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Tan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
- UCL Medical School, University
College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Farhatnia
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Biomaterials & Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Alexander M. Seifalian
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation
Trust, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
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6
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Cook PD. A brief history, status, and perspective of modified oligonucleotides for chemotherapeutic applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 4:Unit 4.1. [PMID: 18428848 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc0401s00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The advent of rapid and efficient methods of oligonucleotide synthesis has allowed the design of modified oligonucleotides that are complementary to specific nucleotide sequences in mRNA targets. Such modified oligonucleotides can be used to disrupt the flow of genetic information from transcribed mRNAs to proteins. This antisense strategy has been used to develop therapeutic oligonucleotides against cancer and various infectious diseases in humans. This overview reports recent advances in the application of oligonucleotides as drug candidates, describes the relationship between oligonucleotide modifications and their therapeutic profiles, and provides general guidelines for enhancing oligonucleotide drug properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Cook
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
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7
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Omae T, Yoshioka H, Tanaka T, Nagai H, Saji M, Noda K, Kobayashi S, Sugimoto T. Antisense in vivo knockdown of synaptotagmin I by HVJ-liposome mediated gene transfer attenuates ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats. Brain Dev 2008; 30:313-20. [PMID: 18358657 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic release of the excitatory amino acid glutamate is considered as an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain damage in neonates. Synaptotagmin I is one of exocytosis-related proteins at nerve terminals and considered to accelerate the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles by promoting fusion between the vesicles and plasma membrane. To test the possibility that antisense in vivo knockdown of synaptotagmin I modulates the exocytotic release of glutamate, thus suppressing the excitotoxic intracellular processes leading to neuronal death following ischemia in the neonatal brain, we injected antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) targeting synaptotagmin I (0.3 (AS), 0.15 (0.5 AS), or 0.03 microg (0.1 AS), or vehicle) into the lateral ventricles of 7-day-old rats by using a hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ)-liposome mediated gene transfer technique. At 10 days of age, these rats were subjected to an electrical coagulation of the right external and internal carotid arteries, then the insertion of a solid nylon thread into the right common carotid artery toward the ascending aorta up to 10-12 mm from the upper edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Cerebral ischemia was induced by clamping the left external and internal carotid arteries with a clip, and ended by removing the clip 2h later. Twenty-four hours after the end of ischemia, the extent of ischemic brain damage was neuropathologically and quantitatively evaluated in the neocortex and striatum. While the relative volume of damage in the cerebral cortex and striatum of the vehicle group was extended to 40% and 13.7%, respectively, that in the AS group was significantly reduced to 4.8% and 0.6%. In the 0.5 AS group, the relative volume of ischemic damage in the cerebral cortex and striatum was reduced to 20.5% and 15.4%, respectively, and the difference between the 0.5 AS group and vehicle group was statistically significant in the neocortex, but not in the striatum. These results indicated that antisense in vivo knockdown of synaptotagmin I successfully attenuated ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats and that the effect was dose-dependent. It was also suggested that this treatment was more effective in the neocortex than in the striatum in neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaki Omae
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan.
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8
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Kirk Field A, Goodchild J. Section Review: Biologicals & Immunologicals: Antisense oligonucleotides: Rational drug design for genetic pharmacology. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.4.9.799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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9
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Charron T, Nili N, Strauss BH. The cell cycle: a critical therapeutic target to prevent vascular proliferative disease. Can J Cardiol 2007; 22 Suppl B:41B-55B. [PMID: 16498512 PMCID: PMC2780832 DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(06)70986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention is the preferred revascularization approach for most patients with coronary artery disease. However, this strategy is limited by renarrowing of the vessel by neointimal hyperplasia within the stent lumen (in-stent restenosis). Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation is a major component in this healing process. This process is mediated by multiple cytokines and growth factors, which share a common pathway in inducing cell proliferation: the cell cycle. The cell cycle is highly regulated by numerous mechanisms ensuring orderly and coordinated cell division. The present review discusses current concepts related to regulation of the cell cycle and new therapeutic options that target aspects of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bradley H Strauss
- Correspondence: Dr Bradley H Strauss, St Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B IW8. Telephone 416-864-5913, fax 416-864-5978, e-mail
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10
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Takeuchi K, Itoh H, Yonemitsu Y, Matsumoto T, Kume M, Komori K, Maehara Y. In vivo reduction of the nuclear factor-kappaB activity using synthetic cis-element decoy oligonucleotides suppresses intimal hyperplasia in the injured carotid arteries in rabbits. Surg Today 2007; 37:575-83. [PMID: 17593477 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-007-3469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a critical role in inflammation-related reactions, and is also found in the injured arterial wall. The purpose of this study was to introduce synthetic double-stranded cis-element "decoy" oligonucleotides (ODNs) into the arterial wall using the hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ) liposome, and to investigate the inhibitory potential of decoy ODN against balloon injury-induced intimal hyperplasia by reducing NF-kappaB activity. METHODS Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled decoy ODNs using the HVJ-liposome method were tranfected in balloon-injured rabbit carotid arteries. We then performed electrophoretic mobility shift assay to examine NF-kappaB activity using balloon-injured arteries, and we introduced NF-kappaB decoy into balloon-injured arteries. RESULTS Transfection of FITC-labeled decoy ODNs by using the HVJ-liposome method demonstrated highly efficient protein expression with diffuse, frequent, and widespread nuclear signals over the entire medial layer, while the same amount of naked ODNs showed much less efficiency with scattered distribution of fluorescence in balloon-injured carotid arteries. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed activation of NF-kappaB in balloon-injured arteries. In vivo transfection of decoy ODNs mediated by HVJ liposome abolished the NF-kappaB activity in injured arteries with specific binding affinity to NF-kappaB protein. Intimal hyperplasia of carotid artery after balloon injury was reduced by approximately 50% by NF-kappaB decoy transfection compared with buffer treatment or scrambled decoy transfection. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated involvement of NF-kappaB in intimal formation after arterial injury, and indicated that NF-kappaB can be an appropriate molecular target for anti-restenosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Takeuchi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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11
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Tomita N, Kashihara N, Morishita R. Transcription factor decoy oligonucleotide-based therapeutic strategy for renal disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 2007; 11:7-17. [PMID: 17384993 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-007-0459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Renal disease, including slight renal injuries, has come to be seen as one of the risk factors for cardiovascular events. At present, most conventional therapy is inefficient, and tends to treat the symptoms rather than the underlying causes of the disorder. Gene therapy based on oligonucleotides (ODN) offers a novel approach for the prevention and treatment of renal diseases. Gene transfer into somatic cells to interfere with the pathogenesis contributing to renal disease may provide such an approach, leading to the better prevention and treatment of renal disease. The major development of gene transfer methods has made an important contribution to an intense investigation of the potential of gene therapy in renal diseases. Amazing advances in molecular biology have provided the dramatic improvement in the technology that is necessary to transfer target genes into somatic cells. Gene transfer methods, especially when mediated by several viral vectors, have improved to a surprising extent. In fact, some (retroviral vectors, adenoviral vectors, or liposome-based vectors, etc.) have already been used in clinical trials. On the other hand, recent progress in molecular biology has provided new techniques to inhibit target gene expression. The transfer of cis-element double-stranded ODN (= decoy) has been reported to be a powerful novel tool in a new class of antigene strategies for gene therapy. The transfer of decoy ODN corresponding to the cis sequence will result in attenuation of the authentic cis-trans interaction, leading to the removal of trans-factors from the endogenous cis-elements with a subsequent modulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruya Tomita
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan.
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12
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Abstract
Since the evolution of the concept of gene therapy, delivering therapeutic genes to the diseased cells has been a major challenge. Although viral vectors have been shown to be efficient in delivering genes, the issue of their safety is still to be solved. Meanwhile, the field of developing nonviral expression vectors has seen considerable progress. As compared with viruses, these are relatively safe but are confronted with the problem of poor transfection efficiency. With the growing understanding of the biology of gene transfection, and the continued efforts at enhancing the efficiency of nonviral expression vectors, it could soon become a preferred option for human gene therapy. In this review, the potential of polymeric nanoparticles as a gene expression vector is discussed. Furthermore, the importance of understanding the pathophysiology of disease conditions in developing gene expression vectors is discussed in Section 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet K Vasir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
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13
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Tomita T, Kunugiza Y, Tomita N, Kuroda S, Morishita R, Yoshikawa H. Application of Decoy Oligodeoxynucleotides for Arthritis. Inflamm Regen 2006. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.26.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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14
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Chellat F, Merhi Y, Moreau A, Yahia L. Therapeutic potential of nanoparticulate systems for macrophage targeting. Biomaterials 2005; 26:7260-75. [PMID: 16023200 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of non-viral nanoparticulate systems for the delivery of therapeutic agents is receiving considerable attention for medical and pharmaceutical applications. This increasing interest results from the fact that these systems can be designed to meet specific physicochemical requirements, and they display low toxic and immunogenic effects. Among potential cellular targets by drug-loaded nanoparticles, macrophages are considered because they play a central role in inflammation and they act as reservoirs for microorganisms that are involved with deadly infectious diseases. The most common and potent drugs used in macrophage-mediated diseases treatment often induce unwanted side effects, when applied as a free form, due to the necessity of high doses to induce a satisfactory effect. This could result in their systemic spreading, a lack of bioavailability at the desired sites, and a short half-life. Therefore, the use of drug-loaded nanoparticles represents a good alternative to avoid, or at least decrease, side effects and increase efficacy. In this manuscript, we present an overview of the usefulness of nanoparticles for macrophage-mediated therapies in particular. We discuss, though not exhaustively, the potential of therapeutic agent-loaded nanoparticles for some macrophage-mediated diseases. We also underline the most important parameters that affect the interaction mechanisms of the macrophages and the physicochemical aspects of the particulate systems that may influence their performance in macrophage-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Chellat
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Qué., Canada H3C 3A7.
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15
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Kostarelos K, Miller AD. Synthetic, self-assembly ABCD nanoparticles; a structural paradigm for viable synthetic non-viral vectors. Chem Soc Rev 2005; 34:970-94. [PMID: 16239997 DOI: 10.1039/b307062j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy research is still in trouble owing to a paucity of acceptable vector systems to deliver nucleic acids to patients for therapy. Viral vectors are efficient but may be too dangerous. Synthetic non-viral vectors are inherently safer but are currently not efficient enough to be clinically viable. The solution for gene therapy lies with improved synthetic non-viral vectors systems. This review is focused on synthetic cationic liposome/micelle-based non-viral vector systems and is a critical review written to illustrate the increasing importance of chemistry in gene therapy research. This review should be of primary interest to synthetic chemists and biomedical researchers keen to appreciate emerging technologies, but also to biological scientists who remain to be convinced about the relevance of chemistry to biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Kostarelos
- Imperial College Genetic Therapies Centre, Department of Chemistry, Flowers Building, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AY, UK
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16
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Edo MD, Roldán M, Andrés V. Cyclin-dependent protein kinases as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.13.5.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Linde J, Strauss BH. Pharmacological treatment for prevention of restenosis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2005; 6:281-302. [PMID: 15989527 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.6.2.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among adults in the Western world. Coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) have gained widespread acceptance for the treatment of symptomatic CAD. There has been an explosive growth worldwide in the utilisation of PCI, such as balloon angioplasty and stenting, which now accounts for over 50% of coronary revascularisation. Despite the popularity of PCI, the problem of recurrent narrowing of the dilated artery (restenosis) continues to vex investigators. In recent years, significant advances have occurred in the understanding of restenosis. Two processes seem to contribute to restenosis: remodelling (vessel size changes) and intimal hyperplasia (vascular smooth muscle cell [VSMC] proliferation and extracellular matrix [ECM] deposition). Despite considerable efforts, pharmacological approaches to decrease restenosis have been largely unsuccessful and the only currently applied modality to reduce the restenosis rate is stenting. However, stenting only prevents remodelling and does not inhibit intimal hyperplasia. Several potential targets for inhibiting restenosis are currently under investigation including platelet activation, the coagulation cascade, VSMC proliferation and migration, and ECM synthesis. In addition, new approaches for local drug therapy, such as drug eluting stents, are currently being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies. In this article, we critically review the current status of drugs that are being evaluated for restenosis at various stages of development (in vitro, preclinical animal models and human trials).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Linde
- The Roy and Ann Foss Interventional Cardiology Research Program, Terrence Donnelly Heart Center, 30 Bond Street, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada
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Kostarelos K, Miller AD. What Role Can Chemistry Play in Cationic Liposome‐Based Gene Therapy Research Today? ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2005; 53PA:69-118. [PMID: 16243061 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(05)53004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy research is still in trouble owing to a paucity of acceptable vector systems to deliver nucleic acids to patients for therapy. Viral vectors are efficient but may be too dangerous for routine clinical use. Synthetic non-viral vectors are inherently much safer but are currently not efficient enough to be clinically viable. The solution for gene therapy lies with improved synthetic non-viral vectors based upon well-found platform technologies and a thorough understanding of the barriers to efficient gene delivery and expression (transfection) relevant to clinical applications of interest. Here we introduce and interpret synthetic non-viral vector systems through the ABCD nanoparticle structural paradigm that represents, in our view, an appropriate lens through which to view all synthetic, non-viral vector systems applicable to in vitro use or in vivo applications and gene therapy. Our intention in introducing this paradigm is to shift the focus of organic and physical chemists away from the design of yet another cytofectin, and instead encourage them to appreciate the wider challenges presented by the need to produce tool kits of meaningful chemical components from which to assemble viable, tailor-made nanoparticles for in vivo applications and gene therapy, both now and in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Kostarelos
- Imperial College Genetic Therapies Centre, Department of Chemistry Imperial College London London, SW7 2AY, United Kingdom
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Preclinical restenosis models and drug-eluting stents: still important, still much to learn. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44:1373-85. [PMID: 15464316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Revised: 03/28/2004] [Accepted: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention continues to revolutionize the treatment of coronary atherosclerosis. Restenosis remains a significant problem but may at last be yielding to technologic advances. The examination of neointimal hyperplasia in injured animal artery models has helped in our understanding of angioplasty and stenting mechanisms, and as drug-eluting stent (DES) technologies have arrived, they too have been advanced through the study of animal models. These models are useful for predicting adverse clinical outcomes in patients with DESs because suboptimal animal model studies typically lead to problematic human trials. Similarly, stent thrombosis in animal models suggests stent thrombogenicity in human patients. Equivocal animal model results at six or nine months occasionally have been mirrored by excellent clinical outcomes in patients. The causes of such disparities are unclear but may result from differing methods, including less injury severity than originally described in the models. Ongoing research into animal models will reconcile apparent differences with clinical trials and advance our understanding of how to apply animal models to clinical stenting in the era of DESs.
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Tomita N, Ogihara T, Morishita R. Therapeutic potential of decoy oligonucleotides strategy in cardiovascular diseases. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2004; 1:463-70. [PMID: 15030273 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.1.3.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in molecular biology has provided several new techniques to inhibit target gene expression. In particular, the application of DNA technology, such as an antisense strategy, to regulate the transcription of disease-related genes in vivo has important therapeutic potential. Recently, transfer of cis-element double-stranded oligonucleotides (ODN) (= decoy) has been reported as a new powerful tool in a new class of antigene strategies for gene therapy. Transfer of the double-stranded ODN corresponding to the cis-sequence will result in attenuation of the authentic cis-trans interaction, leading to removal of trans-factors from the endogenous cis-elements with subsequent modulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruya Tomita
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
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21
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Yamada M, Kim S, Egashira K, Takeya M, Ikeda T, Mimura O, Iwao H. Molecular mechanism and role of endothelial monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induction by vascular endothelial growth factor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:1996-2001. [PMID: 14500291 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000096208.80992.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis and vascular permeability and the underlying molecular mechanism of VEGF-induced endothelial MCP-1 expression in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS We used an anti-MCP-1 neutralizing antibody for specific inhibition of MCP-1. VEGF increased tubule formation in the angiogenesis assay and vascular permeability in the Miles assay, and these effects were markedly inhibited by anti-MCP-1 antibody. Using a luciferase MCP-1 promoter-gene assay, we found that the activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding site of the MCP-1 promoter region contributes to the increase in MCP-1 promoter activity by VEGF. To specifically inhibit AP-1, we used recombinant adenovirus containing a dominant-negative c-Jun (Ad-DN-c-Jun). Ad-DN-c-Jun inhibited VEGF-induced endothelial MCP-1 mRNA expression and promoter activity in vitro. In vivo gene transfer of DN-c-Jun into rat carotid artery, with the hemagglutinating virus of the Japan liposome method, significantly blocked VEGF-induced MCP-1 and macrophage/monocyte (ED1) expression in endothelium. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal that endothelial MCP-1 induced by VEGF seems to participate in angiogenesis, vascular leakage, or arteriosclerosis. AP-1 plays a critical role in the molecular mechanism underlying induction of MCP-1 by VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Yamada
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Medical School, Abeno, Osaka, Japan
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22
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Bicknell KA, Surry EL, Brooks G. Targeting the cell cycle machinery for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003; 55:571-91. [PMID: 12831500 DOI: 10.1211/002235703765344487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease represents a major clinical problem affecting a significant proportion of the world's population and remains the main cause of death in the UK. The majority of therapies currently available for the treatment of cardiovascular disease do not cure the problem but merely treat the symptoms. Furthermore, many cardioactive drugs have serious side effects and have narrow therapeutic windows that can limit their usefulness in the clinic. Thus, the development of more selective and highly effective therapeutic strategies that could cure specific cardiovascular diseases would be of enormous benefit both to the patient and to those countries where healthcare systems are responsible for an increasing number of patients. In this review, we discuss the evidence that suggests that targeting the cell cycle machinery in cardiovascular cells provides a novel strategy for the treatment of certain cardiovascular diseases. Those cell cycle molecules that are important for regulating terminal differentiation of cardiac myocytes and whether they can be targeted to reinitiate cell division and myocardial repair will be discussed as will the molecules that control vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) and endothelial cell proliferation in disorders such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. The main approaches currently used to target the cell cycle machinery in cardiovascular disease have employed gene therapy techniques. We will overview the different methods and routes of gene delivery to the cardiovascular system and describe possible future drug therapies for these disorders. Although the majority of the published data comes from animal studies, there are several instances where potential therapies have moved into the clinical setting with promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A Bicknell
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, The University of Reading, PO Box 228, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AJ, UK
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23
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Tomita N, Morishita R, Taniyama Y, Koike H, Aoki M, Shimizu H, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T, Kaneda Y, Ogihara T. Angiogenic property of hepatocyte growth factor is dependent on upregulation of essential transcription factor for angiogenesis, ets-1. Circulation 2003; 107:1411-7. [PMID: 12642363 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000055331.41937.aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is an angiogenic growth factor, it is still unclear how it exerts its angiogenic effects. Thus, we focused on the role of an essential transcription factor for angiogenesis, ets-1. In this study, we addressed the following specific questions: (1) what genes responsible for angiogenesis can be regulated by HGF and (2) whether upregulation of gene expression for angiogenesis is dependent on ets-1. METHODS AND RESULTS In human endothelial cells, HGF significantly stimulated the matrix-degrading pathway, such as the production of matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP-1) through its specific receptor, c-met. In addition, HGF also significantly increased HGF itself and its specific receptor, c-met. Moreover, HGF significantly increased the transcription activity and mRNA expression of ets-1 in a time-dependent manner. Importantly, transfection of antisense ets-1 oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) resulted in a significant reduction in MMP-1, HGF and c-met. Interestingly, HGF also stimulated ets-1 mRNA in vascular smooth muscle cells, similar to endothelial cells. Of importance, transfection of antisense ets-1 ODN resulted in a significant decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and HGF expression, whereas HGF stimulated both HGF and VEGF expression. Moreover, in vivo transfection of ets-1 antisense ODN resulted in an inhibition of angiogenesis induced by the HGF gene in a rat ischemic hindlimb model. CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrated that HGF stimulated the expression of MMP-1, VEGF, HGF itself, and c-met in human endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Upregulation of angiogenesis-related genes was largely dependent on the induction of ets, especially ets-1. These data provide new information about the mechanisms of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruya Tomita
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan
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von der Thüsen JH, Kuiper J, van Berkel TJC, Biessen EAL. Interleukins in atherosclerosis: molecular pathways and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Rev 2003; 55:133-66. [PMID: 12615956 DOI: 10.1124/pr.55.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukins are considered to be key players in the chronic vascular inflammatory response that is typical of atherosclerosis. Thus, the expression of proinflammatory interleukins and their receptors has been demonstrated in atheromatous tissue, and the serum levels of several of these cytokines have been found to be positively correlated with (coronary) arterial disease and its sequelae. In vitro studies have confirmed the involvement of various interleukins in pro-atherogenic processes, such as the up-regulation of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, the activation of macrophages, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Furthermore, studies in mice deficient or transgenic for specific interleukins have demonstrated that, whereas some interleukins are indeed intrinsically pro-atherogenic, others may have anti-atherogenic qualities. As the roles of individual interleukins in atherosclerosis are being uncovered, novel anti-atherogenic therapies, aimed at the modulation of interleukin function, are being explored. Several approaches have produced promising results in this respect, including the transfer of anti-inflammatory interleukins and the administration of decoys and antibodies directed against proinflammatory interleukins. The chronic nature of the disease and the generally pleiotropic effects of interleukins, however, will demand high specificity of action and/or effective targeting to prevent the emergence of adverse side effects with such treatments. This may prove to be the real challenge for the development of interleukin-based anti-atherosclerotic therapies, once the mediators and their targets have been delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H von der Thüsen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Iwakuma M, Anzai T, Kobayashi S, Ogata M, Kaneda Y, Ohno K, Saji M. Antisense in vivo knockdown of synaptotagmin I and synapsin I by HVJ-liposome mediated gene transfer modulates ischemic injury of hippocampus in opposing ways. Neurosci Res 2003; 45:285-96. [PMID: 12631464 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(02)00233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitter release during and after ischemic event is thought to be involved in excitotoxicity as a pathogenesis for the ischemic brain damage, which is mediated by excessive activation of glutamate receptors and attendant calcium overload. To ascertain the role of transmitter release from nerve terminals in promoting the ischemic neurodegeneration, we delivered antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) to synaptotagmin I or synapsin I into the rat brain by using HVJ-liposome gene transfer technique. The antisense ODNs were injected into the lateralventricle in rats 4 days prior to transient forebrain ischemia of 20 min. With a single antisense treatment, long-lasting downregulation of the transmitter release relating protein levels at overall synaptic terminals was achieved. The antisense in vivo knockdown of synaptotagmin I prevented almost completely the ischemic damage of hippocampal CA1 neurons, while the in vivo knockdown of synapsin I markedly promoted the ischemic damage of CA1 pyramidal neurons and extended the injury to relatively resistant CA2/CA3 region. The modulation of ischemic hippocampal damage by the in vivo knockdown of synaptotagmin I or synapsin I suggests that transmitter release from terminals plays an important role in the evolution of ischemic brain damage and therefore the transmitter release strategy by the use of antisense ODNs-HVJ-liposome complex is reliable for neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Iwakuma
- Department of Physiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, 228-8555, Kanagawa, Japan
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Zettler ME, Prociuk MA, Austria JA, Massaeli H, Zhong G, Pierce GN. OxLDL stimulates cell proliferation through a general induction of cell cycle proteins. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 284:H644-53. [PMID: 12529257 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00494.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) may be involved in atherosclerosis by stimulating proliferation of cells in the vessel wall. The purpose of this study was to identify the mechanism by which oxLDL induces proliferation. Quiescent human fibroblasts and rabbit smooth muscle cells were treated with 0, 10, or 50 microg/ml oxLDL for 24-48 h. This resulted in significant increases in total cell counts at both concentrations of oxLDL, at both time points, for both types of cells. Western blot analysis revealed that oxLDL-stimulated cell proliferation was associated with significant increases in the expression of proteins that regulate entry into and progression through the cell cycle [cell division cycle 2, cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 2, cdk 4, cyclin B1, cyclin D1, and PCNA]. Surprisingly, the expression of cell cycle inhibitors (p21 and p27) was stimulated by oxLDL as well, but this was to a lesser extent than the effects on cell cycle-activating proteins. OxLDL also induced nuclear localization of all cell cycle proteins examined. The similar effects of oxLDL on the translocation and expression of both cell cycle-activating and -inhibiting proteins may explain the controlled proliferative phenomenon observed in atherosclerosis as opposed to the more rapid proliferative event characteristic of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie E Zettler
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Division of Stroke and Vascular Disease, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R2H 2A6
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Abstract
Gene therapy is emerging as a potential strategy for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, such as peripheral arterial disease, ischemic heart disease, restenosis after angioplasty, vascular bypass graft occlusion and transplant coronary vasculopathy, for which no known effective therapy exists. The first human trial in cardiovascular disease started in 1994 treating peripheral vascular disease with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and since then, many different potent angiogenic growth factors have been tested in clinical trials for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease. In addition, therapeutic angiogenesis using the VEGF gene has been used to treat ischemic heart disease since 1997. The results from these clinical trials have exceeded expectations; improvement in the clinical symptoms of peripheral arterial disease and ischemic heart disease has been reported. Another strategy for combating the disease processes, targeting the transcriptional process, has been tested in a human trial. IN particular, transfection of cis-element double-stranded (ds) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) (= decoy) is a powerful tool in a new class of anti-gene strategies. Transfection of ds-ODN corresponding to the cis sequence will attenuate the authentic cis-trans interaction, leading to removal of trans-factors from the endogenous cis-elements and subsequent modulation of gene expression. Genetically modified vein grafts transfected with a decoy against E2F, an essential transcription factor in cell cycle progression, appear to have long-term potency in human patients. There is great potential in gene therapy for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Morishita
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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Nakamura H, Aoki M, Tamai K, Oishi M, Ogihara T, Kaneda Y, Morishita R. Prevention and regression of atopic dermatitis by ointment containing NF-kB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides in NC/Nga atopic mouse model. Gene Ther 2002; 9:1221-9. [PMID: 12215889 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2001] [Accepted: 03/11/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by relapsing eczema and intense prurigo, requires effective and safe pharmacological therapy. In this study, we examined the efficacy of ointment containing NF-kB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) on atopic dermatitis lesions in NC/Nga mice, which are characterized by the spontaneous onset of atopic dermatitis in conventional conditions. Topical administration of NF-kB decoy ODN twice a month resulted in a significant reduction in clinical skin condition score and marked improvement of histological findings. Reduction of the atopic skin condition by NF-kB decoy ODN was accompanied by a significant decrease in migration of mast cells into the dermis and an increase in apoptotic cells. Here, we demonstrated the successful treatment of atopic dermatitis with ointment containing NF-kB decoy ODN in a mouse model, promising new therapy for atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakamura
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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29
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Jo N, Ogata N, Aoki M, Otsuji T, Morishita R, Kaneda Y, Matsumura M. Effective transfection of a cis element "decoy" of the nuclear factor-kappaB binding site into the experimental choroidal neovascularization. Curr Eye Res 2002; 24:465-73. [PMID: 12525974 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.24.6.465.8600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of the gene transfer of a double-stranded phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (ODNs), called a "decoy", against the NF-kappaB binding site into cells of an experimentally-induced choroidal neovascularization. METHODS FITC-labeled decoy was injected into the subretinal space of rat eyes by the HVJ-liposome delivery system, and 3 days later, choroidal neovascularization was induced by laser photocoagulation. The eyes were removed and the transfected cells were detected by fluorescence microscopy and also detected by immunohistochemistry. The degree of neovascularization was evaluated by fluorescein angiography. RESULTS The decoy was transfected into the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, inner and outer segment of the photoreceptors at 3 days after the injection. When choroidal neovascularization was induced, highly effective transfection of the decoy was observed 3 to 14 days after photocoagulation, after which the level decreased. Decoys were transfected into the RPE cells and macrophages in the choroidal neovascularization. The eyes transfected with NF-kappaB decoy showed a weaker leakage in fluorescein angiograms than that of the control eyes transfected with scrambled decoy. CONCLUSIONS A decoy can be transfected into retinal cells and cells within a choroidal neovascularization by the HVJ-liposome method. The transferred NF-kappaB decoy reduced the degree of choroidal neovascularization. Decoy targeted against NF-kappaB may be considered as a potential therapy for neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Jo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Morishita
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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31
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Kume M, Komori K, Matsumoto T, Onohara T, Takeuchi K, Yonemitsu Y, Sugimachi K. Administration of a decoy against the activator protein-1 binding site suppresses neointimal thickening in rabbit balloon-injured arteries. Circulation 2002; 105:1226-32. [PMID: 11889018 DOI: 10.1161/hc1002.104903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) is activated and upregulated in injured arterial smooth muscle cells in vivo, yet the exact role of the AP-1--related pathway in vascular disease in vivo has remained unclear. We examined the role of the transfer of synthetic double-stranded cis-element decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) in balloon-injured rabbit carotid arteries and the effects of these ODNs on neointimal thickening. METHODS AND RESULTS Transfection of fluorescein isothiocyanate--labeled ODNs using the hemagglutinating virus of Japan liposome method resulted in widespread distribution of fluorescent nuclear signals over the entire medial layer in injured arteries. Gel mobility shift assay revealed that AP-1 DNA binding was activated and that the AP-1 decoy reduced AP-1 DNA binding activity as a result of specific binding affinity to AP-1 in vivo. In morphometric analyses, AP-1 decoy led to a significant reduction in the neointimal area and a significant reduction in cell number and transforming growth factor-beta(1) production of human aortic smooth muscle cells under conditions of platelet-derived growth factor stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Because AP-1 decoy transfection in vivo dramatically prevented neointimal thickening in balloon-injured arteries, AP-1 may be a useful molecular target for gene therapy to reduce restenosis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Binding Sites/drug effects
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- Carotid Artery Injuries
- Carotid Artery, Common/pathology
- Carotid Stenosis/etiology
- Carotid Stenosis/pathology
- Carotid Stenosis/prevention & control
- Catheterization/adverse effects
- Cell Count
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Humans
- Liposomes
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides/genetics
- Oligonucleotides/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides/pharmacology
- Rabbits
- Sendai virus/genetics
- Transcription Factor AP-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Transfection
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/injuries
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Masazumi Kume
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Division of Pathophysiological and Experimental Pathology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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32
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Lau QC, Achenbach TV, Borchers O, Müller R, Slater EP. In vivo pro-apoptotic and antitumor efficacy of a c-Raf antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide: relationship to tumor size. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2002; 12:11-20. [PMID: 12022686 DOI: 10.1089/108729002753670229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that a phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide (ODN) targeted against c-raf RNA (ISIS5132; cRaf-AS) induces apoptosis in human tumor cells. We now show that the same ODN also efficiently triggers apoptosis in human tumor xenografts in nu/nu mice. Although cRaf-AS showed a clearly inhibitory effect on the growth of established tumors (approximately 150 mm3) compared to a mismatched control ODN (MM), tumor progression was not prevented. This correlated with a partial refractoriness of the tumor to cRaf-AS-induced cell killing, which seemed to be due to an inhomogeneous and inefficient penetration of the ODN into the tumor tissue rather than cellular resistance. In agreement with this conclusion, we found that growth of small tumors (<50 mm3) was completely inhibited concomitantly with an accumulation of the ODN throughout the tumor. These data show that the cRaf-AS is a highly efficacious antitumor agent, provided accessibility into the tumor tissue is warranted, and suggest that PS-AS-ODN treatment may be particularly useful in an adjuvant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quek Choon Lau
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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33
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Yoshida M, Yamamoto N, Nitta T, Uehara T, Terao R, Hatano E, Iimuro Y, Yamaoka Y. Suppression of proliferative cholangitis by E2F decoy oligodeoxynucleotide. J Surg Res 2002; 102:95-101. [PMID: 11796004 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proliferative cholangitis (PC) associated with hepatolithiasis results in stricture of the main bile ducts and is a major cause of residual and/or recurrent stones after repeated treatment for hepatolithiasis. The transcription factor E2F controls the expression of several genes involved in cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to inhibit PC using cytostatic gene therapy by transferring fusigenic anionic liposome-hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ-anionic liposome) complexes containing a synthetic double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide with high affinity for E2F (E2F decoy). MATERIALS AND METHODS PC was induced by introducing a fine nylon thread into the bile duct in a rat model. HVJ-anionic liposomes containing the E2F decoy were administered directly into the biliary tract. HVJ-anionic liposomes containing a missense oligodeoxynucleotide (scramble decoy) were also given as a control. The count of peribiliary glands in the bile duct, 5'-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling index, and immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the bile duct were compared among untransfected, scramble decoy-transfected, and E2F decoy-transfected rats. RESULTS E2F decoy-transfected bile ducts showed inhibition of the papillary proliferation of the biliary epithelium and peribiliary gland hyperplasia. BrdU incorporation and PCNA expression in the bile ducts were inhibited in E2F decoy-transfected rats. CONCLUSION Our cytostatic gene therapy approach using direct E2F decoy transfer into the biliary tract suppressed PC in a rat model and may offer an effective therapeutic option for reducing recurrence following treatment for hepatolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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34
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Morishita R, Aoki M, Kaneda Y. Decoy oligodeoxynucleotides as novel cardiovascular drugs for cardiovascular disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 947:294-301; discussion 301-2. [PMID: 11795277 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is emerging as a potential strategy in the treatment of cardiovascular disease such as restenosis after angioplasty, vascular bypass graft occlusion, and transplant coronary vasculopathy, for which no known effective therapy exists. One strategy for combatting disease processes is to target the transcriptional process. Application of DNA technology such as antisense strategy to regulate the transcription of disease-related genes in vivo has important therapeutic potential. Recently, transfection of cis-element double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (= decoy) as a powerful tool in a new class of antigene strategies for gene therapy was reported. Transfection of double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides corresponding to cis sequence will result in the attenuation of authentic cis-trans interaction, leading to the removal of transfactors from the endogenous cis-elements with subsequent modulation of gene expression. This "decoy" strategy is not only a novel strategy for gene therapy as an antigene strategy, but also a powerful tool for the study of endogenous gene regulation in vivo as well as in vitro. In this review, we focus on the future potential of decoy oligodeoxynucleotide-based gene therapy in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Morishita
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan.
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35
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Metcalfe BL, Sellers KW, Jeng MJ, Huentelman MJ, Katovich MJ, Raizada MK. Gene therapy for cardiovascular disorders: is there a future? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 953:31-42. [PMID: 11795421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb11358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of cardiovascular disease has reached epidemic proportions in spite of recent advances in improving the efficacy of pharmacotherapeutics. This has led many to conclude that drug therapy has reached a plateau in its effectiveness. As a result, our efforts have been diverted to explore the use of gene transfer approaches for long-term control of these pathophysiological conditions. The purpose of this review is to present various approaches that are being undertaken to provide "proof of principle" for gene therapy for cardiovascular diseases. Finally, we will discuss the future of gene therapy and other new technologies that may further advance this field of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Metcalfe
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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36
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Yokoseki O, Suzuki J, Kitabayashi H, Watanabe N, Wada Y, Aoki M, Morishita R, Kaneda Y, Ogihara T, Futamatsu H, Kobayashi Y, Isobe M. cis Element decoy against nuclear factor-kappaB attenuates development of experimental autoimmune myocarditis in rats. Circ Res 2001; 89:899-906. [PMID: 11701617 DOI: 10.1161/hh2201.099373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) plays a significant role in the coordinated transactivation of cytokine, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and adhesion molecule genes. Although inflammation is an essential pathological feature of myocarditis, the role of NFkappaB in this process remains obscure. We examined the role of NFkappaB in the progression of rat experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) and tested the hypothesis that NFkappaB blockade with a decoy against the cis element of NFkappaB can prevent the progression of EAM. Lewis rats were immunized with purified porcine cardiac myosin to establish EAM on day 0. NFkappaB decoy was infused into the rat coronary artery on day 0 (group NF0), 7 (group NF7), or 14 (group NF14) and harvested on day 21. Scrambled decoy was infused on day 0 (group SD0), 7 (group SD7), or 14 (group SD14) and served for control groups. The ratios of myocarditis-affected areas to the ventricular cross-sectional area of all treatment groups were significantly lower than those of the control groups (group NF0, 33+/-18% versus SD0, 53+/-14%; group NF7, 19+/-15% versus SD7, 50+/-16%; and group NF14, 34+/-10% versus SD14, 52+/-14%). Immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses showed expression of ICAM-1, iNOS, IL-2, and TNFalpha in myocardium of scrambled decoy groups, and this expression was effectively suppressed by NFkappaB decoy treatment. Thus, we found that NFkappaB is a key regulator in the progression of EAM and that in vivo transfection of NFkappaB decoy reduces the severity of EAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Yokoseki
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
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37
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Abstract
This review will provide an overview of delivery strategies that are being evaluated for vascular gene therapy. We will limit our discussion to those studies that have been demonstrated, utilizing in vivo model systems, to limit post-interventional restenosis. We also discuss the efficacy of the vectors and methods currently being used to transfer genetic material to the vessel wall. The efficiency of these techniques is a critical issue for the successful application of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Smith
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, MA 02135, USA
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38
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Morishita R, Aoki M, Kaneda Y, Ogihara T. Gene therapy in vascular medicine: recent advances and future perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2001; 91:105-14. [PMID: 11728604 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(01)00150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is emerging as a potential strategy for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, such as restenosis after angioplasty, vascular bypass graft occlusion, and transplant coronary vasculopathy, for which no known effective therapy exists. The first human trial in cardiovascular disease was started in 1994 to treat peripheral vascular disease using vascular endothelial growth factor. In addition, therapeutic angiogenesis using the vascular endothelial growth factor gene was applied in the treatment of ischemic heart disease. The results from these clinical trials seem to exceed expectation. Improvement of clinical symptoms in peripheral arterial disease and ischemic heart disease has been reported. At least five different potent angiogenic growth factors have been tested in clinical trials to treat peripheral arterial disease or ischemic heart disease. In addition, another strategy for combating disease processes, to target the transcriptional process, has been tested in a human trial. Transfection of cis-element double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides is an especially powerful tool in a new class of antigen strategies for gene therapy. Transfection of double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides corresponding to the cis sequence will result in the attenuation of the authentic cis-trans interaction, leading to the removal of trans-factors from the endogenous cis-elements, with subsequent modulation of gene expression. Genetically modified vein grafts transfected with a decoy against E2F, an essential transcription factor in cell cycle progression, revealed apparent long-term potency in human patients. This review focuses on the future potential of gene therapy for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Morishita
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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39
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Wu CH, Lin CS, Hung JS, Wu CJ, Lo PH, Jin G, Shyy YJ, Mao SJ, Chien S. Inhibition of neointimal formation in porcine coronary artery by a Ras mutant. J Surg Res 2001; 99:100-6. [PMID: 11421610 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic approaches to reduce the neointimal formation caused by balloon injury have been focused mainly on experimental models of restenosis in the rat carotid artery. However, restenosis in rat carotid artery may not replicate the coronary arterial responses to injury in larger animals and humans. METHODS In this study, we used pig coronary arteries as an animal model to evaluate the preventive effects of a virus-mediated dominant negative mutant RasN17 on balloon injury-induced restenosis. The viral particles were delivered to the balloon-injured coronary arteries via a dispatch catheter to keep the virus in a confined arterial segment for 10 min to reach optimal transfection. Six weeks after balloon injury, the pigs were sacrificed and the left anterior descending arteries were isolated for histological analysis. RESULTS Neointima formation was prominent in the group receiving balloon injury as compared with the uninjured controls. A remodeling process with migration of collagen was also found in the injured coronary arteries. The application of AdRasN17 led to a 56% decrease in neointima formation and a 75% increase in lumen size, as compared with the balloon-injured vessels treated with AdLacZ control. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AdRasN17 is an effective therapeutic gene in preventing balloon injury-induced neointimal formation in pig coronary arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Wu
- School of Medicine, China Medical College, Taiwan
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40
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Sriram V, Patterson C. Cell cycle in vasculoproliferative diseases: potential interventions and routes of delivery. Circulation 2001; 103:2414-9. [PMID: 11352893 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.103.19.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and restenosis of epicardial vessels are among the greatest challenges facing the clinical cardiologist, and phenotypic modulation and proliferation of smooth muscle cells are major components of the vasculoproliferative response. Proliferation is regulated by the interplay of regulatory proteins at checkpoints in the cell cycle that alter cellular growth. Activation of the cell cycle and the genetic control of its progression are final common pathways in this process. Investigators have postulated that cell-cycle inhibition using drugs and genetic or physical methods has the potential to reverse or prevent the vasculoproliferative process. The current challenge is to translate in vitro data demonstrating the efficacy of cell-cycle inhibition to clinical trials. At present, the steps that must be taken to meet this goal are (1) to design methods of delivery of these agents to specific sites, (2) to identify appropriate cellular targets to elicit cell-cycle arrest, and (3) to improve the therapeutic ratio by minimizing potential side effects. This review discusses current concepts of the cell cycle, target-regulating mechanisms, and possible interventions in vasculoproliferative diseases. We also discuss ongoing clinical trials that use antiproliferative agents in the hope of limiting the course of these diseases, as well as the promise that antiproliferative therapy holds in the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sriram
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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41
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Kawamura I, Morishita R, Tsujimoto S, Manda T, Tomoi M, Tomita N, Goto T, Ogihara T, Kaneda Y. Intravenous injection of oligodeoxynucleotides to the NF-kappaB binding site inhibits hepatic metastasis of M5076 reticulosarcoma in mice. Gene Ther 2001; 8:905-12. [PMID: 11426330 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2000] [Accepted: 04/06/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have developed synthetic double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) as 'decoy' cis elements that block the binding of nuclear factors to promoter regions of targeted genes, resulting in the inhibition of gene transactivation in vivo. In the present study, we employed decoy ODN targeting the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding cis-elements to hepatic metastasis of murine reticulosarcoma M5076 in mice. Intravenous inoculation of M5076 into mice caused a marked increase in gene expression of interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in the liver, whereas intravenous treatment with NF-kappaB decoy ODN reduced M5076-induced transactivation of these genes. Treatment with NF-kappaB decoy ODN, but not scrambled decoy ODN, significantly inhibited hepatic metastasis of M5076 in mice, and furthermore the combined treatment of NF-kappaB decoy ODN with an anti-cancer drug resulted in complete inhibition of hepatic metastasis in half of the mice, without affecting myelosuppression induced by the anti-cancer drug. Here, NF-kappaB decoy ODN inhibited hepatic metastasis of M5076 in mice possibly through a decrease in transactivation of important NF-kappaB-driven genes and also potentiated the anti-metastatic effect of an anti-cancer drug, demonstrating the first successful in vivo therapy for cancer metastasis using NF-kappaB decoy ODN as a novel molecular decoy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kawamura
- Medicinal Biology Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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42
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Teiger E, Deprez I, Fataccioli V, Champagne S, Dubois-Randé JL, Eloit M, Adnot S. Gene therapy in heart disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2001; 55:148-54. [PMID: 11325212 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(01)00040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of gene therapy to the field of cardiovascular disorders has been the subject of intensive work over the recent period. Gene therapy for cardiovascular disorders is now fast developing with most therapies being devoted to the consequences (ischemia) rather than the causes of atherosclerotic diseases. Recent human clinical trials have shown that injection of naked DNA encoding vascular endothelial growth factor promotes collateral vessel development in patients with critical limb ischemia or chronic myocardial ischemia. Promising studies in animals have also fueled enthusiasm for treatment of human restenosis by gene therapy, but clinical applications are warranted. Application of gene transfer to other cardiovascular diseases will require the coordinated development of a variety of new technologies, as well as a better definition of cellular and gene targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Teiger
- Inserm U492, Service de Physiologie-Explorations Fonctionnelles, H pital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
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43
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Ali S, Leonard SA, Kukoly CA, Metzger WJ, Wooles WR, McGinty JF, Tanaka M, Sandrasagra A, Nyce JW. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a respirable antisense oligonucleotide for asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:989-93. [PMID: 11282778 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.4.9907078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
EPI-2010 is a respirable antisense oligonucleotide (RASON), which selectively attenuates discordantly overexpressed adenosine A(1) receptors in allergic lung (Nature 1997;385:721). In the present study, aerosolized [(35)S]-labeled EPI-2010 (5 mg exposure; specific activity 0.055 Ci/mmol) was administered to normal rabbits by endotracheal tube to assess biodistribution, route of elimination, and potential cardiovascular toxicity. The animals were killed at 0, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after inhalation of EPI-2010. Duplicate aliquots from different tissues and samples were solubilized and assessed for radioactivity. Approximately 1.4% of the total aerosolized EPI-2010 was deposited into the lung. The concentration of the drug in the lung at 0, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h was 64.0 +/- 1.5, 67.0 +/- 4.4, 32.0 +/- 3.7, 23.4 +/- 1.4, and 2.1 +/- 0.5 microg equivalents, respectively. Only a small amount of the radioactivity was detected in extrapulmonary tissues. By 72 h, 67.5% of the administered dose was excreted in the urine, which represented the major pathway of elimination. In postlabeling studies, intact full-length EPI-2010 could only be detected in the lung. Autoradiographic analysis after inhalation of [(35)S]-labeled EPI-2010 showed a relatively uniform deposition of drug throughout the lung. The aerosolized EPI-2010 did not have any significant systemic effects on the cardiovascular system as determined by Cardiomax-II analysis. This pattern of distribution and the lack of effect on cardiovascular function support the concept that RASONs offer the potential to safely address respiratory targets for which systemic distribution and systemic bioavailability may be contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ali
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, EpiGenesis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Princeton, New Jersey 08512, USA
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44
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Kawauchi M, Suzuki J, Morishita R, Wada Y, Izawa A, Tomita N, Amano J, Kaneda Y, Ogihara T, Takamoto S, Isobe M. Gene therapy for attenuating cardiac allograft arteriopathy using ex vivo E2F decoy transfection by HVJ-AVE-liposome method in mice and nonhuman primates. Circ Res 2000; 87:1063-8. [PMID: 11090553 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.87.11.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac allograft arteriopathy, which limits the long-term survival of recipients, is characterized by diffuse intimal thickening composed of proliferative smooth muscle cells. The transcription factor E2F plays a pivotal role in the coordinated transcription of cell-cycle regulatory genes. To test the hypothesis that double-stranded DNA with specific affinity for E2F (E2F decoy) is effective in preventing intimal hyperplasia, we performed ex vivo single intraluminal delivery of E2F decoy into cardiac allografts of mice and Japanese monkeys using the hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ) artificial viral envelope-liposome method. In murine models, antisense cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2) kinase oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) and no transfers were performed to compare the effects. Severe intimal thickening was observed, and multiple cell-cycle regulatory genes were enhanced in untreated allografts. E2F decoy prevented neointimal formation and suppressed these genes for up to 8 weeks, whereas antisense cdk2 kinase ODN had limited effects. In primate models, E2F decoy dramatically prevented neointimal thickening and suppressed multiple cell-cycle regulatory genes, whereas intimal thickening developed in the nontransfected or mismatch decoy-transfected allografts. Gel mobility shift assay proved the specific effects of E2F decoy, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction documented that neither complication nor dissemination of HVJ into other organs was observed. We demonstrate that ex vivo gene delivery to allografts is a potent strategy to modify allograft gene expression, resulting in prevention of graft arteriopathy without systemic adverse effects.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins
- Cell Cycle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Coronary Disease/etiology
- Coronary Disease/pathology
- Coronary Disease/prevention & control
- DNA/administration & dosage
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Disease Models, Animal
- E2F Transcription Factors
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Graft Survival/genetics
- Heart Transplantation/adverse effects
- Heart Transplantation/methods
- Liposomes
- Macaca
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Respirovirus/genetics
- Respirovirus/isolation & purification
- Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1
- Thionucleotides/administration & dosage
- Thionucleotides/metabolism
- Transcription Factor DP1
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transfection
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Klugherz BD, Jones PL, Cui X, Chen W, Meneveau NF, DeFelice S, Connolly J, Wilensky RL, Levy RJ. Gene delivery from a DNA controlled-release stent in porcine coronary arteries. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18:1181-4. [PMID: 11062438 DOI: 10.1038/81176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Expandable intra-arterial stents are widely used for treating coronary disease. We hypothesized that local gene delivery could be achieved with the controlled release of DNA from a polymer coating on an expandable stent. Our paper reports the first successful transfection in vivo using a DNA controlled-release stent. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) plasmid DNA within emulsion-coated stents was efficiently expressed in cell cultures (7.9% +/- 0.7% vs. 0.6% +/- 0.2% control, p < 0.001) of rat aortic smooth muscle cells. In a series of pig stent-angioplasty studies, GFP expression was observed in all coronary arteries (normal, nondiseased) in the DNA-treated group, but not in control arteries. GFP plasmid DNA in the arterial wall was confirmed by PCR, and GFP presence in the pig coronaries was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Thus, DNA-eluting stents are capable of arterial transfection, and could be useful as delivery systems for candidate vectors for gene therapy of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Klugherz
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Suzuki J, Morishita R, Amano J, Kaneda Y, Isobe M. Decoy against nuclear factor-kappa B attenuates myocardial cell infiltration and arterial neointimal formation in murine cardiac allografts. Gene Ther 2000; 7:1847-52. [PMID: 11110417 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acute rejection and graft arteriopathy in cardiac transplantation limit the long-term survival of recipients; these processes are enhanced by several cytokines and adhesion molecules. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkappaB) is critical in the transcription of multiple genes involved in inflammation and cell proliferation. To test the hypothesis that NFkappaB decoy can attenuate acute rejection and arteriopathy, we performed single intraluminal delivery of NFkappaB decoy into murine cardiac allografts using a hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ)-artificial viral envelope (AVE)-liposome method. No decoy or scrambled decoy transfer was performed for control. Hearts were heterotopically transplanted from BALB/c to C3H/He mice (major mismatch group) and from DBA/2 to B10.D2 mice (minor mismatch group). Nontreated or scrambled decoy transfected allografts of the major mismatch group were acutely rejected, while NFkappaB decoy prolonged their survival. While severe cell infiltration and intimal thickening with enhancement of inflammatory factors were observed in untreated or scrambled decoy-treated allografts of minor mismatch group at day 28, NFkappaB decoy attenuated these changes. We conclude that NFkappaB is critically involved in the development of acute as well as chronic rejection of the transplanted hearts. NFkappaB decoy attenuates both acute rejection and graft arteriopathy by blocking the activation of several genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
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Mohuczy D, Phillips MI. Antisense inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system in brain and peripheral organs. Methods 2000; 22:197-209. [PMID: 11071815 DOI: 10.1006/meth.2000.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense inhibition is a method of attenuating the target at the gene expression level. There are two main groups of molecular tools for this goal. The first includes the use of short synthetic stretches of DNA-antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. The second tool is the use of vectors (plasmids or viruses) containing the gene of interest subcloned in the antisense orientation, which in the cells produces the antisense RNA. Both antisense DNA and RNA can bind to the complementary sense mRNA and interfere with its translation. Effects are usually short lasting (days) for oligodeoxynucleotides and longer lasting (weeks or months) for vectors. In this article we briefly describe techniques of antisense inhibition in the context of the renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mohuczy
- Department of Physiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0274, USA
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Abstract
The drug delivery system (DDS) is attractive as a therapeutic method. Liposomes are of particular interest as a DDS because they can reduce drug toxicity, and offer promise as gene carriers. An evolution has occurred in the construction of liposomes in the effort to develop efficient vectors for in vivo use. To avoid uptake by the reticuloendothelial system (RES); Lipid components have been optimized. To enhance tissue targeting, liposome surface has been modified with antibodies or ligands recognized by specific cell types. To enhance the efficiency of gene delivery by the introduction of molecules directly into cells, virosomes have been developed by combining liposomes with fusiogenic viral envelope proteins. Liposomes are now being used in the treatment of intractable human diseases such as cancer and monogenic disorders. In the future, many medical procedures will be performed using liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kaneda
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hussain
- Centre for Drug Delivery, Research, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX, London, UK
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Yamamoto K, Morishita R, Tomita N, Shimozato T, Nakagami H, Kikuchi A, Aoki M, Higaki J, Kaneda Y, Ogihara T. Ribozyme oligonucleotides against transforming growth factor-beta inhibited neointimal formation after vascular injury in rat model: potential application of ribozyme strategy to treat cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2000; 102:1308-14. [PMID: 10982548 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.102.11.1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because the mechanisms of atherosclerosis or restenosis after angioplasty have been postulated to involve an increase in transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, a selective decrease in TGF-beta may have therapeutic value. Thus, we used the ribozyme strategy to actively cleave the targeted gene to selectively inhibit TGF-beta expression. METHODS AND RESULTS We constructed ribozyme oligonucleotides (ONs) targeted to the sequence of the TGF-beta gene that shows 100% homology among the human, rat, and mouse species. The specificity of ribozyme against TGF-beta gene was confirmed by selective inhibition of TGF-beta mRNA in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells as well as balloon-injured blood vessels in vivo. Importantly, the marked decrease in TGF-beta resulted in significant inhibition of neointimal formation after vascular injury in a rat carotid artery model (P:<0.01), whereas DNA-based control ONs and mismatched ribozyme ONs did not have any inhibitory effect on neointimal formation. Inhibition of neointimal formation was accompanied by (1) a reduction in collagen synthesis and mRNA expression of collagen I and III and (2) a significant decrease in DNA synthesis as assessed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining. Moreover, we modified ribozyme ONs containing phosphorothioate DNA and RNA targeted to the TGF-beta gene. Of importance, modified ribozyme ONs showed a further reduction in TGF-beta expression. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study provides the first evidence that selective blockade of TGF-beta resulted in inhibition of neointimal formation, accompanied by a reduction in collagen synthesis and DNA synthesis in a rat model. We anticipate that modification of ribozyme ON pharmacokinetics will facilitate the potential clinical utility of the ribozyme strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamamoto
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan
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