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Jurewicz J, Hanke W, Johansson C, Lundqvist C, Ceccatelli S, van den Hazel P, Saunders M, Zetterström R. Adverse health effects of children's exposure to pesticides: what do we really know and what can be done about it. Acta Paediatr 2006; 95:71-80. [PMID: 17000573 DOI: 10.1080/08035320600886489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Children may be exposed to pesticides in several ways, such as by transplacental transfer during foetal life, by intake of contaminated breast milk and other nutrients, or by contact with contaminated subjects and areas in the environment such as pets treated with insecticides, house dust, carpets and chemically treated lawns and gardens. Exposure early in life, and particularly during periods of rapid development, such as during foetal life and infancy, may have severe effects on child health and development by elevating the risk of congenital malformations, cancer, malabsorption, immunological dysfunction, endocrine disease, and neurobehavioural deficiencies. As pesticides can also interfere with parental reproductive health, exposure of parents may have consequences for the offspring leading to reduced chance of male birth and increased risk of childhood cancer. CONCLUSIONS Current knowledge about tolerable levels and consequences of toxic exposure to pesticides during human development is rather scarce. Owing to the high risk of exposure to pesticides, particularly in less developed countries, further elucidation by well-controlled epidemiological studies in this field it is urgently needed. The Policy Interpretation Network on Children's Health and Environment (PINCHE), which is financed by the EU DG research has suggested actions against pesticide exposure. They have been presented and discussed in this paper. Several suggestions of PINCHE concerning action needed regarding pesticides were presented in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jurewicz
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland.
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2
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Menezes ML, Felix G. Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides in Plain Milk Using Direct Injection on an ISRP Column, with Column Switching. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079608015820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Menezes
- a Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP Faculdade de Ciencias, Departamento de Quimica , Av. Edmundo C. Coube S/N Bauru S3c Paulo, Brasil, CEP, 17033-360
| | - G. Felix
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Organometallique , ENSCPB/CNRS-URA 35 , Av. Pey-Berland BP 108 F-33402, Talence, France
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Weiss J, Päpke O, Bignert A, Jensen S, Greyerz E, Agostoni C, Besana R, Riva E, Giovannini M, Zetterström R. Concentrations of dioxins and other organochlorines (PCBs, DDTs, HCHs) in human milk from Seveso, Milan and a Lombardian rural area in Italy: a study performed 25 years after the heavy dioxin exposure in Seveso. Acta Paediatr 2003; 92:467-72. [PMID: 12801115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether those who were exposed to high levels of the dioxin TCDD 25 years ago in Seveso, northern Italy still have higher than the expected levels of dioxins in their fat stores, and to investigate the concentrations of dioxins in the breast milk of mothers in Seveso and in two other regions in Italy. The load of vertically transmitted dioxins to the next generation, if being breastfed, was also investigated. METHODS As there may be a synergistic effect of mixtures of organic chlorines, the concentrations of pesticides such as DDTs and PCBs have also been studied in the same human milk samples. Breast milk from 12 mothers from Seveso, Central Milan and a Lombardian village was collected for analysis during the first week and 1 and 3 mo after delivery. Individual samples were used for the analysis of pesticides and PCBs, whereas dioxins were analysed in pooled samples from all 12 mothers on each occasion. RESULTS In human milk from Seveso, the TCDD concentration in fat calculated on a fresh weight basis was more than twice as high as the level in the other two regions, whereas the concentrations of investigated other toxins were lower in Seveso possible due to induction of the enzyme cytochrome P4501A, which means that the total level of dioxins was the same in all three locations. The congener profile, measured as mean toxic equivalency (TEQ) values, was the same in the Italian samples as previously reported from Stockholm. The calculations are based on the most recent WHO TCDD equivalency factors (TEF). The DDE concentration was higher in the samples from Milan than in the samples from the other two Italian regions, which may be due to the fact that, to a greater extent than in the other regions, Milanese food is imported from countries where DDT is still used as a pesticide. CONCLUSION Twenty-five years after the dioxin catastrophe, human milk from mothers in Seveso has concentrations of the highly toxic dioxin congener TCDD that are more than twice as high as those in central Milan and a Lombardian village. This means that breastfed infants in Seveso still store an appreciable amount of TCDD in their body fat. The health consequences of this fact remain to be elucidated. The effect of the high load of DDTs in central Milan also has to be considered
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Affiliation(s)
- J Weiss
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden
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4
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Covaci A, Hura C, Schepens P. Determination of selected persistent organochlorine pollutants in human milk using solid phase disk extraction and narrow bore capillary GC-MS. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Norén K, Meironyté D. Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in Swedish human milk in perspective of past 20-30 years. CHEMOSPHERE 2000; 40:1111-23. [PMID: 10739053 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The investigations of organochlorine compounds in breast milk from women living in the Stockholm region started in 1967. The present study summarises the investigations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), naphthalenes (PCNs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and pesticides (DDT, DDE, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin) as well as methylsulfonyl metabolites of PCBs and DDE in human milk sampled during different periods up to 1997. During the course of 20-30 yr the levels of organochlorine compounds in human milk have decreased to various extent. A decrease to the half of the original concentration was attained in the range of 4-17 yr periods. On the contrary to the organochlorine compounds, the concentrations of PBDEs have increased during the period 1972-1997, indicating a doubling of the levels by 5 yr. The levels reflect the environmental contamination and background levels in the population. The accumulation and ongoing increase in the levels of PBDEs calls for immediate measures to stop the environmental pollution and human exposure to PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Norén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Singh SB, Kulshrestha G. Gas chromatographic analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. J Chromatogr A 1997; 774:97-109. [PMID: 9253187 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans are toxic compounds formed during natural processes and human activities. The extraction and clean-up for these compounds from various environmental and biological sources has been described. The gas chromatographic analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins/furans with different columns and detectors has been reviewed. The advantages of using a mass detector in the analysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Singh
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, IARI, New Delhi, India
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7
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Weistrand C, Norén K, Nilsson A. Occupational exposure: Organochlorine compounds in blood plasma from potentially exposed workers. PCB, PCN, PCDD/PCDF, HCB and methylsulphonyl metabolites of PCB. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 1997; 4:2-9. [PMID: 19002410 DOI: 10.1007/bf02986256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/1996] [Accepted: 10/01/1996] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCN), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), hexachlorobenzene and methylsulphonyl metabolites of PCB were determined in blood plasma from potentially exposed workers and controls. Three of the potentially exposed subjects had worked with cable incineration and two were electricians. Extraction of the organochlorine compounds and lipids were performed using the lipophilic gel Lipidex. Different adsorbents and gel permeation chromatography were applied for further purification of the samples and separation of analytes. Determinations of the chlorinated compounds were made by using gas chromatography with electron-capture detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Only small differences in the concentrations of organochlorine compounds were found in the plasma from the three subject groups. Thus, specific exposure of the workers could not be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Weistrand
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Weistrand C, Jakobsson E, Norén K. Liquid-gel partitioning using Lipidex in the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls, naphthalenes, dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in blood plasma. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 669:207-17. [PMID: 7581897 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed for the transfer of fat, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), naphthalenes (PCNs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) from blood plasma into the lipophilic gel Lipidex 5000. Subsequent elution of the gel separated about 70% of the fat from the analytes. Different adsorbents and activated charcoal were applied for further purification of the sample and separation of analytes. Identification and determination of the chlorinated compounds were made by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD) or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Recoveries were studied by addition of Halowax 1014 and different congeners of PCBs, PCNs, PCDDs and PCDFs to 50 ml of plasma. The mean recoveries of the individual compounds studied were 72-99%. By using the liquid-gel partitioning technique emulsions were avoided. Concentrations of lipids in plasma obtained by the present method agreed well with the concentrations obtained using liquid-liquid partitioning with chloroform-methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Weistrand
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Quinsey PM, Donohue DC, Ahokas JT. Persistence of organochlorines in breast milk of women in Victoria, Australia. Food Chem Toxicol 1995; 33:49-56. [PMID: 7821877 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(95)80248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Existing information on the exposure of Australian infants to environmental contaminants through maternal milk is inadequate for assessing the safety of breast feeding. This study was undertaken to determine the extent of organochlorine (OC) contamination in the milk of mothers resident in Victoria, to monitor OC elimination by the nursing mother and to estimate the infant's daily intake of OCs from breast milk. Organochlorines were extracted from the lipophilic fraction of the breast milk samples and analysed by selected ion monitoring on a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). There was widespread contamination of milk with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), oxychlordane and hexachlorocyclohexane, with p,p'-DDT and HCB being found in nearly all samples. Dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide were detected in 43 and 30% of samples respectively. PCBs were detected in 79% of samples and chlordane in 76%. A number of infants had daily intakes above the acceptable daily intake for total chlordane, total DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide and total PCBs. These findings have implications for strategies for the reduction of environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Quinsey
- Key Centre for Applied and Nutritional Toxicology, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Picó Y, Moltó JC, Mañes J, Font G. Solid phase techniques in the extraction of pesticides and related compounds from foods and soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/mcs.1220060403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Norén K. Contemporary and retrospective investigations of human milk in the trend studies of organochlorine contaminants in Sweden. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 1993; 139-140:347-55. [PMID: 8272839 DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(93)90032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Milk from the Mothers' Milk Centre in Stockholm has been analysed for organochlorine contaminants in different time periods between 1967 and 1989. The contemporary investigations showed a decrease of the levels of certain pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The changes were related to the prohibitions and restrictions applied on the usage of the compounds. Milk samples, remaining from the contemporary studies, were archived from 1972 and onward. These samples were later reanalyzed and the investigations were extended to also include polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and specific congeners of PCBs, including non-ortho and mono-ortho coplanar PCBs. These retrospective investigations, of the same milk, showed a time related decrease in the concentrations also for these compounds. Calculating the levels by toxic equivalency factors relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) it was found that PCBs contributed the major part of the toxic equivalents in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Norén
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Mañes J, Font G, Picó Y. Evaluation of a solid-phase extraction system for determining pesticide residues in milk. J Chromatogr A 1993; 642:195-204. [PMID: 8366165 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80087-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid procedure based on reversed solid-phase extraction with octadecylsilica was developed for determining chlorinated pesticide residues in milk. The need for an agent that breaks the fat globules was first investigated and the method variables were optimized on whole homogenized milk (3.6% fat content). Recovery experiments performed for 26 organochlorine pesticides at levels of 3-40 micrograms/l gave > 80% recoveries for all the compounds. The method was validated and evaluated by comparison with two widely used liquid-liquid extraction methods. The performance was checked by analysis of a certified standard with natural low endogenous levels (CMR 187) and different kinds of milk (skimmed, 2%, powdered, evaporated and condensed) spiked with the 26 pesticides. The procedure was used to analyse 45 commercial milks in which the presence of organochlorine residues had been detected. The proposed method offers advantages such as low cost and simplicity and the fact that the extracts obtained do not require a purification step.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mañes
- Laboratori de Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Valencia, Spain
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13
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Norén K, Sjövall J. Liquid—gel partitioning and enrichment in the analysis of organochlorine contaminants. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80091-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Weistrand C, Norén K. Liquid-gel partitioning using Lipidex in the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in cod liver oil. J Chromatogr A 1993; 630:179-86. [PMID: 7680351 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80454-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A technique was developed for transfer of fat and polychlorinated biphenyls from cod liver oil into the lipophilic gel Lipidex 5000. Subsequent elution of the gel separated about 60% of the fat from the sample. Following further purification on aluminium oxide and silica gel, toxic non-ortho- and mono-ortho-PCB congeners were isolated in two separate fractions on charcoal. Recoveries were studied by addition of twelve different PCB congeners to 0.2 g of fat. The non-ortho-PCBs were labelled with 13C. The recoveries of 5-50 ng of the unlabelled compounds were 80-100% and those of 50-100 pg of the labelled compounds were 76-106%.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Weistrand
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Hale RC, Greaves J. Methods for the analysis of persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons in tissues. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1992; 580:257-78. [PMID: 1400825 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chlorinated hydrocarbons bioaccumulate in tissues and may have severe health consequences. These compounds occur individually, in small groups or as complex mixtures; examples of each category include aldrin, hexachlorocyclohexane and the polychlorinated biphenyls. Tissue extraction and purification schemes have been established, although new approaches such as supercritical fluid extraction are promising. Analyses often require the resolving power of capillary gas chromatography, in combination with the sensitivity and selectivity of electron-capture detection, electrolytic conductivity detection and mass spectrometry. Difficulties arise in quantitating chlorinated hydrocarbons in tissues, due to the number of components present and the fact that individual constituents may be reduced or enhanced in concentration in tissues, compared with the original formulation. Congener specific analysis and computer-assisted identification techniques have been applied to the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Hale
- Division of Chemistry and Toxicology, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point 23062
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16
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Abstract
This review surveys the problems arising from the release of PCBs into the environment from the point of view of the analytical chemist. These problems are very complex and interdependent and so it is essential to recognize their mutual links rather than to separate one problem from another (sources of contamination, fate in the environment, toxic properties and particular capabilities, limitations and purposes of analytical methods). Prominent attention should be paid in the future to congener-specific analyses of "toxic" congeners using high-resolution gas chromatography and to toxicity-assessing biological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Brno
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Uusijärvi J, Egestad B, Sjövall J. Manual and automated enrichment procedures for biological samples using lipophilic gels. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1989; 488:87-104. [PMID: 2654167 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aspects of the use of lipophilic gels in manual sample preparation procedures are reviewed. Neutral gels with a controlled hydrophobicity are used for sorbent extraction of non-polar and medium polarity compounds from biological fluids. Acidic amphiphilic compounds can be extracted as ion-pairs with decyltrimethylammonium ions. Solvent or detergent extracts of tissues or faeces can be mixed with hydrophobic gels for transfer of analytes from a solvent to a gel phase, permitting subsequent sample preparation in gel bed systems. Hydrophobic gels, alkyl-bonded silica and polystyrene matrices can be used in series for extraction of compounds with a wide range of polarities. Group fractionations are performed on neutral and ion-exchanging lipophilic gels to yield fractions of neutral, basic and acidic metabolites within selected polarity ranges. Selective isolation of phenolic acids on a strong anion exchanger, of ethynylic steroids on a strong cation exchanger in silver form and of oximes of ketonic steroids on a strong cation exchanger in hydrogen form is possible. A computerized system for automatic sample preparation is also described. It consists of an extraction bed, a cation-exchange column and an anion-exchange column. The pumps and switching valves are arranged so that the columns can operate in series or parallel for isolation of neutral, basic and acidic metabolites of amphiphilic compounds and for regeneration of the column beds. Fractions can be collected, or the effluent from the column beds can be diluted with water to permit sorption on a solid phase. The applicability of the automated method to the analysis of bile acids and metabolites of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Uusijärvi
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Johansson E, Norén K, Sjövall J, Halldin MM. Determination of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol in human fat biopsies from marihuana users by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 1989; 3:35-8. [PMID: 2539872 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC/MS) method for analysis of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 1-THC) in human fat samples is described. The fat sample, obtained from heavy marihuana users 1 week before and 4 weeks after smoking, is homogenized in hexane + 2-propanol, centrifuged, and the supernatant mixed with Lipidex 5000. The solvent is evaporated and the dried gel is packed in a glass column. delta 1-THC is eluted from the column with methanol + water + acetic acid, diluted with water and the eluent is passed through a bed of Octadecylsilane-bonded silica. After washing and drying, the retained delta 1-THC is eluted with hexane, derivatized with N-methyl-N-(t-butyl-dimethysilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) and finally purified by HPLC on an Octadecyl Sl 100 column in methanol. The amount of delta 1-THC is determined by GC/MS, using selected ion monitoring, and a deuterated internal standard. The recovery of delta 1-THC is about 80%, and the concentration of delta 1-THC in the fat samples analysed ranged between 0.4 and 193 ng/g wet tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Johansson
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Uppsala University, Sweden
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