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Delooz L, Czaplicki G, Houtain JY, Dal Pozzo F, Saegerman C. Laboratory Findings Suggesting an Association Between BoHV-4 and Bovine Abortions in Southern Belgium. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1100-1109. [PMID: 26752765 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abortions cause heavy economic losses for the bovine sector. The use of a standardized panel of analyses covering a large spectrum of pathogens responsible of abortion in cattle allowed demonstrating the direct involvement of at least one pathogen in 57% of analysed abortions in the southern part of Belgium. This result suggests a margin of improvement in the diagnostic efficacy. In order to evaluate the interest to broaden the list of pathogens included in the panel of analyses, the implication of bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) in abortion was assessed by two different studies. In the first study, coupled serology was performed after abortion on 714 dams to identify specific seroconversion against BoHV-4. The overall seroconversion in cows was 19.5%, with a higher frequency in primiparous compared to multiparous females. In addition, the type of breed (beef cattle) and the time period from the fourth quarter 2008 until the last quarter 2009 were significantly related to the seroconversion of cows. The second study investigated the virus ability to infect the foetus. In this study, 368 cases of bovine abortions were specifically tested for BoHV-4, using PCR on foetus tissues and ELISA on dam and foetus sera. The results showed a maternal seroprevalence of 64.7%, a foetal seroprevalence of 0.8% and a PCR prevalence in foetuses of 1.1%, demonstrating the ability of BoHV-4 to infect the foetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Delooz
- Département Santé Animale, Association Régionale de Santé et d'Identification Animales - ASBL, Ciney, Belgium.,Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Centre for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - G Czaplicki
- Département Santé Animale, Association Régionale de Santé et d'Identification Animales - ASBL, Ciney, Belgium
| | - J Y Houtain
- Département Santé Animale, Association Régionale de Santé et d'Identification Animales - ASBL, Ciney, Belgium
| | - F Dal Pozzo
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Centre for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - C Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Centre for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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Abstract
Experimental and field studies have proven that the bovine herpesvirus type-4 (BHV-4) infection leads to various reproductive system problems. In this study, the role of BHV-4 infection in repeat breeding was investigated serologically. Eighty-four samples were obtained from repeat-breeding diagnosed cows in two organized dairy herds; an equal number of healthy cows were sampled from the same farms. The rest of the samples (105) were obtained from reproductively normal cows that were breeding in 18 small enterprises as a control group. The seropositivity proportion in repeat-breeding diagnosed cows was found to be significantly higher (69% (58/84)) than other cows (44% (37/84)) on the same farms. The lowest antibody positivity value for BHV-4 was detected as 24.7% (26/105) in the samples from family-type small farms. The odds ratio (OR) value was calculated as 2.834 in repeat-breeding diagnosed and healthy cows on the same farms, while 6.778 was determined in cows with and without reproductive problems on organized farms compared to small farms. As a result, the BHV-4 infection can be considered one of the reasons for repeat breeding besides other reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Gür
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
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Kruger JM, Venta PJ, Swenson CL, Syring R, Gibbons-Burgener SN, Richter M, Maes RK. Prevalence of Bovine Herpesvirus-4 Infection in Cats in Central Michigan. J Vet Intern Med 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2000.tb02282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Satoh Y, Iizuka K, Fukuyama M, Kishikawa S, Nishino Y, Ikeda T, Kiuchi A, Hara M, Tabuchi K. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using nuclear antigen for detection of feline herpesvirus 1 antibody. J Vet Diagn Invest 1999; 11:334-40. [PMID: 10424649 DOI: 10.1177/104063879901100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To detect antibody against feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) in the sera of cats, the sensitivity and specificity of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using nuclear antigen was investigated. The standardized optical density readings (ODs) of the ELISA obtained by the 1-step serum dilution (1:80) method were compared with the serum neutralization test (SNT) results, with a correlation of 0.993, and with the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test results, with a correlation of 0.851. The ODs for the ELISA titers were obtained using the serial serum dilution method and were compared with the SNT results, with a correlation of 0.933, and with the HI test results, with a correlation of 0.987. In the experimental infection of 4 specific-pathogen-free cats, the results of different serologic tests (SNT and HI) and the ELISA using the serial serum dilution method revealed rapid production of antibodies after inoculation, whereas the ELISA using the one-step serum dilution method indicated that titers increased more slowly. These results indicate that with the present ELISA using nuclear antigen, there are fewer demands on time and labor, making the method convenient for monitoring FHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Satoh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamiharashi, Kanagawa-Ken, Japan
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Wellenberg GJ, van Rooij EM, Maissan J, Van Oirschot JT. Evaluation of newly developed immunoperoxidase monolayer assays for detection of antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 4. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1999; 6:447-51. [PMID: 10391841 PMCID: PMC95706 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.6.4.447-451.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the evaluation of immunoperoxidase monolayer assays (IPMAs) for detection of antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV4) DN-599 or BHV4 LVR 140 in sera of cattle. We compared the quality of these IPMAs with the quality of a BHV4 indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, a preliminary serological survey of BHV4 antibodies was carried out to estimate the seroprevalence of BHV4 in Dutch cattle at different ages. The specificities of both BHV4 IPMAs were 1.00. The geometrical mean titers (detection limit) of the BHV4 IPMAs were twice as high as that of the BHV4 indirect ELISA. In experimentally infected cattle, BHV4 antibodies were detectable by IPMAs 16 to 18 days postinfection, which was almost 2 weeks earlier than in the indirect ELISA. The reproducibility of the BHV4 DN-599 IPMA (kappaD value, 0.92) and of the BHV4 LVR 140 IPMA (kappaD value, 0.87) were good. For field sera the overall agreement between the BHV4 indirect ELISA and the two BHV4 IPMAs, DN-599 and LVR 140, was 95 and 96%, respectively. The serological-survey study showed that the estimated seroprevalence of BHV4 in Dutch cattle was 16 to 18% and that the percentage of BHV4-positive animals varied by age category (between 6 and 43%). In summary, the two BHV4 IPMA formats have several advantages that make IPMA a useful alternative to the BHV4 indirect ELISA for detecting BHV4 antibodies in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Wellenberg
- Department of Mammalian Virology, Institute for Animal Science and Health, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine various tissues of experimentally infected calves for the BHV-4 genome so as to detect in which cells the virus persists during the latent phase of the infection. The presence of the bovine herpesvirus type 4 genome was detected by a nested PCR in a variety of tissues collected from two susceptible calves experimentally infected 62 days earlier. Mild clinical signs of bronchitis, an elevated body temperature for 2-3 days, and a slightly increased number of blood leukocytes were observed in both inoculated calves. BHV-4 was demonstrated in seven samples from the 12 different parts of the nervous system tested from each calf (29.1%), from the cornea, from lymph nodes near to the inoculation site, from the gallbladder and from the bone marrow. Thus a member of the predominantly lymphotropic Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily was detected in neural tissue and other organs that have never been associated with persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Egyed
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Godfroid J, Czaplicki G, Kerkhofs P, Weynants V, Wellemans G, Thiry E, Letesson JJ. Assessment of the cell-mediated immunity in cattle infection after bovine herpesvirus 4 infection, using an in vitro antigen-specific interferon-gamma assay. Vet Microbiol 1996; 53:133-41. [PMID: 9011005 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(96)01241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The cell-mediated immunity (CMI) following bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV4) infection has been poorly investigated in cattle. The in vivo response measured by a delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) assay has been reported to be positive in only few animals showing serological evidences of BHV4 infection. We have investigated the CMI following BHV4 infection by an in vitro antigen-specific interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) release assay, as an indicator of an actively acquired immunity to BHV4. Our preliminary results using a partially purified antigen suggest that there was a measurable CMI in 75 out of 168 animals (44.4%) originating from a farm with a clinical history and serological evidences (76.3% seropositivity) of BHV4 infection. If the results of serological tests and BHV4 IFN-gamma test are interpreted in parallel, 81.5% of the animals are classified positive, demonstrating the complementarity of these tests. The specificity of the BHV4 IFN-gamma test was supported by the absence of a measurable CMI in 41 animals originating from a farm with no clinical history or serological evidence of BHV4 infection. In an allied study, we developed a bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) IFN-gamma test. This allowed us to measure the antigen specific IFN-gamma release after stimulation with a mixture of BHV1 and BHV4 antigens. Animals that were classified negative by the BHV4 IFN-gamma test and by the BHV1 IFN-gamma test, were classified negative after stimulation with a mixture of both antigens. Animals that were classified positive by the BHV4 IFN-gamma test or the BHV1 IFN-gamma test, were classified positive after stimulation with a mixture of both antigens. Taken together these results suggest that the in vitro assessment of the CMI after BHV4 infection should be further investigated as a specific and valuable alternative to the DTH assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Godfroid
- Institut National de Recherches Vétérinaires, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Egyed L, Ballagi-Pordány A, Bartha A, Belák S. Studies of in vivo distribution of bovine herpesvirus type 4 in the natural host. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:1091-5. [PMID: 8727882 PMCID: PMC228961 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.34.5.1091-1095.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vivo distribution of bovine herpesvirus type 4 (BHV-4) was examined by testing nasal and conjunctival exudates, peripheral blood leukocytes, and various organs of experimentally infected calves. For virus detection, a nested PCR assay, virus isolation, and immunohistochemistry were applied. The nervous system and the muscles were free of viral DNA. Liver and intestinal lymph nodes contained low amounts of virus (less than two copies per 1 microgram of cellular DNA). Intestinal, tonsil, thymus, and kidney tissues contained more viral DNA copies (5 to 50 copies per 1 microgram of cellular DNA). The highest amounts of BHV-4 DNA (50 to 500 copies per 1 microgram of cellular DNA) were found in the spleen, lungs, trachea, and nasal epithelium. Amplification of DNA from blood lymphocytes through postinoculation (p.i.) day 48 proved that the virus started to replicate in these cells immediately after inoculation of the calves and that intensive virus growth took place during the 7 to 8 weeks of the infection. The number of virus-infected lymphocytes reached the maximum on p.i. days 22 to 26 and slowly declined thereafter. Virus-infected cells were found only in the spleen on p.i. day 48 by immunohistochemistry. Western blotting (immunoblotting) detected signs of an immune response against 9 of the 29 BHV-4 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Egyed
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Kruger JM, Osborne CA, Venta PJ, Sussman MD. Viral infections of the feline urinary tract. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1996; 26:281-96. [PMID: 8711863 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(96)50208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The exact cause of hematuria, dysuria, and urethral obstruction remains unknown in a large percentage of naturally occurring cases of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). One attractive hypothesis implicates viruses as the cause of some idiopathic forms of FLUTD; supporting this hypothesis is the fact that a gamma herpesvirus, a calicivirus, and a retrovirus have been isolated from urine and tissues obtained from cats with this type of disease. Although the clinical course and laboratory findings of cats with idiopathic FLUTD are suggestive of an infectious cause, the question of whether viruses have a pathologic role in some forms of naturally acquired FLUTDs has not been completely answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kruger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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Kruger JM, Osborne CA. The role of uropathogens in feline lower urinary tract disease. Clinical implications. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1993; 23:101-23. [PMID: 8421883 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(93)50007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial, fungal, and parasitic uropathogens have small but significant roles as causative agents in naturally occurring feline lower urinary tract disease. However, the exact cause of hematuria, dysuria, and/or urethral obstruction remains unknown in a large percentage of cats. Feline calicivirus, feline syncytia-forming virus, bovine herpesvirus-4, mycoplasmas, and ureaplasmas are potential uropathogens whose etiopathogenic roles in idiopathic feline lower urinary tract disease remain, as of yet, unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kruger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing
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Naeem K, Goyal SM. A dot immunobinding assay on nitrocellulose for the detection of bovid herpesvirus-4 antibodies. J Vet Diagn Invest 1990; 2:107-10. [PMID: 1965576 DOI: 10.1177/104063879000200204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A dot immunobinding assay (DIA) was developed for the detection of antibody against bovid herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4) in bovine sera. A semipurified virus preparation was used as the antigen and an antispecies horseradish peroxidase-labeled IgG and diaminobenzidine were employed as the detection system. The sensitivity and specificity of the DIA were similar to those of indirect fluorescent antibody test, indicating the suitability of DIA as a rapid field test for the detection of anti-BHV-4 antibodies in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Naeem
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108
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12
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Abstract
Viruses have been implicated as causative agents in the etiopathogenesis of some forms of feline lower urinary tract disease (LUTD). This hypothesis was supported by isolation of feline calicivirus, bovine herpesvirus 4 (strain FeCAHV), and feline syncytia-forming virus from cats with naturally occurring LUTD, and by experimental studies of induced viral urinary tract infection. Results of early clinical studies yielded contradictory results concerning the role of viruses in feline LUTD. However, recent detection of bovine herpesvirus 4 antibodies in feline serum samples and discovery of calicivirus-like particles in crystalline/matrix urethral plugs obtained from cats with naturally occurring LUTD, suggests the need to reexamine the etiopathologic role of viruses using contemporary methods of virus identification and localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kruger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
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Cook CG, Splitter GA. Lytic function of bovine lymphokine-activated killer cells from a normal and a malignant catarrhal fever virus-infected animal. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1988; 19:105-18. [PMID: 3263729 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(88)90002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lymphokine-supplemented long-term cultured bovine lymph node lymphocytes were characterized functionally and phenotypically. Lymphocytes from a normal and a malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) virus-infected animal were maintained without the addition of antigen or feeder cells. Lymphocyte cell lines obtained from both animals: (i) killed allogeneic fibroblasts and allogeneic and xenogeneic cultured tumor cell lines as measured in a 4-h 51Cr release assay, (ii) expressed the same T cell subset marker based on flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies, and (iii) produced a lytic factor upon stimulation. In contrast, only cells from the MCF virus-infected animal could be maintained for more than 5 months supplemented with 2% Con A-generated lymphokine-containing supernatant. These results suggest that herpesvirus infection enhanced the proliferative capabilities of the cultured lymphocytes from the infected animal. Considering the proliferative and cytotoxic activity together with the T cell phenotype, these data indicated that effector cells are lymphokine-activated killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Cook
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Veterinary Science 53706
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Rossiter PB, Gumm ID, Mirangi PK. Immunological relationships between malignant catarrhal fever virus (alcelaphine herpesvirus 1) and bovine cytomegalovirus (bovine herpesvirus 3). Vet Microbiol 1988; 16:211-8. [PMID: 2836993 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(88)90025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Strains of malignant catarrhal fever virus (alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AHV-1)) and bovine cytomegalovirus (bovine herpesvirus 3 (BHV-3)) were compared for serological relatedness by cross-titration in an indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) antibody assay. There was definite cross-reactivity between these 2 viruses, with heterologous sera staining intracellular and membrane antigens of infected cells. Heterologous antibody titres were approximately 50-fold lower than homologous titres and could be removed by absorption with either homologous or heterologous virus-infected cells, but not with uninfected cells. Regression analyses of IIF antibody titres to AHV-1 and BHV-3 virus in 3 groups of wild ungulate sera also indicated a serological relationship between these herpesviruses. In a cross-immunity trial, 2 of 3 cattle immunized with a BHV-3 virus and 2 of 3 cattle immunized with avirulent AHV-1 resisted challenge with virulent AHV-1-infected blood which killed 3 unimmunized controls. These results are discussed particularly with respect to the involvement of BHV-3 in malignant catarrhal fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Rossiter
- Division of Virology, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kikuyu
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