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Mu F, Wang M, Zeng X, Liu L, Wang F. A predictive model of pregnancy loss using pre-pregnancy endocrine and immunological parameters in women with abnormal glucose/lipid metabolism and previous pregnancy loss. Endocrine 2024:10.1007/s12020-024-03937-7. [PMID: 38898223 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03937-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical and endocrine risk factors for pregnancy loss in women with abnormal glucose/lipid metabolism and a history of pregnancy loss, and to develop a predictive model to assess the risk of pregnancy loss in these women's subsequent pregnancies. METHODS Patients with a history of pregnancy loss who had abnormal glucose/lipid metabolism were retrospectively included in this study, and their pre-pregnancy baseline and clinical characteristics were collected. A predictive nomogram was constructed based on the results of the multivariable logistic regression model analysis, and its calibration and discriminatory capabilities were evaluated. The internal validation was then performed and the net benefits were assessed by the clinical decision curve. RESULTS The predictive model was eventually incorporated eight variables, including maternal age, previous pregnancy losses, anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) IgG, aCL IgM, thyroid peroxidase antibody, complement 4, free thyroxine and total cholesterol. The area under the curve (AUC) of the nomogram was 0.709, and Chi-square value and P value of the Hosmer-Lemeshow test were 12.786 and 0.119, respectively, indicating that the nomogram had a satisfactory calibration and discriminatory performance. The validation cohort showed a similar result for the discrimination of the nomogram (AUC = 0.715). The clinical decision curve demonstrated the nomogram had good positive net benefits. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to predict the risks of subsequent pregnancy loss in women with abnormal glucose/lipid metabolism and history of pregnancy loss using pre-pregnancy clinical and endocrine parameters. This predictive nomogram may provide clinicians assistance to personalize the management of subsequent pregnancies in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxiang Mu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Xianghui Zeng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
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2
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Xia Y, Sun M, Huang H, Jin WL. Drug repurposing for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:92. [PMID: 38637540 PMCID: PMC11026526 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a complex and multifactorial disease, presents a significant challenge to global health. Despite significant advances in surgical, radiotherapeutic and immunological approaches, which have improved cancer treatment outcomes, drug therapy continues to serve as a key therapeutic strategy. However, the clinical efficacy of drug therapy is often constrained by drug resistance and severe toxic side effects, and thus there remains a critical need to develop novel cancer therapeutics. One promising strategy that has received widespread attention in recent years is drug repurposing: the identification of new applications for existing, clinically approved drugs. Drug repurposing possesses several inherent advantages in the context of cancer treatment since repurposed drugs are typically cost-effective, proven to be safe, and can significantly expedite the drug development process due to their already established safety profiles. In light of this, the present review offers a comprehensive overview of the various methods employed in drug repurposing, specifically focusing on the repurposing of drugs to treat cancer. We describe the antitumor properties of candidate drugs, and discuss in detail how they target both the hallmarks of cancer in tumor cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment. In addition, we examine the innovative strategy of integrating drug repurposing with nanotechnology to enhance topical drug delivery. We also emphasize the critical role that repurposed drugs can play when used as part of a combination therapy regimen. To conclude, we outline the challenges associated with repurposing drugs and consider the future prospects of these repurposed drugs transitioning into clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xia
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, PR China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, PR China
- School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, PR China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Ming Sun
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, PR China
- School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, PR China
| | - Hai Huang
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, PR China.
- School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, PR China.
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
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3
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Zhang Y, Jiang C, Meng N. Targeting Ferroptosis: A Novel Strategy for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:1262-1276. [PMID: 38284727 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575273164231130070920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Since ferroptosis was reported in 2012, its application prospects in various diseases have been widely considered, initially as a treatment direction for tumors. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis is closely related to the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. The primary mechanism is to affect the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis through intracellular iron homeostasis, ROS and lipid peroxide production and metabolism, and a variety of intracellular signaling pathways. Inhibition of ferroptosis is effective in inhibiting the development of atherosclerosis, and it can bring a new direction for treating atherosclerosis. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of ferroptosis and focus on the relationship between ferroptosis and atherosclerosis, summarize the different types of ferroptosis inhibitors that have been widely studied, and discuss some issues worthy of attention in the treatment of atherosclerosis by targeting ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Chengshi Jiang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Ning Meng
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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4
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Banihani SA. Effect of statin on semen quality characteristics. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13592. [PMID: 32293050 DOI: 10.1111/and.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are lipid-lowering medications widely used to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Biochemically, they act by decreasing synthesis of cholesterol via inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. Since 1992, various research studies have investigated the effect of statins on semen quality characteristics; however, to date, there is no collective summary to such effect. Here, we have systematically discussed and abridged all research studies published in Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science databases that are directly linking statin to semen fertility characteristics using the keywords "statin" versus "sperm" and "semen". In summary, considering the animal studies, statins, in general, were found to ameliorate semen quality characteristics in reproductive detrimental conditions, while, in human males or in in vivo systems with normal reproductive conditions, in general, statins showed negative to blunt effects against semen quality characteristics, mainly sperm motility. However, further research studies, in particular human studies, in this specific research setting is still needed to approve these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Ali Banihani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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5
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TPK1 as a predictive marker for the anti-tumour effects of simvastatin in gastric cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152820. [PMID: 31964553 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The potential anti-tumour role of statins has been reported in various cancer types, including gastric cancer (GC). However, there are no biomarkers to identify patients who may benefit most from this treatment. We tested the effects of statins on 8 GC cell lines. Genes differentially expressed in simvastatin-sensitive and -resistant cell lines were used to identify potential biomarkers of simvastatin sensitivity. Patient-derived cell lines were used to mimic in vivo conditions. In simvastatin-sensitive SNU-5 cells, the levels of the PARP and cleaved caspase-3 apoptosis markers increased upon exposure to simvastatin. The levels of the PARP and cleaved caspase-3 levels were unchanged by simvastatin exposure in simvastatin-resistant SNU-668 cells. The proportion of apoptotic cells was increased in SNU-5 cells but not in SNU-668 cells under the same drug exposure conditions. Comparison of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in sensitive and resistant cell lines identified 31 genes potentially involved in the cellular response to simvastatin. We confirmed that RNA expression of the TPK1 DEG was significantly increased in simvastatin-sensitive cell lines. TPK1 knockdown in a simvastatin-sensitive GC SNU5 cell line, decreased the anti-tumour effects of simvastatin, while TPK1 overexpression enhanced the anti-tumour effect of simvastatin. Therefore, TPK1 expression can be used as a predictive marker of the anti-tumour effects of statin treatment in patients with cancer, especially in those with GC.
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Moore KJ, Koplev S, Fisher EA, Tabas I, Björkegren JLM, Doran AC, Kovacic JC. Macrophage Trafficking, Inflammatory Resolution, and Genomics in Atherosclerosis: JACC Macrophage in CVD Series (Part 2). J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 72:2181-2197. [PMID: 30360827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the retention of modified lipoproteins in the arterial wall. These modified lipoproteins activate resident macrophages and the recruitment of monocyte-derived cells, which differentiate into mononuclear phagocytes that ingest the deposited lipoproteins to become "foam cells": a hallmark of this disease. In this Part 2 of a 4-part review series covering the macrophage in cardiovascular disease, we critically review the contributions and relevant pathobiology of monocytes, macrophages, and foam cells as relevant to atherosclerosis. We also review evidence that via various pathways, a failure of the resolution of inflammation is an additional key aspect of this disease process. Finally, we consider the likely role played by genomics and biological networks in controlling the macrophage phenotype in atherosclerosis. Collectively, these data provide substantial insights on the atherosclerotic process, while concurrently offering numerous molecular and genomic candidates that appear to hold great promise for selective targeting as clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Moore
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Simon Koplev
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Johan L M Björkegren
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Amanda C Doran
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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7
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Lin BM, Li WQ, Cho E, Curhan GC, Qureshi AA. Statin use and risk of skin cancer. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 78:682-693. [PMID: 29208416 PMCID: PMC5957516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are among the most commonly used medications in the United States, and statin use is associated with increased risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, previous studies are limited by lack of adjustment for important confounders. OBJECTIVE Examine the relation between statins and skin cancer risk in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. METHODS Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate associations. RESULTS During follow-up (2000-2010), we documented 10,201 BCC, 1393 SCC, and 333 melanoma cases. History of high cholesterol level was not associated with risk of BCC (pooled multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.09), SCC (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.85-1.06), or melanoma (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.64-1.19). Statin use was not associated with risk of BCC (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.99-1.09]), SCC (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.94-1.24), or melanoma (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.78-1.38). There was a trend toward higher BCC risk with longer duration of statin use in men (P trend = .003) but not in women (P trend = .86). LIMITATIONS Lack of treatment data. CONCLUSION History of high cholesterol level was not associated with skin cancer risk. Longer duration of statin use was associated with a trend toward higher BCC risk in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Wen-Qing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Gary C Curhan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abrar A Qureshi
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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8
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Shibata A, Kobayashi T, Asai A, Eitsuka T, Oikawa S, Miyazawa T, Nakagawa K. High purity tocotrienols attenuate atherosclerotic lesion formation in apoE-KO mice. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 48:44-50. [PMID: 28759786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that tocotrienol (T3) has antiatherogenic effects. However, the T3 preparations used in those studies contained considerable amounts of tocopherol (Toc), which might affect the biological activity of T3. There is little information on the effect of highly purified T3 on atherosclerosis formation. This study investigated the effect of high-purity T3 on atherosclerotic lesion formation and the underlying mechanisms. Male apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE-KO) mice were fed a cholesterol-containing diet either alone or supplemented with T3 concentrate (Toc-free T3) or with α-Toc for 12 weeks. ApoE-KO mice fed the 0.2% T3-supplemented diet showed reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation in the aortic root. The 0.2% T3 diet induced Slc27a1 and Ldlr gene expression levels in the liver, whereas the α-Toc-supplemented diet did not affect those expression levels. T3 was predominantly deposited in fat tissue in the T3 diet-fed mice, whereas α-Toc was preferentially accumulated in liver in the α-Toc diet-fed mice. Considered together, these data demonstrate that dietary T3 exerts anti-atherosclerotic effect in apoE-KO mice. The characteristic tissue distribution and biological effects of T3, that are substantially different from those of Toc, may contribute to the antiatherogenic properties of T3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shibata
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Teiko Kobayashi
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Asai
- Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-0023, Japan
| | - Takahiro Eitsuka
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oikawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-0023, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan; Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan; Food and Biotechnology Innovation Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan.
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9
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Sakellakis M, Akinosoglou K, Kostaki A, Spyropoulou D, Koutras A. Statins and risk of breast cancer recurrence. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2016; 8:199-205. [PMID: 27853392 PMCID: PMC5104306 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s116694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background The primary end point of our study was to test whether the concurrent use of a statin is related to a lower risk of recurrence and increased relapse-free survival in patients with early breast cancer. Materials and methods We reviewed 610 female patients with stage I, II, or III breast cancer who had been surgically treated and who had subsequently received at least adjuvant chemotherapy in order to prevent recurrence. Results Among the 610 patients with breast cancer, 83 (13.6%) were receiving a statin on a chronic basis for other medical purposes. Overall, statin users displayed longer mean relapse-free survival (16.6 vs 10.2 years, P=0.028). After data had been adjusted for patient and disease characteristics, statin users maintained a lower risk of recurrence. This favorable outcome in statin users was particularly evident when we included only younger patients in the analysis (20 vs 10 years, P=0.006). Conclusion Statins may be linked to a favorable outcome in early breast cancer patients, especially in younger age-groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minas Sakellakis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University Hospital, Patras Medical School, Patras
| | - Karolina Akinosoglou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University Hospital, Patras Medical School, Patras
| | - Anastasia Kostaki
- Department of Statistics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Spyropoulou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University Hospital, Patras Medical School, Patras
| | - Angelos Koutras
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University Hospital, Patras Medical School, Patras
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10
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Buranrat B, Senggunprai L, Prawan A, Kukongviriyapan V. Simvastatin and atorvastatin as inhibitors of proliferation and inducers of apoptosis in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Life Sci 2016; 153:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Ahern TP, Lash TL, Damkier P, Christiansen PM, Cronin-Fenton DP. Statins and breast cancer prognosis: evidence and opportunities. Lancet Oncol 2015; 15:e461-8. [PMID: 25186049 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(14)70119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Much preclinical and epidemiological evidence supports the anticancer effects of statins. Epidemiological evidence does not suggest an association between statin use and reduced incidence of breast cancer, but does support a protective effect of statins--especially simvastatin--on breast cancer recurrence. Here, we argue that the existing evidence base is sufficient to justify a clinical trial of breast cancer adjuvant therapy with statins and we advocate for such a trial to be initiated without delay. If a protective effect of statins on breast cancer recurrence is supported by trial evidence, then the indications for a safe, well tolerated, and inexpensive treatment can be expanded to improve outcomes for breast cancer survivors. We discuss several trial design opportunities--including candidate predictive biomarkers of statin safety and efficacy--and offer solutions to the key challenges involved in the enrolment, follow-up, and analysis of such a trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Ahern
- Departments of Surgery and Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Timothy L Lash
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Per Damkier
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peer M Christiansen
- Unit of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Yeganeh B, Wiechec E, Ande SR, Sharma P, Moghadam AR, Post M, Freed DH, Hashemi M, Shojaei S, Zeki AA, Ghavami S. Targeting the mevalonate cascade as a new therapeutic approach in heart disease, cancer and pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:87-110. [PMID: 24582968 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, also known as the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, is an essential cellular pathway that is involved in diverse cell functions. The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMGCR) is the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis and catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to MVA. Given its role in cholesterol and isoprenoid biosynthesis, the regulation of HMGCR has been intensely investigated. Because all cells require a steady supply of MVA, both the sterol (i.e. cholesterol) and non-sterol (i.e. isoprenoid) products of MVA metabolism exert coordinated feedback regulation on HMGCR through different mechanisms. The proper functioning of HMGCR as the proximal enzyme in the MVA pathway is essential under both normal physiologic conditions and in many diseases given its role in cell cycle pathways and cell proliferation, cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism, cell cytoskeletal dynamics and stability, cell membrane structure and fluidity, mitochondrial function, proliferation, and cell fate. The blockbuster statin drugs ('statins') directly bind to and inhibit HMGCR, and their use for the past thirty years has revolutionized the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases, in particular coronary heart disease. Initially thought to exert their effects through cholesterol reduction, recent evidence indicates that statins also have pleiotropic immunomodulatory properties independent of cholesterol lowering. In this review we will focus on the therapeutic applications and mechanisms involved in the MVA cascade including Rho GTPase and Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling, statin inhibition of HMGCR, geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase) inhibition, and farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibition in cardiovascular disease, pulmonary diseases (e.g. asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)), and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Yeganeh
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Department of Physiology & Experimental Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emilia Wiechec
- Dept. Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology & Integrative Regenerative Med. Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Sudharsana R Ande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 4C46 HRIC, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adel Rezaei Moghadam
- Scientific Association of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Martin Post
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Department of Physiology & Experimental Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Darren H Freed
- Department of Physiology, St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Recombinant Protein Laboratory, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir A Zeki
- U.C. Davis, School of Medicine, U.C. Davis Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology & Medicine, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, St. Boniface Research Centre, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Biology of Breathing Theme, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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13
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Gazzerro P, Proto MC, Gangemi G, Malfitano AM, Ciaglia E, Pisanti S, Santoro A, Laezza C, Bifulco M. Pharmacological actions of statins: a critical appraisal in the management of cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 64:102-46. [PMID: 22106090 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, among the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide, are cholesterol-lowering agents used to manage and prevent cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases. Recently, a multifaceted action in different physiological and pathological conditions has been also proposed for statins, beyond anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. Statins have been shown to act through cholesterol-dependent and -independent mechanisms and are able to affect several tissue functions and modulate specific signal transduction pathways that could account for statin pleiotropic effects. Typically, statins are prescribed in middle-aged or elderly patients in a therapeutic regimen covering a long life span during which metabolic processes, aging, and concomitant novel diseases, including cancer, could occur. In this context, safety, toxicity, interaction with other drugs, and the state of health have to be taken into account in subjects treated with statins. Some evidence has shown a dichotomous effect of statins with either cancer-inhibiting or -promoting effects. To date, clinical trials failed to demonstrate a reduced cancer occurrence in statin users and no sufficient data are available to define the long-term effects of statin use over a period of 10 years. Moreover, results from clinical trials performed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of statins in cancer did not suggest statin use as chemotherapeutic or adjuvant agents. Here, we reviewed the pharmacology of the statins, providing a comprehensive update of the current knowledge of their effects on tissues, biological processes, and pathological conditions, and we dissected the disappointing evidence on the possible future use of statin-based drugs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
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14
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Qi XF, Kim DH, Yoon YS, Kim SK, Cai DQ, Teng YC, Shim KY, Lee KJ. Involvement of oxidative stress in simvastatin-induced apoptosis of murine CT26 colon carcinoma cells. Toxicol Lett 2010; 199:277-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Wu T, Fujihara M, Tian J, Jovanovic M, Grayson C, Cano M, Gehlbach P, Margaron P, Handa JT. Apolipoprotein B100 secretion by cultured ARPE-19 cells is modulated by alteration of cholesterol levels. J Neurochem 2010; 114:1734-44. [PMID: 20598021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester rich apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) lipoproteins accumulate in Bruch's membrane before the development of age-related macular degeneration. It is not known if these lipoproteins come from the circulation or local ocular tissue. Emerging, but incomplete evidence suggests that the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) can secrete lipoproteins. The purpose of this investigation was to determine (i) whether human RPE cells synthesize and secrete apoB100, and (ii) whether this secretion is driven by cellular cholesterol, and if so, (iii) whether statins inhibit this response. The established, human derived ARPE-19 cells challenged with 0-0.8 mM oleic acid accumulated cellular cholesterol, but not triglycerides. Oleic acid increased the amount of apoB100 protein recovered from the medium by both western blot analysis and (35) S-radiolabeled immunoprecipitation while negative stain electron microscopy showed lipoprotein-like particles. Of nine statins evaluated, lipophilic statins induced HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expression the most. The lipophilic Cerivastatin (5 μM) reduced cellular cholesterol by 39% and abrogated apoB100 secretion by 3-fold. In contrast, the hydrophilic statin Pravastatin had minimal effect on apoB100 secretion. These data suggest that ARPE-19 cells synthesize and secrete apoB100 lipoproteins, that this secretion is driven by cellular cholesterol, and that statins can inhibit apoB100 secretion by reducing cellular cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghuai Wu
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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16
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Owiredu WKBA, Donkor S, Addai BW, Amidu N. Serum lipid profile of breast cancer patients. Pak J Biol Sci 2009; 12:332-8. [PMID: 19579966 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2009.332.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to carry out a comparative study to investigate the effect of lipid profile, oestradiol and obesity on the risk of a woman developing breast cancer. This study was carried out at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH), Peace and Love Hospital, Oduom, Kumasi and Redeemed Clinic, Nima, Accra between May 2002 and March 2003. In this study, 200 consented women comprising 100 breast cancer patients (43 pre- and 57 post-menopausal) and 100 controls (45 pre- and 55 post-menopausal) with similar age range (25 to 80 years) were assessed for lipid profile, oestradiol and BMI. There was a significant increase in Body Mass Index (BMI) (p = 0.011), Total Cholesterol (TC) (p < 0.001), triglyceride (p = 0.026) and low density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol) (p = 0.001) of the breast cancer patients compared to the controls. With the exception of oestradiol (EST) that decreased, the lipid profile generally increased with age in both subjects and controls with the subjects having a much higher value than the corresponding control. There was also a significant positive correlation between BMI and TC (r2 = 0.022; p = 0.002) and also between BMI and LDL-cholesterol (r2 = 0.031; p = 0.0003). Apart from EST and LDL-cholesterol that were increased significantly only in the postmenopausal phase in comparison to the controls, BMI, TC and TG were increased in both pre-menopausal and post menopausal phases with HDL-cholesterol remaining unchanged. This study confirms the association between dyslipidaemia, BMI and increased breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K B A Owiredu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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17
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Marra M, Santini D, Tonini G, Meo G, Zappavigna S, Facchini G, Morabito A, Abbruzzese A, Cartenì G, Budillon A, Caraglia M. Molecular and preclinical models enhancing anti-tumour activity of zoledronic acid. EJC Suppl 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcsup.2008.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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18
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Wilson GJ, Wilson JM, Manninen AH. Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on exercise performance and body composition across varying levels of age, sex, and training experience: A review. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2008; 5:1. [PMID: 18173841 PMCID: PMC2245953 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-5-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) has been extensively used as an ergogenic aid; particularly among bodybuilders and strength/power athletes, who use it to promote exercise performance and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. While numerous studies have supported the efficacy of HMB in exercise and clinical conditions, there have been a number of conflicting results. Therefore, the first purpose of this paper will be to provide an in depth and objective analysis of HMB research. Special care is taken to present critical details of each study in an attempt to both examine the effectiveness of HMB as well as explain possible reasons for conflicting results seen in the literature. Within this analysis, moderator variables such as age, training experience, various states of muscle catabolism, and optimal dosages of HMB are discussed. The validity of dependent measurements, clustering of data, and a conflict of interest bias will also be analyzed. A second purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive discussion on possible mechanisms, which HMB may operate through. Currently, the most readily discussed mechanism has been attributed to HMB as a precursor to the rate limiting enzyme to cholesterol synthesis HMG-coenzyme A reductase. However, an increase in research has been directed towards possible proteolytic pathways HMB may operate through. Evidence from cachectic cancer studies suggests that HMB may inhibit the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway responsible for the specific degradation of intracellular proteins. HMB may also directly stimulate protein synthesis, through an mTOR dependent mechanism. Finally, special care has been taken to provide future research implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Wilson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacob M Wilson
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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19
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Davidson MH. Squalene synthase inhibition: A novel target for the management of dyslipidemia. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2007; 9:78-80. [PMID: 17169251 DOI: 10.1007/bf02693932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new class of compounds, known as squalene synthase inhibitors, has recently reached phase III clinical trials and may provide another therapeutic option for clinicians to improve risk management of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The clinical need for another LDL-C-lowering therapy is evident by the inability to achieve an LDL-C target of less than 70 mg/dL in the majority of very high-risk patients on statin monotherapy. Human clinical trial data with TAK-475, a novel and potent inhibitor of squalene synthase, have not yet been published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Davidson
- Radiant Research, 515 N. State Street, Suite 2700, Chicago, IL 60610, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Administration of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, or statins, to ambulatory patients is associated with a lower incidence of long-term adverse cardiovascular events, including death, myocardial infarction, stroke, atrial fibrillation, and renal dysfunction. However, increasing clinical evidence suggests that statins, independent of their effects on serum cholesterol levels, may also play a potential role in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Specifically, statins have been shown to exert several beneficial antineoplastic properties, including decreased tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The feasibility and efficacy of statins for the prevention and treatment of cancer is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hindler
- Division of Cardiovascular Anesthesiology, The Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, 6720 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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21
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Santini D, Caraglia M, Vincenzi B, Holen I, Scarpa S, Budillon A, Tonini G. Mechanisms of Disease: preclinical reports of antineoplastic synergistic action of bisphosphonates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 3:325-38. [PMID: 16757970 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
For patients with malignant bone disease, bisphosphonate therapy is the standard treatment. Preclinical and preliminary clinical data suggest that bisphosphonates have direct or indirect antitumor effects: they affect growth-factor release, cancer-cell adhesion, invasion and viability, angiogenesis, and apoptosis of cancer cells. These effects might be enhanced through co-administration with chemotherapy agents, biological agents, or both. We survey the biochemical pathways and molecular targets of bisphosphonates, and discuss the molecular mechanisms of these antitumor effects, as well as the documented antineoplastic preclinical effects of bisphosphonates used in combination with cytotoxic and biological drugs. Moreover, the positive interactions between bisphosphonates and farnesyltransferase inhibitors, KIT receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g. imatinib mesylate) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors are discussed in relation to their potential synergistic and additive effects. We briefly discuss identification of new molecular targets of bisphosphonates from genomic and proteomic analysis, and highlight the cellular consequences of drug-related enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
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22
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Lee J, Lee I, Park C, Kang WK. Lovastatin-induced RhoA modulation and its effect on senescence in prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 339:748-54. [PMID: 16316623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin inhibits a 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and prevents the synthesis of cholesterol precursors, such as farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), responsible for important cell signaling in cell proliferation and migration. Recently, the anti-cancer effect of lovastatin has been suggested in various tumor types. In this study, we showed that a low dose lovastatin induced senescence and G1 cell cycle arrest in human prostate cancer cells. Addition of GGPP or mevalonate, but not FPP, prevented the lovastatin-induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest and cell senescence. We found that constitutively active RhoA (caRhoA) reversed lovastatin-induced senescence in caRhoA-transfected PC-3 cells. Thus, we postulate that modulation of RhoA may be critical in lovastatin-induced senescence in PC-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Louneva N, Huaman G, Fertala J, Jiménez SA. Inhibition of systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblast type I collagen production and gene expression by simvastatin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:1298-308. [PMID: 16575855 DOI: 10.1002/art.21723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether statins are capable of modulating collagen gene expression in cultured systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblasts. METHODS Cultured dermal fibroblasts from 3 patients with diffuse systemic sclerosis of recent onset were treated with 5 microM and 10 microM of simvastatin for 3 or 4 days. Morphologic features, cytotoxicity, and type I collagen production and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the fibroblasts were examined. The effects of mevalonate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), and farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), which are lipids downstream from the hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A block, were also examined. Transient transfections with COL1A1 promoter-reporter constructs and electrophoretic gel mobility shift assays were utilized to examine COL1A1 transcription and Sp1 and CCAAT-box binding factor (CBF) binding. RESULTS Simvastatin did not cause morphologic changes or cytotoxicity in the fibroblasts, even after 4 days of treatment. Type I collagen production and mRNA levels showed a potent and dose-related inhibition following 3 and 4 days of treatment. The inhibition of collagen gene expression by simvastatin was completely reversed by mevalonate and GGPP, but not by FPP. The statin effects occurred at the transcriptional level and involved the proximal COL1A1 promoter region encompassing -174 bp. A significant reduction in Sp1 and CBF binding activity was also found in simvastatin-treated cells. CONCLUSION Simvastatin is a powerful inhibitor of type I collagen gene expression in normal and systemic sclerosis fibroblasts. The pleiotropic protective effects of statins on various endothelial and immune cell functions in conjunction with their potent inhibitory effects on type I collagen gene expression suggest that statins may be effective therapeutic agents in systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Louneva
- Thomas Jefferson University, Division of Rheumatology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107-5541, USA
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24
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Abstract
Serum cholesterol is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides are positively related to cardiovascular disease, while HDL cholesterol has an inverse relationship. Measurement of lipids is essential in individuals with established cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes, and may also be carried out in healthy individuals as part of cardiovascular risk assessment. Lifestyle measures are important in cardiovascular disease prevention, but the mainstay of lipid lowering therapy is appropriate use of lipid lowering drugs. Total and LDL cholesterol are the primary targets for treatment, but consideration should also be given to raising HDL cholesterol and lowering triglycerides where appropriate. Statins are the most frequently used lipid lowering agents, but there is an important place for other drugs, including ezetimibe, fibrates and nicotinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Young
- Centre for Clinical and Population Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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25
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Noa M, Mendoza S, Más R. Effect of D-003 on intimal thickening and circulating endothelial cells in rabbit cuffed carotid artery. J Med Food 2005; 8:237-41. [PMID: 16117617 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2005.8.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
D-003 is a mixture of very-high-molecular-weight aliphatic primary acids purified from sugar-cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) wax, in which octacosanoic acid is the most abundant component. Previous experimental studies have shown that D-003 not only shows cholesterol-lowering and anti-platelet effects, but also reduces thromboxane B2 and increases prostacyclin levels. It acts by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis. The positioning of a non-occlusive silicone collar around the rabbit carotid artery results in the formation of a neointima. Collars were placed around the left carotid for 15 days. The contralateral artery was sham-operated. We included three experimental groups: A control group received vehicle, and two others received D-003 at 5 and 25 mg/kg until sacrificed. Samples of arteries were examined by light microscopy. To evaluate intimal thickening the cross-sectional areas of intima and media were measured. Neointima was significantly reduced in D-003-treated animals compared with controls. Furthermore, the circulating endothelial cell has been studied in this experimental model with endothelium damage. The results demonstrate the protective effect of D-003 on vascular endothelium of the studied rabbits. It is concluded that the protective effect of D-003 against neointima formation and circulating endothelial cells in this experimental model could represent potential beneficial pleiotropic effects in the anti-atherogenic profile of this substance, beyond its cholesterol-lowering and anti-platelet effects independently demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Noa
- Laboratory of Histology, Department of Pharmacology, Center of Natural Products, National Center for Scientific Research, Havana City, Cuba.
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26
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Impact of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Statins on Survival in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Chest 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0012-3692(15)31155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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27
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Lin YL, Shiao MS, Mettling C, Chou CK. Cholesterol requirement of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) secretion. Virology 2003; 314:253-60. [PMID: 14517078 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus-infected patients secrete enormous quantities (50-300 microg/ml) of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in their serum. One hypothesis for this synthetic effort is that these lipoprotein particles serve to adsorb neutralizing antisurface antibodies. We have shown that insulin suppresses the expression of HBsAg in human hepatoma cell Hep3B cells. We further studied the signaling pathway of insulin on the inhibition of HBsAg. Using a fungal metabolite, lovastatin, to block the p21Ras signaling pathway of insulin, we found that lovastatin inhibited the secretion of HBsAg into culture medium in Hep3B cells; however, the involvement of p21Ras-MAPKs was excluded in this effect. The cholesterol depletion from the membrane, leading to the destabilization of rafts, was the mechanism for the lovastatin inhibition of HBsAg secretion. However, lovastatin has no effect on the secretion of infectious viral Dane particles. Herein, we show for the first time that cholesterol is required for HBsAg secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yea-Lih Lin
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, IGH-CNRS, 141, rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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28
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Ciccarelli R, Ballerini P, Sabatino G, Rathbone MP, D'Onofrio M, Caciagli F, Di Iorio P. Involvement of astrocytes in purine‐mediated reparative processes in the brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2001; 19:395-414. [PMID: 11378300 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(00)00084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are involved in multiple brain functions in physiological conditions, participating in neuronal development, synaptic activity and homeostatic control of the extracellular environment. They also actively participate in the processes triggered by brain injuries, aimed at limiting and repairing brain damages. Purines may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of numerous acute and chronic disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are the main source of cerebral purines. They release either adenine-based purines, e.g. adenosine and adenosine triphosphate, or guanine-based purines, e.g. guanosine and guanosine triphosphate, in physiological conditions and release even more of these purines in pathological conditions. Astrocytes express several receptor subtypes of P1 and P2 types for adenine-based purines. Receptors for guanine-based purines are being characterised. Specific ecto-enzymes such as nucleotidases, adenosine deaminase and, likely, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, metabolise both adenine- and guanine-based purines after release from astrocytes. This regulates the effects of nucleotides and nucleosides by reducing their interaction with specific membrane binding sites. Adenine-based nucleotides stimulate astrocyte proliferation by a P2-mediated increase in intracellular [Ca2+] and isoprenylated proteins. Adenosine also, via A2 receptors, may stimulate astrocyte proliferation, but mostly, via A1 and/or A3 receptors, inhibits astrocyte proliferation, thus controlling the excessive reactive astrogliosis triggered by P2 receptors. The activation of A1 receptors also stimulates astrocytes to produce trophic factors, such as nerve growth factor, S100beta protein and transforming growth factor beta, which contribute to protect neurons against injuries. Guanosine stimulates the output of adenine-based purines from astrocytes and in addition it directly triggers these cells to proliferate and to produce large amount of neuroprotective factors. These data indicate that adenine- and guanine-based purines released in large amounts from injured or dying cells of CNS may act as signals to initiate brain repair mechanisms widely involving astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ciccarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, Via del Vestini Pal. B, 66013, Chieti, Italy.
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29
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Noa M, Más R, Mesa R. A comparative study of policosanol vs lovastatin on intimal thickening in rabbit cuffed carotid artery. Pharmacol Res 2001; 43:31-7. [PMID: 11207063 DOI: 10.1006/phrs.2000.0736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Policosanol is a cholesterol-lowering drug isolated from sugar cane wax, which acts by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis. Previous studies have demonstrated that policosanol inhibited smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation in the cuffed carotid artery of the rabbit and in arterial wall damage induced by forceps in the central artery of the ear of rabbits. The present study was undertaken to compare the effects of policosanol and lovastatin on SMC proliferation in the cuffed carotid artery of rabbits. Collars were placed around the left carotid for 7 and 15 days. The contralateral artery was sham operated. We studied eight experimental groups: two controls groups receiving vehicle for 7 and 15 days, respectively, a satellite sham operated control group, four groups treated with policosanol at 5 and 25 mg kg(-1)for 7 and 15 days and a reference group receiving lovastatin at 20 mg kg(-1)for 15 days. Samples of arteries were examined by light and electron microscopy. To evaluate intimal thickening the cross-sectional areas of intima and media were measured. Neointima was significantly reduced in treated animals compared with controls, but the reduction in lovastatin animals was significantly lower than in policosanol-treated groups. The SMC proliferation was studied by the immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and the reduction observed in policosanol-treated rabbits was significantly larger than in lovastatin-treated animals. It is concluded that the protective effect of policosanol against neointima formation in this experimental model was slightly better than that of lovastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Noa
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Natural Products, National Center for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba.
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30
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Abstract
We studied the effect of policosanol on smooth muscle cell proliferation in the cuffed carotid artery of the rabbit. Policosanol is a mixture of higher aliphatic primary alcohols isolated from sugar cane wax, with cholesterol lowering effects proved in experimental models and patients with type II hypercholesterolemia. It acts by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis. The positioning of a nonocclusive silicone collar around the rabbit carotid artery results in the formation of a neointima. We wished to determine whether policosanol orally administered prevented intimal thickening. Collars were placed around the left carotid for 15 days. The contralateral artery was sham operated. We included three experimental groups: a control received vehicle and two others policosanol at 5 and 25 mg Kg until sacrificed. Samples of arteries were examined by light and electron microscopy. To evaluate intimal thickening the cross-sectional area of intima and media were measured. Neointima was significantly reduced in policosanol-treated animals compared with controls. The smooth muscle cell proliferation was studied by the immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and a significant reduction was observed in policosanol treated rabbits. It is concluded that policosanol has a protective effect on the neointima formation in this experimental model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology
- Carotid Arteries/drug effects
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Fatty Alcohols/pharmacology
- Male
- Microscopy, Electron
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Rabbits
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/pathology
- Tunica Media/drug effects
- Tunica Media/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Noa
- Laboratory of Histology, Center of Natural Products, National Center for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba
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31
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β-Carotene and cancer chemoprevention: From epidemiological associations to cellular mechanisms of action. Nutr Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(98)00137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Lang F, Busch GL, Ritter M, Völkl H, Waldegger S, Gulbins E, Häussinger D. Functional significance of cell volume regulatory mechanisms. Physiol Rev 1998; 78:247-306. [PMID: 9457175 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.1998.78.1.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1268] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To survive, cells have to avoid excessive alterations of cell volume that jeopardize structural integrity and constancy of intracellular milieu. The function of cellular proteins seems specifically sensitive to dilution and concentration, determining the extent of macromolecular crowding. Even at constant extracellular osmolarity, volume constancy of any mammalian cell is permanently challenged by transport of osmotically active substances across the cell membrane and formation or disappearance of cellular osmolarity by metabolism. Thus cell volume constancy requires the continued operation of cell volume regulatory mechanisms, including ion transport across the cell membrane as well as accumulation or disposal of organic osmolytes and metabolites. The various cell volume regulatory mechanisms are triggered by a multitude of intracellular signaling events including alterations of cell membrane potential and of intracellular ion composition, various second messenger cascades, phosphorylation of diverse target proteins, and altered gene expression. Hormones and mediators have been shown to exploit the volume regulatory machinery to exert their effects. Thus cell volume may be considered a second message in the transmission of hormonal signals. Accordingly, alterations of cell volume and volume regulatory mechanisms participate in a wide variety of cellular functions including epithelial transport, metabolism, excitation, hormone release, migration, cell proliferation, and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lang
- Institute of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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33
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Flint OP, Masters BA, Gregg RE, Durham SK. Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by squalene synthase inhibitors does not induce myotoxicity in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 145:91-8. [PMID: 9221828 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1997.8131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cholesterol-lowering HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (HMGRI), pravastatin and lovastatin, have been associated with skeletal myopathy in humans and in rats. In a previous in vitro study, HMGRI-induced changes in neonatal rat skeletal muscle cells were characterized by reversible inhibition of protein synthesis and loss of differentiated myotubes at concentrations markedly lower than those inducing enzyme leakage. Myotoxicity was determined to be directly related to inhibition of HMG CoA reductase, since mevalonate, the immediate product of HMG CoA reductase metabolism, abrogated the drug-induced changes. Farnesol, geranylgeraniol, and squalene are metabolites of mevalonate. Squalene, formed from farnesol by squalene synthase, is the first metabolite solely committed to cholesterol synthesis. In contrast, geranylgeraniol, formed by the addition of an isoprene group to farnesol, is the first metabolite uncommitted to cholesterol synthesis. The objective of the present study was to determine the role of inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in HMGRI-induced in vitro myotoxicity. HMGRI-treated neonatal rat skeletal muscle cultures were supplemented with farnesol and geranylgeraniol, and in another study, muscle cultures were exposed to two squalene synthase inhibitors (SSI), BMS-187745 and its prodrug ester, BMS-188494. Endpoints evaluated for both studies included protein synthesis ([3H]leucine incorporation), total cellular protein (a measure of cell loss), intra- and extracellular lactate dehydrogenase activity (a measure of membrane integrity), cholesterol biosynthesis ([14C]acetate incorporation), and morphology. HMG CoA reductase inhibitor-induced morphologic changes and inhibition of protein synthesis were significantly ameliorated by supplementation with farnesol and geranylgeraniol. In contrast to HMGRI-induced in vitro myotoxicity, SSI induced an irreversible, minimal cytotoxicity at close to maximum soluble concentrations. These results indicate that depletion of metabolites of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, and not inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, is the primary cause of HMG CoA reductase-induced myotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Flint
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Syracuse, New York 13057, USA.
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Morita I, Sato I, Ma L, Murota S. Enhancement of membrane fluidity in cholesterol-poor endothelial cells pre-treated with simvastatin. ENDOTHELIUM : JOURNAL OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL RESEARCH 1997; 5:107-13. [PMID: 9237044 DOI: 10.3109/10623329709079868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We examined the membrane fluidity of the cholesterol-poor bovine carotid artery endothelial cells (BAEC). Cholesterol-poor BAEC were obtained by treating the cells with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors under 10% low density lipoprotein (LDL)-deficient serum condition for 2 days. Simvastatin reduced the intracellular cholesterol content significantly at a concentration of 0.1 microgram/ml. The reduction in the cholesterol content was accompanied by the enhancement of the cell membrane fluidity which was measured by a photobleaching technique. Additional data suggested that the reduction in cholesterol content referred to the reduction in the proliferation of BAEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Morita
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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35
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Sato-Suzuki I, Murota S. Simvastatin inhibits the division and induces neurite-like outgrowth in PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett 1996; 220:21-4. [PMID: 8977139 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(96)13221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin, a potent 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor. inhibited cell division in a dose dependent fashion and induced neurite-like outgrowth in PC12 cells. The neurite-like outgrowth was detectable at 0.5 microg/ml of simvastatin 24 h after the treatment. The responses to simvastatin were completely prevented by incubating the cells with mevalonate. In contrast to simvastatin, pravastatin, a similar HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor but lipophobic, had no effect on the cells. The results provide new possibilities for the central nervous system (CNS) side effects of simvastatin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sato-Suzuki
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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36
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Veerkamp JH, Smit JW, Benders AA, Oosterhof A. Effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on growth and differentiation of cultured rat skeletal muscle cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1315:217-22. [PMID: 8611662 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(95)00122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors have been associated with skeletal muscle myopathy, ranging from asymptomatic elevations of serum creatine kinase (CK) activity to rhabdomyolysis. In this study, we assessed the effects of addition of different concentrations of simvastatin and pravastatin on growth and differentiation of cultured primary rat skeletal muscle cells. Protein concentrations, CK activity and percentage CK-MM, which is a parameter for maturation, were determined. Effects were generally stronger if inhibitors were added to both growth and differentiation medium rather than only to differentiation medium. Addition of 25 microM pravastatin caused only a decrease of CK activity. Addition of 1-5 microM simvastatin resulted in a decrease of protein concentration, CK activity and percentage CK-MM, whereas 25 microM simvastatin resulted in cell death. Addition of mevalonic acid or cholesterol could not prevent the effects of 1 microM simvastatin. In addition, 1 microM simvastatin did not influence the cholesterol and phospholipid content of the cells. Superfusion of cultured cells with simvastatin concentrations of 10 microM and higher caused a transient increase of the cytoplasmic calcium concentration followed by an apparent second rise and cell puncture. The results indicate that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors may affect skeletal muscle cell regeneration in vivo by a direct toxic effect on growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Veerkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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37
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Oms P, Assie N, Bruniquel F, Degryse AD, van Haverbeke G, Delhon A. Biochemical changes and morphological alterations of liver and kidney in hamsters after administration of the HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, simvastatin: prevention and reversibility by mevalonate. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1995; 77:391-6. [PMID: 8835365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1995.tb01048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study analyses the effects of simvastatin, a specific inhibitor of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA reductase) in male Syrian hamsters fed a standard diet or a diet supplemented with 0.12% cholesterol and 20% coconut oil. In hamsters fed the standard diet, gastric administration of simvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) during 12 days was found to be lethal and to have hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects. This toxicity was exacerbated in hamsters fed a hyperlipidaemic diet and was preceded by a progressive anorexia and loss of body weight. Marked elevations in serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities were associated with the organ lesions. All elevated biochemical changes and morphological alterations were prevented or reversed by coadministration of mevalonate, the product of the HMG-CoA reductase. It is suggested that the dramatic effect of simvastatin could result from depletion of a non-sterol metabolite of mevalonate in spite of a lack of protective effects of farnesol and geranylgeraniol in the following study. The toxicity of simvastatin could indeed result from the low basal activity of HMG-CoA reductase in hamster liver coupled with a prolonged inhibition of mevalonate synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Oms
- Pierre Fabre Research Center, Castres, France
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Moreno FS, Rossiello MR, Manjeshwar S, Nath R, Rao PM, Rajalakshmi S, Sarma DS. Effect of beta-carotene on the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in rat liver. Cancer Lett 1995; 96:201-8. [PMID: 7585458 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(95)03933-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), is a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of not only cholesterol but also a variety of non-sterol isoprenoids. It is subjected to multivalent feedback suppression by transcriptional and post-transcriptional control mechanisms mediated by sterols and non-sterol substances. In the present study, the effect of a plant isoprenoid, beta-carotene, on the expression of HMG-CoA reductase in rat liver was investigated. In control rats the hepatic levels of mRNA transcripts of HMG-CoA reductase increased following 2/3 partial hepatectomy with two peaks, one at 8 h and the other at 24 h. Administration of the carotenoid (70 mg/kg, given every alternate day for 3 consecutive weeks) partially inhibited the increase in the transcript level with a 50% reduction at 8 h and 30% reduction at 24 h post partial hepatectomy. Nuclear run-off assays with nuclei isolated from the resting liver and from livers of control rats and rats exposed to beta-carotene for 3 consecutive weeks and killed 8 h after partial hepatectomy indicated that beta-carotene did not inhibit the rate of transcription of HMG-CoA reductase gene. These observations suggest that beta-carotene regulates the expression of HMG-CoA reductase by some post-transcriptional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Moreno
- Departmento de Alimentos e Nutricao, Experimental, Faculdade de Ciéncias, Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Milani M, Cimminiello C, Merlo B, Lorena M, Arpaia G, Bonfardeci G. Effects of fluvastatin and pravastatin on lipid profiles and thromboxane production in type IIa hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76:51A-53A. [PMID: 7604798 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(05)80017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of fluvastatin and pravastatin on lipid profiles and urinary thromboxane (TX) A2 metabolites (11-dehydro TXB2 and 2,3-dinor TXB2) in patients with type IIa hypercholesterolemia. A total of 20 patients (13 men, 7 women; mean age 53 +/- 9 years) with primary type IIa hypercholesterolemia (Fredrickson's classification) in a 4-week, double-blind, parallel-group study were randomized to fluvastatin or pravastatin, both at 40 mg once daily (at bedtime), after a single-blind, 4-week, placebo run-in period. Total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides were measured after placebo (baseline) and after 4 weeks of double-blind treatment. Thromboxane metabolites were measured at the same time points, using an enzyme immunoassay kit, in 12 hr urine samples. At baseline, the mean +/- SD levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, and HDL-C were: 292 +/- 23, 213 +/- 47, 186 +/- 119 and 41 +/- 17 mg/dL with fluvastatin; and 301 +/- 40, 212 +/- 40, 150 +/- 124 and 43 +/- 10 mg/dL with pravastatin, respectively. Baseline thromboxane-metabolite levels were positively and significantly (p < 0.04) correlated with levels of total cholesterol, but not LDL-C. Compared with baseline, total cholesterol and LDL-C were significantly (p < 0.01) decreased by 27% and 30% with fluvastatin, and by 23% and 31% with pravastatin, respectively. HDL-C increased from 41 +/- 17 to 59 +/- 25 mg/dL with fluvastatin, and from 43 +/- 10 to 46 +/- 12 mg/dL with pravastatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Milani
- Medical Department, Sandoz Prodotti Farmaceutici S.p.A, Milan, Italy
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40
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Abadir R, Liebmann J. Radiation reaction recall following simvastatin therapy: a new observation. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1995; 7:325-6. [PMID: 8580062 DOI: 10.1016/s0936-6555(05)80545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A 60-year-old woman was treated postoperatively for carcinoma of the gall bladder with a split course of radiotherapy. The tumour dose (TD) was 61.2 Gy in 34 fractions delivered by an anterior and two lateral wedge fields with 60Co; the Dmax was 70% of TD for the anterior field and 150% of the TD at the thin edge of the wedges. She also underwent 5-FU and leucovorin chemotherapy. No skin reaction was seen during radiotherapy or in 1 year of follow-up. A year after radiotherapy she was treated for hypercholesterolaemia by simvastatin. Within 2-3 days a severe skin and subcutaneous reaction developed in the lateral radiation fields but not in the anterior field. To our knowledge, recall of skin radiation reaction after simvastatin therapy has not been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abadir
- University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
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41
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Sullivan D. Cholesterol and non-cardiovascular disease: basic science. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 1994; 24:92-7. [PMID: 8002874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1994.tb04443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism is of fundamental biological importance. This review examines the role of cholesterol metabolism in relation to non-cardiovascular disease (non-CVD). Particular attention is paid to the question of whether or not low levels of cholesterol may have harmful effects on cell function or lead to pathological processes. Many in vitro phenomena have been demonstrated at levels of cholesterol which are very low in comparison to physiological conditions. Nevertheless, low cholesterol is more favourable than high cholesterol for most aspects of cell function. There is no evidence that any catastrophic cellular response or pathological process occurs due to exposure of organisms to low cholesterol. On the other hand, the inflammatory process is a powerful and consistent cause of decreased cholesterol levels. This, together with other confounding factors, appears to explain a major component of the association between low cholesterol levels and non-CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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