Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids

Targeted characterisation of bioactive prenylated flavonoids from Ficus carica L. fruits

Figs (Ficus carica L.) are rich in bioactive prenylated flavonoids (PFs), which have garnered considerable attention owing to their potential health benefits. In this study, feature-based molecular networking was used to facilitate the targeted isolation of PFs components. Fifty flavonoids, including eight pairs of enantiomers, were isolated, and thirty-eight were identified as PFs. Structural characterisation of the ten novel flavonoids was achieved through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and quantum chemical calculations. Fig extracts exhibited potent free radical scavenging capacities against DPPH and ABTS radicals. The identification of forty-two polyphenolics using UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS analysis further supported these results. Several compounds showed moderate inhibitory effects against the NF-κB and STAT3 pathways. Structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that the prenyl type and substitution position played a pivotal role in influencing anti-mycobacterial activity. These findings provide novel insights into the targeted isolation, structural features, and activity profiles of PFs in figs.

Copper(II)-Bathocuproine reagent-based dual mode sensing of total antioxidant capacity in food extracts

As food antioxidants are known deactivators of reactive species that may cause oxidative hazard, antioxidant capacity determination has gained importance in biochemistry, medicine and food science. In this study, a simple and sensitive dual-mode system based on spectrophotometric (SP) and spectrofluorometric (SF) determination of food antioxidants was developed using the Cu(II) complex of fluorescent bathocuproine sulfonate disodium salt (BCDS). In the proposed SF assay of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), a linear decrease in fluorescence occurs related to the formation of non-fluorescent Cu(I)-BCDS chelate depending on antioxidant concentration. At the same time in the SP method, the chemical reduction of Cu(II)-BCDS complex by antioxidants reflected in the absorbance increase of the formed Cu(I)-BCDS complex is monitored. By optimizing the optimal experimental conditions of the developed methods and applying them to standard antioxidant compounds separately, calibration equations were obtained and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) values were calculated. The LOD values for Trolox obtained by SP and SF methods were found to be 0.16 and 5.08 μmolL-1, respectively. The sensitivity and accuracy of these two systems were examined by spiking known amounts of antioxidants to complex sample matrices. Both methods were successfully applied to the determination of TAC in food extracts. This dual sensing system is novel in view of the fact that the same probe (Cu(II)-BCDS) is used in the simple, rapid and sensitive determination of the same analyte (TAC) in two different (SP and SF) modes.

Melissa officinalis extract nanoemulsion, Caffeic acid and Quercetin as a novel inducer for investigating neural differentiation of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells

BACKGROUND

Cell therapy utilizing mesenchymal stem cells, which have the ability to differentiate into different lineages, has garnered significant attention in recent years. Melissa officinalis is rich in biologically active compounds and exhibits antioxidant activity, antimicrobial properties, and sedative effects. Nanoemulsions can facilitate the effective transfer of substances and also protect drugs and biological materials from environmental factors. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of Melissa officinalis extract nanoemulsion and the active ingredients of caffeic acid and quercetin as inducers in increasing the efficiency of differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into neural cells in a laboratory environment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Human WJMSCs were cultured in the basic culture medium consisting of: Hight glucose DMEM, 10 % FBS and 1 % penicillin/streptomycin. The alcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis was extracted and its nanoemulsion was prepared along with two other effective substances. Next, zeta potential and size of nanoparticles were measured by Dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. The optimal dose of all three material was calculated by MTT (3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay and Acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining. In the following, neural differentiation was investigated using Real-time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) techniques on days 7 and 14.

RESULTS

The results obtained from MTT and AO/EB assays showed that the optimal dose of nanoemulsion M. officinalis, caffeic acid and quercetin is 150 μg/ml, 75 μg/ml and 25 μg/ml, respectively. The ideal particle size for nanoemulsion is below 100 nm. The zeta potential of the M. officinalis extract nanoemulsion was reported to be -9.45 and the average particle size was 17.76 nm. The results of this study indicated that the expression of neural marker genes (MAP-2, β-tubulin III and NSE) and proteins (MAP-2, β-tubulin III and Gamma-enolase) increased in differentiated cells treated with the synthesized nanoemulsion compared to the control group on days 7 and 14 (P ≤ 0.05).

CONCLUSION

In general, our results showed that M. officinalis extract nanoemulsion, caffeic acid and quercetin caused induction of neural differentiation mechanism in human WJ-MSCs.

Thermal sensing of syringic acid in food samples via molecularly imprinted polymers synthesized from bio-based deep eutectic solvents as monomers

Sensing syringic acid in food samples is highly valuable in food quality control due to its health promoting effects. To this purpose, syringic acid MIPs aligning with green chemistry have been developed by employing a bio-based functional monomer as DES and ethanol-water as porogen. MIP was implemented into a low-cost thermal readout platform as functional layer utilizing carbon tape for deposition. The sensor was characterized using SEM, IR, TGA and laser diffraction and its performance was evaluated through loading assays with syringic acid solutions, selectivity studies using structural analogues and food components, and quantification of syringic acid in thyme and walnut benchmarked by LC-MS. This work is the first to accurately quantify a molecular target using thermal readout with resulting LOD and LOQ of 0.28 ± 0.06 and 0.84 ± 0.18 μM respectively, linear ranges between 0.5 - 2.5 μM and 2.5 - 17.5 μM and recoveries ranging between 96.0 - 111 %.

Development of a dual-sensing colorimetric probe for total antioxidant capacity measurement using iron(III)-o-phenanthroline reagent

In this study, a dual-mode sensing system was developed for the determination of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) using the Fe(III)-phenanthroline (Fe(III)-phen) reagent. The first detection mechanism of the system is based on the reduction of the Fe(III)-phen reagent by antioxidants, leading to the formation of the orange-red Fe(II)-phen chelate, which is quantified by the absorbance change at 510 nm. The second mechanism exploits the oxidase-like activity of the Fe(III)-phen complex. This complex generates superoxide anion radicals that oxidize 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to produce a blue-colored oxidized TMB (ox-TMB) charge-transfer complex. In the presence of antioxidants, this reaction is inhibited, resulting in a decrease in ox-TMB formation, and the absorbance change at 652 nm correlates with the TAC of the tested sample. The proposed system was successfully applied to standard antioxidants, synthetic antioxidant mixtures, and real food extracts, demonstrating its applicability and sensitivity for TAC analysis. The linear equation of the calibration graphs obtained for different trolox (TR) concentrations were found to be A510 = 0.0221CTR + 0.0223 (A: absorbance and C: concentration in μM) and ΔA = 0.0301CTR + 0.0583 (ΔA: the difference of absorbance resulting from decreasing ox-TMB formation in the presence of TR, and C: concentration in μM) for the reduction-based Fe(III)-phen method and the TMB-based Fe(III)-phen method, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) for the reduction based Fe(III)-phen method and the TMB-based Fe(III)-phen method were found to be 0.45 and 0.87 μM, respectively, for trolox. The LOD was calculated using the equation; LOD = 3 sbl/m (sbl: standard deviation of a blank, m: slope of the calibration line). This study presents an innovative approach by utilizing the same probe, Fe(III)-phen, through two distinct mechanisms for the simple, rapid, and sensitive determination of TAC.

Effect of saline stress on the metabolic profile and antidiabetic potential of Physalis peruviana

Goldenberry is a fruit widely utilised for treating diabetes. Its nutraceutical properties can be enhanced by subjecting it to saline stress during cultivation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of applying NaCl (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mM) to goldenberry plants on the metabolite profile and hypoglycaemic potential of both fruit and leaf decoctions. The findings demonstrated that NaCl increases the phenolic content, flavonoids, and hydrolysable polyphenols in leaf decoctions. Additionally, four alkaloids previously unreported in Physalis peruviana were identified. Saline stress improved the profile of extractable and non-extractable phenolic compounds in both leaves and fruits. Furthermore, incubation with decoctions of stressed leaves at a concentration of 0.50 mg/mL reduced extracellular glucose levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, extracts of leaves subjected to 40 mM NaCl stress slightly diminished the postprandial hyperglycaemic peak in healthy rats, potentially attributable to increased glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Quercetin and taxifolin enhance immunity in Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiaticus) and increase its resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila

This study investigated the effects of short-term exposure to flavonoids, specifically quercetin and taxifolin, on the transcriptomic responses of Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiaticus) to validate their influence on gene expression related to immunity, antioxidant activity, and metabolism. Using transcriptomic data, we also analyzed their influence on relevant immune genes and examined the Chinese suckers' resistance to A. hydrophila. Oxidative stress, immune defense, and glucose metabolism of Chinese suckers were tested to assess potential enhancements. Significant alterations were observed in multiple immune-related Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways in the liver of Chinese suckers, notably the complement and coagulation cascades, degradation of aromatic compounds, and xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450. The key immune markers such as UGT, MPO, C3, and C4 were highlighted in these pathways, underlining their importance in fish immunity. Additionally, oxidative stress related KEGG pathways were notably influenced after exposure to quercetin and taxifolin, displaying markers such as CYP3A, superoxide dismutase, GST, malondialdehyde, and catalase. Quercetin particularly affected the enzymatic activity of glucose oxidase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and ATPase, which are enzymes related to stress responses in fish. Antimicrobial tests revealed that both flavonoids enhanced Chinese suckers' defense against A. hydrophila by bolstering oxidative stress resistance and immunity. These results provided valuable insights for using flavonoids to enhance fish immunity.

Alcohol or No Alcohol in Wine: Half a Century of Debate

Alcoholic beverages have been consumed for centuries in different countries around the world. Today, we know that the ethanol they contain is associated with significant health risks, especially in the case of abuse, in individuals with special health conditions, and in pregnant women. However, over the years, awareness has grown that wine, especially red wine, has a beneficial effect on human health due to the powerful effect of the antioxidant substances it contains, known under the generic term of polyphenols. The main concern remains around the ethanol content of wine and its effects on health. After fifty years of research and studies, the debate is still open, with conflicting indications about the positive effect of moderate wine consumption in the context of a balanced diet and the toxic effect of ethanol even in low doses. In this disputed area, the market for low-alcohol and alcohol-free wines has found its place in the last decade, creating a new opportunity for the global wine trade. These new types of wine are going to open a new chapter in the history of wine. In this review, we have summarised the main aspects of the health implications of wine consumption considering scientific evidence from the last 50 years, including low-alcohol and dealcoholised wine.

Assessing the safety of thermal mineral water for cosmetic applications: an integrated approach using physicochemical, cheminformatics, and bioinformatics techniques

Thermal and mineral waters represent a complex multifunctional natural resource that has been used for various purposes throughout human history. The physico-chemical characterization of thermal and mineral waters is a comprehensive process that integrates knowledge and practice from different scientific fields. When used in direct contact with human skin, whether for bathing or for use in topical products, a toxicological analysis of thermal and mineral waters must also be performed. This work is an example of a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the safety of concrete thermal and mineral water from the Pannonian Basin for use in cosmetics. A detailed physicochemical characterization was performed together with the subsequent safety assessment of the final cosmetic product, coupled with cheminformatics and bioinformatics tools used to predict physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, determination of descriptors to assess bioactive potential and evaluation of possible biological pathways and interactions. The results show that the tested thermal and mineral water is a promising resource for use in cosmetic products that can help maintain skin integrity and improve its condition. The toxicological evaluation showed that the tested water is acceptable as an ingredient in a face cream for adults, excluding pregnant and breastfeeding women. The results are discussed in detail and guidance and comments on outstanding issues are provided.

Metal-polyphenol nanocomposite hybrid hydrogel: A multifunctional platform for treating diabetic foot ulcers through metabolic microenvironment reprogramming

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a prevalent and challenging clinical condition characterized by impaired microcirculation, chronic wound infections, and a hyperglycemic, high-reactive oxygen species (ROS) environment. These factors make treatment particularly complex, often requiring a multidisciplinary approach that yields suboptimal results. In this study, a novel therapeutic strategy was developed using metal-polyphenol nanoparticles synthesized from (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and ferric ions (Fe3+). These nanoparticles were further loaded with salvianolic acid B (SAB) and glucose oxidase (GOx) to enhance their multifunctional biological properties. Complementing these nanoparticles, a polysaccharide hydrogel was engineered using quaternized chitosan (QCS) and oxidized fucoidan (OFu), forming a robust and stable network through Schiff base linkages. This innovative platform demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against DFU-associated pathogens. Within the ulcer's hostile microenvironment, the hydrogel degraded via dynamic bond cleavage, releasing nanoparticles that boosted mitochondrial metabolism, induced M2 macrophage polarization, promoted angiogenesis and reduced ROS levels. These combined effects accelerated tissue regeneration and wound healing. The results suggest that this advanced hydrogel system holds significant promise as a therapeutic option for improving DFU management and addressing its multifaceted challenges.

The cell membranes undergo biochemical and biophysical changes in response to hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives: ferulic acid and caffeic acid

Ferulic acid (FA) and caffeic acid (CA), due to their strong antioxidant properties, are widely used both in dietary supplements and as ingredients in cosmetics. However, despite the undoubtedly beneficial properties of these molecules, they can also exhibit toxic effects. This study aimed to investigate which concentrations of the compounds are toxic for different types of cells and which are beneficial. Detailed analyses were performed on human cells (U937, HL-60, SK-N-SH) and mouse cells (B16-F0), as well as on cell membrane models created using the Langmuir technique. Based on biochemical studies, it was shown that both compounds can act cytotoxically, although FA is significantly more cytotoxic than CA. This difference in toxicity levels is attributed to the presence of different substituents, which affect the molecules' hydrophobicity and, consequently, their localization in membranes. Based on model membranes, it was demonstrated that the polar parts of membranes are decisive in determining the degree of this interaction. While cinnamic acid derivatives offer localized health benefits, they can also have toxic effects on different types of cells.

Antioxidant activity, molecular docking, and modeling pharmacokinetics study of some benzo[f]quinoline candidates

Benzoquinolines were found in many pharmaceuticals and natural products and were utilized as templates for the synthesis of many drugs. Thus, 3-(3-chlorobenzo[f]quinolin-2-yl)-2-(4-oxo-4H-benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-2-yl)acrylonitrile was prepared as a key building substrate, using arylidene ethyl cyanoacetate derivative 3, and reacted with diverse mono- and bi-dentate nitrogen nucleophiles aiming to construct new heterocycles based on a benzo[f]quinoline core, for example quinazolinone, imidazoline, oxadiazolinone, and benzimidazole derivatives. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated, using ascorbic acid as a reference, and revealed the highest potency of benzimidazole derivative 19, which may be attributed to the aromaticity and extended conjugation. These findings were supported by in silico studies. A molecular docking simulation was performed to disclose the modes of interactions of benzimidazole 19 toward HCV NS5B polymerase. It exhibited a binding energy greater than that of co-crystallized ligand, referring to strong binding to certain key nucleobases and amino acids (CYS 366 and ASN 411) of HCV NS5B polymerase through hydrogen bonding and pi-hydrogen interactions, revealing its potential usage as an antioxidant agent. DFT simulation for the active compounds were studied to determine the molecular geometry and frontier orbitals of the potent compounds. Regarding ADME simulation, compounds 3, 9, and 17 exhibited a high GI absorption and good bioavailability score of 0.85, 0.55, and 0.55, respectively. The variance in GI absorption might depict the differences in observed antioxidant efficacy of compounds. Also, they showed gastrointestinal tract (GIT) absorption due to their being in the BOILED-EGG chart white area. The potent compounds 3, 9, 13, 17, and 19 exhibited fair TPSA and predicted to exhibit good passive oral absorption.

Multi-target anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of flavonoids from Varthemia iphionoides Boiss. & C. I. Blanche

Chronic inflammation plays a central role in the onset of many diseases, whereas long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs is often associated with harmful side effects. This study examined the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of seven flavonoids isolated from Varthemia iphionoides Boiss. & C. I. Blanche: jaceidin (1), kumatakenin (2), 4'-hydroxy-3,5,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone (3), santin (4), quercetin-3,3'-dimethyl ether (5), viscosine (6), and isokaempferide (7). Compounds 1, 5 and 6 showed potent inhibition of ROS (IC50 in µM: 1.0, 1.7, and 11.4 in whole blood; 7.4, <0.3, and 9.9 in PMNs, respectively). All compounds, except compound 2, reduced NO• production (IC50: 9.1-26.9 µM). Compounds 3, 5 and 6 selectively inhibited COX-1. Most compounds exhibited low toxicity in BJ fibroblasts, whereas compound 5 showed potent and selective cytotoxicity against HeLa cancer cells. These findings highlight the multi-targeted anti-inflammatory potential of flavonoids, particularly compound 5, as a promising lead for research against inflammation-related diseases, including cancer.

Antileishmanial activity of Ptilostemon chamaepeuce subsp. cyprius

BACKGROUND

Phytochemicals from unexplored plant species may be vital to unlocking pharmaceutical antibiotic and antiparasitic discoveries. New compounds need to be discovered to combat antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to investigate ethanolic leaf extracts from five endemic and four indigenous plants from Cyprus for antibacterial, antileishmanial, and antioxidant activities.

METHODS

Ethanolic leaf extracts were screened for antibacterial activity using a broth microdilution assay and iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) as a colourimetric redox indicator for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against four Gram-positive and two Gram-negative American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) reference bacteria. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and radical scavenging activity assays were performed to screen for antioxidant potential. Leishmania infantum clinical culture (MCAN/CY/2005/CD57) was used to screen the extracts for in vitro antileishmanial activity. Their cytotoxicity in vitro was assessed using the resazurin fluorometric assay with a HepG2 cell line. As an estimate of in vitro toxicity, a brine shrimp lethality assay was performed.

RESULTS

The ethanol extract of Ptilostemon chamaepeuce subsp. cyprius (Greuter) Chrtek & B. Slavik demonstrated antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) < 0.625 mg/mL and antileishmanial activity against a clinical isolate of L.infantum (MCAN/CY/2005/CD57) from an infected dog (promastigote IC50 of 105.7 ± 2.5 μg/mL and amastigote IC50 of 118.5 ± 4.3 μg/mL) after 48 h and compared to the activity of the reference drug, miltefosine (IC50 of 3.7 ± 0.1 μg/mL and 18.5 ± 2.3 μg/mL, respectively). Liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of at least five sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) in P. cham. subsp. cyprius ethanolic extract. The main compound, deacylcynaropicrin, based on its high-resolution mass spectrum, is believed to be primarily responsible for the antileishmanial activity observed in vitro. Quercus alnifolia Poech ethanolic extract showed antibacterial activity against four Gram-positive and one Gram-negative bacteria with MIC values of < 0.625 mg/mL, respectively, and antioxidant capacity in DPPH radical scavenging assay with IC50 of 0.155 ± 0.002 mg/mL and compared to ascorbic acid (IC50 of 0.036 ± 0.000 mg/mL) and Trolox (IC50 of 0.047 ± 0.001 mg/mL).

CONCLUSION

The ethanolic extract of Ptilostemon chamaepeuce subsp. cyprius demonstrated dose-dependent antileishmanial activity. This is the first data report of P.cham. subsp. cyprius and Q.alnifolia ethanolic extracts to indicate antibacterial, antileishmanial and antioxidant activities in preliminary investigations. Moreover, this is the first report on STLs in P. cham. subsp. cyprius, and future studies are needed to confirm if they are responsible for the in vitro antileishmanial activity. These findings highlight the potential of these endemic plants as sources for developing new drugs targeting Gram-positive bacterial infections and leishmaniasis, encouraging further pharmaceutical research.

The Effects of Polyphenols on Doxorubicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity by Modulating Inflammatory Cytokines, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, and Oxidative DNA Damage

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracyclic antibiotic with anti-neoplastic activity that has been found to be a highly effective and commonly used chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of a variety of solid and hematologic malignancies. However, its effectiveness has been limited by the occurrence of dose-related renal, myocardial, and bone marrow toxicities. The clinical use of DOX is associated with nephrotic syndrome characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia. DOX-induced changes in the renal tissue of rats include increased glomerular capillary permeability and tubular atrophy. Several lines of evidence suggest that reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress have been associated with DOX-induced renal damage. The mechanism of DOX-induced nephrotoxicity is believed to be mediated through free radical formation, iron-dependent oxidative damage of biological macromolecules, and membrane lipid peroxidation. Polyphenols are present in high concentration in fruits and vegetables. They have been shown to have potent antioxidant and cytoprotective effects in preventing endothelial apoptosis caused by oxidants. Treatment with polyphenols has been shown to prevent liver damage and suppress overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, which is induced by various inflammatory stimuli. In addition, epidemiological studies have suggested that the intake of polyphenols may be associated with a reduced risk of DOX-induced nephrotoxicity by modulating inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and oxidative DNA damage. Therefore, in the present review, we examined the influence of polyphenols on DOX-induced nephrotoxicity.

Antioxidants: a comprehensive review

Antioxidants had a growing interest owing to their protective roles in food and pharmaceutical products against oxidative deterioration and in the body and against oxidative stress-mediated pathological processes. Screening of antioxidant properties of plants and plant derived compounds requires appropriate methods, which address the mechanism of antioxidant activity and focus on the kinetics of the reactions including the antioxidants. Many studies have been conducted with evaluating antioxidant activity of various samples of research interest using by different methods in food and human health. These methods were classified methods described and discussed in this review. Methods based on inhibited autoxidation are the most suited for termination-enhancing antioxidants and, for chain-breaking antioxidants while different specific studies are needed for preventive antioxidants. For this purpose, the most commonly methods used in vitro determination of antioxidant capacity of food and pharmaceutical constituents are examined and also a selection of chemical testing methods is critically reviewed and highlighting. In addition, their advantages, disadvantages, limitations and usefulness were discussed and investigated for pure molecules and raw plant extracts. The effect and influence of the reaction medium on performance of antioxidants is also addressed. Hence, this overview provides a basis and rationale for developing standardized antioxidant capacity methods for the food, nutraceuticals, and dietary supplement industries. Also, the most important advantages and shortcomings of each method were detected and highlighted. The underlying chemical principles of these methods have been explained and thoroughly analyzed. The chemical principles of methods of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging, 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS·+) scavenging, ferric ions (Fe3+) reducing assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, cupric ions (Cu2+) reducing power assay (Cuprac), Folin-Ciocalteu reducing capacity (FCR assay), superoxide radical anion (O2·-), hydroxyl radical (OH·) scavenging, peroxyl radical (ROO·) removing, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposing, singlet oxygen (1O2) quenching assay, nitric oxide radical (NO·) scavenging assay and chemiluminescence assay are overviewed and critically discussed. Also, the general antioxidant aspects of the main food and pharmaceutical components were discussed through several methods currently used for detecting antioxidant properties of these components. This review consists of two main sections. The first section is devoted to the main components in food and their pharmaceutical applications. The second general section includes definitions of the main antioxidant methods commonly used for determining the antioxidant activity of components. In addition, some chemical, mechanistic, and kinetic properties, as well as technical details of the above mentioned methods, are provided. The general antioxidant aspects of main food components have been discussed through various methods currently used to detect the antioxidant properties of these components.

Storage Time in Bottle: Influence on Physicochemical and Phytochemical Characteristics of Wine Spirits Aged Using Traditional and Alternative Technologies

Few studies have investigated the influence on physicochemical and phytochemical compositions during storage in the bottle of wine spirits (WSs) aged using alternative ageing technology (AAT) compared to traditional ageing technology (TAT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the bottle storage over one and four years on the evolution of chromatic characteristics (CIELab method) and physicochemical characteristics (alcoholic strength, acidity, and total dry extract), total phenolic index (TPI), low molecular weight compound contents (HPLC-DAD technique), in vitro antioxidant activities (DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays), and phenolic characterisation (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS technique) of WSs aged with chestnut wood using TAT (barrels, B) and AAT (micro-oxygenation levels (MOX): O15, O30, and O60; and control (N)). The results showed that after four years of storage in the bottle, the O60 modality resulted in smaller changes in physicochemical characteristics, higher preservation of phenolic content, and greater evolution of chromatic characteristics, ensuring its overall quality compared to other modalities. Antioxidant activity decreased similarly in both technologies, such as phenolic acid content, in particular, gallic acid content. According to the findings of this study, alternative ageing technology might be the best alternative for wine spirit quality and ageing process sustainability.

An Examination of the Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, Antimicrobial, and Biological Properties of Zygophyllum coccineum, Emphasizing Its Potential as a Valuable Forage Shrub

The growing issue of antimicrobial resistance poses a significant challenge for microbiological research, driving the need for alternative antibiotics with minimal side effects. Zygophyllum coccineum, commonly referred to as "Tebtab" in Arabic and "Red Spinepod" in English, has traditionally been utilized as forage for camels and ruminants. While its antimicrobial activity against human pathogens has been documented, its efficacy against animal pathogens remains underexplored. This study aims to evaluate the phytochemical composition, biological activities, and antimicrobial potential of water and organic-solvent extracts of Zygophyllum coccineum against a range of reference microbial strains and animal pathogens. The findings revealed that all extracts exhibited notable antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities attributed to their bioactive constituents. Among them, the ethyl acetate extract displayed the strongest antimicrobial effects against bacterial and fungal strains. Additionally, this extract demonstrated the highest antioxidant capacity and showed promising cytotoxic activity against lung (A549) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines. These results underscore the potential of Zygophyllum coccineum as a valuable natural resource for developing antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic therapies for applications in both human and veterinary medicine.

The Comparison of the Profile of Phenolic Compounds in Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Fruit by Different Drying Methods

In this study, the compositional shifts in free and bound phenolic compounds of Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) processed by different drying methods were investigated. Twenty-seven phenolic compounds, predominantly rutin and quinic acid, were discovered in fresh Noni fruit. Vacuum freeze-drying retained the highest free phenolic content, with rutin (1809.83 mg/kg DW) and quinic acid (198.72 mg/kg DW) as the primary constituents, while bound phenolics were dominated by benzoic acid (35.56 mg/kg DW). Hot-air drying reduced the free phenolics by 51.59% (80% methanol) and the bound phenolics (base hydrolysis) by 35.55%, with a significant degradation of rutin and quinic acid. Microwave drying similarly decreased the free phenolics, though the caffeic acid increased to 46.45 mg/kg DW due to the thermal stability. Bound phenolics showed the highest content (alkaline hydrolysis) in fresh fruits, primarily benzoic acid (220.67 mg/kg DW) and rutin (77.02 mg/kg DW), surpassing the acid/enzyme methods. While vacuum freeze-drying effectively preserved the free phenolics, thermal methods (hot-air/microwave drying) promoted the release of quercetin (free phenols) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (bound phenols). The findings of this study elucidate the species-specific compositional dynamics of phenolic compounds under different drying regimes, while providing quantitative guidelines for advancing the understanding of the underlying health-promoting phytochemical profiles of Noni.

Changes in Ascorbic Acid, Phenolic Compound Content, and Antioxidant Activity In Vitro in Bee Pollen Depending on Storage Conditions: Impact of Drying and Freezing

Bee pollen (BP) is a very valuable bee product, and its value depends on its proteins, lipids, amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and biologically active compounds such as phenolic compounds, which may change depending on the method of pollen preparation after collection and its storage conditions. Therefore, it is very important to determine when the decline in bioactive compounds in BP occurs during storage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in the content of ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds, and to determine the antioxidant activity of BP extracts depending on their preparation method and storage conditions over a 15-month period, with assessments conducted every 3 months. Dried pollen (at +28 °C on the first day and +35 °C on the second day) and frozen (-20 °C and -80 °C) BP samples were prepared. After 3 months of storage, there was no decrease of ascorbic acid in frozen BP; however, it decreased by 20% in dried BP (p < 0.05). It was determined that in frozen BP, the content of total phenolic compounds decreased by 12-14% (p < 0.05) after 6 months, and in dried BP, it decreased by 7% (p < 0.05) after 3 months. The levels of flavonoids decreased by 10-17% (p < 0.05) in BP after 6 months. Chlorogenic and p-coumaric acids have been observed as the most abundant phenolic acids in BP. During storage (the 6-15-month period), the strongest antiradical and reducing activity in vitro was estimated in the frozen (-80 °C) BP, which was 1.8-3.4-fold and 2.6-3.1-fold higher, respectively, compared to the dried BP extracts. In conclusion, significant results were obtained, showing better stability of phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid during storage in frozen BP compared to dried pollen. Melisopalynological analysis revealed a polyfloral pollen mixture, with Salix spp. and Brassica napus L. predominating in all samples, comprising 34.3% and 36.8%, respectively. Among these, Acer platanoides L., Malus domestica Borkh., and Taraxacum officinale L. were important minor pollens present in the samples examined.

Anti-inflammatory Activity and Chemical Composition of Sphaerocoryne affinis Fruit in Phu Quoc Island

Sphaerocoryne affinis is traditionally utilized in Vietnam for the production of alcoholic beverages. This study represented the first comprehensive investigation into the phytochemical profile and anti-inflammatory properties of S. affinis fruit. Using the RAW264.7 macrophage model stimulated by lipopolysaccharide, this study demonstrated the anti-inflammatory potential of S. affinis fruit ethanol extract, primarily through nitric oxide (NO) inhibition. The results revealed that ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on both NO radicals and NO production. Furthermore, thirteen compounds were successfully isolated, including chrysin (1), (5Z,7R)-acetyl melodorinol (2), daucosterol (3), pinocembrin (4), naringenin (5), melodorinol (6), (4Z)-5-(2,3-dihydroxy-propylidene)-5H-furan-2-one (7), (-)-malic acid (8), (E)-3-(furan-2-yl)acrylic acid (9), p-coumaric acid (10), caffeic acid (11), chlorogenic acid (12), and 5-O-(E)-p-coumaroylquinic acid methyl ester (13). Among these, seven compounds (5, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 13) were identified for the first time in this species, offering significant insight into its phytochemical profile and therapeutic potential.

Antiviral Potential and In Silico Insights of Polyphenols as Sustainable Phytopharmaceuticals: A Comprehensive Review

Polyphenols, particularly flavonoids, are reported to have health-promoting, disease-preventing abilities and several polyphenols having a wide spectrum of antiviral activities can be explored for preventive and/or therapeutic purposes. We have compiled the updated literature of diverse polyphenols active against common viral diseases, including herpes, hepatitis, influenza, rota and SARS-corona-viruses. The antiviral activity of bioactive polyphenols depends on the hydroxyl and ester groups of polyphenol molecules, as compounds with five or more hydroxyl groups and three specific methoxy groups showed antiviral potential, like anti-rabies activity. This comprehensive review will explore selective polyphenols isolated from common ethnomedicinal or food plants. Comparing bioactivities of structurally related polyphenols and using bioinformatics studies, we have explored the three most promising phyto-antivirals, including chrysin, resveratrol and quercetin, available in many foods and medicinal plants. Quercetin showed a maximum interaction score with human genes. We also explore the intricate structure-activity relationship between these polyphenols and pathogenic viruses with their mechanisms of antiviral action in selected virus models. Here, we report the promising potential of some phyto-polyphenols in the management of viral diseases through an in-depth analysis of the structure and bioactivity of these compounds.

Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for enhanced production of p-coumaric acid via L-phenylalanine biosynthesis pathway

p-Coumaric acid (p-CA), an invaluable phytochemical, has novel bioactivities, including antiproliferative, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective effects, and is the main precursor of various flavonoids, such as caffeic acid, naringenin, and resveratrol. Herein, we report the engineering of Escherichia coli for de novo production of p-CA via the PAL-C4H pathway. As the base strain, we used the E. coli H-02 strain, which was previously engineered for sufficient supplementation of L-phenylalanine, the main precursor of p-CA. For the bioconversion of L-Phe to p-CA, we constructed and optimized an expression system for phenylalanine ammonia lyase (SmPAL), codon-optimized cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (AtC4H), and its redox partner, cytochrome P450 reductase (AtCPR1). We confirmed that the engineered cell showed higher production of p-CA at 30 °C and the addition of 0.5 mM 5-aminolevulinic acid could increase the production titer further. Subsequently, the main pathways of acetic acid (poxB and pta-ackA) were eliminated to reduce its accumulation and restore cell growth. Next, to increase the available pool of cofactor (NADPH), the co-expression system of the zwf gene in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) was integrated into genome and the expression level was optimized with synthetic promoters. Finally, by optimizing fed-batch culture in a 5 L-scale bioreactor, the engineered strain achieved 1.5 g/L p-CA with a productivity of 31.8 mg/L/h.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Citri reticulatae Pericarpium and Chaenomelese speciosa (Sweet) Nakai Extracts in Alcohol-Related Liver Injury: Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Lipid Metabolism, and Gut Microbiota

Chronic and excessive alcohol consumption induces alcohol-related liver injury (ALI), characterized by oxidative stress (OS), disrupted lipid metabolism, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Given the lack of effective pharmacological treatments, flavonoid-rich fruits have attracted growing attention as potential intervention strategies. This study investigated the independent and combined effects of extracts from Citri reticulatae pericarpium (CRPE) and Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai (CSPE), previously shown to possess hepatoprotective properties, in a mouse model of ethanol-induced chronic ALI. The flavonoid composition of CRPE and CSPE was characterized using LC-MS/MS, and their potential mechanisms of action were further elucidated through transcriptomic analysis. The results showed that CRPE and CSPE, whether administered individually or in combination, effectively alleviated alcohol-induced hepatic histological damage and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, both extracts significantly reduced OS and improved lipid metabolism. Notably, CRPE, CSPE, and their combination regulated the gut microbiota, as shown by increased abundances of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, along with elevated levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These findings highlight that combinations of multiple fruit extracts exhibit significant potential in alleviating ALI by modulating the gut microbiota, providing valuable insights for the development of functional foods.

Improvement of the Oxidative Stability of Rosehip, Hemp, and Passion Fruit Oils by the Addition of Monocyclic Phenols as Antioxidants

Caffeic, syringic, and protocatechuic acids are phenolic acids with important antioxidant activity. In this work we studied how the oxidative stability of rosehip, hemp, and passion fruit oils improves with the addition of these antioxidant acids. We used the BQC-Redox System method to measure the antioxidant activity of oils and phenolic acids, and compared these results with other methods described in the literature. In addition, principal components analysis was used to show the relationship between oxidant activity and fatty acids in the oils studied. The results show, in most cases, the improvement of oxidative stability of oils by addition of phenolic acids, and that oxidative stability is determined by the molecular structure of phenolic acids, solubility of oils, the composition of oils in fatty acids, and the influence of temperature in stabilizing phenolic acids and oils. In addition, we support that the BQC-Redox System (BRS) is a suitable method to measure antioxidant activity.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Terminalia chebula Retz. in Alleviating the Complications of Letrozole-Induced PCOS in Rat Model

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is a leading gynecological condition that is being known to affect women fertility irrespective of their reproductive age. Though its prevalency and adverse effects in causing the female infertility is know to be reported worldwide, it has the steroidal pills having remarkable side effects as their effective medication to treat and manage its symptoms. Inorder to find a novel curative plant besed therapy, this study investigates the therapeutic potential of Terminalia chebula Retz. to manage the complications of PCOS. In this present study, the bioactive compounds of Terminalia chebula Retz. fruit extract were identified by GC-MS and the experimental animals (female Wistar rats) were categorized into six groups including control, letrozole-induced PCOS group, metformine treated as standard control, along with the groups orally treated with T. chebula fruit extracts at various concentrations. As a result of PCOS induction, the level of LPx got increased evidencing the increased lipid metabolism where the other antioxidant levels were decreased. The serum hormonal profile revealed a considerable decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels while the levels of LH, FSH, testosterone, and insulin were increased. The mRNA and protein expressions of CYP17A1, was upregulated whereas the CYP19A1 and PPAR-γ found to have lower expression on concerning the control group. These entire physiological, and biochemical observed during the successful induction of PCOS got restored to normal after being treated with the fruit extract of T. chebula in the experimental animals and implied its potentiality in managing the complications of PCOS.

Ferulic acid ameliorates bisphenol A (BPA)-induced Alzheimer's disease-like pathology through Akt-ERK crosstalk pathway in male rats

OBJECTIVES

This study investigated the neuroprotective effect of ferulic acid (FA) against bisphenol A (BPA) induced Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in male rats.

METHODS

Rats were allocated into four groups, control, BPA, BPA + FA, and FA, respectively, for 40 days. Spatial working memory and recognition memory were evaluated. Moreover, the brain levels of oxidative stress biomarkers, proinflammatory cytokines, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and phosphorylated serine/threonine protein kinase (p-Akt) were measured. We also determined the brain neuropathological protein levels, including Beta-Amyloid 1-42, total Tau (tTau), and phosphorylated Tau (pTau) proteins. Furthermore, brain levels of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Beta-secretase (BACE) were assessed. Brain histological investigation and immunohistochemistry determination of glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) were also performed. Moreover, docking simulation was adapted to understand the inhibitory role of FA on AChE, BACE-1, and ERK1/2.

RESULTS

Interestingly, the BPA + FA treated group showed a reversal in the cognitive impairments induced by BPA, which was associated with improved brain redox status. They also exhibited a significant decrease in brain inflammatory cytokines, ERK, and p-Akt levels. Moreover, they revealed a decline in beta-amyloid 1-42 and a significant improvement in tTau expression and pTau protein levels in the brain tissue. Further, the brain levels of AChE and BACE were substantially reduced in BPA + FA rats. The neuroprotective effect of FA was confirmed by restoring the normal architecture of brain tissue, which was associated with decreasing GFAP.

CONCLUSION

FA could be a potent neuroprotectant agent against AD with a possible prospect for its therapeutic capabilities and nutritional supplement value due to its antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties.

Antioxidant effect, DNA-binding, and transport of the flavonoid acacetin influenced by the presence of redox-active Cu(II) ion: Spectroscopic and in silico study

Acacetin (AC) is a natural polyphenol from the group of flavonoids. It is well established that the behavior of flavonoids depends on the presence of redox-active substances; therefore, we aim to investigate their biological activity following the interaction with Cu(II) ion. Our study demonstrates that AC can effectively bind Cu(II) ions, as confirmed by UV-Vis and EPR spectroscopy as well as DFT calculations. AC appears as a potent scavenger against the model ABTS radical cation by itself, but this ability is significantly limited upon Cu(II) coordination. The possible mild synergistic effect of AC in the presence of vitamin C and glutathione was also shown by the ABTS•+ test. In contrast, an inhibitory effect was observed in the presence of Cu(II) ions. The equimolar addition of AC to the model Fenton-like system containing Cu(II) did not have a noticeable effect on the concentration of hydroxyl radicals produced, but in its excess the formation of •OH decreased, as proved by EPR spin trapping. Absorption titrations and gel electrophoresis revealed effective binding to calf thymus (CT)-DNA with a stronger interaction for the Cu(II)-AC complex. The detailed mode of binding to biomolecules was described using molecular docking and molecular dynamics. Obtained results indicate that the double helix of DNA unwinds after interaction with the Cu(II)-AC complex. Fluorescence spectroscopy, employing human serum albumin (HSA), suggested a potential transport capacity for both AC and its Cu(II) complex.

Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals That AhNHL Contributes to Melatonin-Mediated Cadmium Tolerance in Peanut Plants

Cadmium (Cd) pollution significantly hampers cleaner production of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Therefore, exploring of tolerance mechanisms to Cd stress and breeding of low-Cd peanut cultivars are urgently needed and require intense efforts. Herein, multi-omics and physiological studies reveal that multiple biological processes, including melatonin (MT) biosynthesis, are involved in the Cd tolerance in peanut plants. Exogenous MT was applied to peanut plants under Cd stress, which decreased Cd accumulation in roots, shoots and seeds for 40%-60%, and promoted the antioxidant capacity. Integrated investigation reveals that MT-mediated Cd tolerance is mainly attributed to the enhanced metabolism of linolenic acid, glutathione (GSH), and phenylpropanoid (lignin), and development of casparian strip in root cell wall. Defense genes, such as non-race-specific disease resistance gene 1/harpininduced gene 1 (NDR1/HIN1)-like in peanut (AhNHL), were also significantly upregulated by MT under Cd stress. Overexpression of the AhNHL gene in tobacco reduced Cd accumulation for 37%-46%, and alleviated photosynthesis-inhibition induced by Cd stress. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that AhNHL confers the Cd tolerance mainly through promoting phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and GSH metabolism. Additionally, exogenous GSH effectively alleviated the Cd stress through improving Cd sequestration and antioxidant capacity in peanut plants, while apply of the GSH biosynthesis inhibitor (buthionine sulfoximine) exacerbated the Cd phytotoxicity. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that exogenous GSH improves Cd tolerance through affecting the expression of genes involved in transcription regulation, and metal ion binding and transport. Our findings provide novel insights into molecular mechanisms underlying Cd tolerance in plants, which would facilitate breeding of low-Cd peanut cultivars.

Ximenia caffra Sond. the magic wild indigenous plant that offers immense contribution as food and medicine

The wild indigenous African tree, Ximenia caffra Sond also commonly known as 'sour plum' and found in Southern Africa is traditionally used as a source of food and medicine by rural communities. Its fruit has been found to have vitamins, minerals, macronutrients, other important compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids. Other parts of the plant such as the seeds, roots and the leaves are used to treat vast different ailments such as cough, cancer, sexual transmitted disease and so on. Its polyphenols compounds that contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antimicrobial activities. The aim of this review is to explore X. caffra, the indigenous fruit that has health benefit of nutraceuticals and medicinal food, therapeutic capabilities in traditional medicine. The words' Ximenia cafrra' were used. The juice of X. caffra fruits comprises several potentially beneficial phytochemicals, minerals, and initial assessment indicate a remarkable antioxidant capacity of the fruit.

Insect resistance responses of ten Aster varieties to damage by Tephritis angustipennis in the three rivers source region of China

Aster varieties are widely used for medicinal purposes, landscaping, and ecological restoration, but their growth and reproduction are significantly threatened by the seed predator Tephritis angustipennis (Diptera: Tephritidae). The cultivation of pest-resistant varieties offers an effective, economical, and eco-friendly approach to managing T. angustipennis infestations. This study evaluates the impact of T. angustipennis on ten Aster varieties in the Three Rivers Source Region (TRSR), with a focus on population density, plant damage rate, and the activity of resistance enzymes and insect-resistant metabolites. The results classified the ten varieties into four resistance groups: one highly resistant variety [HR: Aster altaicus (MQAA)], four moderately resistant varieties [MR: Aster asteroides (DRAA), Aster flaccidus (QLAF), Aster tongolensis (BMAT), Aster poliothamnus (MQAP)], two moderately susceptible varieties [MS: Aster diplostephioides (QLAD), Aster souliei (DRAS)], and three highly susceptible varieties [HS: A. diplostephioides (MQAD), Aster yunnanensis var. labrangensis (MQAY), Aster farreri (MQAF)]. Notably, HR and MR varieties exhibited significantly higher activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), trypsin inhibitor (TI), and chymotrypsin inhibitor (CI), as well as higher contents of tannins (TN) and flavonoids (FN), compared to MS and HS varieties. Specifically, the HR variety (MQAA) showed the highest levels of CAT, POD, SOD, and TN, significantly enhancing its resistance to T. angustipennis. Statistical analyses further revealed that MDA, TN, FN, and antioxidant enzyme activities were found to be key factors influencing insect resistance across the different varieties and resistance levels. These findings enhance our understanding of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying resistance in Aster spp. and offer valuable insights for developing integrated pest management strategies. By identifying and promoting resistant varieties, this study lays the groundwork for effective, sustainable control measures that protect Aster crops from T. angustipennis damage.

Integrative morphological, phytochemical, and molecular identification of three invasive and medicinal Reynoutria species

The three highly invasive Reynoutria species - R. japonica Houtt., Reynoutria sachalinensis (F.Schmidt) Nakai, and a hybrid of them - R. x bohemica J. Chrtek & A. Chrtková are rich sources of biologically active compounds. However, only R. japonica is accepted as an herbal drug source in the pharmacopeias as Polygoni cuspidati rhizoma et radix, while R. sachalinensis is used in folk phytotherapy. The hybrid species can be misidentified as R. japonica due to its morphological resemblance. This study intended to explore genetic identity, diversity, and population structure using sequence-related amplified polymorphisms (SRAP) and start codon targeted (SCoT) markers correlated with morphological characteristics and metabolic profiles in fifteen accessions of Reynoutria species from invasive populations in Central Europe (Wroclaw, south-west Poland). The results suggest that morphological identification based on leaf morphology is clear for R. sachalinensis but fails to distinguish between R. japonica and R. × bohemica unambiguously. The qualitative HPLC/DAD/ESI-HR-QTOF-MS analysis determined the chemical composition of collected samples, revealing 117 compounds belonging to carbohydrates, stilbenes, flavan-3-ols, procyanidins, anthraquinones, organic acids, and naphthalenes. Out of these, the six compounds were quantitated. Based on LC-MS data for 117 compounds, the cluster analysis categorized the fifteen accessions into two distinctive clusters. All SCoT and SRAP markers showed medium (0.1 to 0.25) to high (0.30 to 0.40) levels of PIC, high levels of polymorphic bands (85 and 89%, respectively) and relatively high mean values for Rp (6.42 and 7.0) and were considered informative and differentiating. Partitioning the genetic diversity with AMOVA showed that variation within the populations was higher than among them, as seen in the combined data from SCoT and SRAP (53.04% vs. 46.96%, respectively) and the analyses of individual markers. Genetic diversity indices revealed that chosen genetic markers efficiently assess the variability within the genus Reynoutria. Na varied from 1.57 in R. sachalinensis to 3.34 in R. x bohemica, and Ne was low and almost identical for all species (~ 1.6). Nei's diversity (H) indicated low genetic diversity (< 0.2) in all species, with the highest value for hybrid (0.184). Despite low H values, Shannon's index (I) remains high and similar (R. japonica - 5.21, R. x bohemica - 5.28, and R. sachalinensis - 5.45). The number (NPL) and percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) for the hybrid (160 and 52.98%) were almost twice as high as for the parent species. The populations exhibited moderate GST values (0.159) and a gene flow (Nm = 1.317). Genetic structure analysis with the Evanno test (ΔK = 2) reveals two genetic groups with the highest admixture in the hybrid population. The cluster analysis dendrograms based on LC-MS data, genetic distance, and leaf morphology categorized the fifteen accessions into three clusters, revealing unequivocal separation of the R. sachalinensis from both other taxa. According to Baker's methodology, the highest correlation between dendrograms was observed between genetic and morphological data, with values of 0.85. Lower correlations were noted between molecular markers and phytochemical profile, as well as between morphology and phytochemical profile. The study suggests the effectiveness of combined morphological, phytochemical, and SCoT and SRAP molecular marker systems in assessing the identity of plant material. This approach can also be used in further studies on the population structure, spread, diversity, and evolution of invasive species such as Reynoutria spp.

Sensory evaluation and in vitro prebiotic effect of (poly)phenols and dietary fiber-rich mango bagasse-enriched confections

Mango bagasse (MB) is a (poly)phenols and fiber (DF)-rich agroindustrial by-product exhibiting health-beneficial properties. This research aimed to design and characterize an MB-added confection and evaluate its prebiotic effect in vitro. A sensory analysis involving 51 children was conducted to select the most accepted formulation. Nine formulations (3k factorial design) were screened through texture profile analysis to select an MBC formulation that was hydrated (1:4 and 1:5 MBC:water) to reduce its hardness, where 1:4 was chosen. Compared to MB, 1:4 formulation showed a higher protein (+1.20-fold) but less DF (-0.62-fold). The confections contained gallic acid, mangiferin, quercetin, and (+)-catechin (234.82-479.69 g/100 g sample) but displayed a lower in vitro accessibility than those from MB. Selected bacterial strains exhibited fermentative activity using MBC as a substrate, which was even better than using MB fiber-only. The results showed the potential of MB to DF and (poly)phenol-rich confections with prebiotic potential.

Climate-smart livestock nutrition in semi-arid Southern African agricultural systems

Climate change is disrupting the semi-arid agricultural systems in Southern Africa, where livestock is crucial to food security and livelihoods. This review evaluates the bioenergetic and agroecological scope for climate-adaptive livestock nutrition in the region. An analysis of the literature on climate change implications on livestock nutrition and thermal welfare in the regional agroecological context was conducted. The information gathered was systematically synthesized into tabular summaries of the fundamentals of climate-smart bioenergetics, thermoregulation, livestock heat stress defence mechanisms, the thermo-bioactive feed components, and potentially climate-smart feed resources in the region. The analysis supports the adoption of climate-smart livestock nutrition when conceptualized as precision feeding combined with dietary strategies that enhance thermal resilience in livestock, and the adaptation of production systems to the decline in availability of conventional feedstuffs by incorporating climate-smart alternatives. The keystone potential climate-smart alternative feedstuffs are identified to be the small cereal grains, such as sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) as dietary energy sources, the native legumes, such as the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and the marama bean (Tylosema esculentum) as protein sources, wild browse Fabaceae trees such as Vachellia spp. and Colophospermum mopane, which provide dry season and drought supplementary protein, minerals, and antioxidants, the non-fabaceous tree species such as the marula tree (Sclerocarya birrea), from which animals consume the energy and electrolyte-rich fresh fruit or processed pulp. Feedstuffs for potential circular feeding systems include the oilseed cakes from the macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) nut, the castor (Ricinus communis), and Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) beans, which are rich in protein and energy, insect feed protein and energy, primarily the black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), and microbial protein from phototrophic algae (Spirulina, Chlorella), and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Additives for thermo-functionally enhanced diets include synthetic and natural anti-oxidants, phytogenics, biotic agents (prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics), and electrolytes. The review presents a conceptual framework for climate-smart feeding strategies that enhance system resilience across the livestock-energy-water-food nexus, to inform broader, in-depth research, promote climate-smart farm practices and support governmental policies which are tailored to the agroecology of the region.

Cyanidin and Cyanidin-3-Glucoside Alleviate Peptic Ulcer Disease: Insights from in vitro, and in vivo Studies

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) remains a significant global health issue, affecting millions despite a decrease in overall prevalence. However, complications continue to persist, with substantial mortality rates in regions like India and China. Current treatments, though effective, have limitations, driving interest in plant-derived therapy. Anthocyanins, including cyanidin and cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to explore the potential of cyanidin and C3G in alleviating PUD, focusing on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy in preclinical studies. Articles were searched in Scopus and PubMed databases and filtered for publication from 2014 to 2024, resulting in 89 articles from Scopus and 11 articles from PubMed. The articles were further screened by title, abstract, and full text, resulting in 6 articles. Cyanidin and C3G were described to be able to alleviate PUD by inhibiting the cytokine pro-inflammatory, reducing inflammation in gastric mucosa, and reducing lipid peroxidation in the gastric mucosa. These compounds have proven effective in managing other health problems, including peptic ulcers, but more in-depth exploration in clinical settings is required to confirm therapeutic potential in humans. It is necessary to validate the therapeutic efficacy and safety in human populations. This review provides an overview of preclinical studies of cyanidin and C3G, such as in vitro and in vivo, focusing on mechanism of action or their effectiveness in alleviating peptic ulcers.

Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG): Pharmacological Properties, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potential

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the predominant catechin in green tea, comprises approximately 50% of its total polyphenol content and has garnered widespread recognition for its significant therapeutic potential. As the principal bioactive component of Camellia sinensis, EGCG is celebrated for its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and antitumor properties. The bioavailability and metabolism of EGCG within the gut microbiota underscore its systemic effects, as it is absorbed in the intestine, metabolized into bioactive compounds, and transported to target organs. This compound has been shown to influence key physiological pathways, particularly those related to lipid metabolism and inflammation, offering protective effects against a variety of diseases. EGCG's ability to modulate cell signaling pathways associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, and immune regulation highlights its multifaceted role in health promotion. Emerging evidence underscores EGCG's therapeutic potential in preventing and managing a range of chronic conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic syndromes. Given the growing prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases and the increasing interest in natural compounds, EGCG presents a promising avenue for novel therapeutic strategies. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on EGCG, emphasizing its critical role as a versatile natural bioactive agent with diverse clinical applications. Further exploration in both experimental and clinical settings is essential to fully unlock its therapeutic potential.

Metal-phenolic network biointerface-mediated cell regulation for bone tissue regeneration

Bone tissue regeneration presents a significant challenge in clinical treatment due to inadequate coordination between implant materials and reparative cells at the biomaterial-bone interfaces. This gap underscores the necessity of enhancing interaction modulation between cells and biomaterials, which is a crucial focus in bone tissue engineering. Metal-polyphenolic networks (MPN) are novel inorganic-organic hybrid complexes that are formed through coordination interactions between phenolic ligands and metal ions. These networks provide a multifunctional platform for biomedical applications, with the potential for tailored design and modifications. Despite advances in understanding MPN and their role in bone tissue regeneration, a comprehensive overview of the related mechanisms is lacking. Here, we address this gap by focusing on MPN biointerface-mediated cellular regulatory mechanisms during bone regeneration. We begin by reviewing the natural healing processes of bone defects, followed by a detailed examination of MPN, including their constituents and distinctive characteristics. We then explore the regulatory influence of MPN biointerfaces on key cellular activities during bone regeneration. Additionally, we illustrate their primary applications in addressing inflammatory bone loss, regenerating critical-size bone defects, and enhancing implant-bone integration. In conclusion, this review elucidates how MPN-based interfaces facilitate effective bone tissue regeneration, advancing our understanding of material interface-mediated cellular control and the broader field of tissue engineering.

The Effect of Anthocyanins on Cognition: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trial Studies in Cognitively Impaired and Healthy Adults

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW

Clinical trials suggest that dietary anthocyanins may enhance cognitive function. This systematic literature review and meta-analysis aimed to identify the effect of anthocyanin on cognition and mood in adults.

RECENT FINDINGS

Using a random-effects model, Hedge's g scores were calculated to estimate the effect size. Across 30 randomized controlled trials, fourteen (n = 733 participants) met the criteria for meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines (Registration number: CRD42021279470). Qualitative synthesis showed improvements in multiple domains after anthocyanin intake: short-term memory, verbal learning and working memory, executive function, visual-spatial function, psychomotor skills, attention and semantic memory. Four of 15 studies reported significant mood improvements, including anti-fatigue and reduced anxiety and depression scores. However, there were no significant effects for working memory (Hedges's g = -0.183, 95% CI = -0.407 to 0.041, P = 0.110), verbal learning (Hedges's g = 0.054, 95% CI = -0.215 to 0.324, P = 0.69), immediate memory (Hedges's g = 0.196, 95% CI = -0.242 to 0.633, P = 0.38) and delayed memory (Hedges's g = -0.188, 95% CI = -0.629 to -0.252, P = 0.402) according to the meta-analysis. This review suggests potential benefits of anthocyanin intake on cognition and mood. However, in meta-analysis of 14 eligible studies, effects on working, immediate, delayed memory and verbal learning were not significant, likely due to study heterogeneity. Recommendations for future study designs are discussed.

Consequences of Volcanic Ash on Antioxidants, Nutrient Composition, Heavy Metal Accumulation, and Secondary Metabolites in Key Crops of Cotopaxi Province, Ecuador

This study investigates the consequences of volcanic ash on the antioxidant properties, nutrient composition, heavy metal levels, and secondary metabolites in Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) and Zea mays L. (yellow corn), two crucial crops in Ecuador. The objective is to determine how volcanic ash exposure affects these crops, focusing on antioxidant properties and potential heavy metal accumulation. Field experiments were conducted in Cotopaxi Province, where both crops were cultivated under varying volcanic ash conditions. Secondary metabolites, particularly total phenols and flavonoids, were quantified using spectrophotometric methods, while heavy metal content was assessed via atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results showed a notable increase in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, especially phenols and flavonoids, in crops exposed to volcanic ash, enhancing their antioxidant capacity. Importantly, no significant heavy metal accumulation was detected, indicating that the benefits of volcanic ash application can be harnessed without associated toxicity risks. This research highlights the potential of volcanic ash to boost beneficial metabolites in yellow corn and common bean, advocating for careful agricultural practices in volcanic regions to optimize health benefits while mitigating toxicity risks.

Regulation of Flavonoid Biosynthesis by the MYB-bHLH-WDR (MBW) Complex in Plants and Its Specific Features in Cereals

Flavonoids are a large group of secondary metabolites, which are responsible for pigmentation, signaling, protection from unfavorable environmental conditions, and other important functions, as well as providing numerous benefits for human health. Various stages of flavonoid biosynthesis are subject to complex regulation by three groups of transcription regulators-MYC-like bHLH, R2R3-MYB and WDR which form the MBW regulatory complex. We attempt to cover the main aspects of this intriguing regulatory system in plants, as well as to summarize information on their distinctive features in cereals. Published data revealed the following perspectives for further research: (1) In cereals, a large number of paralogs of MYC and MYB transcription factors are present, and their diversification has led to spatial and biochemical specialization, providing an opportunity to fine-tune the distribution and composition of flavonoid compounds; (2) Regulatory systems formed by MBW proteins in cereals possess distinctive features that are not yet fully understood and require further investigation; (3) Non-classical MB-EMSY-like complexes, WDR-independent MB complexes, and solely acting R2R3-MYB transcription factors are of particular interest for studying unique regulatory mechanisms in plants. More comprehensive understanding of flavonoid biosynthesis regulation will allow us to develop cereal varieties with the required flavonoid content and spatial distribution.

The role of processing on phenolic bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity of apple derivatives

Fruit derivatives are commonly obtained by applying processing operations deemed responsible for the loss of phenol compounds, but very little information is available on the fate of phenols upon digestion of these products. The present study evaluated the effect of thermal and mechanical treatments, commonly applied to turn apple pulp into puree and homogenate, on phenolic bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity. Despite a 20 % decrease in polyphenols due to processing, their bioaccessibility was higher in apple derivatives (>20 %) compared to pulp (∼2 %). Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), inactivated by thermal treatments in apple derivatives but not in the pulp, was hypothesized to be responsible for this difference. Results acquired on an unprocessed PPO-free apple model, only featuring quercetin-3-glucoside and pectin, actually exhibited similar bioaccessibility as processed derivatives. The radical scavenging capacity was unaffected by the structural integrity of apples, indicating independence from the plant tissue's hierarchical arrangement. After digestion, radical scavenging capacity decreased in the real apple matrices, correlating with phenolic content, while it was retained in the apple model, further suggesting the pivotal food matrix role in modulating polyphenols bioaccessibility and subsequent biological activity. Translating these results to an industrial scale, processing conditions can be optimized not only to guarantee that the quality requirements are met, but also to achieve desired nutritional benefits.

Integration of volatile and non-volatile metabolite profile, and in vitro digestion reveals the differences between different preparation methods on physico-chemical and biological properties of Gastrodia elata

Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata) is a traditional medicinal and edible plant whose quality is significantly influenced by post-harvest processing. To obtain an optimal post-harvest processing method for G. elata, this study employed sensory evaluation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), and non-targeted metabolomics, in conjunction with an in vitro digestion model, to assess the impact of different processing and drying methods on the quality of G. elata. The findings showed that the steam treatment followed by heat pump drying resulted in the highest levels of total phenols, total flavonoids, and polysaccharides in G. elata, and caused more pronounced damage to its microstructure. This treatment also maintained the highest antioxidant activities and optimal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition capacity throughout in vitro digestion, meanwhile, effectively eliminating the unpleasant odor and achieving the highest sensory scores. Furthermore, non-targeted metabolomic analysis revealed noteworthy alterations in the metabolite profile of G. elata, mainly related to purine metabolism and the biosynthesis of amino acids pathways. This study provides valuable insights into the post-harvest processing of G. elata.

Transformation mechanism, kinetics and ecotoxicity of kaempferol and quercetin in the gaseous and aqueous phases: A theoretical combined experimental study

The transformation and risk assessment of flavonoids triggered by free radicals deserve extensive attention. In this work, the degradation mechanisms, kinetics, and ecotoxicity of kaempferol and quercetin mediated by ∙OH, ∙OCH3, ∙OOH, and 1O2 in gaseous and aqueous environments were investigated using cell experiments and quantum chemical calculations. Three radical scavenging mechanisms, including hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), radical adduct formation (RAF) and single electron transfer (SET) were discussed. The results show that RAF and HAT are the main reaction mechanisms for the neutral kaempferol/quercetin, and SET mechanism is important for the anionic kaempferol/quercetin. The overall rate coefficient of kaempferol and quercetin with ∙OH were calculated at 273-323 K, and the aqueous rate coefficients are calculated by considering the rates of neutral and monoanionic forms multiplied with the molar fractions of each form. The values are 2.81 × 1010 and 8.63 × 1010 M-1 s-1 in the aqueous environment, and 2.31 × 10-10 and 1.18 × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 in the gaseous environment at 298 K. Fluorescence probe and flow cytometry results show that kaempferol and quercetin can be efficiently degraded by free radicals, and quercetin has a better effect, which is consistent with the theoretical results in the aqueous environment. The transformation mechanism of Q-OH-P7a with ∙OH, O2 and NO was studied, and the stable product is Q-P1. Toxicology results show that most of the subsequent products of quercetin do not bioaccumulate and can be biodegraded, but most products still have toxic properties or harmful properties and show positive mutagenicity. This study provides new guidance for flavonoid degradation behavior and environmental risks.

Phenolic Compound Profiles, Antioxidant, and Cytoprotective Activity of Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. Fruit

In this paper, three varieties of Elaeagnus conferta Roxb fruits prepared by ultrasonic-assisted extraction from a subtropical region southwest of China were utilized as raw materials to investigate their phenolic profiles, antioxidant activities, and protective effects on injured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) findings revealed that fifteen substances, including seven phenolic acids, seven flavonoids, and one gallic acid derivative, were discovered. The dihydromyricetin, ellagic acid, gallic acid were the predominant phenolic compounds in all E.conferta fruits. These E.conferta fruits extracts shown excellent antioxidant activity varied from 2.258±0.03~7.844±0.39 μM Trolox/g and protective effect on HUVECs injured by H2O2 through decrease the level of ROS, MDA, LDH and enhance the SOD level. These finding indicate that E.conferta is a valuable source of high-capacity antioxidants that might be used as an alternative material for food industries.

Quercetin and its derivatives from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) seedpod extract combat radioresistance by suppressing ACSL4

Radioresistance poses a significant obstacle in cancer treatment. Lotus seedpod extract (LSE) has demonstrated anticancer effects in various cancer cells. However, its potential against radioresistant tumors remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of LSE on radioresistant breast cancer cells, explore the underlying mechanism, and identify the major constituents responsible for its cytotoxic effect. LSE, extracted using 70% ethanol, exhibited selective cytotoxic effects against radioresistant breast cancer cells compared with their parental cells. Chemical analysis identified quercetin and its derivatives, hyperoside and miquelianin, as the major constituents responsible for these selective effects. Notably, quercetin displayed the most potent cytotoxicity against radioresistant breast cancer cells compared with hyperoside and miquelianin. Further investigation revealed that these compounds inhibited the activation of DNA repair systems, leading to the accumulation of DNA damage and the induction of apoptosis. Importantly, they efficiently suppressed the expression of ACSL4, a factor previously associated with radioresistance. In an in vivo study, quercetin exhibited a significant suppression of tumor growth in radioresistant tumor-bearing mice. Taken together, our findings highlight the potential of LSE and its major constituents, quercetin and its derivatives, in overcoming radioresistance in breast cancer. This study provides compelling evidence to support the use of LSE as a medicinal source for the future adjunctive therapy to combat radioresistance in breast cancers.

Effects of X-ray and electron beam irradiation on wine quality: Emphasizing phenolic compounds and aroma profiles

The content of flavor compounds in wine is limited by factors such as climate warming and the resistance of cell walls to maceration. This study used X-rays (ionizing radiation) and electron beams (particle radiation) at 0.5, 2, and 7 kGy for grape pre-treatment before winemaking. Scanning electron microscopy showed varying degrees of grape skin damage. Results indicated irradiation significantly enhanced phenolic compound extraction, with DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities increasing by up to 38.98 % and 38.70 %. Wines treated with 0.5 kGy electron beams exhibited the highest levels of esters and higher alcohols, enhancing fruity aromas. Irradiation reduced C6 compound content, decreasing green notes and improving color and complexity scores. This study demonstrates that X-ray and electron beam irradiation significantly enhance phenolic and aromatic compound extraction in wine, showing the potential of irradiation technology in the wine industry.

Nanomedicine: A New Frontier in Alzheimer's Disease Drug Targeting

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder affecting elderly individuals, characterized by progressive cognitive decline leading to dementia. This review examines the challenges posed by anatomical and biochemical barriers such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), and p-glycoproteins in delivering effective therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS) for AD treatment. This article outlines the fundamental role of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) and NMDA(N-Methyl-D-Aspartate) receptor antagonists in conventional AD therapy and highlights their limitations in terms of brain-specific delivery. It delves into the intricacies of BBB and pglycoprotein- mediated efflux mechanisms that impede drug transport to the CNS. The review further discusses cutting-edge nanomedicine-based strategies, detailing their composition and mechanisms that enable effective bypassing of BBB and enhancing drug accumulation in brain tissues. Conventional therapies, namely AChEIs and NMDA receptor antagonists, have shown limited efficacy and are hindered by suboptimal brain penetration. The advent of nanotechnology-driven therapeutic delivery systems offers promising strategies to enhance CNS targeting and bioavailability, thereby addressing the shortcomings of conventional treatments. Various nanomedicines, encompassing polymeric and metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, nanoemulsions, and carbon nanotubes, have been investigated for their potential in delivering anti-AD agents like AChEIs, polyphenols, curcumin, and resveratrol. These nanocarriers exhibit the ability to traverse the BBB and deliver therapeutic payloads to the brain, thereby holding immense potential for effective AD treatment and early diagnostic approaches. Notably, nanocarriers loaded with AChEIs have shown promising results in preclinical studies, exhibiting improved therapeutic efficacy and sustained release profiles. This review underscores the urgency of innovative drug delivery approaches to overcome barriers in AD therapy. Nanomedicine-based solutions offer a promising avenue for achieving effective CNS targeting, enabling enhanced bioavailability and sustained therapeutic effects. As ongoing research continues to elucidate the complexities of CNS drug delivery, these advancements hold great potential for revolutionizing AD treatment and diagnosis.

Antioxidative and Anticancer Potential of Luteolin: A Comprehensive Approach Against Wide Range of Human Malignancies

Luteolin is widely distributed phytochemical, a flavonoid, in kingdom plantae. Luteolin with potential antioxidant activity prevent ROS-induced damages and reduce oxidative stress which is mainly responsible in pathogenesis of many diseases. Several chemo preventive activities and therapeutic benefits are associated with luteolin. Luteolin prevents cancer via modulation of numerous pathways, that is, by inactivating proteins; such as procaspase-9, CDC2 and cyclin B or upregulation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, cytochrome C, cyclin A, CDK2, and APAF-1, in turn inducing cell cycle arrest as well as apoptosis. It also enhances phosphorylation of p53 and expression level of p53-targeted downstream gene. By Increasing BAX protein expression; decreasing VEGF and Bcl-2 expression it can initiate cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Luteolin can stimulate mitochondrial-modulated functions to cause cellular death. It can also reduce expression levels of p-Akt, p-EGFR, p-Erk1/2, and p-STAT3. Luteolin plays positive role against cardiovascular disorders by improving cardiac function, decreasing the release of inflammatory cytokines and cardiac enzymes, prevention of cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy; enhances level of CTGF, TGFβ1, ANP, Nox2, Nox4 gene expressions. Meanwhile suppresses TGFβ1 expression and phosphorylation of JNK. Luteolin helps fight diabetes via inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and ChE activity. It can reduce activity levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and GS4. It can improve blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c levels. This review is an attempt to elaborate molecular targets of luteolin and its role in modulating irregularities in cellular pathways to overcome severe outcomes during diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, obesity, inflammation, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, hepatic disorders, renal disorders, brain injury, and asthma. As luteolin has enormous therapeutic benefits, it could be a potential candidate in future drug development strategies.

Effect of elevated ammonium on biotic and abiotic stress defense responses and expression of related genes in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants

Ammonium (NH4+) enhances plant defense mechanisms but can be phytotoxic as the sole nitrogen source. To investigate the impact of a balanced NH4+ and NO3- ratio on plant defense parameters without adverse effects, cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) were grown under control (14 mM NO3- + 2 mM NH4+) and elevated level of NH4+ (eNH4+, 8 mM NO3-+ 8 mM NH4+). Plants subjected to eNH4+ showed significantly increased shoot and root biomass by about 41% and 47%, respectively. Among the antioxidant enzymes studied, ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) activity was increased up to 3.3 fold in eNH4+ compared with control plants, which was associated with enhanced resistance to paraquat. Upregulation of PATHOGENESIS RELATED PROTEIN 4 (PR4) and LIPOXYGENASE 1 (LOX1), accompanied by increased concentrations of salicylic acid and nitric oxide, conferred more excellent resistance of eNH4+ plants to powdery mildew infection. However, the expression levels of ACC OXIDASE 1 (ACO1) and RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGS B (RBOHB) were lower in eNH4+ plants, which was consistent with decreased NADPH oxidase activity and lower leaf H2O2 levels. The biosynthesis of phenolics was enhanced, whereas the activities of polymerizing enzymes and lignin deposition were reduced by half in eNH4+ plants. Besides, a significant effect on plant biomass under salt or drought stress has not been observed between control and eNH4+ plants. These results showed that different defense pathways are distinctively affected by eNH4+ treatment, and the NH4+ to NO3- ratio may play a role in fine-tuning the plant defense response.