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Lauridsen TK, Park L, Tong SYC, Selton-Suty C, Peterson G, Cecchi E, Afonso L, Habib G, Paré C, Tamin S, Dickerman S, Bayer AS, Johansson MC, Chu VH, Samad Z, Bruun NE, Fowler VG, Crowley AL. Echocardiographic Findings Predict In-Hospital and 1-Year Mortality in Left-Sided Native Valve Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis: Analysis From the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Echo Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 8:e003397. [PMID: 26162783 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.114.003397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus left-sided native valve infective endocarditis (LNVIE) has higher complication and mortality rates compared with endocarditis from other pathogens. Whether echocardiographic variables can predict prognosis in S aureus LNVIE is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Consecutive patients with LNVIE, enrolled between January 2000 and September 2006, in the International Collaboration on Endocarditis were identified. Subjects without S aureus IE were matched to those with S aureus IE by the propensity of having S aureus. Survival differences were determined using log-rank significance tests. Independent echocardiographic predictors of mortality were identified using Cox-proportional hazards models that included inverse probability of treatment weighting and surgery as a time-dependent covariate. Of 727 subjects with LNVIE and 1-year follow-up, 202 had S aureus IE. One-year survival rates were significantly lower for patients with S aureus IE overall (57% S aureus IE versus 80% non-S aureus IE; P<0.001) and in the propensity-matched cohort (59% S aureus IE versus 68% non-S aureus IE; P<0.05). Intracardiac abscess (hazard ratio, 2.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.52-5.40; P<0.001) and left ventricular ejection fraction <40% (odds ratio, 3.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.35-6.04; P=0.004) were the only independent echocardiographic predictors of in-hospital mortality in S aureus LNVIE. Valve perforation (hazard ratio, 2.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-3.68; P=0.006) and intracardiac abscess (hazard ratio, 2.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-3.78; P=0.004) were the only independent predictors of 1-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS S aureus is an independent predictor of 1-year mortality in subjects with LNVIE. In S aureus LNVIE, intracardiac abscess and left ventricular ejection fraction <40% independently predicted in-hospital mortality and intracardiac abscess and valve perforation independently predicted 1-year mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine K Lauridsen
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (T.K.L., L.P., V.H.C., Z.S., V.G.F., A.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K.L., N.E.B.); Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (S.Y.C.T.); Department of Cardiology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France (C.S.-S.); Department of Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.P.); Department of Cardiology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy (E.C.); Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (L.A.); Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France (G.H.); Department of Cardiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (C.P.); Department of Cardiology, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (S.T.); Department of Medicine, New York University (S.D.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, University of California, Los Angeles (A.S.B.); Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.C.J.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (V.H.C., V.G.F., A.L.C.); and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (N.E.B.)
| | - Lawrence Park
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (T.K.L., L.P., V.H.C., Z.S., V.G.F., A.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K.L., N.E.B.); Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (S.Y.C.T.); Department of Cardiology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France (C.S.-S.); Department of Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.P.); Department of Cardiology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy (E.C.); Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (L.A.); Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France (G.H.); Department of Cardiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (C.P.); Department of Cardiology, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (S.T.); Department of Medicine, New York University (S.D.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, University of California, Los Angeles (A.S.B.); Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.C.J.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (V.H.C., V.G.F., A.L.C.); and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (N.E.B.)
| | - Steven Y C Tong
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (T.K.L., L.P., V.H.C., Z.S., V.G.F., A.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K.L., N.E.B.); Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (S.Y.C.T.); Department of Cardiology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France (C.S.-S.); Department of Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.P.); Department of Cardiology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy (E.C.); Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (L.A.); Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France (G.H.); Department of Cardiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (C.P.); Department of Cardiology, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (S.T.); Department of Medicine, New York University (S.D.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, University of California, Los Angeles (A.S.B.); Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.C.J.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (V.H.C., V.G.F., A.L.C.); and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (N.E.B.)
| | - Christine Selton-Suty
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (T.K.L., L.P., V.H.C., Z.S., V.G.F., A.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K.L., N.E.B.); Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (S.Y.C.T.); Department of Cardiology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France (C.S.-S.); Department of Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.P.); Department of Cardiology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy (E.C.); Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (L.A.); Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France (G.H.); Department of Cardiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (C.P.); Department of Cardiology, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (S.T.); Department of Medicine, New York University (S.D.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, University of California, Los Angeles (A.S.B.); Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.C.J.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (V.H.C., V.G.F., A.L.C.); and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (N.E.B.)
| | - Gail Peterson
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (T.K.L., L.P., V.H.C., Z.S., V.G.F., A.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K.L., N.E.B.); Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (S.Y.C.T.); Department of Cardiology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France (C.S.-S.); Department of Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.P.); Department of Cardiology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy (E.C.); Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (L.A.); Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France (G.H.); Department of Cardiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (C.P.); Department of Cardiology, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (S.T.); Department of Medicine, New York University (S.D.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, University of California, Los Angeles (A.S.B.); Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.C.J.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (V.H.C., V.G.F., A.L.C.); and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (N.E.B.)
| | - Enrico Cecchi
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (T.K.L., L.P., V.H.C., Z.S., V.G.F., A.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K.L., N.E.B.); Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (S.Y.C.T.); Department of Cardiology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France (C.S.-S.); Department of Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.P.); Department of Cardiology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy (E.C.); Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (L.A.); Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France (G.H.); Department of Cardiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (C.P.); Department of Cardiology, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (S.T.); Department of Medicine, New York University (S.D.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, University of California, Los Angeles (A.S.B.); Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.C.J.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (V.H.C., V.G.F., A.L.C.); and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (N.E.B.)
| | - Luis Afonso
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (T.K.L., L.P., V.H.C., Z.S., V.G.F., A.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K.L., N.E.B.); Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (S.Y.C.T.); Department of Cardiology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France (C.S.-S.); Department of Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.P.); Department of Cardiology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy (E.C.); Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (L.A.); Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France (G.H.); Department of Cardiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (C.P.); Department of Cardiology, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (S.T.); Department of Medicine, New York University (S.D.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, University of California, Los Angeles (A.S.B.); Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.C.J.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (V.H.C., V.G.F., A.L.C.); and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (N.E.B.)
| | - Gilbert Habib
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (T.K.L., L.P., V.H.C., Z.S., V.G.F., A.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K.L., N.E.B.); Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (S.Y.C.T.); Department of Cardiology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France (C.S.-S.); Department of Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.P.); Department of Cardiology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy (E.C.); Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (L.A.); Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France (G.H.); Department of Cardiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (C.P.); Department of Cardiology, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (S.T.); Department of Medicine, New York University (S.D.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, University of California, Los Angeles (A.S.B.); Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.C.J.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (V.H.C., V.G.F., A.L.C.); and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (N.E.B.)
| | - Carlos Paré
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (T.K.L., L.P., V.H.C., Z.S., V.G.F., A.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K.L., N.E.B.); Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (S.Y.C.T.); Department of Cardiology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France (C.S.-S.); Department of Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.P.); Department of Cardiology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy (E.C.); Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (L.A.); Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France (G.H.); Department of Cardiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (C.P.); Department of Cardiology, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (S.T.); Department of Medicine, New York University (S.D.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, University of California, Los Angeles (A.S.B.); Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.C.J.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (V.H.C., V.G.F., A.L.C.); and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (N.E.B.)
| | - Syahidah Tamin
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (T.K.L., L.P., V.H.C., Z.S., V.G.F., A.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K.L., N.E.B.); Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (S.Y.C.T.); Department of Cardiology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France (C.S.-S.); Department of Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.P.); Department of Cardiology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy (E.C.); Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (L.A.); Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France (G.H.); Department of Cardiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (C.P.); Department of Cardiology, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (S.T.); Department of Medicine, New York University (S.D.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, University of California, Los Angeles (A.S.B.); Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.C.J.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (V.H.C., V.G.F., A.L.C.); and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (N.E.B.)
| | - Stuart Dickerman
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (T.K.L., L.P., V.H.C., Z.S., V.G.F., A.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K.L., N.E.B.); Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (S.Y.C.T.); Department of Cardiology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France (C.S.-S.); Department of Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.P.); Department of Cardiology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy (E.C.); Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (L.A.); Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France (G.H.); Department of Cardiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (C.P.); Department of Cardiology, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (S.T.); Department of Medicine, New York University (S.D.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, University of California, Los Angeles (A.S.B.); Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.C.J.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (V.H.C., V.G.F., A.L.C.); and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (N.E.B.)
| | - Arnold S Bayer
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (T.K.L., L.P., V.H.C., Z.S., V.G.F., A.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K.L., N.E.B.); Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (S.Y.C.T.); Department of Cardiology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France (C.S.-S.); Department of Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.P.); Department of Cardiology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy (E.C.); Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (L.A.); Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France (G.H.); Department of Cardiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (C.P.); Department of Cardiology, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (S.T.); Department of Medicine, New York University (S.D.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, University of California, Los Angeles (A.S.B.); Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.C.J.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (V.H.C., V.G.F., A.L.C.); and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (N.E.B.)
| | - Magnus C Johansson
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (T.K.L., L.P., V.H.C., Z.S., V.G.F., A.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K.L., N.E.B.); Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (S.Y.C.T.); Department of Cardiology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France (C.S.-S.); Department of Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.P.); Department of Cardiology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy (E.C.); Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (L.A.); Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France (G.H.); Department of Cardiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (C.P.); Department of Cardiology, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (S.T.); Department of Medicine, New York University (S.D.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, University of California, Los Angeles (A.S.B.); Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.C.J.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (V.H.C., V.G.F., A.L.C.); and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (N.E.B.)
| | - Vivian H Chu
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (T.K.L., L.P., V.H.C., Z.S., V.G.F., A.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K.L., N.E.B.); Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (S.Y.C.T.); Department of Cardiology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France (C.S.-S.); Department of Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.P.); Department of Cardiology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy (E.C.); Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (L.A.); Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France (G.H.); Department of Cardiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (C.P.); Department of Cardiology, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (S.T.); Department of Medicine, New York University (S.D.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, University of California, Los Angeles (A.S.B.); Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.C.J.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (V.H.C., V.G.F., A.L.C.); and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (N.E.B.)
| | - Zainab Samad
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (T.K.L., L.P., V.H.C., Z.S., V.G.F., A.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K.L., N.E.B.); Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (S.Y.C.T.); Department of Cardiology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France (C.S.-S.); Department of Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.P.); Department of Cardiology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy (E.C.); Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (L.A.); Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France (G.H.); Department of Cardiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (C.P.); Department of Cardiology, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (S.T.); Department of Medicine, New York University (S.D.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, University of California, Los Angeles (A.S.B.); Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.C.J.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (V.H.C., V.G.F., A.L.C.); and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (N.E.B.)
| | - Niels E Bruun
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (T.K.L., L.P., V.H.C., Z.S., V.G.F., A.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K.L., N.E.B.); Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (S.Y.C.T.); Department of Cardiology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France (C.S.-S.); Department of Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.P.); Department of Cardiology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy (E.C.); Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (L.A.); Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France (G.H.); Department of Cardiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (C.P.); Department of Cardiology, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (S.T.); Department of Medicine, New York University (S.D.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, University of California, Los Angeles (A.S.B.); Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.C.J.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (V.H.C., V.G.F., A.L.C.); and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (N.E.B.)
| | - Vance G Fowler
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (T.K.L., L.P., V.H.C., Z.S., V.G.F., A.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K.L., N.E.B.); Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (S.Y.C.T.); Department of Cardiology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France (C.S.-S.); Department of Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.P.); Department of Cardiology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy (E.C.); Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (L.A.); Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France (G.H.); Department of Cardiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (C.P.); Department of Cardiology, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (S.T.); Department of Medicine, New York University (S.D.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, University of California, Los Angeles (A.S.B.); Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.C.J.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (V.H.C., V.G.F., A.L.C.); and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (N.E.B.)
| | - Anna Lisa Crowley
- From the Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (T.K.L., L.P., V.H.C., Z.S., V.G.F., A.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.K.L., N.E.B.); Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (S.Y.C.T.); Department of Cardiology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France (C.S.-S.); Department of Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.P.); Department of Cardiology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy (E.C.); Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (L.A.); Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France (G.H.); Department of Cardiology, University of Barcelona, Spain (C.P.); Department of Cardiology, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (S.T.); Department of Medicine, New York University (S.D.); Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, University of California, Los Angeles (A.S.B.); Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (M.C.J.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (V.H.C., V.G.F., A.L.C.); and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (N.E.B.).
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