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Shakleya DM, Huestis MA. Simultaneous quantification of nicotine, opioids, cocaine, and metabolites in human fetal postmortem brain by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 393:1957-65. [PMID: 19229524 PMCID: PMC3178103 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A validated method for simultaneous LCMSMS quantification of nicotine, cocaine, 6-acetylmorphine (6AM), codeine, and metabolites in 100 mg fetal human brain was developed and validated. After homogenization and solid-phase extraction, analytes were resolved on a Hydro-RP analytical column with gradient elution. Empirically determined linearity was from 5-5,000 pg/mg for cocaine and benzoylecgonine (BE), 25-5,000 pg/mg for cotinine, ecgonine methyl ester (EME) and 6AM, 50-5000 pg/mg for trans-3-hydroxycotinine (OH-cotinine) and codeine, and 250-5,000 pg/mg for nicotine. Potential endogenous and exogenous interferences were resolved. Intra- and inter-assay analytical recoveries were > or = 92%, intra- and inter-day and total assay imprecision were < or = 14% RSD and extraction efficiencies were > or = 67.2% with < or = 83% matrix effect. Method applicability was demonstrated with a postmortem fetal brain containing 40 pg/mg cotinine, 65 pg/mg OH-cotinine, 13 pg/mg cocaine, 34 pg/mg EME, and 525 pg/mg BE. This validated method is useful for determination of nicotine, opioid, and cocaine biomarkers in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaa M. Shakleya
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard Suite 5A721, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard Suite 5A721, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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2
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Zombeck JA, Gupta T, Rhodes JS. Evaluation of a pharmacokinetic hypothesis for reduced locomotor stimulation from methamphetamine and cocaine in adolescent versus adult male C57BL/6J mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 201:589-99. [PMID: 18797848 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Adolescent mice display reduced locomotor stimulation to cocaine and amphetamine compared to adults, but the mechanisms are not known. OBJECTIVES The primary aim of the current study is to test a possible pharmacokinetic explanation for the attenuated locomotor stimulation seen in adolescents. A secondary aim is to extend the current literature for acute methamphetamine in adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male, adolescent (PN 30-35) and adult (PN 69-74) C57BL/6J mice were administered an intraperitoneal injection of cocaine (5, 15, 30 mg/kg) or methamphetamine (1, 2, 4 mg/kg) and euthanized 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, or 240 min later. Home cage locomotor activity was recorded by video tracking, and drug concentration levels in brain and blood from the infraorbital sinus were measured using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectroscopy. RESULTS Both methamphetamine and cocaine increased locomotor activity in a dose-response fashion, but the magnitude of the increase was less in adolescents than adults. Concentration of methamphetamine in the brain was similar between ages across time points. Concentration of cocaine in the brain was significantly higher in adolescents than adults at 5 min, but similar at all other time points. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest pharmacokinetics may make a small contribution to differential stimulation between adolescents and adult mice, but are unlikely the only factor. Developmental differences within the brain that effect pharmacodynamic properties of psychostimulants (e.g., number of receptor or transporters) represent alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Zombeck
- Department of Psychology, The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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3
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Lowe RH, Barnes AJ, Lehrmann E, Freed WJ, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM, Herman MM, Huestis MA. A validated positive chemical ionization GC/MS method for the identification and quantification of amphetamine, opiates, cocaine, and metabolites in human postmortem brain. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:175-84. [PMID: 16382483 DOI: 10.1002/jms.975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific method for the simultaneous detection and quantification of amphetamine, opiates, and cocaine and metabolites in human postmortem brain was developed and validated. Analytes of interest included amphetamine, morphine, codeine, 6-acetylmorphine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, ecgonine ethyl ester, cocaethylene, and anhydroecgonine methyl ester. The method employed ultrasonic homogenization of brain tissue in pH 4.0 sodium acetate buffer and solid phase extraction. Extracts were derivatized with N-methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide. Separation and quantification were accomplished on a bench-top positive chemical ionization capillary gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer with selected ion monitoring. Eight deuterated analogs were used as internal standards. Limits of quantification were 50 ng/g of brain. Calibration curves were linear to 1000 ng/g for anhydroecgonine methyl ester and 6-acetylmorphine, and to 2000 ng/g for all other analytes. Accuracy across the linear range of the assay ranged from 90.2 to 112.2%, and precision, as percent relative standard deviation, was less than 16.6%. Quantification of drug concentrations in brain is a useful research tool in neurobiology and in forensic and postmortem toxicology, identifying the type, relative magnitude, and recency of abused drug exposure. This method will be employed to quantify drug concentrations in human postmortem brain in support of basic and clinical research on the physiologic, biochemical, and behavioral effects of drugs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross H Lowe
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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4
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In Vitro Antagonism of Recombinant Ligand-Gated Ion-Channel Receptors by Stereospecific Enantiomers of Bupivacaine. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/00115550-200601000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Szumlinski KK, Dehoff MH, Kang SH, Frys KA, Lominac KD, Klugmann M, Rohrer J, Griffin W, Toda S, Champtiaux NP, Berry T, Tu JC, Shealy SE, During MJ, Middaugh LD, Worley PF, Kalivas PW. Homer proteins regulate sensitivity to cocaine. Neuron 2004; 43:401-13. [PMID: 15294147 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2004] [Revised: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction involves complex interactions between pharmacology and learning in genetically susceptible individuals. Members of the Homer gene family are regulated by acute and chronic cocaine administration. Here, we report that deletion of Homer1 or Homer2 in mice caused the same increase in sensitivity to cocaine-induced locomotion, conditioned reward, and augmented extracellular glutamate in nucleus accumbens as that elicited by withdrawal from repeated cocaine administration. Moreover, adeno-associated virus-mediated restoration of Homer2 in the accumbens of Homer2 KO mice reversed the cocaine-sensitized phenotype. Further analysis of Homer2 KO mice revealed extensive additional behavioral and neurochemical similarities to cocaine-sensitized animals, including accelerated acquisition of cocaine self-administration and altered regulation of glutamate by metabotropic glutamate receptors and cystine/glutamate exchange. These data show that Homer deletion mimics the behavioral and neurochemical phenotype produced by repeated cocaine administration and implicate Homer in regulating addiction to cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Szumlinski
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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6
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Sugimoto M, Uchida I, Fukami S, Takenoshita M, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I. The alpha and gamma subunit-dependent effects of local anesthetics on recombinant GABA(A) receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 401:329-37. [PMID: 10936490 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although convulsions due to local anesthetic systemic toxicity are thought to be due to inhibition of GABA(A) receptor-linked currents in the central nervous system, the mechanism of action remains unclear. We therefore examined the effects of local anesthetics on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced currents using recombinant GABA(A) receptors with specific combinations of subunits. Murine GABA(A) receptors were expressed by injection of cRNAs encoding each subunit into Xenopus oocytes. The effects of local anesthetics (lidocaine, bupivacaine, procaine and tetracaine) on GABA-induced currents of receptors expressing different subunit combinations (alpha1beta2, alpha1beta2gamma2s, alpha4beta2gamma2s and beta2) were examined via the two electrode voltage clamp method. At alpha1beta2, alpha1beta2gamma2s and alpha4beta2gamma2s GABA(A) receptors, all local anesthetics inhibited GABA-induced currents in a dose-dependent manner. The presence of the gamma2s subunit resulted in a greater inhibition by all local anesthetics, but the presence of the alpha4 subunit resulted in less inhibition. At beta2 homomeric receptors, local anesthetics directly induced an outward current similar to that of picrotoxin. These data indicated that (1) the alpha and gamma subunits of GABA(A) receptors modulated the inhibitory effects of local anesthetics on GABA(A) function, and (2) local anesthetics can activate the beta2 subunit and may block the GABA(A) receptor channel pore.
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MESH Headings
- Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology
- Animals
- Bupivacaine/pharmacology
- DNA, Recombinant/drug effects
- DNA, Recombinant/genetics
- DNA, Recombinant/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Lidocaine/pharmacology
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Mice
- Oocytes/drug effects
- Oocytes/physiology
- Picrotoxin/pharmacology
- Procaine/pharmacology
- RNA, Complementary/administration & dosage
- RNA, Complementary/genetics
- Receptors, GABA-A/drug effects
- Receptors, GABA-A/genetics
- Receptors, GABA-A/physiology
- Tetracaine/pharmacology
- Xenopus laevis
- gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sugimoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2, Yamadao-ka, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
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Middaugh LD, Boggan WO, Bingel SA, Patrick KS, Xu W. A murine model of prenatal cocaine exposure: effects on the mother and the fetus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1996; 55:565-74. [PMID: 8981587 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(96)00250-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To develop and characterize a murine model for investigating the long-term effects of prenatal cocaine exposure, the present study established the route of drug administration and the doses to be used for pregnant C57BL/6 mice. Comparison of the effects of a high dose of cocaine (60 mg/kg) when gavaged or injected subcutaneously (SC) established patterns of pathology characteristic of administration route but no dominating logic for selecting one over the other route for prenatal studies; however, because of the fourfold greater brain levels, with no evidence of greater pathology, the SC route was selected. When injected daily during gestation days 12-18, the period of prenatal development of dopamine systems, cocaine at doses producing plasma concentrations consistent with its stimulatory effects reduced food ingestion and weight gains during pregnancy and fetal body and brain weights at term. The extent of these reductions was comparable to reports on babies exposed to cocaine prenatally. Furthermore, the present study suggests that maternal undernutrition is not a likely mediator of these perinatal effects and that differences in the amount of cocaine exposure may cause the contrasting effects of maternal cocaine noted in the human literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Middaugh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425-0742, USA
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8
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Determination of a trace amount of cocaine on a bank note by gas chromatography-positive-ion chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Salo AL, Randall CL, Becker HC, Patrick KS. Acute gestational cocaine exposure alone or in combination with low-dose ethanol does not influence prenatal mortality or fetal weight in mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1995; 17:577-81. [PMID: 8552004 DOI: 10.1016/0892-0362(95)00018-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The teratogenic effects of cocaine and ethanol were investigated using an acute treatment model of C57BL/6J mice treated on gestation day 15 (GD15) with evaluation on GD17. Females were intubated once with a subteratogenic dose of ethanol (0 or 4 g/kg) and injected subcutaneously twice, 1 h apart, with equal doses of cocaine HCl (0 or 60 mg/kg), for a final daily dose of 120 mg/kg. The first cocaine injection followed ethanol by 10 min. Blood ethanol levels (BEL) and plasma cocaine levels were determined, and pair-feeding was employed. The results revealed no group differences on pregnancy outcome. That is, maternal weight gain, total number of implants, prenatal mortality, and fetal body weight were not statistically different. No significant differences in BEL or plasma cocaine levels were found among the various treatment groups. These results suggest that, under these conditions, relatively high levels of cocaine (120 mg/kg, SC), given alone or in combination with subteratogenic doses of ethanol late in pregnancy, are not teratogenic in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Salo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425-0742, USA
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10
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Randall CL, Salo AL, Becker HC, Patrick KS. Cocaine does not influence the teratogenic effects of acute ethanol in mice. Reprod Toxicol 1994; 8:341-50. [PMID: 7949760 DOI: 10.1016/0890-6238(94)90050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The teratogenic effects of the coadministration of alcohol (ethanol) and cocaine to pregnant C57BL/6J mice were investigated using an acute treatment model on gestation day 10 (GD10). The day of mating was designated as GD1. Pregnant mice were assigned to treatment groups generated from a 3(0, 4, 6 g/kg alcohol) x 3 (0, 40, 60 mg/kg cocaine) factorial design to explore possible interactive effects of these commonly abused drugs. Females were treated on GD10 (alcohol gavage followed by SC cocaine injection) and their litters were evaluated on GD19 by cesarean delivery. Two additional free-fed groups, as well as a pair-fed group, were employed. Food and water intake was recorded in treated groups. Results indicated that only the high dose alcohol produced a significant decrease in fetal body weight and a significant elevation of the incidence of kidney and limb malformations. These effects could not be attributed to restricted food intake. Cocaine was not found to produce any significant perturbations of development, either alone or in combination with alcohol. These results suggest that acute prenatal cocaine exposure on GD10 does not produce teratogenic effects when administered alone or in combination with acute alcohol in C57BL/6J mice, at least under the present experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Randall
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425
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11
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Miller SR, Salo AL, Boggan WO, Patrick KS. Determination of plasma cocaine and ethylcocaine (cocaethylene) in mice using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and deuterated internal standards. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 656:335-41. [PMID: 7987485 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method is described for the determination of cocaine and ethylcocaine (cocaethylene) from mouse plasma microsamples (50 microliters). [2H3]Cocaine and [2H5]ethylcocaine served as internal standards, analytical separations were performed on a (5% phenyl)methylpolysiloxane capillary column, and detection was by selected-ion monitoring of electron-impact generated fragment ions [M - CO2Ph]. Pilot study plasma concentrations of ethylcocaine following coadministration of cocaine and ethanol were less than 5% of the parent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425-2303
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