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Creasey HN, Zhang W, Widmer G. Effect of Caging on Cryptosporidium parvum Proliferation in Mice. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1242. [PMID: 35744762 PMCID: PMC9230662 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is an enteric infection caused by several protozoan species in the genus Cryptosporidium (phylum Apicomplexa). Immunosuppressed mice are commonly used to model this infection. Surprisingly, for a pathogen like Cryptosporidium parvum, which is readily transmitted fecal-orally, mice housed in the same cage can develop vastly different levels of infection, ranging from undetectable to lethal. The motivation for this study was to investigate this phenomenon and assess the association between the severity of cryptosporidiosis and the fecal microbiota. To this aim, the association between severity of cryptosporidiosis and caging (group caged vs. individually caged) and between the microbiota taxonomy and the course of the infection was examined. In contrast to mice caged in groups of four, a majority of mice caged individually did not excrete a detectable level of oocysts. Microbiota α diversity in samples collected between three days prior to infection and one day post-infection was negatively correlated with the severity of cryptosporidiosis, suggesting a causal negative relationship between microbiota diversity and susceptibility to C. parvum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah N. Creasey
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA; (H.N.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wen Zhang
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA; (H.N.C.); (W.Z.)
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Giovanni Widmer
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA; (H.N.C.); (W.Z.)
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2
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Muscari I, Fierabracci A, Adorisio S, Moretti M, Cannarile L, Thi Minh Hong V, Ayroldi E, Delfino DV. Glucocorticoids and natural killer cells: A suppressive relationship. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114930. [PMID: 35149054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids exert their pharmacological actions by mimicking and amplifying the function of the endogenous glucocorticoid system's canonical physiological stress response. They affect the immune system at the levels of inflammation and adaptive and innate immunity. These effects are the basis for therapeutic use of glucocorticoids. Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against disease conditions. It is relatively nonspecific and, among its mediators, natural killer(NK) cells link innate and acquired immunity. NK cell numbers are altered in patients with auto immune diseases, and research suggests that interactions between glucocorticoids and natural killer cells arecritical for successful glucocorticoid therapy. The aim of this review is to summarize these interactions while highlighting the latest and most important developments in this field. Production and release in theblood of endogenous glucocorticoids are strictly regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Aself-regulatory mechanism prevents excessive plasma levels of these hormones. However, exogenousstimuli such as stress, inflammation, infections, cancer, and autoimmune disease can trigger thehypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis response and lead to excessive systemic release of glucocorticoids.Thus, stress stimuli, such as sleep deprivation, intense exercise, depression, viral infections, andcancer, can result in release of glucocorticoids and associated immunosuppressant effects. Among theseeffects are decreases in the numbers and activities of NK cells in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases(e.g., giant cell arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, and familial hypogammaglobulinemia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Muscari
- Section of Onco-hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fierabracci
- Immunology and Pharmacotherapy Research Area Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Adorisio
- Foligno Nursing School, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Foligno, PG, Italy
| | - Marina Moretti
- Section of Onco-hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenza Cannarile
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Emira Ayroldi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Domenico V Delfino
- Foligno Nursing School, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Foligno, PG, Italy; Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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3
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Watson ATD, Johnson VJ, Luster MI, Burleson GR, Fallacara DM, Sparrow BR, Cesta MF, Cora MC, Shockley KR, Stout MD, Blystone CR, Germolec DR. Immunotoxicity studies of sulfolane following developmental exposure in Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD rats and adult exposure in B6C3F1/N mice. J Immunotoxicol 2021; 18:1-12. [PMID: 34357831 PMCID: PMC8462997 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2020.1869355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfolane is a solvent used in the petrochemical industry and a groundwater contaminant in areas near refineries. The current studies were conducted to assess the impact of oral exposure to sulfolane on the immune system using two models: (1) a perinatal drinking water exposure to 0, 30, 100, 300, or 1000 mg/L from gestation day (GD) 6 until ∼13 weeks-of-age in Harlan Sprague Dawley rats; and, (2) a 90-day gavage exposure of adult female B6C3F1/N mice to 0, 1, 10, 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg/day. Immune parameters evaluated included measurement of antibody production against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), ex vivo measurements of natural killer (NK) cell activity, cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) activity, and T-cell proliferation, as well as measures of splenic immune cell populations, hematological parameters, and histopathology of immune tissues. A decrease in ex vivo NK cell activity was observed in cells from female - but not male - F1 rats following developmental exposure. In adult female mice, splenic NK cell number was lower than the vehicle controls at doses ≥ 100 mg/kg; however, ex vivo NK cell activity was not affected by sulfolane treatment. In female mice, a decrease in the number of large unstained cells at doses ≥ 30 mg/kg was observed. In F1 rats, effects on white blood cells (WBC) were limited to a decreasing trend in leukocytes in females; no effects were observed in males. Under the conditions of this study, a no-observed-effect level (NOEL) of 3 mg/kg/day was identified based on reduced NK cell activity in female F1 rats. Overall, these findings suggest that oral exposure to sulfolane in rodents had minimal effects on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- AtLee T. D. Watson
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark F. Cesta
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michelle C. Cora
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Keith R. Shockley
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matt D. Stout
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Chad R. Blystone
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Dori R. Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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4
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Guerrero-Martin SM, Rubin LH, McGee KM, Shirk EN, Queen SE, Li M, Bullock B, Carlson BW, Adams RJ, Gama L, Graham DR, Zink C, Clements JE, Mankowski JL, Metcalf Pate KA. Psychosocial Stress Alters the Immune Response and Results in Higher Viral Load During Acute SIV Infection in a Pigtailed Macaque Model of HIV. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:2113-2121. [PMID: 33970274 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While social distancing is a key public health response during viral pandemics, psychosocial stressors, such as social isolation, have been implicated in adverse health outcomes in general (1) and in the context of infectious disease, such as HIV (2,3). A comprehensive understanding of the direct pathophysiologic effects of psychosocial stress on viral pathogenesis is needed to provide strategic and comprehensive care to patients with viral infection. METHODS To determine the effect of psychosocial stress on HIV pathogenesis during acute viral infection without sociobehavioral confounders inherent in human cohorts, we compared commonly measured parameters of HIV progression between singly (n=35) and socially (n=41) housed SIV-infected pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). RESULTS Singly housed macaques had a higher viral load in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid and demonstrated greater CD4 T cell declines and more CD4 and CD8 T cell activation compared to socially housed macaques throughout acute SIV infection. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that psychosocial stress directly impacts the pathogenesis of acute SIV infection and imply that it may act as an integral variable in the progression of HIV infection and potentially of other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena M Guerrero-Martin
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Comparative Medicine and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leah H Rubin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten M McGee
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin N Shirk
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Suzanne E Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon Bullock
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bess W Carlson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert J Adams
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lucio Gama
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David R Graham
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine Zink
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly A Metcalf Pate
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Comparative Medicine and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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5
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Shimba A, Ikuta K. Control of immunity by glucocorticoids in health and disease. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:669-680. [PMID: 33219395 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00827-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Animals receive environmental stimuli from neural signals in order to produce hormones that control immune responses. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a group of steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex and well-known mediators for the nervous and immune systems. GC secretion is induced by circadian rhythm and stress, and plasma GC levels are high at the active phase of animals and under stress condition. Clinically, GCs are used for allergies, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammation, because they have strong anti-inflammatory effects and induce the apoptosis of lymphocytes. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) acts as a transcription factor and represses the expression of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and prostaglandins by binding to its motif, glucocorticoid-response element, or to other transcription factors. In mice, GR suppresses the antigen-stimulated inflammation mediated by macrophages, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells, and impairs cytotoxic immune responses by downregulating interferon-γ production and inhibiting the development of type-1 helper T cells, CD8+ T cells, and natural killer cells. These immune inhibitory effects prevent lethality by excessive inflammation, but at the same time increase the susceptibility to infection and cancer. GCs can also activate the immune system. The circadian cycle of GC secretion controls the diurnal oscillations of the distribution and response of T cells, thus supporting T cell maintenance and effective immune protection against infection. Moreover, several reports have shown that GR has the potential to enhance the activities of Th2, Th17, and immunoglobulin-producing B cells. Stress has two different effects on immune responses: immune suppression to cause mortality by infection and cancer, and excessive immune activation to induce chronic inflammation and autoimmune disease. Consistently, stress-induced GCs strongly suppress cell-mediated immunity and cause viral infection and tumor development. They may also enhance the development of pathogenic helper T cells and cause tissue damage through neural and intestinal inflammation. Past studies have reported the positive and negative effects of GCs on the immune system. These opposing properties of GCs may regulate the immune balance between the responsiveness to antigens and excessive inflammation in steady-state and stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Shimba
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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6
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Devulder J, Tsicopoulos A, Duez C. Neuroendocrine control of natural killer cell function through the checkpoint molecule PD-1. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:109-111. [PMID: 30467417 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Devulder
- Pulmonary Immunity, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019, Lille, France.,CNRS UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Anne Tsicopoulos
- Pulmonary Immunity, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019, Lille, France.,CNRS UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France.,Clinique des Maladies Respiratoires et Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, 59037, Lille, France
| | - Catherine Duez
- Pulmonary Immunity, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019, Lille, France. .,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019, Lille, France. .,CNRS UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France. .,Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France.
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7
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Stewart-Ibarra AM, Hargrave A, Diaz A, Kenneson A, Madden D, Romero MM, Molina JP, Saltos DM. Psychological Distress and Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya Symptoms Following the 2016 Earthquake in Bahía de Caráquez, Ecuador. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E1516. [PMID: 29206195 PMCID: PMC5750934 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14121516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
On 16 April 2016, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck coastal Ecuador, resulting in significant mortality and morbidity, damages to infrastructure, and psychological trauma. This event coincided with the first outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) and co-circulation with dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). We tested whether the degree of psychological distress was associated with the presence of suspected DENV, CHIKV, ZIKV (DCZ) infections three months after the earthquake. In July 2016, 601 household members from four communities in Bahía de Caráquez, Manabí Province, Ecuador, were surveyed in a post-disaster health evaluation. Information was collected on demographics, physical damages and injuries, chronic diseases, self-reported psychological distress, and DCZ symptoms. We calculated the prevalence of arbovirus and distress symptoms by community. ANOVA was used to compare the mean number of psychological distress symptoms between people with versus without suspected DCZ infections by age, gender, community and the need to sleep outside of the home due to damages. The prevalence of suspected DCZ infections was 9.7% and the prevalence of psychological distress was 58.1%. The average number of psychological distress symptoms was significantly higher among people with suspected DCZ infections in the periurban community of Bella Vista, in women, in adults 40-64 years of age and in individuals not sleeping at home (p < 0.05). The results of this study highlight the need to investigate the interactions between psychological distress and arboviral infections following natural disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Stewart-Ibarra
- Center for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Anita Hargrave
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Avriel Diaz
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology at Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA.
| | - Aileen Kenneson
- Center for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - David Madden
- Walking Palms Global Initiative, Bahía de Caráquez 131401, Manabí Province, Ecuador.
| | - Moory M Romero
- Center for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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8
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Nissen MD, Sloan EK, Mattarollo SR. β-Adrenergic Signaling Impairs Antitumor CD8+ T-cell Responses to B-cell Lymphoma Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 6:98-109. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Vitlic A, Lord JM, Phillips AC. Stress, ageing and their influence on functional, cellular and molecular aspects of the immune system. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9631. [PMID: 24562499 PMCID: PMC4082590 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9631-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The immune response is essential for keeping an organism healthy and for defending it from different types of pathogens. It is a complex system that consists of a large number of components performing different functions. The adequate and controlled interaction between these components is necessary for a robust and strong immune response. There are, however, many factors that interfere with the way the immune response functions. Stress and ageing now consistently appear in the literature as factors that act upon the immune system in the way that is often damaging. This review focuses on the role of stress and ageing in altering the robustness of the immune response first separately, and then simultaneously, discussing the effects that emerge from their interplay. The special focus is on the psychological stress and the impact that it has at different levels, from the whole system to the individual molecules, resulting in consequences for physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vitlic
- />School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT England UK
- />MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England UK
| | - Janet M. Lord
- />MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England UK
- />School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England UK
| | - Anna C. Phillips
- />School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT England UK
- />MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England UK
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10
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Turner C, Bilgin H, Obay B, Diken H, Tasdemir E, Atmaca M. Macrorhage Phagocytic Activity at Acute Cold-Restraint Stress Exposed Rats: Possible Role of Nitric Oxide. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2005.10817241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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11
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Anti-stress effects of carnosine on restraint-evoked immunocompromise in mice through spleen lymphocyte number maintenance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33190. [PMID: 22511917 PMCID: PMC3325237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine), a naturally occurring dipeptide, has been characterized as a putative neurotransmitter and serves as a reservoir for brain histamine, which could act on histaminergic neurons system to relieve stress-induced damages. However, understanding of the role of carnosine in stress-evoked immunocompromise is limited. In this study, results showed that when mice were subjected to restraint stress, spleen index and the number of spleen lymphocytes including Natural Killer (NK) cells were obviously decreased. Results also demonstrated that restraint stress decreased the cytotoxic activity of NK cells per spleen (LU10/spleen) while the activity of a single NK cell (LU10/106 cells) was not changed. However, oral administration of carnosine (150 and 300 mg/kg) increased spleen index and number of spleen lymphocytes (including NK cells), and elevated the cytotoxic activity of NK cells per spleen in restraint-stressed mice. These results indicated that carnosine ameliorated stress-evoked immunocompromise through spleen lymphocyte number maintenance. Carnosine was further found to reduce stress-induced elevation of plasma corticosterone level. On the other hand, results showed that carnosine and RU486 (a glucocorticoids receptor antagonist) treatment prevented the reduction in mitochondrion membrane potential and the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into cytoplasm, increased Bcl-2/Bax mRNA ratio, as well as decreased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in spleen lymphocytes of stressed mice. The results above suggested that the maintenance of spleen lymphocyte number by carnosine was related with the inhibition of lymphocytes apoptosis caused by glucocorticoids overflow. The stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation by carnosine also contributed to the maintenance of spleen lymphocyte number in stressed mice. In view of the elevated histamine level, the anti-stress effects of carnosine on restraint-evoked immunocompromise might be via carnosine-histamine metabolic pathway. Taken together, carnosine maintained spleen lymphocyte number by inhibiting lymphocyte apoptosis and stimulating lymphocyte proliferation, thus prevented immunocompromise in restraint-stressed mice.
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12
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Powell ND, Allen RG, Hufnagle AR, Sheridan JF, Bailey MT. Stressor-induced alterations of adaptive immunity to vaccination and viral pathogens. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2011; 31:69-79. [PMID: 21094924 PMCID: PMC3339561 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The stress response influences the immune system, and studies in laboratory animals indicate that the response to stress significantly reduces resistance to infectious challenge. Only a few studies, however, have determined the impact of the stress response on human susceptibility to infectious challenge due, in part, to the difficulties of using live, replicating pathogens in human research. As a result, many studies have assessed the immune response to vaccination as a surrogate for the immune response to an infectious challenge. Thus, much is known about how the stress response influences adaptive immunity, and memory responses, to vaccination. These studies have yielded data concerning the interactions of the nervous and immune systems and have provided important information for clinicians administering vaccines to susceptible populations. This review provides a brief overview of the immune response to commonly used vaccines and the impact that stress can have on vaccine-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Powell
- Division of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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13
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He RR, Tsoi B, Li YF, Yao XS, Kurihara H. The Anti-stress Effects of Guangdong Herbal Tea on Immunocompromise in Mice Loaded with Restraint Stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.57.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong He
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University
| | - Bun Tsoi
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University
| | - Yi-Fang Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University
| | - Hiroshi Kurihara
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University
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14
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Miller AH, Pearce BD, Ruzek MC, Biron CA. Interactions Between the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis and Immune System During Viral Infection: Pathways for Environmental Effects on Disease Expression. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Elftman MD, Hunzeker JT, Mellinger JC, Bonneau RH, Norbury CC, Truckenmiller ME. Stress-induced glucocorticoids at the earliest stages of herpes simplex virus-1 infection suppress subsequent antiviral immunity, implicating impaired dendritic cell function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:1867-75. [PMID: 20089700 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The systemic elevation of psychological stress-induced glucocorticoids strongly suppresses CD8(+) T cell immune responses resulting in diminished antiviral immunity. However, the specific cellular targets of stress/glucocorticoids, the timing of exposure, the chronology of immunological events, and the underlying mechanisms of this impairment are incompletely understood. In this study, we address each of these questions in the context of a murine cutaneous HSV infection. We show that exposure to stress or corticosterone in only the earliest stages of an HSV-1 infection is sufficient to suppress, in a glucocorticoid receptor-dependent manner, the subsequent antiviral immune response after stress/corticosterone has been terminated. This suppression resulted in early onset and delayed resolution of herpetic lesions, reduced viral clearance at the site of infection and draining popliteal lymph nodes (PLNs), and impaired functions of HSV-specific CD8(+) T cells in PLNs, including granzyme B and IFN-gamma production and the ability to degranulate. In knockout mice lacking glucocorticoid receptors only in T cells, we show that these impaired CD8(+) T cell functions are not due to direct effects of stress/corticosterone on the T cells, but the ability of PLN-derived dendritic cells to prime HSV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells is functionally impaired. These findings highlight the susceptibility of critical early events in the generation of an antiviral immune response to neuroendocrine modulation and implicate dendritic cells as targets of stress/glucocorticoids in vivo. These findings also provide insight into the mechanisms by which the clinical use of glucocorticoids contributes to altered immune responses in patients with viral infections or tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Elftman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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16
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Steelman AJ, Alford E, Young CR, Welsh TH, Meagher MW, Welsh CJR. Restraint stress fails to render C57BL/6 mice susceptible to Theiler's virus-induced demyelination. Neuroimmunomodulation 2010; 17:109-19. [PMID: 19923856 PMCID: PMC3214847 DOI: 10.1159/000258694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multiple sclerosis is a degenerative disease of the CNS with a pathology consistent with immunological mediation. Although its cause is unknown, multiple factors are thought to influence both the onset and exacerbation of the disease, including both genetic background as well as environmental factors. METHODS We are interested in the effect of psychological stress on the onset and exacerbation of Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease (TVID), a murine model of MS in which viral persistence facilitates demyelination. In the current study, we determined whether chronic restraint stress (RS)-induced immunosuppression could result in the establishment of a persistent CNS infection in the normally TVID-resistant C57BL/6 mouse strain, resulting in demyelination. RESULTS Our data indicated that RS repeated over the course of 7 days was not sufficient to cause decreases in virus-specific adaptive immunity, and did not significantly alter CNS viral levels. Furthermore, chronic repeated RS lasting until 4 weeks after infection altered neither the development of virus-specific IgG nor motor function determined by Rotarod analysis. In addition, histological analysis of the CNS of stressed mice indicated no inflammation or demyelination on day 193 after infection. CONCLUSION These results suggest that stress alone is not sufficient to overcome genetic resistance to TVID in the C57BL/6 mouse strain.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/immunology
- Animals
- Cardiovirus Infections/immunology
- Cardiovirus Infections/psychology
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Central Nervous System/virology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/immunology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/physiopathology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/psychology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility/immunology
- Disease Susceptibility/psychology
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Movement Disorders/immunology
- Movement Disorders/physiopathology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/immunology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/virology
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/pathology
- Neurons/virology
- Restraint, Physical/adverse effects
- Restraint, Physical/psychology
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
- Theilovirus/immunology
- Viral Load/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Steelman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
| | - Eric Alford
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
| | - Colin R. Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
| | - Thomas H. Welsh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
| | - Mary W. Meagher
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
| | - C. Jane R. Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
- *Dr. C. Jane Welsh, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458 (USA), Tel. +1 979 862 4974, Fax +1 979 847 8981, E-Mail
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17
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Bailey MT, Glaser R. Immune Measures in Behavioral Medicine Research: Procedures and Implications. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE 2010. [PMCID: PMC7122467 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09488-5_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immune system activity is heavily influenced by the central nervous system. These interactions provide us the means to study mind–body interactions and how they affect health. In general, measures of immune system activity can be divided into two categories: those that are evident in the circulation and those that need to be elicited. For example, leukocytes can be collected from the circulation, counted, and their function accessed in cell culture. To test the ability of the immune system to respond to an experimental challenge more directly, studies involving wound healing, or involving the response to an infectious agent, can be performed. The purpose of this chapter is briefly to describe immune assays that are commonly employed in behavioral medicine research, including a rationale for their use as well as a brief description of the methodology. This chapter also describes previous studies in which circulatory and elicited immune measures have been studied in human subjects experiencing different psychological stressors, with an emphasis on studies involving medical students experiencing academic stress and caregivers of a spouse with Alzheimer’s disease. Finally, the chapter discusses the important role that the employment of animal models can play in studies of stress and health and in defining how nervous system activity can influence the immune response.
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18
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Rongrong H, Xinsheng Y, Hiroshi K. Studies on the “Xiehuo” Effect and Compositions of Guangdong Herbal Tea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1876-3553(10)60039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Steelman AJ, Dean DD, Young CR, Smith R, Prentice TW, Meagher MW, Welsh CJR. Restraint stress modulates virus specific adaptive immunity during acute Theiler's virus infection. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:830-43. [PMID: 19348911 PMCID: PMC2710426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a devastating CNS disease of unknown origin. Multiple factors including genetic background, infection, and psychological stress affect the onset or progression of MS. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection is an animal model of MS in which aberrant immunity leads to viral persistence and subsequently results in demyelination that resembles MS. Here, we examined how stress during acute TMEV infection altered virus-specific cell mediated responses. Using immunodominant viral peptides specific for either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells, we found that stress reduced IFN-gamma producing virus-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the spleen and CD8(+) T cells CNS. Cytokine production by cells isolated from the CNS or spleens following stimulation with virus or viral peptides, indicated that stress decreased both type 1 and type 2 responses. Glucocorticoids were implicated in the decreased T cell function as the effects of stress were partially reversed by concurrent RU486 administration but mimicked by dexamethasone. As T cells mediate viral clearance in this model, our data support the hypothesis that stress-induced immunosuppression may provide a mechanism for enhanced viral persistence within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Steelman
- Dept of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medical & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| | - Dana D. Dean
- Dept of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medical & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| | - Colin R. Young
- Dept of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medical & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| | - Roger Smith
- Dept of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| | - Thomas W. Prentice
- Dept of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| | - Mary W. Meagher
- Dept of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| | - C. Jane R. Welsh
- Dept of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medical & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A, Dept of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
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20
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He RR, Yao XS, Li HY, Dai Y, Duan YH, Li YF, Kurihara H. The anti-stress effects of Sarcandra glabra extract on restraint-evoked immunocompromise. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:247-52. [PMID: 19182384 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sarcandra glabra was a renowned herb traditionally used as herbal tea or food supplement to enhance mental efficiency and to recover from stress or fatigue in China. We investigated the effects of Sarcandra glabra extract (SGE), with chemical composition clearly showed by HPLC fingerprint as quality control, on immunologic response including natural killer (NK) cell activity and its antioxidative capacity in splenocytes obtained from restraint mice. Our results found that daily oral administration of SGE (125, 500 mg/kg/d) for 5 consecutive days to restrained mice alleviated the stress-induced reduction of the number of lymphocytes, the balance of CD4(+) T/CD8(+) T and NK cell activity per spleen. SGE also significantly decreased the level of lipid peroxidation and increased oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) in splenocytes. These results indicated that SGE modulate stress-attenuated immunologic response, at least, partially explained by improving antioxidative capacity in immunocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Rong He
- College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shengyang Pharmaceutical University, Shengyang, China
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21
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Ashcraft KA, Bonneau RH. Psychological stress exacerbates primary vaginal herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection by impairing both innate and adaptive immune responses. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:1231-40. [PMID: 18639627 PMCID: PMC3721735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic psychological stress is generally immunosuppressive and contributes to an increase in herpes simplex virus (HSV) pathogenicity. We have previously shown that mice experiencing stress at the time of intranasal HSV infection have increased levels of infectious virus in their nasal cavity, as compared to control mice that were not subjected to stress. We have extended our studies to determine the effects of stress at another clinically-relevant mucosal site by examining the immune response to and pathogenesis of vaginal HSV infection. Mice experiencing psychological stress during vaginal HSV infection exhibited an increase in both vaginal viral titers and the pathology associated with this HSV infection. We demonstrate that these observations result from the failure of both the innate and HSV-specific adaptive immune responses. At 2 days post-infection, NK cell numbers were significantly decreased in mice experiencing restraint stress. Studies examining the adaptive immune response revealed a decrease in the number of HSV-specific CD8(+) T cells in not only the vaginal tissue itself but also the draining iliac lymph nodes (ILN). Furthermore, the number of functional cells, in terms of both their degranulation and interferon-gamma production, in the ILN of stressed mice was decreased as compared to non-stressed mice. We conclude that psychological stress, through its suppression of both innate and adaptive immune responses, may be an important factor in the ability to control vaginal HSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A. Ashcraft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Robert H. Bonneau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to: Robert H. Bonneau, Ph.D., Department of Microbiology and Immunology (H107), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, Telephone: 717-531-4078; Fax: 717-531-6522;
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22
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Ashcraft KA, Hunzeker J, Bonneau RH. Psychological stress impairs the local CD8+ T cell response to mucosal HSV-1 infection and allows for increased pathogenicity via a glucocorticoid receptor-mediated mechanism. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33:951-63. [PMID: 18657369 PMCID: PMC3721759 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress and its associated increases in corticosterone are generally immunosuppressive and contribute to increased herpes simplex virus (HSV)-associated pathogenicity. However, the impact of stress on local control of the initial mucosal-based HSV infection has not been elucidated, nor have the ramifications of such failures of the immune response in terms of viral spread. To address these gaps in knowledge, the studies described herein sought to determine how psychological stress and associated increases in corticosterone may increase susceptibility to HSV encephalitis by allowing for increased viral titers at the site of initial infection. We have shown that in mice intranasally infected with HSV-1, a cell-mediated immune response occurs in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN), and superficial cervical lymph nodes (CLN). However, psychological stress induced by restraint decreased the number of lymphocytes in these tissues in HSV-infected mice. Surprisingly, the effects of this restraint stress on HSV-specific CTL function varied by immune tissue. Increased viral titers were found in the nasal cavity of stressed mice, an observation which correlated with an increased CD8+ cell response in the CLN. These findings led us to extend our studies to also determine the ramifications of decreased numbers of locally derived lymphocytes on viral titers following infection. Using an approach in which the NALT was surgically removed prior to infection, we confirmed that decreased numbers of NALT-derived lymphocytes at the time of infection allows for increased viral replication. We conclude that the increased viral titers observed in mice experiencing psychological stress are the consequence of a glucocorticoid-mediated reduction in the numbers of lymphocytes responsible for resolving the initial infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Corticosterone/physiology
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/veterinary
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity
- Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Immunity, Mucosal/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mifepristone/pharmacology
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A. Ashcraft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - John Hunzeker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Robert H. Bonneau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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23
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Young EE, Prentice TW, Satterlee D, McCullough H, Sieve AN, Johnson RR, Welsh TH, Welsh CJR, Meagher MW. Glucocorticoid exposure alters the pathogenesis of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus during acute infection. Physiol Behav 2008; 95:63-71. [PMID: 18538803 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that chronic restraint stress exacerbates Theiler's virus infection, a murine model for CNS inflammation and multiple sclerosis. The current set of experiments was designed to evaluate the potential role of glucocorticoids in the deleterious effects of restraint stress on acute CNS inflammatory disease. Exposure to chronic restraint stress resulted in elevated levels of corticosterone as well as increased clinical scores and weight loss (Experiment 1). In addition, corticosterone administration alone exacerbated behavioral signs of TMEV-induced sickness (i.e. decreased body weight, increased symptoms of encephalitis, and increased mortality) and reduced inflammation in the CNS (Experiment 2). Infected subjects receiving exogenous corticosterone showed exacerbation of acute phase measures of sickness and severe mortality as well as decreased viral clearance from CNS (Experiment 3). These findings indicate that corticosterone exposure alone is sufficient to exacerbate acute CNS inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Young
- Department of Psychology Texas A&M University Mailstop 4235, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
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24
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Webster Marketon JI, Glaser R. Stress hormones and immune function. Cell Immunol 2008; 252:16-26. [PMID: 18279846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years we have demonstrated both in animal models and in human studies that stress increases neuroendocrine hormones, particularly glucocorticoids and catecholamines but to some extent also prolactin, growth hormone and nerve growth factor. We have also shown that stress, through the action of these stress hormones, has detrimental effects on immune function, including reduced NK cell activity, lymphocyte populations, lymphocyte proliferation, antibody production and reactivation of latent viral infections. Such effects on the immune system have severe consequences on health which include, but are not limited to, delayed wound healing, impaired responses to vaccination and development and progression of cancer. These data provide scientific evidence of the effects of stress on immune function and implications for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette I Webster Marketon
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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25
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Nair A, Hunzeker J, Bonneau RH. Modulation of microglia and CD8(+) T cell activation during the development of stress-induced herpes simplex virus type-1 encephalitis. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:791-806. [PMID: 17349776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has been shown to be vulnerable to a variety of insults in animals exposed to glucocorticoids. For example, psychological stress, a known inducer of glucocorticoid production, enhances the susceptibility of mice to herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) infection and results in the development of HSV-1 encephalitis (HSE). To determine the immune mechanisms by which stress promotes the development of HSE, we examined the role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the development of HSE. Our findings demonstrate that blockade of either the GR or the NMDA receptor enhances survival following HSV-1 infection in stressed mice to levels similar to non-stressed mice. Subsequent studies determined the effect of GR and NMDA receptor blockade on immune function by specifically examining both microglia and CD8(+) T cell activation. Stress inhibited the expression of MHC class I by microglia and other brain-derived antigen presenting cells (CD45(hi)) independent of either the glucocorticoid receptor or the NMDA receptor, suggesting that stress-induced suppression of MHC class I expression in the brain does not affect survival during HSE. Blockade of the NMDA receptor, however, diminished HSV-1-induced increases in class I expression by CD45(hi) cells, suggesting that blockade of the NMDA receptor may limit CNS inflammation. Also, while CD8(+) T cell activation and function in the brain were not affected by stress, the number of CD8(+) T cells in the superficial cervical lymph nodes (SCLN) was decreased in stressed mice via GR-mediated mechanisms. These findings indicate that stress-induced hypocellularity is mediated by the GR while NMDA receptor activation is responsible for enhancing CNS inflammation. The combined effects of GR-mediated hypocellularity of the SCLN and NMDA receptor-mediated CNS inflammation during stress promote the development of HSE.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/cytology
- Brain/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/psychology
- Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/virology
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
- Stress, Psychological/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Aji Nair
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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26
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Lambiase A, Coassin M, Costa N, Lauretti P, Micera A, Ghinelli E, Aloe L, Rama P, Bonini S. Topical treatment with nerve growth factor in an animal model of herpetic keratitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 246:121-7. [PMID: 17479276 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-007-0593-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated the antiviral efficacy of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its cyto-protective effect in herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected cells. The aims of this study were to evaluate the role of endogenous NGF in HSV corneal infection, and the effects of topical NGF treatment on herpetic keratitis. METHODS Herpetic keratitis was induced in 40 rabbits with the HSV-1 McKrae strain. Animals were divided into four groups, and treated with topical neutralizing anti-NGF antibodies, NGF, acyclovir or balanced salt solution (BSS) respectively. The clinical course of HSV keratitis was evaluated and scored by slit-lamp examination. In addition, biochemical (immunohistochemistry for glycoprotein D) and molecular (nested PCR for glycoprotein D) analyses were carried out to estimate viral replication. RESULTS Treatment with anti-NGF antibodies induced a more severe keratitis associated with increased biochemical and molecular markers of active viral replication. Two animals in this group developed lethal HSV encephalitis. Conversely, topical treatment with NGF induced a significant amelioration of clinical and laboratory parameters when compared to the BSS treated group (control). No significant differences were observed between NGF- and acyclovir-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the crucial role of endogenous NGF in herpetic keratitis. The comparable effects of NGF and acyclovir confirm the antiviral activity of NGF, and indicate a potential use of topical NGF in herpetic keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Lambiase
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biomedical Research (CIR), Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via E. Longoni, 83 00155, Rome, Italy
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27
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Bonneau RH, Padgett DA, Sheridan JF. Twenty years of psychoneuroimmunology and viral infections in Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:273-80. [PMID: 17158025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
For 20 years, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity has provided an important venue for the publication of studies in psychoneuroimmunology. During this time period, psychoneuroimmunology has matured into an important multidisciplinary science that has contributed significantly to our knowledge of mind, brain, and body interactions. This review will not only focus on the primary research papers dealing with psychoneuroimmunology, viral infections, and anti-viral vaccine responses in humans and animal models that have appeared on the pages of Brain, Behavior, and Immunity during the past 20 years, but will also outline a variety of strategies that could be used for expanding our understanding of the neuroimmune-viral pathogen relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Bonneau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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28
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Collado-Hidalgo A, Sung C, Cole S. Adrenergic inhibition of innate anti-viral response: PKA blockade of Type I interferon gene transcription mediates catecholamine support for HIV-1 replication. Brain Behav Immun 2006; 20:552-63. [PMID: 16504464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-alpha and -beta) play a key role in anti-viral immunity, and we sought to define the molecular mechanisms by which the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) inhibits their effects. In peripheral blood leukocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC2), induction of interferon anti-viral activity by double-stranded RNA (poly-I:C) or CpG DNA was substantially inhibited by norepinephrine and by pharmacologic activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. This effect was specific to Type I interferons and driven by PKA-mediated repression of IFNA and IFNB gene transcription. Luciferase reporter analyses identified tandem interferon response factor-binding sites in positive regulatory domains I and III of the IFNB promoter as a key target of PKA inhibition. PKA suppression of Type I interferons was associated with impaired transcription of interferon response genes supporting the "anti-viral state", and was sufficient to account for norepinephrine-induced enhancement of HIV-1 replication. Given the ubiquitous role of Type I interferons in containing viral replication, PKA-mediated inhibition of IFN transcription could explain the stimulatory effects of catecholamines on a broad range of viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Collado-Hidalgo
- Department of Psychiatry, David E. Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1678, USA
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29
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Godbout JP, Glaser R. Stress-Induced Immune Dysregulation: Implications for Wound Healing, Infectious Disease and Cancer. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2006; 1:421-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-006-9036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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30
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Mi W, Prentice TW, Young CR, Johnson RR, Sieve AN, Meagher MW, Welsh CJR. Restraint stress decreases virus-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression during acute Theiler's virus infection. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 178:49-61. [PMID: 16828879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 05/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stressful life events have been associated with the onset and/or exacerbation of multiple sclerosis (MS). Our previous studies have indicated that restraint stress (RS) reduces inflammation and virus-induced chemokine expression in the Theiler's virus-induced demyelination (TVID) model of MS. Here we report that RS significantly reduced the virus-induced interferon-gamma mRNA levels in the brain. Additionally, mRNA levels of lymphotoxin-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma in the brain were negatively correlated with viral titers in the brain. These results indicated an immunosuppressive effect of stress during early TVID causing impaired viral clearance, which may be a potential exacerbating factor for later demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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31
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Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Stress-induced immune dysfunction: implications for health. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:243-51. [PMID: 15738954 DOI: 10.1038/nri1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1271] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Folk wisdom has long suggested that stressful events take a toll on health. The field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is now providing key mechanistic evidence about the ways in which stressors--and the negative emotions that they generate--can be translated into physiological changes. PNI researchers have used animal and human models to learn how the immune system communicates bidirectionally with the central nervous and endocrine systems and how these interactions impact on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Glaser
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health and Institute for Behavioral Medical Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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32
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Sheridan PA, Moynihan JA. Modulation of the innate immune response to HSV-1 following acute administration of morphine: role of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 158:145-52. [PMID: 15589048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A single injection of morphine significantly increased interferon (IFN)-beta and IFN-alpha mRNA in spleens from herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infected male Balb/cByJ mice. However, significant suppression of IFN-gamma and interleukin (IL)-12 production was observed in spleens from morphine-treated mice. Pretreatment with RU486 blocked morphine-induced increases in IFN-beta, and reversed the suppression of IFN-gamma. However, RU486 did not restore IFN-alpha or IL-12. The results suggest that a single exposure to morphine 4 h prior to infection can significantly alter innate immune responses to a viral pathogen, and that these effects are partially mediated by glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Sheridan
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, 575 Elmwood Ave., University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14621, USA.
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33
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Tseng RJ, Padgett DA, Dhabhar FS, Engler H, Sheridan JF. Stress-induced modulation of NK activity during influenza viral infection: role of glucocorticoids and opioids. Brain Behav Immun 2005; 19:153-64. [PMID: 15664788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Revised: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and sympathetic nervous system by stress has been shown to modulate both innate and adaptive immunity during an experimental influenza A/PR8 viral infection. HPA activation alters levels of glucocorticoids (GC) and opioids which are associated with suppression of lymphoid cellularity and NK activity. These experiments were designed to investigate the role that stress-induced GC and opioids have in modulating NK activity during an influenza viral infection. C57BL/6 mice were treated daily with mifepristone (RU486), a GC receptor antagonist or naltrexone (NTX), a non-specific opioid receptor antagonist. Mice were infected intranasally with A/PR8 virus and underwent daily restraint stress (RST). Phenotypic analysis of splenic cell populations and NK cytotoxicity were assessed at 3 days post-infection. RST of infected mice significantly suppressed splenic CD3(-)DX5+ cellularity and NK cytolytic activity. RU486 administration fully restored splenic NK cellularity but not cytolytic activity. NTX administration restored NK cytolytic activity but not splenic NK cell number. A similar restoration in NK cytolytic activity was observed after administration of beta-funaltrexamine (FNA), a mu-specific opioid receptor antagonist, but not the delta- or kappa-specific opioid receptor antagonists naltrindole or nor-binaltorphimine, respectively. Co-administration of RU486 and NTX restored both NK cellularity and cytolytic activity. The restoration of RST-induced suppression of NK activity by RU486 and NTX or FNA suggests that glucocorticoids modulate NK cellularity and opioids that bind to the mu-opioid receptor modulate NK cytotoxicity during periods of stress and viral infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Glucocorticoids/immunology
- Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology
- Influenza A virus
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mifepristone/pharmacology
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Neuroimmunomodulation/drug effects
- Neuroimmunomodulation/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/immunology
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/immunology
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/immunology
- Restraint, Physical
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Stress, Physiological/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J Tseng
- Department of Oral Biology, Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH, USA
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34
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Hunzeker J, Padgett DA, Sheridan PA, Dhabhar FS, Sheridan JF. Modulation of natural killer cell activity by restraint stress during an influenza A/PR8 infection in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2004; 18:526-35. [PMID: 15331123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2003.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2003] [Revised: 12/11/2003] [Accepted: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
These experiments were designed to examine the influences of restraint stress (RST) on natural killer (NK) activity and to determine its consequences on influenza A/PR8 (A/PR8) viral replication in mice. The data showed that RST delayed the recruitment of NK1.1+ cells into the lung parenchyma during infection. Quantification of MIP-1alpha and MCP-1 gene expression by real-time PCR revealed that RST suppressed the chemokines responsible for NK cell recruitment into the infected tissue. Additionally, RST suppressed the expression of several macrophage-derived cytokines involved in the effector response of NK cells. IL-15, which is the main cytokine involved in NK cell development and homeostasis, and IL-12, which is important for NK cytotoxicity, were both suppressed. As the NK cell response is an important innate response to control viral replication, we hypothesized that the RST-mediated reduction in NK cell numbers and function would enable viral replication to continue unchecked. In fact, there was enhanced viral replication in the lungs of RST animals. Interestingly, expression of the anti-viral type I interferons (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) was elevated presumably in response to the elevated viral load in the stressed mice. Together, these data show that RST suppressed expression of the cytokine genes involved in the recruitment and activation of NK cells during an experimental influenza viral infections. The consequence of this effect was diminished NK cell function and enhanced viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hunzeker
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43218, USA.
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35
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Cao L, Martin A, Polakos N, Moynihan JA. Stress causes a further decrease in immunity to herpes simplex virus-1 in immunocompromised hosts. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 156:21-30. [PMID: 15465593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 06/18/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Physical or psychological stress can modulate immune responses in normal subjects. The effects of stress on immunity in immunocompromised hosts, however, have not been extensively investigated. Here we assess relationships among footshock stress (FS), infection with herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), and immunosuppression by cyclophosphamide (CY) during the active immune response to virus in BALB/c mice. Without FS, CY significantly decreased survival and body weight gain, splenic leukocyte numbers, in vivo serum cytokine level and in vitro splenocyte cytokine production during HSV-1 infection. FS alone also significantly inhibited cell mediated anti-viral responses to HSV-1. However, FS in combination with certain CY doses led to a further significant decrease in host responses compared to either CY or FS treatment alone, including decreased survival rate, increased weight loss, lowered leukocyte numbers, reduced cytokine production in vivo and in vitro, and decreased numbers of cytokine-producing cells (IL-12 and IFNgamma). In contrast, CY, but not FS, significantly reduced in vivo anti-HSV-1 antibody secretion. These data support the hypothesis that stress can further reduce host immune responses in immunocompromised individuals. Thus, stress levels of patients should be taken into consideration prior to clinical treatment with immunosuppressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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36
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Mi W, Belyavskyi M, Johnson RR, Sieve AN, Storts R, Meagher MW, Welsh CJR. Alterations in chemokine expression following Theiler's virus infection and restraint stress. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 151:103-15. [PMID: 15145609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Revised: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Restraint stress (RS) applied to mice during acute infection with Theiler's virus causes corticosterone-induced immunosuppression. This effect was further investigated by measuring chemokine changes in the spleen and central nervous system (CNS) using an RNase Protection Assay. mRNAs for lymphotactin (Ltn), interferon-induced protein-10 (IP-10), MIP-1 beta, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and TCA-3 were detected in the spleen at day 2 pi, but not in the brain of CBA mice infected with Theiler's virus. Ltn, IP-10 and RANTES were elevated in both the spleen and the brain at day 7 pi, and were significantly decreased by RS in the brain. RS also resulted in decreased inflammation within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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37
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Gazda LS, Smith T, Watkins LR, Maier SF, Fleshner M. Stressor exposure produces long-term reductions in antigen-specific T and B cell responses. Stress 2003; 6:259-67. [PMID: 14660058 DOI: 10.1080/10253890310001594441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to an acute laboratory stressor at the time of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) immunization results in a long-term suppression in circulating anti-KLH antibody. The mechanism for the stress-induced reduction in anti-KLH immunoglobulin (Ig) remains unknown. Given that the generation of anti-KLH antibody requires T cell help, we hypothesize that stress reduces the proliferation of anti-KLH T cells, thus leading to a reduction in anti-KLH antibody. The present studies examined the effect of tail shock stress (100, 1.6 mA, 5-s, 60 s ITI) on the KLH specific T cell response. Fischer F344 rats were immunized either intraperitoneally (i.p.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) at the base of the tail with 200 microg KLH, and exposed to inescapable tail shock (IS) or remained in their home cages (HCC). T cell proliferation after KLH restimulation, but not ConA, was markedly suppressed in IS animals in both the spleen after i.p. immunization and the draining lymph nodes after s.c. immunization. Other secondary lymphoid cells did not differ in their proliferative capacity. Anti-KLH IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a, but not anti-KLH IgM serum levels were significantly suppressed. These data support the conclusion that stress suppresses the generation of antigen specific T cells. In addition, the methods employed in the current study allow the isolation of the site of the acquired T cell immune response, making it possible to further elucidate the cellular mechanisms that contribute to stress-induced modulation of the antigen-specific acquired immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence S Gazda
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA
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38
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Ortiz GC, Sheridan JF, Marucha PT. Stress-induced changes in pathophysiology and interferon gene expression during primary HSV-1 infection. Brain Behav Immun 2003; 17:329-38. [PMID: 12946655 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-1591(03)00027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are the cause of the most common clinically recognized herpesvirus infections. The severity and duration of the primary HSV infection have been correlated with the frequency and severity of subsequent recurrences. Reactivation of latent HSV-1 can occur as a result of physical or emotional stress; however, the effects of stress on the modulation of the clinical pathophysiology of primary HSV-1 infections are not well understood. Although it is known that stress can be immunosuppresive, the immunological mechanisms by which stress modulates early immune responses, such as type I interferon gene expression during a primary HSV-1 infection are still not understood. It was hypothesized that due to suppressed early immune responses, stress would increase the severity of a cutaneous primary HSV-1 infection. In this investigation, a cutaneous HSV-1 model in the SKH-1 mouse was characterized and utilized to study the effect of restraint stress on the modulation of the clinical pathophysiology of primary HSV-1. Despite prolonged viral replication at the site of primary infection, restraint stress decreased the clinical severity of primary HSV-1 in the skin of SKH-1 mice. A decrease in type I and type II IFN expression was found in the skin of acutely infected restrained mice when compared to controls at day 3 post-infection using competitive RT-PCR. Using the glucocorticoid-receptor antagonist RU486, IFN-beta and INF-gamma expression were restored in restrained animals to control levels. Treatment with RU486 also increased the clinical severity of the cutaneous infection to control levels in restrained mice. Thus, RST masked the severity of an HSV-1 infection by decreasing its clinical signs while impairing the ability of the host to control viral replication prolonging the infectious period.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/physiopathology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/etiology
- Interferons/drug effects
- Interferons/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mifepristone/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/drug effects
- Skin Diseases, Viral/immunology
- Skin Diseases, Viral/physiopathology
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Griselle C Ortiz
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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39
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Bailey M, Engler H, Hunzeker J, Sheridan JF. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and viral infection. Viral Immunol 2003; 16:141-57. [PMID: 12828866 DOI: 10.1089/088282403322017884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays an important immunomodulatory role during viral infection. Activation of the HPA axis ultimately leads to elevated plasma levels of glucocorticoid (GC) hormones with the ability to mediate adaptive behavioral, metabolic, cardiovascular and immune system effects. In this review, we focus on the modulation of anti-viral immunity and viral pathogenesis by the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bailey
- Section of Oral Biology, Colleges of Dentistry, Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio University Health Sciences Center, Columbus, Ohio 43218-2357, USA
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40
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Posevitz V, Vizler C, Benyhe S, Duda E, Borsodi A. Restraint stress and anti-tumor immune response in mice. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2003; 54:167-76. [PMID: 14535622 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.54.2003.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress modulates the immune system through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the sympatho-adrenomedullary axis and the opioid system. According to literature data, restraint stress increases the immune cell apoptosis, decreases the spleen and thymus cell content, the natural killer (NK) activity in the spleen, and it compromises the anti-tumor immune response in mice. We immobilized mice in two consecutive nights, and then determined the cell number, apoptosis, NK cell content, NK activity and the level of cytokine mRNAs (TNF-beta, TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-5, IL-1alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-6, IL-1beta and IL-3) in the thymus and spleen. No consistent changes were detected in any of the immune parameters either in C57Bl/6 or in DBA/2 mice. Stressed or control B6 mice were injected with B16 melanoma cells immediately after the immobilization or one week later. No significant differences were found in the growth of primary tumors and lung metastases in stressed and control animals. Taken together, our mice, kept in a general-purpose non-SPF animal house, seemed to be refractory to the stress-induced immunomodulation. Our interpretation is that stress-induced immunomodulation can occur only in mice isolated from any background stressors, or rather natural stimuli, throughout their life.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Posevitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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41
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Cao L, Hudson CA, Lawrence DA. Immune changes during acute cold/restraint stress-induced inhibition of host resistance to Listeria. Toxicol Sci 2003; 74:325-34. [PMID: 12773754 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfg146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to delineate the cellular changes modulated by acute cold/restraint stress (ACRS), a physical and psychological stressor, in response to a Listeria monocytogenes(LM) infection. In addition to wild type (WT) BALB/c mice, CD4-deficient (CD4-/-) BALB/c mice, which have no effective adaptive immunity, were used to determine the involvement of adaptive versus innate immunity. ACRS-induced suppression of host resistance to LM was not observed in CD4-/- mice, suggesting the involvement of CD4+T cells in the acute cold/restraint stress (ACRS)-induced inhibition. The in vivo splenic leukocyte phenotypes and activities of WT BALB/c mice after infection and in vitro lymphocyte responses to heat-killed LM (HKLM) also were examined. There were no significant differences in the numbers of splenic T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, macrophages, or neutrophils between nonstressed and ACRS-treated WT mice. However, higher levels of activated T cells and non-T lymphocytes were observed in the ACRS-treated mice; beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-ADR) antagonists (propranolol and atenolol) eliminated these elevated levels of activation, as well as the ACRS-induced suppression of host resistance. ACRS and control mice also had equivalent activation of macrophages. With in vitro HKLM stimulation, splenocytes from ACRS-treated mice produced significantly higher levels of IFNgamma and slightly higher levels of IL-6 in comparison with the nonstressed mice, although equivalent levels of lymphocyte proliferation were obtained. Additionally, ACRS-treated mice showed comparable elevation of serum nitric oxide after infection, indicating macrophage bactericidal activity similar to nonstressed mice. Thus, it appears that ACRS inhibits host resistance through regulatory CD4+ T cells and/or effector cell functions downstream of CD4+ T cell activation, as well as through beta-ADR signaling, in that blockage of these receptors appears to aid host defenses by means other than elevation of helper T cell activity. Because CD4 T cell deficiency and beta-ADR blockage produced equivalent effects, beta-ADR+ CD4+ T cells may have a negative role on host defenses after ACRS.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/blood
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Hypothermia, Induced
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Immunocompetence/drug effects
- Immunocompetence/genetics
- Immunocompetence/immunology
- Listeria monocytogenes/immunology
- Listeria monocytogenes/pathogenicity
- Listeriosis/genetics
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Listeriosis/psychology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Nitric Oxide/blood
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism
- Restraint, Physical
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
- Stress, Physiological/immunology
- Stress, Physiological/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cao
- Laboratory of Clinical and Environmental Endocrinology and Immunology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, USA
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42
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Anglen CS, Truckenmiller ME, Schell TD, Bonneau RH. The dual role of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the development of stress-induced herpes simplex encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 140:13-27. [PMID: 12864968 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the generally restrictive nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), circulating lymphocytes can infiltrate into the central nervous system (CNS) during a variety of disease states. Although the contributions of these lymphocytes to CNS-associated disease have been identified in some viral models, the factors which govern this infiltration following herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection remain to be elucidated. We have developed a murine model of HSV encephalitis (HSE) to define the relationship among psychological stress, the recruitment of HSV-specific T cells into the CNS, and the development of HSE. Naive mice, as well as mice that had been vaccinated with a recombinant vaccinia virus (rVVESgB498-505) that elicits the generation of HSV-1 gB498-505-specific CD8(+) T cells, were infected intranasally (i.n.) with HSV-1 McIntyre. Beginning one day prior to HSV-1 infection and continuing for a total of 9 days, naive and vaccinated mice were exposed to a well-established stressor, restraint stress. Naive, stressed mice exhibited increased symptoms of HSE and HSE-associated mortality as compared to non-stressed controls. A concomitant increase in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the brain was observed throughout the infection, with CD8(+) T cells outnumbering CD4(+) T cells. The development of HSE in these naive, stressed mice was accompanied by a delayed infiltration of gB498-505-specific CD8(+) T cells after HSV spread into the brain. In contrast, both stressed and non-stressed rVVESgB498-505-vaccinated mice possessed gB498-505-specific CD8(+) T cells prior to HSV challenge and were protected against HSE despite having detectable HSV-1 DNA in the brain. Together, these findings suggest that a delayed infiltration of CD8(+) T cells into the brain may promote HSE in naive mice, while the presence of HSV-specific CD8(+) T cells in the brain prior to HSV challenge is protective, possibly by limiting HSV replication and spread within the CNS.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- CD4-CD8 Ratio
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/pathology
- Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/physiopathology
- Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/prevention & control
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/growth & development
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Stress, Physiological/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- Vero Cells
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal S Anglen
- Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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43
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Pereira DB, Antoni MH, Danielson A, Simon T, Efantis-Potter J, Carver CS, Durán REF, Ironson G, Klimas N, Fletcher MA, O'Sullivan MJ. Stress as a predictor of symptomatic genital herpes virus recurrence in women with human immunodeficiency virus. J Psychosom Res 2003; 54:237-44. [PMID: 12614833 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genital herpes (Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2, HSV-2) is a significant public health problem for HIV+ women, who have high rates of HSV-2 seropositivity and elevated risk for HSV-2 associated morbidity and mortality. Life stress has been identified as a co-factor in genital herpes recurrence. However, no research has evaluated the relationship between stress and genital herpes recurrences in HIV+ women. The purpose of this study was to determine whether stress was associated with symptomatic genital herpes recurrences in women seropositive for HIV and HSV-2. METHODS Thirty-four HIV-infected African-American and Caribbean-American women underwent a psychosocial interview, blood draw and gynecologic examination to assess gynecologic symptoms (including genital herpes) at study entry. Life stress was measured using a 10-item modified version of the Life Experiences Survey (LES). Genital herpes recurrence over 1-year follow-up was abstracted using medical chart review. RESULTS Using hierarchical linear regression analysis, life stress at study entry was significantly associated with number of genital herpes recurrences during 1-year follow-up (beta=.38, P=.03) after controlling for HIV disease variables and relevant behavioral factors. Recent life stress, in particular, was highly predictive of genital herpes recurrence during follow-up (beta=.57, P=.002). The relationship between life stress and genital herpes recurrence persisted after controlling for HSV-2 viral reactivation (i.e., HSV-2 IgG titers) at study entry. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that stress may be a significant predictor of genital herpes recurrence in women with HIV and HSV-2. Stress management interventions may buffer HSV-related morbidity and mortality in women with HIV.
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric V Yang
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, 2175, Graves Hall, 333 W 10th Avenue, Columbus 43210, USA
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45
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Cao L, Lawrence DA. Suppression of host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes by acute cold/restraint stress: lack of direct IL-6 involvement. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 133:132-43. [PMID: 12446016 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We conducted kinetic studies to evaluate the effects of acute cold/restraint stress (ACRS) on both primary and secondary host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes (LM). The involvement of IL-6 also was investigated using IL-6 knockout (KO) mice on the BALB/c background. ACRS dramatically increased the serum corticosterone levels, indicating that ACRS activated the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. ACRS significantly inhibited host resistance to LM during a primary but not a secondary LM infection. During the primary infection, ACRS caused a significant delay in clearance of LM, loss of body weight, reduced food/water intake, and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNFalpha) and IFNgamma. ACRS IL-6 KO mice showed higher LM burdens than did IL-6 KO controls, suggesting that IL-6 is not required for the ACRS-impairment of host resistance. Elevated levels of IL-1beta and TNFalpha may compensate for the absence of IL-6 and maintain the ACRS-induced impairment, in that the serum and splenic IL-1beta and TNFalpha levels were significantly higher in infected ACRS IL-6 KO mice, but not in control IL-6 KO mice, as compared to respective wild type controls. ACRS appears to inhibit IL-6 independent mechanisms associated with innate immunity and/or the development of adaptive immunity, but these reactions are unable to modulate the more efficient secondary immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cold Temperature/adverse effects
- Corticosterone/blood
- Corticosterone/immunology
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytokines/immunology
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/immunology
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/microbiology
- Hypothermia, Induced/adverse effects
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Interleukin-6/deficiency
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Listeria monocytogenes/immunology
- Listeriosis/genetics
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Listeriosis/psychology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Restraint, Physical
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
- Stress, Physiological/immunology
- Stress, Physiological/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cao
- Laboratory of Clinical and Environmental Endocrinology and Immunology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Klein
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of South Florida College of Medicine Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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47
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Abstract
Exposure to trauma can result in immune dysregulation, and increasing evidence suggests that there are immune alterations associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the exact nature of these immune findings in PTSD has not been defined. The study of psychoneuroimmunology in PTSD is relevant not only for understanding the biological underpinnings of this disorder, but also for establishing the nature of the associations between PTSD and other medical and psychiatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl M Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Bronx VAMC, OOMH 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
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48
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Wonnacott KM, Bonneau RH. The effects of stress on memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated protection against herpes simplex virus infection at mucosal sites. Brain Behav Immun 2002; 16:104-17. [PMID: 11908921 DOI: 10.1006/brbi.2001.0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress has been shown to affect many components of the innate and adaptive immune responses to a variety of pathogens including herpes simplex virus (HSV). Mucosal tissues are clinically relevant sites of infection with HSV as well as with many other common pathogens. However, there is a scarcity of experimental evidence that stress affects mucosal immunity. We have taken advantage of a murine model of HSV-specific immune protection that is mediated by only memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLm) specific for a single CTL recognition epitope within glycoprotein B of HSV-1 (gB498-505). This CTLm population is elicited by vaccination with a recombinant vaccinia virus, which expresses this epitope in the absence of any other HSV-encoded antigens. We report here that stress reduces the ability of gB498-505-specific CTLm to protect against a lethal intranasal or intravaginal HSV infection. Also, stress decreases the ability of these CTLm to limit virus levels at the mucosal site of infection but does not have a significant effect on the levels of virus in the innervating sensory ganglia. Finally, stress decreases protection against HSV-mediated pathology of the vaginal epithelium. These studies are the first to examine the effects of stress on CTLm activation and function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Wonnacott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (H107), The Pennsylvania State University Colloege of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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49
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Abstract
There are complex bi-directional interactions among the central nervous system (CNS), the endocrine system, and the immune system. Although the mechanisms of this bi-directional communication is not yet fully understood, studies in the field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) have shown that stress, through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and the sympathetic-adrenal medullary (SAM) axes, can result in the dysregulation of the immune system. In this review, we discuss human studies and animal models, which focuses on psychological stress emphasizing the implications of these effects on wound healing and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric V Yang
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus 43210, USA
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50
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Abstract
Recent studies indicate that neuroendocrine-immune interactions can cause sufficient immunosuppression to adversely affect human health, but quantitative relationships between stress-related hormones or neurotransmitters and immune function have not been well documented. The mechanisms of stress-induced immunomodulation cannot be fully understood solely by identifying the hormones, neurotransmitters, and cytokines involved. Quantitative relationships and interactions must also be understood. Depending on the nature and duration of the stressor and the immunological parameter under investigation, stress responses can enhance, have no effect, or suppress immunological parameters. These quantitative relationships have implications with regard to safety assessment of drugs and chemicals and with regard to potential development of pharmacological interventions to ameliorate some of the immunosuppressive effects of stress. This review describes selected studies that relate the quantity and duration of exposure to stress-related neuroendocrine mediators to modulation of the immune system. These studies provide a useful starting point, but they also illustrate how much work remains to achieve a fully integrated qualitative and quantitative understanding of stress-induced immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Pruett
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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