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Hauser SR, Waeiss RA, Deehan GA, Engleman EA, Bell RL, Rodd ZA. Adolescent alcohol and nicotine exposure alters the adult response to alcohol use. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2023; 3:11880. [PMID: 38389816 PMCID: PMC10880795 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2023.11880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Adolescence through young adulthood is a unique period of neuronal development and maturation. Numerous agents can alter this process, resulting in long-term neurological and biological consequences. In the clinical literature, it is frequently reported that adolescent alcohol consumption increases the propensity to develop addictions, including alcohol use disorder (AUD), during adulthood. A general limitation of both clinical and human pre-clinical adolescent alcohol research is the high rate of co-using/abusing more than one drug during adolescence, such as co-using/abusing alcohol with nicotine. A primary goal of basic research is elucidating neuroadaptations produced by adolescent alcohol exposure/consumption that promote alcohol and other drug self-administration in adulthood. The long-term goal is to develop pharmacotherapeutics for the prevention or amelioration of these neuroadaptations. This review will focus on studies that have examined the effects of adolescent alcohol and nicotine exposure on adult alcohol consumption, the hypersensitivity of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, and enhanced responses not only to alcohol but also to nicotine during adulthood. Again, the long-term goal is to identify potential cholinergic agents to prevent or ameliorate the consequences of, peri-adolescent alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheketha R Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Robert A Waeiss
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Gerald A Deehan
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Eric A Engleman
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Richard L Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Zachary A Rodd
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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2
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Eddins D, Petro A, Levin ED. Impact of acute nicotine exposure on monoaminergic systems in adolescent and adult male and female rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2022; 93:107122. [PMID: 36116700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of risk for beginning tobacco addiction. Differential neural response to nicotine in adolescents vs. adults may help explain the increased vulnerability to nicotine self-administration seen with adolescent onset. We indexed the effects of acute nicotine ditartrate (0.4 mg/kg, salt weight) administration on dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5HT) as well as the DA metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in several brain regions (nucleus accumbens, striatum and frontal cortex) of 6-week old (adolescent) and 10-week old (young adult) Sprague-Dawley rats. When nicotine was administered DA concentrations in the accumbens were significantly higher in adults than in adolescents, whereas there was no age-related difference without nicotine. However neither age group showed a significant effect of nicotine vs. age-matched controls. DA turnover in the accumbens was significantly greater in adolescent females in response to nicotine, but adult females did not show this effect and neither did males of either age group. DA turnover in the striatum was significantly higher in adolescents than adults regardless of nicotine administration. In the frontal cortex, there was a more complex effect. Without nicotine, adult male rats had higher DA concentrations than adolescent males, whereas female rats did not differ from adolescent to adult ages. When given nicotine, the age effect was no longer seen in males. However, there was not a significant effect of nicotine vs. age-matched controls in either age group. No age or nicotine effects were seen in females. 5HT in the accumbens was significantly increased by nicotine administration in adults but not in adolescents. Altered neural responsivity of adolescents to nicotine-induced neural effects particularly in accumbens DA and 5HT may be related to the increased nicotine dose concentrations they self-administer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donnie Eddins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, USA
| | - Ann Petro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, USA.
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3
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Kalafateli AL, Vestlund J, Raun K, Egecioglu E, Jerlhag E. Effects of a selective long-acting amylin receptor agonist on alcohol consumption, food intake and body weight in male and female rats. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12910. [PMID: 32383257 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder affecting both males and females worldwide; however, the efficacy of current pharmacotherapies varies. Recent advances show that gut-brain peptides, like amylin, regulate alcohol behavioural responses by acting on brain areas involved in alcohol reward processes. Thus, the activation of amylin receptors (AMYRs) by salmon calcitonin (sCT) decreases alcohol behaviours in male rodents. Given that sCT also activates the sole calcitonin receptor (CTR), studies of more selective AMYR agonists in both male and female rodents are needed to explore amylinergic modulation of alcohol behaviours. Therefore, we investigated the effects of repeated administration of a selective long-acting AMYR agonist, NNC0174-1213 (AM1213), on alcohol, water and food intake, as well as body weight in male and female rats chronically exposed to alcohol. We confirm our previous studies with sCT in male rats, as repeated AM1213 administration for 2 weeks initially decreased alcohol intake in both male and female rats. However, this reduction ceases in both sexes on later sessions, accompanied by an increase in males. AM1213 reduced food intake and body weight in both male and female rats, with sustained body weight loss in males after discontinuation of the treatment. Moreover, AM1213 administration for 3 or 7 days, differentially altered dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites in the reward-related areas in males and females, providing tentative, but different, downstream mechanism through which selective activation of AMYR may alter alcohol intake. Our data provide clarified insight into the importance of AMYRs for alcohol intake regulation in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimilia Lydia Kalafateli
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jesper Vestlund
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | | | - Elisabet Jerlhag
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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4
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Buhr TJ, Reed CH, Shoeman A, Bauer EE, Valentine RJ, Clark PJ. The Influence of Moderate Physical Activity on Brain Monoaminergic Responses to Binge-Patterned Alcohol Ingestion in Female Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:639790. [PMID: 33716684 PMCID: PMC7947191 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.639790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine neurotransmitter activity in brain reward, limbic, and motor areas play key roles in the motivation to misuse alcohol and can become modified by exercise in a manner that may affect alcohol craving. This study investigated the influence of daily moderate physical activity on monoamine-related neurochemical concentrations across the mouse brain in response to high volume ethanol ingestion. Adult female C57BL/6J mice were housed with or without 2.5 h of daily access to running wheels for 30 days. On the last 5 days, mice participated in the voluntary binge-like ethanol drinking procedure, “Drinking in the dark” (DID). Mice were sampled immediately following the final episode of DID. Monoamine-related neurochemical concentrations were measured across brain regions comprising reward, limbic, and motor circuits using ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC). The results suggest that physical activity status did not influence ethanol ingestion during DID. Moreover, daily running wheel access only mildly influenced alcohol-related norepinephrine concentrations in the hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex, as well as serotonin turnover in the hippocampus. However, access to alcohol during DID eliminated wheel running-related decreases of norepinephrine, serotonin, and 5-HIAA content in the hypothalamus, but also to a lesser extent for norepinephrine in the hippocampus and caudal cortical areas. Finally, alcohol access increased serotonin and dopamine-related neurochemical turnover in the striatum and brainstem areas, regardless of physical activity status. Together, these data provide a relatively thorough assessment of monoamine-related neurochemical levels across the brain in response to voluntary binge-patterned ethanol drinking, but also adds to a growing body of research questioning the utility of moderate physical activity as an intervention to curb alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Buhr
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Carter H Reed
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Allyse Shoeman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ella E Bauer
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rudy J Valentine
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Peter J Clark
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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5
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Alcohol. Alcohol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816793-9.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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6
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Meta-analysis of alcohol induced gut dysbiosis and the resulting behavioral impact. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112196. [PMID: 31476330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
About 99% of the unique genes and almost half of the cells found in the human body come from microbes including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. Collectively these microorganisms contribute to the microbiome and often reside in the gut. The gut microbiome plays an important role in the body and contributes to digestive health, the immune system, and brain function. The gut microbiome interacts with the central nervous system through the vagal pathways as well as the endocrine or immune pathways. Changes in the proportion or diversity of the microbiota can have an impact on normal physiology and has been implicated in inflammation, depression, obesity, and addiction. Several animal studies suggest the involvement of gut microbiome in the regulation of pain, emotion, and cognition. Alcoholism has been linked with gut microbiome dysbiosis and thus can have deleterious effects on the gut-brain axis balance. Gut microbiome produces important metabolites such as gastrointestinal hormones, short chain fatty acids, precursors to the neuroactive compounds and neurotransmitters that impact the physiology and normal functioning of the body. The microbiome imbalance has been correlated with behavioral changes and alcohol dependence in the host. The objective of this study is to elucidate the link between alcohol induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and any behavioral impact that could incur. A thorough literature search of various databases was conducted to gather data for the alcohol prompted gut microbiome dysbiosis. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA1) software was then utilized to identify links between alcoholism, gut microbiome derived metabolites, and their role in behavior alterations. Overall, this meta-analysis reviews information available on the connection between alcohol induced gut microbiome dysbiosis and the resulting behavioral impact.
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7
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Halcomb M, Argyriou E, Cyders MA. Integrating Preclinical and Clinical Models of Negative Urgency. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:324. [PMID: 31191369 PMCID: PMC6541698 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence suggests that negative urgency is robustly associated with rash, ill-advised behavior, and this trait may hamper attempts to treat patients with substance use disorder. Research applying negative urgency to clinical treatment settings has been limited, in part, due to the absence of an objective, behavioral, and translational model of negative urgency. We suggest that development of such a model will allow for determination of prime neurological and physiological treatment targets, the testing of treatment effectiveness in the preclinical and the clinical laboratory, and, ultimately, improvement in negative-urgency-related treatment response and effectiveness. In the current paper, we review the literature on measurement of negative urgency and discuss limitations of current attempts to assess this trait in human models. Then, we review the limited research on animal models of negative urgency and make suggestions for some promising models that could lead to a translational measurement model. Finally, we discuss the importance of applying objective, behavioral, and translational models of negative urgency, especially those that are easily administered in both animals and humans, to treatment development and testing and make suggestions on necessary future work in this field. Given that negative urgency is a transdiagnostic risk factor that impedes treatment success, the impact of this work could be large in reducing client suffering and societal costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Halcomb
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Evangelia Argyriou
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Melissa A Cyders
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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8
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The effect of nicotine and nicotine+monoamine oxidase inhibitor on the value of alcohol. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 30:363-369. [PMID: 30272586 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is the most commonly abused drug in the USA and many people suffer from alcohol use disorder. Many factors are associated with alcohol use disorder, but the causal role of comorbid nicotine use has not been extensively considered. Nicotine has reward-enhancing properties and may increase the value of alcohol. Monoamine oxidase inhibition increases nicotine self-administration and may increase the reward-enhancing effects of nicotine. We assessed the effect of nicotine and nicotine in combination with a commonly used monoamine oxidase inhibitor (tranylcypromine) on the value of alcohol using a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement in rats. Nicotine administration increased the breakpoint for alcohol, but nicotine in combination with tranylcypromine decreased the breakpoint for alcohol. The current study adds to previous research showing that nicotine increases the value of alcohol. This finding has important implications for the etiology of addiction because of the comorbidity of smoking with many drugs of abuse. The finding that nicotine in combination with tranylcypromine reduces the value of alcohol warrants further investigation.
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9
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Wang J, Zeng HL, Du H, Liu Z, Cheng J, Liu T, Hu T, Kamal GM, Li X, Liu H, Xu F. Evaluation of metabolites extraction strategies for identifying different brain regions and their relationship with alcohol preference and gender difference using NMR metabolomics. Talanta 2018; 179:369-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Effects of sequential ethanol exposure and repeated high-dose methamphetamine on striatal and hippocampal dopamine, serotonin and glutamate tissue content in Wistar rats. Neurosci Lett 2017; 665:61-66. [PMID: 29174641 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol (ethanol) and methamphetamine (METH) co-abuse is a major public health issue. Ethanol or METH exposure has been associated with changes in neurotransmitter levels in several central brain regions. However, little is known about the effect of sequential exposure to ethanol and METH on glutamate, dopamine and serotonin tissue content in striatum and hippocampus. In this study, we investigated the effects of sequential exposure to ethanol and METH on tissue content of these neurotransmitters. Male Wistar rats were orally gavaged with either ethanol (6g/kg) or water for seven days. Rats were administered with high dose of METH (10mg/kg, i.p. every 2h×4) or saline on Day 8 and euthanized 48h of last METH or saline i.p. injection. In the striatum, sequential exposure to ethanol and METH increased glutamate tissue content while reducing dopamine and serotonin tissue content as compared to the group exposed to ethanol alone. In the hippocampus, sequential exposure to ethanol and METH decreased serotonin tissue content as compared to the group that was exposed to ethanol alone. However, this study showed that ethanol has no additive effect to METH on tissue content of dopamine and serotonin as compared to METH in the striatum and hippocampus. This study demonstrated that sequential exposure of ethanol and METH has an additive effect on tissue content of certain neurotransmitters in the brain.
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11
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Bell RL, Hauser SR, Liang T, Sari Y, Maldonado-Devincci A, Rodd ZA. Rat animal models for screening medications to treat alcohol use disorders. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:201-243. [PMID: 28215999 PMCID: PMC5659204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present animal research models that can be used to screen and/or repurpose medications for the treatment of alcohol abuse and dependence. The focus will be on rats and in particular selectively bred rats. Brief introductions discuss various aspects of the clinical picture, which provide characteristics of individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) to model in animals. Following this, multiple selectively bred rat lines will be described and evaluated in the context of animal models used to screen medications to treat AUDs. Next, common behavioral tests for drug efficacy will be discussed particularly as they relate to stages in the addiction cycle. Tables highlighting studies that have tested the effects of compounds using the respective techniques are included. Wherever possible the Tables are organized chronologically in ascending order to describe changes in the focus of research on AUDs over time. In general, high ethanol-consuming selectively bred rats have been used to test a wide range of compounds. Older studies usually followed neurobiological findings in the selected lines that supported an association with a propensity for high ethanol intake. Most of these tests evaluated the compound's effects on the maintenance of ethanol drinking. Very few compounds have been tested during ethanol-seeking and/or relapse and fewer still have assessed their effects during the acquisition of AUDs. Overall, while a substantial number of neurotransmitter and neuromodulatory system targets have been assessed; the roles of sex- and age-of-animal, as well as the acquisition of AUDs, ethanol-seeking and relapse continue to be factors and behaviors needing further study. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Bell
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Sheketha R Hauser
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Tiebing Liang
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Youssef Sari
- University of Toledo, Department of Pharmacology, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | | | - Zachary A Rodd
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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12
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Linsenbardt DN, Smoker MP, Janetsian-Fritz SS, Lapish CC. Impulsivity in rodents with a genetic predisposition for excessive alcohol consumption is associated with a lack of a prospective strategy. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 17:235-251. [PMID: 28000083 PMCID: PMC5366085 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that impulsive decision-making is a heritable risk factor for an alcohol use disorder (AUD). Clearly identifying a link between impulsivity and AUD risk, however, is complicated by the fact that both AUDs and impulsivity are heterogeneous constructs. Understanding the link between the two requires identifying the underlying cognitive factors that lead to impulsive choices. Rodent models have established that a family history of excessive drinking can lead to the expression of a transgenerational impulsive phenotype, suggesting heritable alterations in the decision-making process. In the present study, we explored the cognitive processes underlying impulsive choice in a validated, selectively bred rodent model of excessive drinking-the alcohol-preferring ("P") rat. Impulsivity was measured via delay discounting (DD), and P rats exhibited an impulsive phenotype as compared to their outbred foundation strain-Wistar rats. Steeper discounting in P rats was associated with a lack of a prospective behavioral strategy, which was observed in Wistar rats and was directly related to DD. To further explore the underlying cognitive factors mediating these observations, a drift diffusion model of DD was constructed. These simulations supported the hypothesis that prospective memory of the delayed reward guided choice decisions, slowed discounting, and optimized the fit of the model to the experimental data. Collectively, these data suggest that a deficit in forming or maintaining a prospective behavioral plan is a critical intermediary to delaying reward, and by extension, may underlie the inability to delay reward in those with increased AUD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Linsenbardt
- Addiction Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford Street, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Michael P Smoker
- Addiction Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford Street, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Sarine S Janetsian-Fritz
- Addiction Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford Street, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Christopher C Lapish
- Addiction Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford Street, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Stark Neuroscience Institute and Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Institute for Mathematical Modeling and Computational Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School Of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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13
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Belmer A, Patkar OL, Pitman KM, Bartlett SE. Serotonergic Neuroplasticity in Alcohol Addiction. Brain Plast 2016; 1:177-206. [PMID: 29765841 PMCID: PMC5928559 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-150022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol addiction is a debilitating disorder producing maladaptive changes in the brain, leading drinkers to become more sensitive to stress and anxiety. These changes are key factors contributing to alcohol craving and maintaining a persistent vulnerability to relapse. Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter widely expressed in the central nervous system where it plays an important role in the regulation of mood. The serotonin system has been extensively implicated in the regulation of stress and anxiety, as well as the reinforcing properties of all of the major classes of drugs of abuse, including alcohol. Dysregulation within the 5-HT system has been postulated to underlie the negative mood states associated with alcohol use disorders. This review will describe the serotonergic (5-HTergic) neuroplastic changes observed in animal models throughout the alcohol addiction cycle, from prenatal to adulthood exposure. The first section will focus on alcohol-induced 5-HTergic neuroadaptations in offspring prenatally exposed to alcohol and the consequences on the regulation of stress/anxiety. The second section will compare alterations in 5-HT signalling induced by acute or chronic alcohol exposure during adulthood and following alcohol withdrawal, highlighting the impact on the regulation of stress/anxiety signalling pathways. The third section will outline 5-HTergic neuroadaptations observed in various genetically-selected ethanol preferring rat lines. Finally, we will discuss the pharmacological manipulation of the 5-HTergic system on ethanol- and anxiety/stress-related behaviours demonstrated by clinical trials, with an emphasis on current and potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnauld Belmer
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Omkar L Patkar
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kim M Pitman
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Selena E Bartlett
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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14
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Bell RL, Hauser S, Rodd ZA, Liang T, Sari Y, McClintick J, Rahman S, Engleman EA. A Genetic Animal Model of Alcoholism for Screening Medications to Treat Addiction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 126:179-261. [PMID: 27055615 PMCID: PMC4851471 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present up-to-date pharmacological, genetic, and behavioral findings from the alcohol-preferring P rat and summarize similar past work. Behaviorally, the focus will be on how the P rat meets criteria put forth for a valid animal model of alcoholism with a highlight on its use as an animal model of polysubstance abuse, including alcohol, nicotine, and psychostimulants. Pharmacologically and genetically, the focus will be on the neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems that have received the most attention: cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, corticotrophin releasing hormone, opioid, and neuropeptide Y. Herein, we sought to place the P rat's behavioral and neurochemical phenotypes, and to some extent its genotype, in the context of the clinical literature. After reviewing the findings thus far, this chapter discusses future directions for expanding the use of this genetic animal model of alcoholism to identify molecular targets for treating drug addiction in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Bell
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - S Hauser
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Z A Rodd
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - T Liang
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Y Sari
- University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - J McClintick
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - S Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - E A Engleman
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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15
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Kashem MA, Ahmed S, Sultana N, Ahmed EU, Pickford R, Rae C, Šerý O, McGregor IS, Balcar VJ. Metabolomics of Neurotransmitters and Related Metabolites in Post-Mortem Tissue from the Dorsal and Ventral Striatum of Alcoholic Human Brain. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:385-97. [PMID: 26801172 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1830-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report on changes in neurotransmitter metabolome and protein expression in the striatum of humans exposed to heavy long-term consumption of alcohol. Extracts from post mortem striatal tissue (dorsal striatum; DS comprising caudate nucleus; CN and putamen; P and ventral striatum; VS constituted by nucleus accumbens; NAc) were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Proteomics was studied in CN by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by mass-spectrometry. Proteomics identified 25 unique molecules expressed differently by the alcohol-affected tissue. Two were dopamine-related proteins and one a GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD65. Two proteins that are related to apoptosis and/or neuronal loss (BiD and amyloid-β A4 precursor protein-binding family B member 3) were increased. There were no differences in the levels of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydrophenylacetic acid (DOPAC), serotonin (5HT), homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (HIAA), histamine, L-glutamate (Glu), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Tryp) between the DS (CN and P) and VS (NAc) in control brains. Choline (Ch) and acetylcholine (Ach) were higher and norepinephrine (NE) lower, in the VS. Alcoholic striata had lower levels of neurotransmitters except for Glu (30 % higher in the alcoholic ventral striatum). Ratios of DOPAC/DA and HIAA/5HT were higher in alcoholic striatum indicating an increase in the DA and 5HT turnover. Glutathione was significantly reduced in all three regions of alcohol-affected striatum. We conclude that neurotransmitter systems in both the DS (CN and P) and the VS (NAc) were significantly influenced by long-term heavy alcohol intake associated with alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abul Kashem
- Lab of Neurochemistry, Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute for Biomedical Research and School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Anderson Stuart Bldg F13, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Selina Ahmed
- Lab of Psychopharmacology, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Nilufa Sultana
- Lab of Neurochemistry, Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute for Biomedical Research and School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Anderson Stuart Bldg F13, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Eakhlas U Ahmed
- Lab of Psychopharmacology, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Russell Pickford
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, NeuRA, NSW University, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Caroline Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Omar Šerý
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iain S McGregor
- Lab of Psychopharmacology, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Vladimir J Balcar
- Lab of Neurochemistry, Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute for Biomedical Research and School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Anderson Stuart Bldg F13, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Sterling ME, Chang GQ, Karatayev O, Chang SY, Leibowitz SF. Effects of embryonic ethanol exposure at low doses on neuronal development, voluntary ethanol consumption and related behaviors in larval and adult zebrafish: Role of hypothalamic orexigenic peptides. Behav Brain Res 2016; 304:125-38. [PMID: 26778786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic exposure to ethanol is known to affect neurochemical systems in rodents and increase alcohol drinking and related behaviors in humans and rodents. With zebrafish emerging as a powerful tool for uncovering neural mechanisms of numerous diseases and exhibiting similarities to rodents, the present report building on our rat studies examined in zebrafish the effects of embryonic ethanol exposure on hypothalamic neurogenesis, expression of orexigenic neuropeptides, and voluntary ethanol consumption and locomotor behaviors in larval and adult zebrafish, and also effects of central neuropeptide injections on these behaviors affected by ethanol. At 24h post-fertilization, zebrafish embryos were exposed for 2h to ethanol, at low concentrations of 0.25% and 0.5%, in the tank water. Embryonic ethanol compared to control dose-dependently increased hypothalamic neurogenesis and the proliferation and expression of the orexigenic peptides, galanin (GAL) and orexin (OX), in the anterior hypothalamus. These changes in hypothalamic peptide neurons were accompanied by an increase in voluntary consumption of 10% ethanol-gelatin and in novelty-induced locomotor and exploratory behavior in adult zebrafish and locomotor activity in larvae. After intracerebroventricular injection, these peptides compared to vehicle had specific effects on these behaviors altered by ethanol, with GAL stimulating consumption of 10% ethanol-gelatin more than plain gelatin food and OX stimulating novelty-induced locomotor behavior while increasing intake of food and ethanol equally. These results, similar to those obtained in rats, suggest that the ethanol-induced increase in genesis and expression of these hypothalamic peptide neurons contribute to the behavioral changes induced by embryonic exposure to ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Sterling
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - G-Q Chang
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - O Karatayev
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - S Y Chang
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - S F Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.
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Dopamine receptor agonists modulate voluntary alcohol intake independently of individual levels of alcohol intake in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2715-25. [PMID: 27236784 PMCID: PMC4917576 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Individual susceptibility to alcohol use disorder has been related to functional changes in dopaminergic neurotransmission. OBJECTIVES The aim of the current work was to assess the effects of selective dopamine D1 and D2 receptor agonists and antagonists on alcohol consumption in rats that differ in individual levels of alcohol intake. METHODS The effects of the dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF 82958, the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390, the dopamine D2 receptor agonist sumanirole and the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist L741,626 on alcohol consumption and preference were assessed at different time points after treatment in subgroups of low and high alcohol drinking rats (LD and HD) using an intermittent alcohol access paradigm. RESULTS SKF 82958 decreased alcohol intake and alcohol preference throughout the 24-h session. Sumanirole decreased alcohol intake during the first 2 h, but increased alcohol intake during the remainder of the session. The effects of SKF 82958 and sumanirole on alcohol intake and alcohol preference were comparable in LD and HD. By contrast, the dopamine receptor antagonists SCH 23390 and L741,626 did not alter alcohol consumption in either group at any time point. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that stimulation of dopamine D1 receptors reduces alcohol intake, but that endogenous dopamine does not play a primary role in alcohol consumption. Moreover, the difference in alcohol consumption between LD and HD does not involve altered dopamine signaling.
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Roberto Teves M, Wendel GH, Pelzer LE. Jodina rhombifolia leaves lyophilized aqueous extract decreases ethanol intake and preference in adolescent male Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 174:11-16. [PMID: 26253580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The leaves of Jodina rhombifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Reissek (Santalaceae) are utilized as anti-alcoholic in Argentine folk medicine. This study was designed to investigate the anti-alcohol properties in adolescent male Wistar rats (postnatal day 29; 83-105 g of weight). We utilized the "self-administration model", which ethanol was offered in the standard home-cage through two-bottle free-choice regimen between an ethanolic solution (20% in tap water, v/v) and tap water with unlimited access for 24h per day for 10 consecutive days. The results obtained show that repeated administration of J. rhombifolia lyophilized extract, markedly reduced ethanol voluntary intake on dose dependent bases. The magnitude in reduction of daily ethanol intake was approximately 29%, 44% and 68%, for the rat groups treated with 62.5, 125 and 250 mg/kg of extract, respectively. Ethanol preference (proportion of ethanol intake versus total fluid intake) was significantly reduced: 21.37% ± 0.79 (0 mg/kg); 15.83% ± 0.93 (62.5 mg/kg); 15.22% ± 1.30 (125 mg/kg) and 9.38% ± 0.57 (250 mg/kg). Daily food intake was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the group treated with 250 mg/kg of JRLE in comparison with vehicle-dose group; the reduction in ethanol intake was associated with a compensatory increase in food intake, probably because in the control group animals a part of the total caloric intake was supplied by ethanol. Treatment was very well tolerated by all animals and without apparent side-effects. These results contribute to the scientific validation of the antialcoholic indication of this botanic species in Argentine folk medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Roberto Teves
- Farmacología, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco y Pedernera, 5700 San Luis, Argentina.
| | - Graciela Haydée Wendel
- Farmacología, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco y Pedernera, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Lilian Eugenia Pelzer
- Farmacología, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco y Pedernera, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
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Stankiewicz AM, Goscik J, Dyr W, Juszczak GR, Ryglewicz D, Swiergiel AH, Wieczorek M, Stefanski R. Novel candidate genes for alcoholism--transcriptomic analysis of prefrontal medial cortex, hippocampus and nucleus accumbens of Warsaw alcohol-preferring and non-preferring rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 139:27-38. [PMID: 26455281 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Animal models provide opportunity to study neurobiological aspects of human alcoholism. Changes in gene expression have been implicated in mediating brain functions, including reward system and addiction. The current study aimed to identify genes that may underlie differential ethanol preference in Warsaw High Preferring (WHP) and Warsaw Low Preferring (WLP) rats. METHODS Microarray analysis comparing gene expression in nucleus accumbens (NAc), hippocampus (HP) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was performed in male WHP and WLP rats bred for differences in ethanol preference. RESULTS Differential and stable between biological repeats expression of 345, 254 and 129 transcripts in NAc, HP and mPFC was detected. Identified genes and processes included known mediators of ethanol response (Mx2, Fam111a, Itpr1, Gabra4, Agtr1a, LTP/LTD, renin-angiotensin signaling pathway), toxicity (Sult1c2a, Ces1, inflammatory response), as well as genes involved in regulation of important addiction-related brain systems such as dopamine, tachykinin or acetylcholine (Gng7, Tac4, Slc5a7). CONCLUSIONS The identified candidate genes may underlie differential ethanol preference in an animal model of alcoholism. COMMENT Names of genes are written in italics, while names of proteins are written in standard font. Names of human genes/proteins are written in all capital letters. Names of rodent genes/proteins are written in capital letter followed by small letters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Joanna Goscik
- Software Department, Faculty of Computer Science, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wanda Dyr
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology of the Nervous System, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz R Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Danuta Ryglewicz
- First Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur H Swiergiel
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA71130, USA.
| | - Marek Wieczorek
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Roman Stefanski
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology of the Nervous System, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Chang GQ, Karatayev O, Leibowitz SF. Prenatal exposure to ethanol stimulates hypothalamic CCR2 chemokine receptor system: Possible relation to increased density of orexigenic peptide neurons and ethanol drinking in adolescent offspring. Neuroscience 2015; 310:163-75. [PMID: 26365610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and animal studies indicate that maternal consumption of ethanol during pregnancy increases alcohol drinking in the offspring. Possible underlying mechanisms may involve orexigenic peptides, which are stimulated by prenatal ethanol exposure and themselves promote drinking. Building on evidence that ethanol stimulates neuroimmune factors such as the chemokine CCL2 that in adult rats is shown to colocalize with the orexigenic peptide, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), the present study sought to investigate the possibility that CCL2 or its receptor CCR2 in LH is stimulated by prenatal ethanol exposure, perhaps specifically within MCH neurons. Our paradigm of intraoral administration of ethanol to pregnant rats, at low-to-moderate doses (1 or 3g/kg/day) during peak hypothalamic neurogenesis, caused in adolescent male offspring twofold increase in drinking of and preference for ethanol and reinstatement of ethanol drinking in a two-bottle choice paradigm under an intermittent access schedule. This effect of prenatal ethanol exposure was associated with an increased expression of MCH and density of MCH(+) neurons in LH of preadolescent offspring. Whereas CCL2(+) cells at this age were low in density and unaffected by ethanol, CCR2(+) cells were dense in LH and increased by prenatal ethanol, with a large percentage (83-87%) identified as neurons and found to colocalize MCH. Prenatal ethanol also stimulated the genesis of CCR2(+) and MCH(+) neurons in the embryo, which co-labeled the proliferation marker, BrdU. Ethanol also increased the genesis and density of neurons that co-expressed CCR2 and MCH in LH, with triple-labeled CCR2(+)/MCH(+)/BrdU(+) neurons that were absent in control rats accounting for 35% of newly generated neurons in ethanol-exposed rats. With both the chemokine and MCH systems believed to promote ethanol consumption, this greater density of CCR2(+)/MCH(+) neurons in the LH of preadolescent rats suggests that these systems function together in promoting alcohol drinking during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-Q Chang
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - O Karatayev
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - S F Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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21
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Teves MR, Wendel GH, Pelzer LE. Reduction in voluntary ethanol intake following repeated oral administration of Jodina rhombifolia lyophilized aqueous extract in male Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 161:170-174. [PMID: 25540925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The leaves of Jodina rhombifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Reissek (SANTALACEAE) is utilized in Argentine folk medicine for the treatment of alcoholism. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the antialcoholic activity of Jodina rhombifolia lyophilized aqueous extract (JRLE) in male Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were housed individually in standard plastic cages with wood chip bedding. Throughout the duration of experiment, ethanol was offered in the standard home-cage; two-bottle free-choice regimen between an ethanolic solution (20% in tap water, v/v) and tap water with unlimited access for 24h per day for 10 consecutive days. Rats were administrated intragastrically twice daily (1 ml/200 g) for 10 consecutive days, with the control vehicle (distilled water) or one of the doses of JRLE (125, 250 and 500 mg/Kg weight). Body weight, ethanol, water and food intake were measured every day at the same hour during the 10 days of experimentation. RESULTS The reducing effect of JRLE on daily ethanol intake was evidenced from the first day of treatment and persisted throughout the entire treatment period. The treatment did not significantly affect daily water intake neither the body weight gain. Daily food intake was higher in rat groups treated with JRLE. CONCLUSION The results obtained in the present preliminary study show that repeated administration of JRLE, markedly reduces ethanol voluntary intake in male Wistar rats. The reduction of consumption was of remarkable magnitude and stable during the treatment 10-days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Roberto Teves
- Farmacología, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco y Pedernera, 5700 San Luis, Argentina.
| | - Graciela Haydée Wendel
- Farmacología, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco y Pedernera, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Lilian Eugenia Pelzer
- Farmacología, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco y Pedernera, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
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Hauser SR, Hedlund PB, Roberts AJ, Sari Y, Bell RL, Engleman EA. The 5-HT7 receptor as a potential target for treating drug and alcohol abuse. Front Neurosci 2015; 8:448. [PMID: 25628528 PMCID: PMC4292232 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol and drug abuse take a large toll on society and affected individuals. However, very few effective treatments are currently available to treat alcohol and drug addiction. Basic and clinical research has begun to provide some insights into the underlying neurobiological systems involved in the addiction process. Several neurotransmitter pathways have been implicated and distinct reward neurocircuitry have been proposed—including the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (MCL-DA) system and the extended amygdala. The serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter system is of particular interest and multiple 5-HT receptors are thought to play significant roles in alcohol and drug self-administration and the development of drug dependence. Among the 5-HT receptors, the 5-HT7 receptor is currently undergoing characterization as a potential target for the treatment of several psychiatric disorders. Although this receptor has received only limited research regarding addictive behaviors, aspects of its neuroanatomical, biochemical, physiological, pharmacological, and behavioral profiles suggest that it could play a key role in the addiction process. For instance, genomic studies in humans have suggested a link between variants in the gene encoding the 5-HT7 receptor and alcoholism. Recent behavioral testing using high-affinity antagonists in mice and preliminary tests with alcohol-preferring rats suggest that this receptor could mediate alcohol consumption and/or reinforcement and play a role in seeking/craving behavior. Interest in the development of new and more selective pharmacological agents for this receptor will aid in examining the 5-HT7 receptor as a novel target for treating addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheketha R Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Peter B Hedlund
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA ; Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Mouse Behavioral Assessment Core, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Youssef Sari
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Richard L Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eric A Engleman
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Kranzler HR, Wetherill R, Feinn R, Pond T, Gelernter J, Covault J. Posttreatment effects of topiramate treatment for heavy drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:3017-23. [PMID: 25581656 PMCID: PMC4293099 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined whether the effects of topiramate and a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2832407) in GRIK1, which encodes a kainate receptor subunit, persisted following a 12-week, placebo-controlled trial in 138 heavy drinkers with a treatment goal of reduced drinking. During treatment, topiramate 200 mg/d significantly reduced heavy drinking days and increased the frequency of abstinent days (Am J Psychiatry, 2014, 171:445). In the European-American (EA) subsample (n = 122), rs2832407 moderated the treatment effect on heavy drinking. METHODS Patients were re-interviewed 3 and 6 months after the end of treatment. During treatment, we obtained 92.4% of drinking data, with 89.1 and 85.5% complete data at the 3- and 6-month follow-up visits, respectively. We examined 4 outcomes over time in the overall sample and the EA subsample: percent heavy drinking days (PHDD), percent days abstinent (PDA), serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) concentration, and a measure of alcohol-related problems. RESULTS In the full sample, the lower PHDD and higher PDA seen with topiramate treatment were no longer significant during follow-up. Nonetheless, the topiramate-treated patients had lower alcohol-related problem scores during treatment and both follow-up periods. Further, in the EA subsample, the greater reduction in PHDD seen with topiramate treatment in rs2832407*C-allele homozygotes persisted throughout follow-up, with no significant effects in A-allele carriers. A reduction in GGTP concentration was consistent with the reduction in heavy drinking, but did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS There are persistent therapeutic effects of topiramate in heavy drinkers, principally in rs2832407*C-allele homozygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry R. Kranzler
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- VISN4 MIRECC, Philadelphia VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Reagan Wetherill
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Richard Feinn
- Frank Netter School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT 06518
| | - Timothy Pond
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT and VA Connecticut, West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Jonathan Covault
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
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Rezvani AH, Cauley MC, Levin ED. Lorcaserin, a selective 5-HT 2C receptor agonist, decreases alcohol intake in female alcohol preferring rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 125:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Sterling ME, Karatayev O, Chang GQ, Algava DB, Leibowitz SF. Model of voluntary ethanol intake in zebrafish: effect on behavior and hypothalamic orexigenic peptides. Behav Brain Res 2014; 278:29-39. [PMID: 25257106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies in zebrafish have shown that exposure to ethanol in tank water affects various behaviors, including locomotion, anxiety and aggression, and produces changes in brain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine. Building on these investigations, the present study had two goals: first, to develop a method for inducing voluntary ethanol intake in individual zebrafish, which can be used as a model in future studies to examine how this behavior is affected by various manipulations, and second, to characterize the effects of this ethanol intake on different behaviors and the expression of hypothalamic orexigenic peptides, galanin (GAL) and orexin (OX), which are known in rodents to stimulate consumption of ethanol and alter behaviors associated with alcohol abuse. Thus, we first developed a new model of voluntary intake of ethanol in fish by presenting this ethanol mixed with gelatin, which they readily consume. Using this model, we found that individual zebrafish can be trained in a short period to consume stable levels of 10% or 20% ethanol (v/v) mixed with gelatin and that their intake of this ethanol-gelatin mixture leads to pharmacologically relevant blood ethanol concentrations which are strongly, positively correlated with the amount ingested. Intake of this ethanol-gelatin mixture increased locomotion, reduced anxiety, and stimulated aggressive behavior, while increasing expression of GAL and OX in specific hypothalamic areas. These findings, confirming results in rats, provide a method in zebrafish for investigating with forward genetics and pharmacological techniques the role of different brain mechanisms in controlling ethanol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Sterling
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - O Karatayev
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - G-Q Chang
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - D B Algava
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - S F Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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26
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The role of serotonin in drug use and addiction. Behav Brain Res 2014; 277:146-92. [PMID: 24769172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of psychoactive drugs is a wide spread behaviour in human societies. The systematic use of a drug requires the establishment of different drug use-associated behaviours which need to be learned and controlled. However, controlled drug use may develop into compulsive drug use and addiction, a major psychiatric disorder with severe consequences for the individual and society. Here we review the role of the serotonergic (5-HT) system in the establishment of drug use-associated behaviours on the one hand and the transition and maintenance of addiction on the other hand for the drugs: cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstasy), morphine/heroin, cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine. Results show a crucial, but distinct involvement of the 5-HT system in both processes with considerable overlap between psychostimulant and opioidergic drugs and alcohol. A new functional model suggests specific adaptations in the 5-HT system, which coincide with the establishment of controlled drug use-associated behaviours. These serotonergic adaptations render the nervous system susceptible to the transition to compulsive drug use behaviours and often overlap with genetic risk factors for addiction. Altogether we suggest a new trajectory by which serotonergic neuroadaptations induced by first drug exposure pave the way for the establishment of addiction.
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Abstract
Evidence indicates that the serotonergic system is important in mediating dependence on and craving for alcohol. Among serotonin receptors, 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B (5-HT1B) receptors have been associated with drug abuse including alcohol. In this review, the neurocircuitry involving 5-HT1B receptors in central reward brain regions related to alcohol intake are discussed in detail. Emphasis has been placed on the pharmacological manipulations of 5-HT1B receptor-mediated alcohol intake. Furthermore, 5-HT1B auto- and hetero-receptors regulate alcohol intake through the regulatory mechanism involving release of 5-HT, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, and glutamate is evaluated. Thus, interactions between 5-HT1B receptors and these neurotransmitter systems are suggested to modulate alcohol-drinking behavior. This review on the role of 5-HT1B receptors in neurotransmitter release and consequent alcohol intake provides important information about the potential therapeutic role of 5-HT1B receptors for the treatment of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Sari
- University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Bell RL, Sable HJ, Colombo G, Hyytia P, Rodd ZA, Lumeng L. Animal models for medications development targeting alcohol abuse using selectively bred rat lines: neurobiological and pharmacological validity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 103:119-55. [PMID: 22841890 PMCID: PMC3595005 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review paper is to present evidence that rat animal models of alcoholism provide an ideal platform for developing and screening medications that target alcohol abuse and dependence. The focus is on the 5 oldest international rat lines that have been selectively bred for a high alcohol-consumption phenotype. The behavioral and neurochemical phenotypes of these rat lines are reviewed and placed in the context of the clinical literature. The paper presents behavioral models for assessing the efficacy of pharmaceuticals for the treatment of alcohol abuse and dependence in rodents, with particular emphasis on rats. Drugs that have been tested for their effectiveness in reducing alcohol/ethanol consumption and/or self-administration by these rat lines and their putative site of action are summarized. The paper also presents some current and future directions for developing pharmacological treatments targeting alcohol abuse and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Helen J.K. Sable
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Giancarlo Colombo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Section of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Petri Hyytia
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zachary A. Rodd
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Lawrence Lumeng
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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West CH, Boss-Williams KA, Weiss JM. Effects of fenfluramine, 8-OH-DPAT, and tryptophan-enriched diet on the high-ethanol intake by rats bred for susceptibility to stress. Alcohol 2011; 45:739-49. [PMID: 21924578 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The swim-test susceptible (SUS) line of rats has been bred in our laboratory for the characteristic of reduced motor activity in the swim test following exposure to an acute stressor. Testing of multiple generations of SUS rats has also revealed that they consume large amounts of ethanol voluntarily. As reported for lines of rats that show a propensity for high-ethanol intake, the SUS rats show evidence of low serotonergic function. Because serotonergic function has often been shown to be involved in the regulation of alcohol consumption, here we examined the effects of manipulations of serotonin transmission on intake of ethanol by SUS rats. Fenfluramine, a serotonin-releasing drug, was injected at various doses (0.625, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0mg/kg) twice per day and ethanol intake was measured using a two-bottle free-choice method. The 8-OH-DPAT, a 5‑HT(1A) agonist, was injected at various doses (0.03125, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0mg/kg) before a 1-h session of exposure to ethanol (single-bottle test, water available the other 23h per day). A diet enriched with 3% tryptophan (TRP), the amino acid precursor for serotonin synthesis, was administered in a restricted feeding schedule (5h per day) with ethanol intake measured the last 4h. Fenfluramine decreased ethanol intake at all doses tested. The 8-OH-DPAT increased ethanol intake at lower doses, presumably acting at autoreceptors, which inhibit serotonergic neurons, and decreased intake at higher doses, presumably acting at postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors. TRP-enriched diet also significantly decreased ethanol intake. Food and water intake were less or unaffected by these three manipulations. With all three manipulations, ethanol intake remained suppressed one or more days after the day of tests that decreased ethanol intake. These data suggest that SUS rats, like many other lines/strains of rodents that consume large amounts of alcohol, show an inverse relationship between serotonin transmission and voluntary intake of ethanol.
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Severity of drinking as a predictor of efficacy of the combination of ondansetron and topiramate in rat models of ethanol consumption and relapse. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 217:3-12. [PMID: 21424693 PMCID: PMC4086466 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alcohol dependence is the third leading cause of preventable death in the USA. While single-agent pharmacotherapies have variable efficacy, medication combinations may produce additive effects by modulating multiple neural pathways. OBJECTIVES Here, we examined in animal models of ethanol consumption and relapse the combined effects of ondansetron (a serotonin-3 antagonist) and topiramate (a GABA/glutamate modulator), two medications with demonstrated efficacy for treating alcohol dependence, hypothesizing that their combination would produce a more efficacious response. METHODS The effects of acutely administered ondansetron (0-0.01 mg/kg) and topiramate (0-10 mg/kg) alone and in combination on ethanol consumption were examined in alcohol preferring (P) rats (N = 20) and in rats from their background strain (Wistars, N = 20) using a 24-h access free-choice paradigm. Next, we examined their ability to prevent an increase in ethanol consumption following a deprivation period (i.e., an animal model of relapse). RESULTS Whether administered alone or combined with ondansetron, topiramate produced a similar modest but persistent reduction in ethanol consumption. However, an analysis of efficacy by drinking level revealed that the combination was superior to topiramate alone in heavy-drinking P rats, but was without effect in lighter-drinking P rats and Wistar rats. Both topiramate alone and the combination blocked the alcohol deprivation effect in both Wistar and P rats with the combination tending to produce a greater decrease than topiramate alone. CONCLUSIONS The combination of ondansetron and topiramate may be a promising treatment for preventing relapse and for treating alcohol dependence in heavy-, but not lighter-drinkers.
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Taracha E, Dyr W, Ćwiek M, Turzyńska D, Walkowiak J, Wyszogrodzka E, Kostowski W, Płaźnik A, Chrapusta SJ. Diverse behavioral, monoaminergic and Fos protein responses to opioids in Warsaw high-alcohol preferring and Warsaw low-alcohol preferring rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:588-97. [PMID: 21216264 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Predisposition to addictions is presumably related to a dysfunction of the brain reward system, which can be 'compensated' by the intake of different psychoactive drugs. Hence, animals showing propensity for developing dependence to a specific drug class may also be useful for modeling other addictions. We compared the effects of repeated (14 daily doses) morphine (10 mg/kg) or methadone (2 mg/kg) treatment followed by a 2-week withdrawal and a morphine challenge (5 mg/kg) on locomotor activity, brain Fos expression and selected brain regional levels of dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites in the 38th generations of selectively bred Warsaw low-alcohol-preferring (WLP) and Warsaw high-alcohol-preferring (WHP) rat lines. The rats were given the opioids during the active (i.e. dark) phase of their daily cycle. Drug-naïve WHP rats compared to their WLP counterparts showed higher locomotor activity in an open field test and higher propensity for lasting behavioral sensitization to morphine. Morphine did not significantly enhance, but suppressed Fos expression in certain brain regions of drug-naïve WLP and WHP rats. Fos expression revealed considerable differences in the responses of WLP and WHP rats to morphine challenge, particularly after methadone pretreatment. These differences were associated with differences in monoamine metabolite levels that were suggestive of elevated basal ganglia and lowered frontal cortical dopamine function, and of lowered somatosensory cortex serotonin function, in the morphine-challenged WHP rats (irrespective of the pretreatment type). Hence, the WLP/WHP line pair may be useful for the search of factors that underlie the propensity for developing opiate dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Taracha
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego St., 02-957 Warsaw, Poland.
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Stratford TR, Wirtshafter D. Opposite effects on the ingestion of ethanol and sucrose solutions after injections of muscimol into the nucleus accumbens shell. Behav Brain Res 2010; 216:514-8. [PMID: 20804790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Injection of the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol into the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) elicits robust feeding in satiated rats, but has no effect on water intake. The current study was designed to examine whether intra-AcbSh muscimol injections influence the intake of ethanol solutions in rats trained to drink using a limited access paradigm. We confirmed that bilateral injections of muscimol (100 ng) into the AcbSh produce large increases in the intake of sucrose solutions and of the chow maintenance diet but found in two independent experiments that these injections potently reduce the intake of a 10% ethanol solution. Furthermore, intra-AcbSh muscimol significantly increased intake of an ethanol-sucrose mixture. These results demonstrate that activating GABA(A) receptors in the vicinity of the AcbSh can have opposite effects on the intake of different caloric substances and are consistent with the possibility that GABAergic circuits in the AcbSh may play a role in mediating voluntary ethanol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Stratford
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychology (m/c 285), University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7137, USA.
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Chang GQ, Barson JR, Karatayev O, Chang SY, Chen YW, Leibowitz SF. Effect of chronic ethanol on enkephalin in the hypothalamus and extra-hypothalamic areas. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 34:761-70. [PMID: 20184566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol may be consumed for reasons such as reward, anxiety reduction, or caloric content, and the opioid enkephalin (ENK) appears to be involved in many of these functions. Previous studies in Sprague-Dawley rats have demonstrated that ENK in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is stimulated by voluntary consumption of ethanol. This suggests that this opioid peptide may be involved in promoting the drinking of ethanol, consistent with our recent findings that PVN injections of ENK analogs stimulate ethanol intake. To broaden our understanding of how this peptide functions throughout the brain to promote ethanol intake, we measured, in rats trained to drink 9% ethanol, the expression of the ENK gene in additional brain areas outside the hypothalamus, namely, the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) and core (NAcC), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). METHODS In the first experiment, the brains of rats chronically drinking 1 g/kg/d ethanol, 3 g/kg/d ethanol, or water were examined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In the second experiment, a more detailed, anatomic analysis of changes in gene expression, in rats chronically drinking 3 g/kg/d ethanol compared to water, was performed using radiolabeled in situ hybridization (ISH). The third experiment employed digoxigenin-labeled ISH (DIG) to examine changes in the density of cells expressing ENK and, for comparison, dynorphin (DYN) in rats chronically drinking 3 g/kg/d ethanol versus water. RESULTS With qRT-PCR, the rats chronically drinking ethanol plus water compared to water alone showed significantly higher levels of ENK mRNA, not only in the PVN but also in the VTA, NAcSh, NAcC, and mPFC, although not in the CeA. Using radiolabeled ISH, levels of ENK mRNA in rats drinking ethanol were found to be elevated in all areas examined, including the CeA. The experiment using DIG confirmed this effect of ethanol, showing an increase in density of ENK-expressing cells in all areas studied. It additionally revealed a similar change in DYN mRNA in the PVN, mPFC, and CeA, although not in the NAcSh or NAcC. CONCLUSIONS While distinguishing the NAc as a site where ENK and DYN respond differentially, these findings lead us to propose that these opioids, in response to voluntary ethanol consumption, are generally elevated in extra-hypothalamic as well as hypothalamic areas, possibly to carry out specific area-related functions that, in turn, drive animals to further consume ethanol. These functions include calorie ingestion in the PVN, reward and motivation in the VTA and NAcSh, response-reinforcement learning in the NAcC, stress reduction in the CeA, and behavioral control in the mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Chang
- The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Wenger GR, Hall CJ. Rats selectively bred for ethanol preference or nonpreference have altered working memory. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:430-6. [PMID: 20176684 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.159350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine whether the cognitive deficit observed in chronic alcoholics is because of the chronic exposure to alcohol or to a factor that contributes to the chronic alcohol use, working memory was evaluated under a delayed matching-to-position task in rats selectively bred for ethanol preference or nonpreference (iP/iNP, iHAD1/iLAD1, and iHAD2/iLAD2). Before the study on working memory, rats were studied under a progressive ratio schedule of food presentation to determine whether differences in motivation to respond for food existed between the alcohol-preferring and -nonpreferring strains. No such differences were observed. Under the delayed matching-to-position schedule, the length of the delay was titrated such that accuracy was maintained at approximately 80%, and the mean length of the delay for each experimental session provided a measure of working memory function. In two (iP/iNP and iHAD1/iLAD1) of the three pairs of selectively bred rats, nonpreference to ethanol was associated with better working memory performance. In the third pair of selectively bred rats (iHAD2/iLAD2), the relationship was reversed, with increased ethanol preference associated with better working memory function after saline administration. After ethanol administration, both the mean delay and the rate of responding were decreased in all six strains. Based upon an ED50 analysis, there was little evidence of strain difference in sensitivity to ethanol on either parameter. Additional studies are needed to better understand the relationship between working memory and ethanol preference in these rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galen R Wenger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
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Role of Serotonin in Brain Reward and Regulation of Alcohol Drinking Behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(10)70092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Effect of topiramate treatment on ethanol consumption in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 207:529-34. [PMID: 19823810 PMCID: PMC4142502 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Results from clinical studies have shown that topiramate effectively reduces alcohol consumption in a population of heavy-drinking alcohol-dependent humans. OBJECTIVES We undertook this preclinical study in order to establish topiramate's efficacy in a rodent model and to determine whether topiramate's efficacy may vary with level of drinking and/or genetic background. METHODS The effects of acutely administered topiramate (0, 5, and 10 mg/kg) on ethanol consumption were examined in a large group of ethanol-preferring (P) rats (N = 20) in order to assess the relationship between level of consumption and treatment effect using a two-bottle free-choice paradigm (10% ethanol versus water). We also evaluated the effects of topiramate in two groups of Wistar rats that were given access to ethanol under either the standard two-bottle free-choice paradigm or under conditions that are known to produce higher levels of daily ethanol consumption (i.e. three-bottle free choice). RESULTS Topiramate treatment produced a modest, but persistent (average of 5 days), reduction in ethanol consumption in P rats, and this effect did not vary with level of consumption. Topiramate did not affect ethanol consumption in either group of Wistar rats. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study establish in a rodent model that topiramate effectively and persistently reduces ethanol consumption and suggests that its efficacy may depend on genetic vulnerability but not level of drinking.
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Chen J, Zhang Y, Shen P. Protein kinase C deficiency-induced alcohol insensitivity and underlying cellular targets in Drosophila. Neuroscience 2009; 166:34-9. [PMID: 20006676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple subtypes of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes are implicated in various neurological disorders including alcohol insensitivity, a trait strongly associated with alcoholism in humans, but molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the PKC activities remain poorly understood. Here we show that functional knockdown of conventional, novel or atypical PKC in the fly nervous system each resulted in alcohol insensitivity. Neuroanatomical mapping of conventional Ca(2+)-sensitive PKC53E activity uncovers a previously uncharacterized role of Drosophila serotonin neurons in alcohol sensitivity. The deficiency of PKC53E but not novel Ca(2+)-independent PKC98E appears to reduce synaptic serotonin levels, since acute inhibition of serotonin reuptake by citalopram and Prozac reversed alcohol insensitivity in flies expressing PKC53E double-stranded RNA in serotonin neurons. Together, findings from this and our previous studies indicate that PKC53E and PKC98E differentially regulate fly alcohol sensitivity through independent modulation of conserved serotonin and neuropeptide Y-like systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, 500 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Wan L, Baldridge RM, Colby AM, Stanford MS. Enhanced intensity dependence and aggression history indicate previous regular ecstasy use in abstinent polydrug users. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:1484-90. [PMID: 19703509 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Intensity dependence is an electrophysiological measure of intra-individual stability of the augmenting/reducing characteristic of N1/ P2 event-related potential amplitudes in response to stimuli of varying intensities. Abstinent ecstasy users typically show enhanced intensity dependence and higher levels of impulsivity and aggression. Enhanced intensity dependence and high impulsivity and aggression levels may be due to damage in the brain's serotonergic neurons as a result of ecstasy use. The present study investigated whether intensity dependence, impulsivity and aggression history can be used as indicators of previous chronic ecstasy usage. Forty-four abstinent polydrug users (8 women; age 19 to 61 years old) were recruited. All participants were currently residents at a local substance abuse facility receiving treatment and had been free of all drugs for a minimum of 21 days. The study found significantly enhanced intensity dependence of tangential dipole source activity and a history of more aggressive behavior in those who had previously been involved in chronic ecstasy use. Intensity dependence of the tangential dipole source and aggressive behavior history correctly identified 73.3% of those who had been regular ecstasy users and 78.3% of those who had not. Overall, 76.3% of the participants were correctly classified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
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Ward RJ, Lallemand F, de Witte P. Biochemical and neurotransmitter changes implicated in alcohol-induced brain damage in chronic or 'binge drinking' alcohol abuse. Alcohol Alcohol 2009; 44:128-35. [PMID: 19155229 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agn100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain damage, which occurs after either chronic alcoholization or binge drinking regimes, shows distinct biochemical and neurotransmitter differences. An excessive amount of glutamate is released into specific brain regions during binge drinking (in excess of 4- to 5-fold of the normal basal concentration) that is not evident during periods of excessive alcohol consumption in chronic alcohol abusers. Increases in glutamate release are only observed during the initial stages of withdrawal from chronic alcoholism ( approximately 2- to 3-fold) due to alterations in the sensitivities of the NMDA receptors. Such changes in either density or sensitivity of these receptors are reported to be unaltered by binge drinking. When such excesses of glutamate are released in these two different models of alcohol abuse, a wide range of biochemical changes occur, mediated in part by increased fluxes of calcium ions and/or activation of various G-protein-associated signalling pathways. Cellular studies of alveolar macrophages isolated from these two animal models of alcohol abuse showed enhanced (binge drinking) or reduced (chronic alcoholization) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated NO release. Such studies could suggest that neuroadaptation occurs with the development of tolerance to alcohol's effects in both neurotransmitter function and cellular processes during chronic alcoholization that delay the occurrence of brain damage. In contrast, 'binge drinking' induces immediate and toxic effects and there is no evidence of an increased preference for alcohol as seen after withdrawal from chronic alcoholization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J Ward
- Biologie du Comportement, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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O'Neill BV, Croft RJ, Nathan PJ. The loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) as an in vivo biomarker of central serotonergic function in humans: rationale, evaluation and review of findings. Hum Psychopharmacol 2008; 23:355-70. [PMID: 18421800 DOI: 10.1002/hup.940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) has been proposed as a valid means of non-invasively assessing in vivo central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) function in humans. The specificity and sensitivity of the LDAEP to changes in 5-HT neurotransmission have recently been explored directly in a number of pharmacological and genetic studies. Subsequently, this review was undertaken in an attempt to critically evaluate the potential role of the LDAEP as a marker of the central 5-HT function. DESIGN Findings from clinical, experimental animal and human studies examining the relationship between the LDAEP and the 5-HT system as well as other neurochemical systems including dopaminergic, glutamatergic and the cholinergic systems were reviewed. RESULTS The majority of evidence for an association between the LDAEP and 5-HT has come from animal studies. Indirect studies in clinical disorders of presumed serotonergic dysfunction have been circumstantial and inconsistent with more recent investigations utilising direct genetic association studies also providing conflicting reports. Pharmacological studies in humans provide overwhelming evidence that the LDAEP is insensitive to acute changes in 5-HT function, with additional evidence outlining sensitivity to other neurotransmitter systems including the glutamatergic system. CONCLUSIONS The available evidence suggests that the LDAEP lacks sensitivity and specificity to acute changes in serotonergic neurotransmission. Overall the findings do not provide strong support for its utility as a marker of central 5-HT function. However the LDAEP shows more promise as a potential predictor of antidepressant treatment response and this predictive ability may provide the basis for future research involving the LDAEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry V O'Neill
- Biological Psychiatry Research Unit, Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.
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Bustamante D, Quintanilla ME, Tampier L, Gonzalez-Lira V, Israel Y, Herrera-Marschitz M. Ethanol induces stronger dopamine release in nucleus accumbens (shell) of alcohol-preferring (bibulous) than in alcohol-avoiding (abstainer) rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 591:153-8. [PMID: 18611399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Several studies on the differences between ethanol-preferring versus non-preferring rat lines suggest an innate deficit in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system as an underlying factor for ethanol volition. Rats would try to overcome such deficit by engaging in a drug-seeking behaviour, when available, to drink an ethanol solution over water. Thus, in the present study we compared the effect of a single dose of ethanol (1 g/kg, i.p.) on the extracellular levels of monoamines measured by microdialysis in the shell of nucleus accumbens of University of Chile bibulous (UChB) and University of Chile Abstainer (UChA) rats, bred for 79 and 88 generations to prefer or reject ethanol, respectively. It is reported that under basal conditions extracellular dopamine levels are lower in the bibulous than in the abstainer rats, while ethanol induced a 2-fold greater increase of dopamine release in bibulous than in abstainer rats. The greater effect of ethanol in bibulous rats was not associated to differences in blood ethanol levels, since the concentration and elimination of ethanol were virtually identical in both rat lines, indicating that bibulous rats are more sensitive to the stimulation of dopamine release by ethanol than abstainer rats. No differences were observed in 5-hydroxytryptamine or metabolites measured simultaneously under basal or ethanol-stimulating conditions in bibulous and abstainer rats. Overall, the present results suggest that a low dopaminergic tone and a strong mesolimbic dopamine response to ethanol are concerted neurochemical features associated to an ethanol-seeking behaviour in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Bustamante
- Programme of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 7, Chile
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Warsaw high-preferring (WHP) and Warsaw low-preferring (WLP) lines of rats selectively bred for high and low voluntary ethanol intake: preliminary phenotypic characterization. Alcohol 2008; 42:161-70. [PMID: 18420111 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Warsaw High Preferring (WHP) and Warsaw Low Preferring (WLP) lines were bred from Wistar foundation stock to obtain lines of rats that differ in their preference for ethanol solutions. The WHP line has met several major criteria for an animal model of alcoholism. The WHP rats voluntarily drink excessive amounts of ethanol while the WLP rats consume negligible amounts of ethanol. The WHP rats attain physiologically active blood ethanol concentrations with chronic free-choice drinking. They also develop subtle but visible signs of physical dependence (the withdrawal signs). The patterns of ethanol consumption in WHP and WLP lines are stable in time and independent of the manner of access to ethanol solutions. Notably, when exposed to the increasing ethanol concentrations WHP rats gradually increased total ethanol intake whereas the WLP rats consumed invariably very low amounts of ethanol. Furthermore, the WHP rats show an increased responsiveness to the stimulatory effects of low dose of ethanol.
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Kapasova Z, Szumlinski KK. Strain differences in alcohol-induced neurochemical plasticity: a role for accumbens glutamate in alcohol intake. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32:617-31. [PMID: 18341649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated alcohol administration alters nucleus accumbens (NAC) basal glutamate content and sensitizes the capacity of alcohol to increase NAC extracellular glutamate levels. However, the relevance of alcohol-induced changes in NAC glutamate for alcohol drinking behavior is under-investigated. METHODS To examine the relationship between genetic variance in alcohol consumption and alcohol-induced neuroadaptations within the NAC, in vivo microdialysis was conducted in the alcohol-preferring C57BL/6J (B6) and alcohol-avoiding DBA2/J (D2) mouse strains on injections 1 and 8 of repeated alcohol treatment (8 x 2 g/kg, IP). To confirm an active role for NAC glutamate in regulating alcohol drinking behavior, the glutamate reuptake inhibitor dl-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartic acid (TBOA) (300 microM) and the Group 2 metabotropic glutamate autoreceptor agonist (2R,4R)-4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (APDC) (50 microM) were infused into the NAC of B6 and D2 mice prior to alcohol consumption in a 4 bottle-choice test. RESULTS While strain differences were not apparent for NAC basal levels of dopamine, serotonin or gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), repeated alcohol treatment elevated NAC basal glutamate content only in B6 mice. Strain differences in both the acute and the sensitized neurochemical responses to 2 g/kg alcohol were observed for all neurotransmitters examined. While the alcohol-induced rise in NAC dopamine and glutamate levels sensitized in B6 mice, a sensitization was not observed in D2 animals. Moreover, B6 mice exhibited a sensitized serotonin and GABA response to alcohol followed repeated treatment, whereas neither tolerance nor sensitization was observed in D2 animals. An intra-NAC APDC infusion reduced alcohol intake in both B6 and D2 mice by approximately 50%. In contrast, TBOA infusion elevated alcohol intake selectively in B6 mice. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate an active role for NAC glutamate in regulating alcohol consumption in mice and support the hypothesis that predisposition to high alcohol intake involves genetic factors that facilitate alcohol-induced adaptations in glutamate release within the NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kapasova
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9660, USA
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Weiss JM, West CHK, Emery MS, Bonsall RW, Moore JP, Boss-Williams KA. Rats selectively-bred for behavior related to affective disorders: proclivity for intake of alcohol and drugs of abuse, and measures of brain monoamines. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:134-59. [PMID: 18053966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of rats potentially useful for studying affective disorders have been developed in our laboratory though selective breeding for behavioral characteristics. The propensity of these lines to consume alcohol and other drugs of abuse (amphetamine and cocaine) was examined. Also, measurement of the concentration of brain monoamines - norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin - as well as estimation of their metabolism by measurement of the major extracellular metabolites of these monoamines was carried out to examine possible relationships of brain chemistry to the behavioral characteristics shown by these lines, as well as to their propensity for drug usage. The lines of rats are: Swim Low-active (SwLo) and Swim High-active (SwHi), which show either very low (SwLo) or very high (SwHi) amounts of motor activity in a swim test; Swim-test Susceptible (Susceptible or SUS) and Swim-test Resistant (Resistant or RES), which are highly susceptible (SUS) or highly resistant (RES) to having their swim-test activity depressed by being exposed to a stressful condition prior to the swim test; and Hyperactive (HYPER), which show spontaneous nocturnal hyperactivity compared to non-selectively bred (i.e., normal) rats as well as both extreme hyperactivity and behavioral depression after being exposed to a stressful condition. Regarding alcohol and drug usage, SUS rats readily consume alcohol while all other lines including non-selected, normal rats do not, and SwLo rats show a strong tendency to consume amphetamine and cocaine. Marked differences in brain monoamines were found between the various lines and normal rats, with salient differences seen in norepinephrine, particularly in the hippocampus, and in dopamine in forebrain regions (striatum and nucleus accumbens).
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Szumlinski KK, Diab ME, Friedman R, Henze LM, Lominac KD, Bowers MS. Accumbens neurochemical adaptations produced by binge-like alcohol consumption. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 190:415-31. [PMID: 17225170 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The Scheduled High Alcohol Consumption (SHAC) binge drinking model is a simple, partial murine model with which to investigate some of the neurobiological underpinnings of alcoholism. OBJECTIVES The SHAC model was used to characterize monoamine and amino acid adaptations produced in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) by repeated bouts of high alcohol consumption. METHODS In vivo microdialysis was conducted in the NAC of C57BL/6J (B6) mice during consumption of water, a 5% alcohol (v/v) solution for the first time (SHAC1) or a 5% alcohol solution for the sixth time (SHAC6). A second set of microdialysis experiments assessed the neurotransmitter response to an alcohol challenge injection (1.5 or 2 g/kg, IP). RESULTS In both drinking experiments, SHAC1 and SHAC6 mice consumed comparable amounts of alcohol during the 40-min period of alcohol availability (approximately 1.5 g/kg) and total fluid intake was similar between water and SHAC1/6 mice. Despite the similarity in alcohol consumption, alcohol-mediated increases in the extracellular concentration of GABA and serotonin were reduced, but glutamate was increased in the NAC of SHAC6 mice, relative to SHAC1 animals. No differences were observed in extracellular dopamine between SHAC1 and SHAC6 mice during alcohol consumption. After alcohol injection, SHAC6 mice also exhibited sensitized glutamate release, but did not differ from water or SHAC1 animals for any of the other neurotransmitters examined. Brain alcohol concentrations did not differ between groups after injection. CONCLUSIONS Repeated bouts of high alcohol consumption induce an imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission within the NAC that may drive excessive drinking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Szumlinski
- Department of Psychology and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA.
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Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this review is to provide a synthesis of our knowledge of the neurobiological bases of addiction relevant for the diagnosis of addiction. METHODS A heuristic framework of neuroadaptive changes within key brain neurocircuitry responsible for different stages of the addiction cycle is outlined and linked to human studies to provide important future translational links for diagnosis. RESULTS Animal studies have revealed dysregulation of specific neurochemical mechanisms (dopamine, opioid peptides) in the brain reward systems and recruitment of brain stress systems (corticotropin-releasing factor) during the development of dependence that convey vulnerability to relapse. Animal studies have implicated the prefrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala in drug- and cue-induced relapse, respectively, and the brain stress systems in stress-induced relapse. Genetic studies suggest roles for the genes encoding the neurochemical elements involved in both the brain reward and stress systems in the vulnerability to addiction, and molecular studies have identified transduction and transcription factors that may mediate dependence-induced reward dysregulation. Human imaging studies reveal similar neurocircuits involved in acute intoxication, chronic drug dependence and vulnerability to relapse. CONCLUSIONS Major neurobiological changes in substance abuse disorders common to human and animal studies relevant for diagnosis include a compromised reward system, overactivated brain stress systems and compromised orbitofrontal/prefrontal cortex function. No biological markers of substance abuse disorders currently exist, but there are many promising neurobiological features of substance abuse disorders that will eventually aid in the specific diagnoses of substance use, misuse and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Koob
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Smith AM, Bowers BJ, Radcliffe RA, Wehner JM. Microarray analysis of the effects of a gamma-protein kinase C null mutation on gene expression in striatum: a role for transthyretin in mutant phenotypes. Behav Genet 2006; 36:869-81. [PMID: 16767509 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-006-9083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A constitutive null mutation of the neural-specific isotype of protein kinase C (gamma-PKC) in mice produces alterations in behavioral traits and responses to ethanol suggesting that gamma-PKC-mediated phosphorylation is essential for regulation of some behaviors. However, it is possible that some of the effects of gamma-PKC gene deletion also may be due to altered gene expression. To examine alterations in gene expression, microarray analyses were performed on striatal tissue from wild types and mutants. A total of 143 genes and ESTs were identified as potential candidates related to differences between null mutants and wild types. Confirmation studies using qRT-PCR indicated that the expression of transthyretin was increased about 8-fold in striatum of naïve mutants compared to wild types. The effect of chronic ethanol treatment on transthyretin expression was analyzed because gamma-PKC mutants do not develop tolerance to chronic ethanol treatment. Ethanol treatment of mutants reversed the dramatic increase in transthyretin expression seen in naïve and control-diet treated mutants, but did not affect transthyretin expression in wild types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Smith
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447, UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Thanos PK, Taintor NB, Rivera SN, Umegaki H, Ikari H, Roth G, Ingram DK, Hitzemann R, Fowler JS, Gatley SJ, Wang GJ, Volkow ND. DRD2 Gene Transfer Into the Nucleus Accumbens Core of the Alcohol Preferring and Nonpreferring Rats Attenuates Alcohol Drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 28:720-8. [PMID: 15166646 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000125270.30501.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transient overexpression of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) using an adenoviral vector has been associated with a significant decrease in alcohol intake in Sprague Dawley rats. This overexpression of DRD2 reduced alcohol consumption in a two-bottle-choice paradigm and supported the view that high levels of DRD2 may be protective against alcohol abuse. METHODS Using a limited access (1 hr) two-bottle-choice (water versus 10% ethanol) drinking paradigm, we examined the effects of the DRD2 vector in alcohol intake in the genetically inbred alcohol-preferring (P) and -nonpreferring (NP) rats. In addition, micro-positron emission tomography imaging was used at the completion of the study to assess in vivo the chronic (7 weeks) effects of ethanol exposure on DRD2 levels between the two groups. RESULTS P rats that were treated with the DRD2 vector (in the NAc) significantly attenuated their alcohol preference (37% decrease) and intake (48% decrease), and these measures returned to pretreatment levels by day 20. A similar pattern of behavior (attenuation of ethanol drinking) was observed in NP rats. Analysis of the [C]raclopride micro-positron emission tomography data after chronic (7 weeks) exposure to ethanol revealed clear DRD2 binding differences between the P and NP rats. P rats showed 16% lower [C]raclopride specific binding in striatum than the NP rats. CONCLUSIONS These findings further support our hypothesis that high levels of DRD2 are causally associated with a reduction in alcohol consumption and may serve as a protective factor against alcoholism. That this effect was seen in P rats, which are predisposed to alcohol intake, suggests that they are protective even in those who are genetically predisposed to high alcohol intake. It is noteworthy that increasing DRD2 significantly decreased alcohol intake but did not abolish it, suggesting that high DRD2 levels may specifically interfere with the administration of large quantities of alcohol. The significantly higher DRD2 concentration in NP than P rats after 7 weeks of ethanol therefore could account for low alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayotis K Thanos
- Department of Medicine, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA.
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