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Nielsen SS, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Alvarez J. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in cattle and horses. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07312. [PMID: 35582361 PMCID: PMC9087474 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was identified among the most relevant antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in the EU for cattle and horses in previous scientific opinions. Thus, it has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on its eligibility to be listed, Annex IV for its categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Article 9, and Article 8 for listing animal species related to the bacterium. The assessment has been performed following a methodology previously published. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether each criterion is fulfilled (lower bound ≥ 66%) or not (upper bound ≤ 33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment. Reasoning points are reported for criteria with uncertain outcome. According to the assessment here performed, it is uncertain whether AMR S. aureus can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the AHL (60-90% probability). According to the criteria in Annex IV, for the purpose of categorisation related to the level of prevention and control as in Article 9 of the AHL, the AHAW Panel concluded that the bacterium does not meet the criteria in Sections 1, 2 and 4 (Categories A, B and D; 1-5%, 5-10% and 10-33% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively) and the AHAW Panel was uncertain whether it meets the criteria in Sections 3 and 5 (Categories C and E, 33-90% and 60-90% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively). The animal species to be listed for AMR S. aureus according to Article 8 criteria include mainly mammals, birds, reptiles and fish.
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Kaiser-Thom S, Gerber V, Collaud A, Hurni J, Perreten V. Prevalence and WGS-based characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus in the nasal mucosa and pastern of horses with equine pastern dermatitis. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:79. [PMID: 35209904 PMCID: PMC8867626 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many contributing factors are involved in the development of equine pastern dermatitis (EPD). Among the most frequently suspected is Staphylococcus aureus, known for its pathogenic potential in skin and soft tissue infections. We therefore investigated the association between S. aureus carriage and EPD. RESULTS One hundred five EPD-affected horses and 95 unaffected controls were examined for the presence of methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA) on the pastern skin and in the nostrils. S. aureus isolates were cultivated from swab samples on selective MSSA and MRSA chromogenic agar and identified using MALDI-TOF MS. Isolates were analysed by Illumina whole genome sequencing for genetic relatedness (cgMLST, spa typing), and for the presence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants. A markedly higher proportion of samples from EPD-affected horses proved positive for S. aureus, both from the pastern (59.0 % vs. 6.3 % in unaffected horses; P<0.001), and from the nose (59.0 % vs. 8.4 %; P<0.001). Isolates belonged to 20 sequence types (ST) with lineages ST15-t084 (spa) (18 %), ST1-t127 (13 %), and ST1-t1508 (12 %) being predominant. Eight S. aureus were MRSA ST398-t011 and ST6239-t1456, and contained the staphylococcal cassette chromosome SCCmecIVa. Antimicrobial resistance genes were almost equally frequent in pastern and in nasal samples, whereas some virulence factors such as the beta-hemolysin, ESAT-6 secretion system, and some enterotoxins were more abundant in isolates from pastern samples, possibly enhancing their pathogenic potential. CONCLUSIONS The markedly higher prevalence of S. aureus containing specific virulence factors in affected skin suggests their contribution in the development and course of EPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kaiser-Thom
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Collaud
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joel Hurni
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Kaiser-Thom S, Hilty M, Axiak S, Gerber V. The skin microbiota in equine pastern dermatitis: a case-control study of horses in Switzerland. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:646-e172. [PMID: 33830562 PMCID: PMC9290916 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Equine pastern dermatitis (EPD), a multifactorial syndrome, manifests as skin lesions of variable severity in the pastern area. Despite the widespread use of antibacterial therapy for treating this condition, little is known about the contributing bacteria. Hypothesis/Objectives To investigate the bacterial skin microbiota in EPD‐affected and unaffected (control) pasterns. Animals Case‐control study with 80 client‐owned horses; each with at least one EPD‐affected and one control pastern. Methods and materials Horses were grouped by the form of EPD (mild, exudative or proliferative), the assigned severity grade and type of pretreatment (disinfectant, topical antibacterial or no antibacterial pretreatment). Skin swabs were obtained, and the microbiota composition was compared between the groups. Results Bacterial alpha diversity was reduced in affected pasterns (P < 0.001) and this reduction was significantly associated with the EPD forms (P < 0.001), and not with the type of pretreatment (P > 0.14). Analyses of beta‐diversity confirmed a disordering of the skin microbiota (P = 0.004) in affected versus control pasterns, that was particularly profound in more severe lesions. The type of pretreatment was not significantly associated with this disordering. Four differentially abundant families were detected, of which Staphylococcaceae was the most distinct. The relative abundance of staphylococci was significantly increased in affected pasterns (P = 0.011), particularly in those that had received antibacterial treatment previously. Conclusions and clinical relevance Changes in the microbiota are associated with the EPD form or severity of lesions. The role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of EPD as well as the propriety and consequences of antibacterial treatment should therefore be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kaiser-Thom
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Hilty
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shannon Axiak
- Clinical Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Belli C, Fonte J, Torres L, Gondin M, Maiorka P, Fernandes C. Mammary botryomycosis: two concomitant cases in mares: case report. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mammary disorders in mares are rare and usually only one animal per paddock is affected. In this report, two mares with 7 and 9 years old, were concomitantly diagnosis of chronic pyogranulomatous mastitis, associated with the Splendore-Hoeppli reaction, indicative of botryomycosis a rare, chronic suppurative disease with microabscess formation, characterized by in vivo formation of eosinophilic materials around microorganisms or biologically inert material. Various bacteria can cause botryomycosis in horses, and the most frequently isolated one is Staphylococcus sp., particularly S. aureus. This report confirms the role of Staphylococcus sp.; however, specifically S. hyicus and S. cohnii that prior to the current report, had not been associated with cases of botryomycosis.
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Spijk JN, Schmitt S, Schoster A. Infections caused by multidrug‐resistant bacteria in an equine hospital (2012–2015). EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. N. Spijk
- Equine Department Vetsuisse Faculty University of ZurichZurich Switzerland
| | - S. Schmitt
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - A. Schoster
- Equine Department Vetsuisse Faculty University of ZurichZurich Switzerland
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Qekwana DN, Sebola D, Oguttu JW, Odoi A. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Staphylococcus species isolated from cats presented at a veterinary academic hospital in South Africa. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:286. [PMID: 28915926 PMCID: PMC5602873 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance is becoming increasingly important in both human and veterinary medicine. This study investigated the proportion of antimicrobial resistant samples and resistance patterns of Staphylococcus isolates from cats presented at a veterinary teaching hospital in South Africa. Records of 216 samples from cats that were submitted to the bacteriology laboratory of the University of Pretoria academic veterinary hospital between 2007 and 2012 were evaluated. Isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against a panel of 15 drugs using the disc diffusion method. Chi square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to assess simple associations between antimicrobial resistance and age group, sex, breed and specimen type. Additionally, associations between Staphylococcus infection and age group, breed, sex and specimen type were assessed using logistic regression. Results Staphylococcus spp. isolates were identified in 17.6% (38/216) of the samples submitted and 4.6% (10/216) of these were unspeciated. The majority (61.1%,11/18) of the isolates were from skin samples, followed by otitis media (34.5%, 10/29). Coagulase Positive Staphylococcus (CoPS) comprised 11.1% (24/216) of the samples of which 7.9% (17/216) were S. intermedius group and 3.2% (7/216) were S. aureus. Among the Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (1.9%, 4/216), S. felis and S. simulans each constituted 0.9% (2/216). There was a significant association between Staphylococcus spp. infection and specimen type with odds of infection being higher for ear canal and skin compared to urine specimens. There were higher proportions of samples resistant to clindamycin 34.2% (13/25), ampicillin 32.4% (2/26), lincospectin 31.6% (12/26) and penicillin-G 29.0% (11/27). Sixty three percent (24/38) of Staphylococcus spp. were resistant to one antimicrobial agent and 15.8% were multidrug resistant (MDR). MDR was more common among S. aureus 28.6% (2/7) than S. intermedius group isolates 11.8% (2/17). One S. intermedius group isolate was resistant to all β-lactam antimicrobial agents tested. Conclusion S. intermedius group was the most common cause of skin infections and antimicrobial resistance was not wide spread among cats presented at the veterinary academic hospital in South Africa. However, the presence of MDR-Staphylococcus spp. and isolates resistant to all β-lactams is of both public health and animal health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nenene Qekwana
- University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, SectionVeterinary Public Health, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Dikeledi Sebola
- University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, SectionVeterinary Public Health, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - James Wabwire Oguttu
- University of South Africa, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Agricola Odoi
- University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, SectionVeterinary Public Health, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. .,University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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Oguttu JW, Qekwana DN, Odoi A. An Exploratory Descriptive Study of Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Staphylococcus Spp. Isolated from Horses Presented at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:269. [PMID: 28830437 PMCID: PMC5568347 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistant Staphylococcus are becoming increasingly important in horses because of the zoonotic nature of the pathogens and the associated risks to caregivers and owners. Knowledge of the burden and their antimicrobial resistance patterns are important to inform control strategies. This study is an exploratory descriptive investigation of the burden and antimicrobial drug resistance patterns of Staphylococcus isolates from horses presented at a veterinary teaching hospital in South Africa. METHODS Retrospective laboratory clinical records of 1027 horses presented at the University of Pretoria veterinary teaching hospital between 2007 and 2012 were included in the study. Crude and factor-specific percentages of Staphylococcus positive samples, antimicrobial resistant (AMR) and multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates were computed and compared across Staphylococcus spp., geographic locations, seasons, years, breed and sex using Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS Of the 1027 processed clinical samples, 12.0% were Staphylococcus positive. The majority of the isolates were S. aureus (41.5%) followed by S. pseudintermedius (14.6%). Fifty-two percent of the Staphylococcus positive isolates were AMR while 28.5% were MDR. Significant (p < 0.05) differences in the percentage of samples with isolates that were AMR or MDR was observed across seasons, horse breeds and Staphylococcus spp. Summer season had the highest (64.3%) and autumn the lowest (29.6%) percentages of AMR isolates. Highest percentage of AMR samples were observed among the Boerperds (85.7%) followed by the American saddler (75%) and the European warm blood (73.9%). Significantly (p < 0.001) more S. aureus isolates (72.5%) were AMR than S. pseudintermedius isolates (38.9%). Similarly, significantly (p < 0.001) more S. aureus (52.9%) exhibited MDR than S. pseudintermedius (16.7%). The highest levels of AMR were towards β-lactams (84.5%) followed by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (folate pathway inhibitors) (60.9%) while the lowest levels of resistance were towards amikacin (14.%). CONCLUSIONS This exploratory study provides useful information to guide future studies that will be critical for guiding treatment decisions and control efforts. There is a need to implement appropriate infection control, and judicious use of antimicrobials to arrest development of antimicrobial resistance. A better understanding of the status of the problem is a first step towards that goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Wabwire Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Daniel Nenene Qekwana
- Section Veterinary Public Health, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Agricola Odoi
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA.
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Nakata H, Tsubotani Y, Nii T, Hagi A, Inoue Y, Imamura T. Effects of olanexidine gluconate on preoperative skin preparation: an experimental study in cynomolgus monkeys. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:678-685. [PMID: 28516852 PMCID: PMC5817230 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the bactericidal efficacy of a new topical antiseptic for preoperative skin preparation, olanexidine gluconate (development code: OPB-2045G), against transient or resident bacterial flora on the skin of cynomolgus monkeys. METHODOLOGY After measuring baseline bacterial counts on test sites marked on the abdomens, we applied olanexidine, chlorhexidine or povidone-iodine. After 10 min (fast-acting effect) and 6 h (long-lasting effect), bacterial counts were measured again and log10 reductions were calculated. In addition, we determined the bactericidal effects on the skin contaminated with blood before or after applying the antiseptics. RESULTS In the non-blood-contaminated condition, the mean log10 reductions of olanexidine at doses of 1-2 % were significantly higher than those of saline (negative control), but did not significantly differ from those of 0.5 % chlorhexidine and 10 % povidone-iodine at either time point. But olanexidine was significantly more effective at both time points than chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine when applied after the site was contaminated with blood. Olanexidine was also significantly more effective than chlorhexidine and as effective as or more effective than povidone-iodine at both time points when skin was contaminated with blood after the antiseptics were applied. CONCLUSION The bactericidal effects of olanexidine were comparable to those of commercial antiseptics such as chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine in non-blood-contaminated conditions. More importantly, the effect of olanexidine was hardly affected by blood unlike commercial antiseptics. Thus, it is considered that olanexidine has a favourable property for skin preparation in various types of surgical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Nakata
- Naruto Research Institute, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshie Tsubotani
- Naruto Research Institute, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takuya Nii
- Naruto Research Institute, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akifumi Hagi
- Naruto Research Institute, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Inoue
- Naruto Research Institute, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Tokushima, Japan
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Prevalence and risk factors for colonization with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and other Staphylococci species in hospitalized and farm horses in Israel. Prev Vet Med 2015; 122:135-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Weese JS, Yu AA. Infectious Folliculitis and Dermatophytosis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2013; 29:559-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Boyen F, Smet A, Hermans K, Butaye P, Martens A, Martel A, Haesebrouck F. Methicillin resistant staphylococci and broad-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in horses. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:67-77. [PMID: 23759364 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of β-lactam antibiotics results in the selection of bacteria showing resistance toward this class of antibiotics. The review focuses on the increasing importance of methicillin resistant staphylococci and broad-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in horses. Diagnostic protocols that optimize accurate identification of these bacteria from both clinical samples and samples obtained from putative carrier animals are described. In addition, the opportunities and pitfalls for preventive and curative measures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Staphylococcus aureus in veterinary medicine. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:602-15. [PMID: 23974078 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major opportunistic pathogen in humans and one of the most important pathogenic Staphylococcus species in veterinary medicine. S. aureus is dangerous because of its deleterious effects on animal health and its potential for transmission from animals to humans and vice-versa. It thus has a huge impact on animal health and welfare and causes major economic losses in livestock production. Increasing attention is therefore being paid to both livestock and companion animals in terms of this pathogen. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the animal host adaptation of S. aureus. Different types of S. aureus infections in animals are also presented, with particular emphasis on mastitis in dairy herds, which is probably the costliest and therefore the best documented S. aureus infection seen in animals.
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Bergström K, Bengtsson B, Nyman A, Grönlund Andersson U. Longitudinal study of horses for carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus following wound infections. Vet Microbiol 2013; 163:388-91. [PMID: 23428383 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in horses in Sweden raised questions concerning the risk posed by horses to their surroundings following MRSA infections. This initiated a longitudinal study to investigate how long MRSA-infected horses remained positive and to test the sensitivity of different anatomical sampling sites for detection of MRSA. Between October 2008 and June 2010, 9 of 15 horses notified as having MRSA-infected wounds fitted the case criteria for the study. The cases were sampled at five anatomical sites (nostrils, corner of mouth, pastern, perineum, and previous infection site) on six to seven occasions or more during approximately 12-18 months. MRSA-specific broth and agar were used for culture. Verified MRSA isolates were spa-typed. The sensitivity of sampling sites was calculated. The most sensitive sampling site was the nostrils, with a sensitivity of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.59-1.00). The other test sites had a sensitivity of 0-0.09. Individual cases tested positive, but with time all tested negative. The observed carriage time ranged from 55 to 711 days (median=143, IQR: 111-172 days), but these data should be interpreted with caution since only a small number of cases were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Bergström
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Resident Flora of the Interdigital Skin from Healthy Alpacas (Vicugna pacos). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2736/jjvd.19.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Adams MK, Hendrickson DA, Rao S, Olea Popelka F, Bolte D. The Bacteria Isolated from the Skin of 20 Horses at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. J Equine Vet Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Haenni M, Targant H, Forest K, Sévin C, Tapprest J, Laugier C, Madec JY. Retrospective Study of Necropsy-Associated Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci in Horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:953-6. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) are potential causative agents of equine infections, but they are rarely responsible for the death of the animal. In the current study, staphylococci implicated in the death or euthanasia of horses were retrospectively studied in 3,457 necropsies performed over a decade (1995-2006). Morbidity associated with CoPS was 1.7%, representing 60 isolates of CoPS, which were identified as Staphylococcus aureus (59) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (1). Coagulase-positive staphylococci (alone or in association with another bacterial species) were associated with the death or euthanasia of 90% of the cases (54/60). Proportions of antibiotic resistance to penicillin G and tetracycline reached 62.7% and 23.7%, respectively. Virulence genes were detected in 91.7% of the strains, with a majority of seh or sei enterotoxin genes. Finally, 3 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates belonging to the t064 spa-type were identified. One strain was isolated in 2003 and might thus be one of the first cases of equine MRSA in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Haenni
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon, France
| | - Hayette Targant
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon, France
| | - Karine Forest
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon, France
| | - Corinne Sévin
- Anses, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Pathologie Equine, Goustranville, France
| | - Jackie Tapprest
- Anses, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Pathologie Equine, Goustranville, France
| | - Claire Laugier
- Anses, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Pathologie Equine, Goustranville, France
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon, France
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Hassler C, Nitzsche S, Iversen C, Zweifel C, Stephan R. Characteristics of Staphylococcus hyicus strains isolated from pig carcasses in two different slaughterhouses. Meat Sci 2008; 80:505-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Revised: 01/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Loeffler A, Boag AK, Sung J, Lindsay JA, Guardabassi L, Dalsgaard A, Smith H, Stevens KB, Lloyd DH. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among staff and pets in a small animal referral hospital in the UK. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56:692-7. [PMID: 16141276 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dki312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the possible relatedness between human and animal isolates were investigated among veterinary staff and hospitalized animals in a referral small animal hospital in the UK. METHODS A total of 300 swab samples were taken from nasal and oral mucosae of 78 veterinary staff, 45 dogs, 12 cats and from 30 environmental surfaces. Staphylococci were isolated by selective enrichment and characterized by biochemical tests and antimicrobial disc susceptibility testing. MRSA isolates were genotypically confirmed by PCR and typed by PFGE. RESULTS MRSA was isolated from 14 staff (17.9%), four dogs (9%), and three environmental sites (10%) yielding a total of 28 MRSA isolates. PFGE analysis revealed that most MRSA isolates were indistinguishable (56%) or closely related (26%) to EMRSA-15, one of the two epidemic MRSA strains dominant in UK hospitals. Like EMRSA-15, the predominant strain isolated from staff, dogs and environmental sites was resistant to fluoroquinolones in addition to all beta-lactams. CONCLUSIONS The study provides evidence of EMRSA-15 mucosal carriage in veterinary staff and hospitalized dogs, with the risk of MRSA carriage in veterinary staff being significantly higher than reported for the UK healthy community. EMRSA-15 was predominant in the hospital environment, including humans, dogs, and inanimate objects, but the mode by which the strain was introduced and spread remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Loeffler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.
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Becker K, von Eiff C, Keller B, Brück M, Etienne J, Peters G. Thermonuclease gene as a target for specific identification of Staphylococcus intermedius isolates: use of a PCR-DNA enzyme immunoassay. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 51:237-44. [PMID: 15808314 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2004.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A PCR-DNA enzyme immunoassay (PCR-DEIA) was developed for identification of the coagulase-positive species Staphylococcus intermedius. Two PCR primers and a hybridization probe were designed to target specific sequences of the S. intermedius thermonuclease (nuc) gene. In addition to S. intermedius reference strains, the PCR-DEIA was tested using 295 veterinary and human S. intermedius isolates. A specific 933-bp DNA fragment was successfully amplified in 281 (94.9%) S. intermedius isolates. Five canine isolates showed an unexpected 2.8-kbp band. Except for 10 amplicons derived from equine, camel, and pigeon isolates, all positive PCR results (n = 288, 96.6%) were confirmed by the colorimetric microtiter plate DEIA hybridization. Isolates that failed both in amplification and DEIA hybridization were only observed in equine isolates (10/23, 43.5%). Except for the limitations with isolates of hoofed animals, the S. intermediusnuc PCR assay has potential for rapid identification of S. intermedius and differentiation from other coagulase-positive staphylococci including S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Reed SM, Bayly WM, Sellon DC. Mechanisms of Infectious Disease. EQUINE INTERNAL MEDICINE 2004. [PMCID: PMC7278211 DOI: 10.1016/b0-72-169777-1/50004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Schwan WR, Langhorne MH, Ritchie HD, Stover CK. Loss of hemolysin expression in Staphylococcus aureus agr mutants correlates with selective survival during mixed infections in murine abscesses and wounds. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 38:23-8. [PMID: 12900051 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During the screening of a Staphylococcus aureus signature-tagged mutagenesis library, it was noted that nonhemolytic bacteria became more abundant as time passed in murine abscess and wound models, but not within organ tissues associated with systemic infections. To examine this further, a mixed population of hyperhemolytic, hemolytic, and nonhemolytic S. aureus strain RN6390 cells were inoculated into mice using abscess, wound, and systemic models of infection. After 7 days in the abscess, the hyperhemolytic group markedly declined, whereas the nonhemolytic population increased significantly. A similar phenomenon occurred in murine wounds, but not during the systemic infection. Sequencing of several of the signature-tagged mutants indicated mutations in the agrC gene or within the agrA-agrC intergenic region. Both alpha-hemolysin and delta-hemolysin activity was curtailed in these mutants, but beta-hemolysin activity was unaffected. Single strain comparisons between wild-type strain 8325-4 and strain DU1090 (hla-) as well as between strain RN6911 (agr) and wild-type strain RN6390 were performed using the same three animal models of infection. The agr mutant strain and the hla mutant strain showed no difference in bacterial counts in murine wounds compared to their respective parent strains. The same held true in murine abscesses at day 4, but strain RN6911 counts then declined at day 7. Considerable clearing of the hla mutant strain and the agr mutant strain occurred in the systemic model of infection. Mixed infections with the DU1090 and 8325-4 strains in the abscess model showed a slight advantage given to the DU1090 population, but a distinct selection for the parental 8325-4 strain in the liver. These results suggest that agr mutations cause reductions in the expression of several secreted proteins, including alpha- and delta-hemolysin, which in turn contribute to a growth advantage of this agr mutant group within a mixed population of S. aureus cells residing in abscesses and wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Schwan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 1725 State St., La Crosse, WI 54601, USA.
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22
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Chiers K, Decostere A, Devriese LA, Haesebrouck F. Bacteriological and mycological findings, and in vitro antibiotic sensitivity of pathogenic staphylococci in equine skin infections. Vet Rec 2003; 152:138-41. [PMID: 12585601 DOI: 10.1136/vr.152.5.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Yasuda R, Kawano J, Matsuo E, Masuda T, Shimizu A, Anzai T, Hashikura S. Distribution of mecA-harboring staphylococci in healthy mares. J Vet Med Sci 2002; 64:821-7. [PMID: 12399608 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.64.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of staphylococci that harbor the mecA gene responsible for methicillin resistance was examined in healthy breeding mares. Staphylococci often cause diseases of horses such as metritis, keratitis, and abscess. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci would make antibiotic treatments ineffective, so it may be significant to know the distribution of mecA-harboring staphylococci in mares. Isolation of mecA-harboring staphylococci was achieved from nares and pasterns of 100 mares in Hokkaido, Japan. From 13% of the mares, mecA-harboring staphylococci, including 15 isolates of Staphylococcus sciuri and 3 of Staphylococcus lentus, were isolated. Isolates of S. sciuri were found to be genetically polyclonal by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. These isolates produced no PCase and showed low or no resistance to beta-lactam and other classes of antibiotics. Distribution of staphylococcal species and levels of antibiotic resistance were found to be different between isolates from the present mares and those previously reported from riding-horses. Antibiotic pressure may lead to these differences. In addition, it appears that mecA-harboring S. sciuri may be native to horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yasuda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Hyogo, Japan
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Nagase N, Sasaki A, Yamashita K, Shimizu A, Wakita Y, Kitai S, Kawano J. Isolation and species distribution of staphylococci from animal and human skin. J Vet Med Sci 2002; 64:245-50. [PMID: 11999444 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.64.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
From April 1999 to December 2000, a survey was made on the distribution of Staphylococcus species on the skin of 7 kinds of animals and humans. Staphylococci were isolated from 12 (100%) of 12 pigs, 17 (89.5%) of 19 horses, 30 (100%) of 30 cows, 73 (90.1%) of 81 chickens, 10 (40%) of 25 dogs, 23 (76.7%) of 30 laboratory mice, 20 (52.6%) of 38 pigeons, and 80 (88.9%) of 90 human beings. The predominant staphylococci isolated from a variety of animal species were novobiocin-resistant species, S. xylosus and S. sciuri regardless of the animal host species. The novobiocin-resistant species including S. xylosus and S. sciuri were only occasionally isolated from human skin. The predominant staphylococci found on human skin were novobiocin-sensitive species, S. epidermidis (63.8%), followed by S. warneri (28.8%) and S. hominis (13.8%). The results suggest that the staphylococcal flora inhabiting animal skin are different from those of human skin in regard to the predominant species isolated. In this study, we used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to examine the chromosomal polymorphisms of S. epidermidis isolated most frequently from human skin. Strains of S. epidermidis showed the greatest genomic diversity in their fragment patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Nagase
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan
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Becker K, Keller B, von Eiff C, Brück M, Lubritz G, Etienne J, Peters G. Enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus intermedius. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:5551-7. [PMID: 11722906 PMCID: PMC93343 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.12.5551-5557.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2001] [Accepted: 09/26/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) caused by enterotoxigenic staphylococci is one of the main food-borne diseases. In contrast to Staphylococcus aureus, a systematic screening for the enterotoxins has not yet been performed on the genomic level for the coagulase-positive species S. intermedius. Therefore, the enterotoxigenic potential of 281 different veterinary (canine, n = 247; equine, n = 23; feline, n = 9; other, n = 2) and 11 human isolates of S. intermedius was tested by using a multiplex PCR DNA-enzyme immunoassay system targeting the staphylococcal enterotoxin genes sea, seb, sec, sed, and see. Molecular results were compared by in vitro testing of enterotoxin production by two immunoassays. A total of 33 (11.3%) S. intermedius isolates, including 31 (12.6%) canine isolates, 1 equine isolate, and 1 human isolate, tested positive for the sec gene. In vitro production of the respective enterotoxins was detected in 30 (90.9%) of these isolates by using immunological tests. In contrast, none of 65 veterinary specimen-derived isolates additionally tested and comprising 13 (sub)species of coagulase-negative staphylococci were found to be enterotoxigenic. This study shows on both molecular and immunological levels that a substantial number of S. intermedius isolates harbor the potential for enterotoxin production. Since evidence for noninvasive zoonotic transmission of S. intermedius from animal hosts to humans has been documented, an enterotoxigenic role of this microorganism in SFP via contamination of food products may be assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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26
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MATSUO E, KAWANO J, YASUDA R, TAKAGI M, SHIMIZU A, ANZAI T, HASHIKURA S. Species Distribution of Staphylococci in the Nares and Skin of Horses. J Equine Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1294/jes.12.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eiko MATSUO
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University
| | - Junichi KAWANO
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University
| | - Ryo YASUDA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University
| | - Michihiro TAKAGI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University
| | - Akira SHIMIZU
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University
| | - Toru ANZAI
- Epizootic Research Station, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
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Yasuda R, Kawano J, Onda H, Takagi M, Shimizu A, Anzai T. Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from healthy horses in Japan. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:1451-5. [PMID: 11108196 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine patterns of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from apparently healthy horses. SAMPLE POPULATION 44 horses from 8 riding clubs in Japan. PROCEDURE Methicill in-resistant staphylococci were isolated from the skin or nares, using a selective medium containing a beta-(symboric) lactam antibiotic, ceftizoxime. Clonality of isolates was determined by use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Detection of mecA, mecl, and mecR1 genes was accomplished by use of polymerase chain reactions. RESULT Of the 44 horses, 13 (29.5%) yielded 15 isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. The 15 isolates were identified as 6 species (Staphylococcus epidermidis, S lentus, S saprophyticus, S xylosus, S sciuri, and S haemolyticus). However, methicillin-resistant S aureus was seldom isolated. Each isolate contained the mecA gene and had a high resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Some isolates also were resistant to other antibiotics such as erythromycin and kanamycin. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci that were highly resistant to various antibiotics were isolated from apparently healthy horses in Japan. These organisms must be considered a potential threat to horses and veterinarians who care for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yasuda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Japan
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28
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Couto I, Sanches IS, Sá-Leão R, de Lencastre H. Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus sciuri strains isolated from humans. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:1136-43. [PMID: 10699009 PMCID: PMC86357 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.3.1136-1143.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously characterized over 100 Staphylococcus sciuri isolates, mainly of animal origin, and found that they all carried a genetic element (S. sciuri mecA) closely related to the mecA gene of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. We also found a few isolates that carried a second copy of the gene, identical to MRSA mecA. In this work, we analyzed a collection of 28 S. sciuri strains isolated from both healthy and hospitalized individuals. This was a relatively heterogeneous group, as inferred from the different sources, places, and dates of isolation and as confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. All strains carried the S. sciuri mecA copy, sustaining our previous proposal that this element belongs to the genetic background of S. sciuri. Moreover, 46% of the strains also carried the MRSA mecA copy. Only these strains showed significant levels of resistance to beta-lactams. Strikingly, the majority of the strains carrying the additional MRSA mecA copy were obtained from healthy individuals in an antibiotic-free environment. Most of the 28 strains were resistant to penicillin, intermediately resistant to clindamycin, and susceptible to tetracycline, erythromycin, and gentamicin. Resistance to these last three antibiotics was found in some strains only. The findings reported in this work confirmed the role of S. sciuri in the evolution of the mechanism of resistance to methicillin in staphylococci and suggested that this species (like the pathogenic staphylococci) may accumulate resistance markers for several classes of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Couto
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica da Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB/UNL), 2781-156 Oeiras, Portugal
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SHIMIZU A, ANZAI T, FUJITA M, KAKUTANI O, TAKAGI M, NAGASE N. Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Horses by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. J Equine Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1294/jes.10.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akira SHIMIZU
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-0013, Japan
| | - Toru ANZAI
- Epizootic Research Station, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Kokubunji-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Manabu FUJITA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-0013, Japan
| | - Osamu KAKUTANI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-0013, Japan
| | - Michihiro TAKAGI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-0013, Japan
| | - Naoko NAGASE
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-0013, Japan
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Shimizu A, Kloos WE, Berkhoff HA, George CG, Ballard DN. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of Staphylococcus hyicus and Staphylococcus chromogenes genomic DNA and its taxonomic, epidemiologic and ecologic applications in veterinary medicine. J Vet Med Sci 1997; 59:443-50. [PMID: 9234218 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.59.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One hundred and thirty-eight strains of Staphylococcus hyicus and 21 strains of S. chromogenes isolated from animals were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after restriction endonuclease Smal digestion of chromosomal DNA. Eighty-eight strains of S. hyicus from pigs with or without exudative epidermitis (EE) generated 16 to 26 fragments in the size range of < 1 to 485 kb, and yielded 39 different patterns. With regard to the strains from pigs with EE, PFGE patterns differed according to the country of origin. Outbreaks of EE occurring on four separate pig farms in Japan involved S. hyicus with different PFGE patterns. The PFGE patterns shown by S. hyicus strains from 4 kinds of animals were compared. Strains from pigs differed from those isolated from chickens (n = 45; 18 to 24 fragments of < 1 to 425 kb), cows (n = 3; 17 to 19 fragments of < 1 to 475 kb), and goats (n = 2; 16 or 17 fragments of < 1 to 1,125 kb). Also, each of the chicken, cow and goat strains had a host-specific fragment. The results suggest that PFGE analysis might be a useful marker for distinguishing ecovars within S. hyicus. In contrast, strains of S. chromogenes from pigs and cows generated 17 to 24 fragments ranging from < 1 to 545 kb. The PFGE patterns of S. chromogenes strains were more highly conserved than those of S. hyicus. S. chromogenes strains could be distinguished from S. hyicus strains by fragments within the range of 305 to 545 kb. The results indicate that PFGE analysis could be used to distinguish between S. hyicus and S. chromogenes. We conclude that PFGE analysis is a useful tool not only for species or strain identification but also for epidemiologic or ecologic studies of S. hyicus and S. chromogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Japan
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SHIMOZAWA K, ANZAI T, KAMADA M, TAKATORI K. Fungal and Bacterial Isolation from Racehorses with Infectious. J Equine Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1294/jes.8.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kunio SHIMOZAWA
- Racehorse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, 1028 Misono, Ritto-cho, Kurita-gun, Siga 520-30, Japan
| | - Toru ANZAI
- Epizootic Research Station, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Kokubunji-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-04, Japan
| | - Masanobu KAMADA
- Equine Department, Japan Racing Association, 4-3-1 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105, Japan
| | - Kosuke TAKATORI
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158, Japan
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Hesselbarth J, Schwarz S. Comparative ribotyping of Staphylococcus intermedius from dogs, pigeons, horses and mink. Vet Microbiol 1995; 45:11-7. [PMID: 7544518 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(94)00125-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Strains of Staphylococcus (S.) intermedius from dogs, pigeons, horses and mink were typed by comparison of rRNA gene restriction fragment length polymorphisms (ribotyping) and the resulting ribotypes examined by cluster-analysis. Digestion of whole-cell DNA with HindIII resulted in 9 ribotypes with 3 to 4 bands. Separation of isolates from different host animal species was not possible. EcoRI yielded 11 different patterns with 4 to 9 fragments. The EcoRI-ribotypes of all canine strains grouped in one cluster encompassing four closely related ribotypes. Isolates were indistinguishable with respect to their origin from cases of canine pyoderma or from healthy carriers. In contrast, pigeon and equine strains expressed variety of ribotypes including some strains with patterns similar to canine isolates. However, for canine versus pigeon and equine strains the difference in distribution among ribotypes was significant (P < 0.001). The data might suggest that pigeons and horses carry S. intermedius transiently and might be able to spread these bacteria to other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hesselbarth
- Institut für Kleintierforschung Cell/Merbitz der Bundesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft Braunschweig-Völkenrode (FAL), Germany
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Devriese LA. Staphylococci in healthy and diseased animals. SOCIETY FOR APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM SERIES 1990; 19:71S-80S. [PMID: 2119067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb01799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L A Devriese
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Belgium
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Høie S, Fossum K. Antibodies to staphylococcal DNases in sera from different animal species, including humans. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27:2444-7. [PMID: 2509511 PMCID: PMC267054 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.27.11.2444-2447.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An agar diffusion method using microtiter plates was used to detect antibodies to the DNases produced by Staphylococcus aureus, S. intermedius, and S. hyicus. Antibodies to DNase from S. aureus were demonstrated in most of the sera from the species investigated, except dogs, only 11% of whose sera were positive. Positive titers to S. intermedius DNase were found in 84% of deg sera, 61% of Icelandic pony sera, 41% of pig sera, 21% of human sera, and 20% of cow sera but in only 2 and 4% of goat and sheep sera, respectively. Although antibodies to DNase from S. hyicus were not found in sera from humans, dogs, goats, or sheep, 84% of sera from pigs and cows and 29% of sera from Icelandic ponies were positive in this respect. The good accordance between the findings from bacteriological investigations performed elsewhere and the results of serologic tests performed in this study indicates that the results obtained with the serological method in this study properly reflect the actual antigenic exposure to and distribution of the three Staphylococcus spp. in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Høie
- National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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