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Fabres RB, Cardoso DS, Aragón BA, Arruda BP, Martins PP, Ikebara JM, Drobyshevsky A, Kihara AH, de Fraga LS, Netto CA, Takada SH. Consequences of oxygen deprivation on myelination and sex-dependent alterations. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 126:103864. [PMID: 37268283 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen deprivation is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in newborns, occurring with a higher prevalence in preterm infants, reaching 20 % to 50 % mortality in newborns in the perinatal period. When they survive, 25 % exhibit neuropsychological pathologies, such as learning difficulties, epilepsy, and cerebral palsy. White matter injury is one of the main features found in oxygen deprivation injury, which can lead to long-term functional impairments, including cognitive delay and motor deficits. The myelin sheath accounts for much of the white matter in the brain by surrounding axons and enabling the efficient conduction of action potentials. Mature oligodendrocytes, which synthesize and maintain myelination, also comprise a significant proportion of the brain's white matter. In recent years, oligodendrocytes and the myelination process have become potential therapeutic targets to minimize the effects of oxygen deprivation on the central nervous system. Moreover, evidence indicate that neuroinflammation and apoptotic pathways activated during oxygen deprivation may be influenced by sexual dimorphism. To summarize the most recent research about the impact of sexual dimorphism on the neuroinflammatory state and white matter injury after oxygen deprivation, this review presents an overview of the oligodendrocyte lineage development and myelination, the impact of oxygen deprivation and neuroinflammation on oligodendrocytes in neurodevelopmental disorders, and recent reports about sexual dimorphism regarding the neuroinflammation and white matter injury after neonatal oxygen deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Bandeira Fabres
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Débora Sterzeck Cardoso
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, s/n, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Petrucelli Arruda
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, s/n, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Pamela Pinheiro Martins
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, s/n, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Juliane Midori Ikebara
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, s/n, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Hiroaki Kihara
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, s/n, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Luciano Stürmer de Fraga
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Silvia Honda Takada
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, s/n, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil.
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Cabrera-Muñoz EA, Ramírez-Rodríguez GB, Díaz-Yañez L, Reyes-Galindo V, Meneses-San Juan D, Vega-Rivera NM. Melatonin Prevents Depression but Not Anxiety-like Behavior Produced by the Chemotherapeutic Agent Temozolomide: Implication of Doublecortin Cells and Hilar Oligodendrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13376. [PMID: 37686181 PMCID: PMC10487426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone synthesized by the pineal gland with neuroprotective and neurodevelopmental effects. Also, melatonin acts as an antidepressant by modulating the generation of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The positive effects of melatonin on behavior and neural development may suggest it is used for reverting stress but also for the alterations produced by chemotherapeutic drugs influencing behavior and brain plasticity. In this sense, temozolomide, an alkylating/anti-proliferating agent used in treating brain cancer, is associated with decreased cognitive functions and depression. We hypothesized that melatonin might prevent the effects of temozolomide on depression- and anxiety-like behavior by modulating some aspects of the neurogenic process in adult Balb/C mice. Mice were treated with temozolomide (25 mg/kg) for three days of two weeks, followed by melatonin (8 mg/kg) for fourteen days. Temozolomide produced short- and long-term decrements in cell proliferation (Ki67-positive cells: 54.89% and 53.38%, respectively) and intermediate stages of the neurogenic process (doublecortin-positive cells: 68.23% and 50.08%, respectively). However, melatonin prevented the long-term effects of temozolomide with the increased number of doublecortin-positive cells (47.21%) and the immunoreactivity of 2' 3'-Cyclic-nucleotide-3 phosphodiesterase (CNPase: 82.66%), an enzyme expressed by mature oligodendrocytes, in the hilar portion of the dentate gyrus. The effects of melatonin in the temozolomide group occurred with decreased immobility in the forced swim test (45.55%) but not anxiety-like behavior. Thus, our results suggest that melatonin prevents the harmful effects of temozolomide by modulating doublecortin cells, hilar oligodendrocytes, and depression-like behavior tested in the forced swim test. Our study could point out melatonin's beneficial effects for counteracting temozolomide's side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Araceli Cabrera-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Neurogénesis, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz”, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 101, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico (D.M.-S.J.)
| | - Gerardo Bernabé Ramírez-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurogénesis, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz”, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 101, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico (D.M.-S.J.)
| | - Lizeth Díaz-Yañez
- Laboratorio de Neurogénesis, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz”, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 101, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico (D.M.-S.J.)
| | - Verónica Reyes-Galindo
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior sin Número, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - David Meneses-San Juan
- Laboratorio de Neurogénesis, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz”, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 101, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico (D.M.-S.J.)
| | - Nelly Maritza Vega-Rivera
- Laboratorio de Neurpsicofarmacología, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz”, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 101, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico;
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3
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Ariza-Salamanca DF, Corrales-Hernández MG, Pachón-Londoño MJ, Hernández-Duarte I. Molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to catatonia: an integrative approach from clinical and preclinical evidence. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:993671. [PMID: 36245923 PMCID: PMC9558725 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.993671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to describe the clinical spectrum of catatonia, in order to carefully assess the involvement of astrocytes, neurons, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, and articulate the available preclinical and clinical evidence to achieve a translational understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind this disorder. Catatonia is highly common in psychiatric and acutely ill patients, with prevalence ranging from 7.6% to 38%. It is usually present in different psychiatric conditions such as mood and psychotic disorders; it is also a consequence of folate deficiency, autoimmunity, paraneoplastic disorders, and even autistic spectrum disorders. Few therapeutic options are available due to its complexity and poorly understood physiopathology. We briefly revisit the traditional treatments used in catatonia, such as antipsychotics, electroconvulsive therapy, and benzodiazepines, before assessing novel therapeutics which aim to modulate molecular pathways through different mechanisms, including NMDA antagonism and its allosteric modulation, and anti-inflammatory drugs to modulate microglia reaction and mitigate oxidative stress, such as lithium, vitamin B12, and NMDAr positive allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Felipe Ariza-Salamanca
- Medical and Health Sciences Education Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Daniel Felipe Ariza-Salamanca
| | - María Gabriela Corrales-Hernández
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María José Pachón-Londoño
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Isabella Hernández-Duarte
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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4
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Karami N, Azari H, Rahimi M, Aligholi H, Kalantari T. A study on the effect of JNJ-10397049 on proliferation and differentiation of neural precursor cells. Anat Cell Biol 2022; 55:179-189. [PMID: 35466086 PMCID: PMC9256489 DOI: 10.5115/acb.21.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexin 2 receptor plays a central role in maintaining sleep and wakefulness. Recently, it has been shown that sleep and wakefulness orchestrate the proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocytes. Here, we explored the role of a selective orexin 2 receptor antagonist (JNJ-10397049) in proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). We evaluated the proliferation potential of NPCs after exposure to different concentrations of JNJ-10397049 by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and neurosphere assays. Moreover, the expression of differentiation markers was assessed by immunocytochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction. JNJ-10397049 significantly increased the proliferation of NPCs at lower concentrations. In addition, orexin 2 receptor antagonist facilitated progression of differentiation of NPCs towards oligodendroglial lineage by considerable expression of Olig2 and 2’,3’-cyclic-nucleotide 3’-phosphodiesterase as well as decreased expression of nestin marker. The results open a new avenue for future investigations in which the production of more oligodendrocytes from NPCs is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Karami
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Azari
- Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Moosa Rahimi
- Laboratory of Basic Sciences, Mohammad Rasul Allah Research Tower, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hadi Aligholi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Kalantari
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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5
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A2B5 Expression in Central Nervous System and Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094670. [PMID: 35563061 PMCID: PMC9103745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A2B5 IgM recognizes c-series gangliosides with three sialic acids. The aim of this review was to focus on A2B5 expression in the central nervous system and gliomas. In brain development, A2B5+ cells are recorded in areas containing multipotent neural stem cells (NSC). In adults, A2B5+ cells persist in neurogenic areas and in white matter where it identifies oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) but also cells with NSC properties. Although the expression of A2B5 has been widely studied in culture, where it characterizes bipotential glial progenitor cells, its expression in vivo is less characterized mainly because of technical issues. A new interest was given to the NSCs and OPCs since the discovery of cancer stem cells (CSC) in gliomas. Among other cell surface molecules, A2B5 has been identified as an accurate marker to identify glioma CSCs. We and others have shown that all types of gliomas express A2B5, and that only A2B5+ cells, and not A2B5- cells, can generate a tumor after orthotopic implantation in immunocompromised animals. Moreover, A2B5 epitope expression is positively correlated with stemness and tumor growth. This review highlights that A2B5 is an attractive target to tackle glioma CSCs, and a better characterization of its expression in the developing and adult CNS will benefit to a better understanding of gliomagenesis.
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Bloom MS, Orthmann-Murphy J, Grinspan JB. Motor Learning and Physical Exercise in Adaptive Myelination and Remyelination. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221097510. [PMID: 35635130 PMCID: PMC9158406 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221097510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that myelination is driven by both intrinsic and extrinsic cues has gained much traction in recent years. Studies have demonstrated that myelination occurs in an intrinsic manner during early development and continues through adulthood in an activity-dependent manner called adaptive myelination. Motor learning, the gradual acquisition of a specific novel motor skill, promotes adaptive myelination in both the healthy and demyelinated central nervous system (CNS). On the other hand, exercise, a physical activity that involves planned, structured and repetitive bodily movements that expend energy and benefits one's fitness, promotes remyelination in pathology, but it is less clear whether it promotes adaptive myelination in healthy subjects. Studies on these topics have also investigated whether the timing of motor learning or physical exercise is important for successful addition of myelin. Here we review our current understanding of the relationship of motor skill learning and physical exercise on myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara S. Bloom
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Orthmann-Murphy
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Judith B. Grinspan
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Zhou B, Zhu Z, Ransom BR, Tong X. Oligodendrocyte lineage cells and depression. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:103-117. [PMID: 33144710 PMCID: PMC7815509 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common mental illness, affecting more than 300 million people worldwide. Decades of investigation have yielded symptomatic therapies for this disabling condition but have not led to a consensus about its pathogenesis. There are data to support several different theories of causation, including the monoamine hypothesis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis changes, inflammation and immune system alterations, abnormalities of neurogenesis and a conducive environmental milieu. Research in these areas and others has greatly advanced the current understanding of depression; however, there are other, less widely known theories of pathogenesis. Oligodendrocyte lineage cells, including oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes, have numerous important functions, which include forming myelin sheaths that enwrap central nervous system axons, supporting axons metabolically, and mediating certain forms of neuroplasticity. These specialized glial cells have been implicated in psychiatric disorders such as depression. In this review, we summarize recent findings that shed light on how oligodendrocyte lineage cells might participate in the pathogenesis of depression, and we discuss new approaches for targeting these cells as a novel strategy to treat depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Butian Zhou
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongqun Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bruce R Ransom
- Neuroscience Department, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaoping Tong
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycans in the Tumour Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1272:73-92. [PMID: 32845503 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48457-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are macromolecules that are essential for the development of cells, human diseases and malignancies. In particular, chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) accumulate in tumour stroma and play a key role in tumour growth and invasion by driving multiple oncogenic pathways in tumour cells and promoting crucial interactions in the tumour microenvironment (TME). These pathways involve receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and integrin signalling via the activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which sustains the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2).Human CSPG4 is a type I transmembrane protein that is associated with the growth and progression of human brain tumours. It regulates cell signalling and migration by interacting with components of the extracellular matrix, extracellular ligands, growth factor receptors, intracellular enzymes and structural proteins. Its overexpression by tumour cells, perivascular cells and precursor/progenitor cells in gliomas suggests that it plays a role in their origin, progression and neo-angiogenesis and its aberrant expression in tumour cells may be a promising biomarker to monitor malignant progression and patient survival.The aim of this chapter is to review and discuss the role of CSPG4 in the TME of human gliomas, including its potential as a druggable therapeutic target.
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9
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Zanno AE, Romer MA, Fox L, Golden T, Jaeckle-Santos L, Simmons RA, Grinspan JB. Reducing Th2 inflammation through neutralizing IL-4 antibody rescues myelination in IUGR rat brain. J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:34. [PMID: 31839002 PMCID: PMC6913005 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a common complication of pregnancy and is associated with significant neurological deficits in infants, including white matter damage. Previous work using an animal model of IUGR has demonstrated that IUGR rats exhibit neurobehavioral deficits and developmental delays in oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination, but the mechanisms which cause this delay are unknown. Inflammation may be an important etiological factor in IUGR and has been recognized as playing a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of myelin disorders, including cerebral palsy. METHODS To create the model, the uterine arteries of pregnant rats were ligated at embryonic day 15. Rats delivered spontaneously. Cytokine and chemokine expression was evaluated at one prenatal and three postnatal time points, and myelin protein expression and oligodendrocyte cell numbers were evaluated by several methods at postnatal day 14. IL-4 was identified as a potential inhibitor of myelination, and rat pups were injected with IL-4 function blocking antibody from postnatal days 1-5 and myelination was assessed. RESULTS Here, we show a novel mechanism of white matter injury. IUGR induces an exaggerated Th2 response in the developing rat brain, including upregulation of several Th2 cytokines. Of these, IL-4 is significantly increased during the period corresponding to robust developmental myelination. We show that neutralizing IL-4 antibody therapy given in the newborn period ameliorates inflammation and restores myelin protein expression and oligodendrocyte cell number in the IUGR brain to control levels, demonstrating a novel role for Th2 responses and IL-4 in IUGR and white matter injury. In addition, IL-4 directly affects oligodendrocytes in vitro decreasing differentiation. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we have identified inflammation as a factor in the decrease in myelin seen in an animal model of IUGR. IL-4, an inflammatory protein often thought to be protective in the adult, is specifically increased, and treatment of these animals to prevent this increase ameliorates white matter damage. Our results suggest that the immune system plays a role in IUGR that is different in the perinatal period than in the adult and preventing this exaggerated Th2 response may be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E. Zanno
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Micah A. Romer
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 516D Abramson Center, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Lauren Fox
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Thea Golden
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Lane Jaeckle-Santos
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Rebecca A. Simmons
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Judith B. Grinspan
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 516D Abramson Center, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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10
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Oligodendrocytes in Development, Myelin Generation and Beyond. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111424. [PMID: 31726662 PMCID: PMC6912544 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that are generated from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC). OPC are distributed throughout the CNS and represent a pool of migratory and proliferative adult progenitor cells that can differentiate into oligodendrocytes. The central function of oligodendrocytes is to generate myelin, which is an extended membrane from the cell that wraps tightly around axons. Due to this energy consuming process and the associated high metabolic turnover oligodendrocytes are vulnerable to cytotoxic and excitotoxic factors. Oligodendrocyte pathology is therefore evident in a range of disorders including multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. Deceased oligodendrocytes can be replenished from the adult OPC pool and lost myelin can be regenerated during remyelination, which can prevent axonal degeneration and can restore function. Cell population studies have recently identified novel immunomodulatory functions of oligodendrocytes, the implications of which, e.g., for diseases with primary oligodendrocyte pathology, are not yet clear. Here, we review the journey of oligodendrocytes from the embryonic stage to their role in homeostasis and their fate in disease. We will also discuss the most common models used to study oligodendrocytes and describe newly discovered functions of oligodendrocytes.
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11
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Kang M, Yao Y. Oligodendrocytes in intracerebral hemorrhage. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1075-1084. [PMID: 31410988 PMCID: PMC6776757 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a cerebrovascular disorder with high mortality and disability rates. Although a lot of effort has been put in ICH, there is still no effective treatment for this devastating disease. Recent studies suggest that oligodendrocytes play an important role in brain repair after ICH and thus may be targeted for the therapies of ICH. Here in this review, we first introduce the origin, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and myelination of oligodendrocytes under physiological condition. Second, recent findings on how ICH affects oligodendrocyte biology and function are reviewed. Third, potential crosstalk between oligodendrocytes and other cells in the brain is also summarized. Last, we discuss the therapeutic potential of oligodendrocyte‐based treatments in ICH. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive review on the biology and function of oligodendrocytes under both physiological and ICH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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12
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Ma Y, Lin M, Huang G, Li Y, Wang S, Bai G, Lu TJ, Xu F. 3D Spatiotemporal Mechanical Microenvironment: A Hydrogel-Based Platform for Guiding Stem Cell Fate. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705911. [PMID: 30063260 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells hold great promise for widespread biomedical applications, for which stem cell fate needs to be well tailored. Besides biochemical cues, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that spatiotemporal biophysical cues (especially mechanical cues) imposed by cell microenvironments also critically impact on the stem cell fate. As such, various biomaterials, especially hydrogels due to their tunable physicochemical properties and advanced fabrication approaches, are developed to spatiotemporally manipulate biophysical cues in vitro so as to recapitulate the 3D mechanical microenvironment where stem cells reside in vivo. Here, the main mechanical cues that stem cells experience in their native microenvironment are summarized. Then, recent advances in the design of hydrogel materials with spatiotemporally tunable mechanical properties for engineering 3D the spatiotemporal mechanical microenvironment of stem cells are highlighted. These in vitro engineered spatiotemporal mechanical microenvironments are crucial for guiding stem cell fate and their potential biomedical applications are subsequently discussed. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Min Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Guoyou Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, P. R. China
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310029, P. R. China
| | - Guiqin Bai
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials and Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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13
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Valério-Gomes B, Guimarães DM, Szczupak D, Lent R. The Absolute Number of Oligodendrocytes in the Adult Mouse Brain. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:90. [PMID: 30425626 PMCID: PMC6218541 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system is a highly complex network composed of various cell types, each one with different subpopulations. Each cell type has distinct roles for the functional operation of circuits, and ultimately, for brain physiology in general. Since the absolute number of each cell type is considered a proxy of its functional complexity, one approach to better understand how the brain works is to unravel its absolute cellularity and the quantitative relations between cell populations; in other words, how one population of cells is quantitatively structured, in relation to another. Oligodendrocytes are one of these cell types - mainly, they provide electric insulation to axons, optimizing action potential conduction. Their function has recently been revisited and their role extended, one example being their capability of providing trophic support to long axons. To determine the absolute cellularity of oligodendroglia, we have developed a protocol of oligodendrocyte quantification using the isotropic fractionator with a pan-marker for this cell type. We report a detailed assessment of specificity and universality of the oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (Olig2), through systematic confocal analyses of the C57BL/6 mouse brain. In addition, we have determined the absolute number (17.4 million) and proportion (about 20%) of this cell type in the brain (and in different brain regions), and tested if this population, at the intraspecific level, scales with the number of neurons in an allometric-based approach. Considering these numbers, oligodendrocytes proved to be the most numerous of glial cells in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Valério-Gomes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel M Guimarães
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego Szczupak
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto Lent
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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The Significance of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) in Human Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092724. [PMID: 30213051 PMCID: PMC6164575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuron glial antigen 2 (NG2) is a chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) that occurs in developing and adult central nervous systems (CNSs) as a marker of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) together with platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα). It behaves variably in different pathological conditions, and is possibly involved in the origin and progression of human gliomas. In the latter, NG2/CSPG4 induces cell proliferation and migration, is highly expressed in pericytes, and plays a role in neoangiogenesis. NG2/CSPG4 expression has been demonstrated in oligodendrogliomas, astrocytomas, and glioblastomas (GB), and it correlates with malignancy. In rat tumors transplacentally induced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), NG2/CSPG4 expression correlates with PDGFRα, Olig2, Sox10, and Nkx2.2, and with new vessel formation. In this review, we attempt to summarize the normal and pathogenic functions of NG2/CSPG4, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target.
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15
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Miyamoto Y, Torii T, Tanoue A, Yamamoto M, Yamauchi J. The promoter region of 46-kDa CNPase is sufficient for its expression in corpus callosum. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2018; 15:78-79. [PMID: 29560317 PMCID: PMC5857489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0355, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Torii
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Akito Tanoue
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki, Ibaraki 200-1192, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0355, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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16
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Dettman RW, Birch D, Fernando A, Kessler JA, Dizon ML. Targeted Knockdown of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling within Neural Progenitors Protects the Brain and Improves Motor Function following Postnatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. Dev Neurosci 2018; 40:23-38. [PMID: 29324456 PMCID: PMC5861030 DOI: 10.1159/000485379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic injury (HI) to the neonatal human brain results in myelin loss that, in some children, can manifest as cerebral palsy. Previously, we had found that neuronal overexpression of the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) inhibitor noggin during development increased oligodendroglia and improved motor function in an experimental model of HI utilizing unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by hypoxia. As BMPs are known to negatively regulate oligodendroglial fate specification of neural stem cells and alter differentiation of committed oligodendroglia, BMP signaling is likely an important mechanism leading to myelin loss. Here, we showed that BMP signaling is upregulated within oligodendroglia of the neonatal brain. We tested the hypothesis that inhibition of BMP signaling specifically within neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is sufficient to protect oligodendroglia. We conditionally deleted the BMP receptor 2 subtype (BMPR2) in NG2-expressing cells after HI. We found that BMPR2 deletion globally protects the brain as assessed by MRI and protects motor function as assessed by digital gait analysis, and that conditional deletion of BMPR2 maintains oligodendrocyte marker expression by immunofluorescence and Western blot and prevents loss of oligodendroglia. Finally, BMPR2 deletion after HI results in an increase in noncompacted myelin. Thus, our data indicate that inhibition of BMP signaling specifically in NPCs may be a tractable strategy to protect the newborn brain from HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Dettman
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Derin Birch
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Augusta Fernando
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John A. Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria L.V. Dizon
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Prasad A, Teh DBL, Blasiak A, Chai C, Wu Y, Gharibani PM, Yang IH, Phan TT, Lim KL, Yang H, Liu X, All AH. Static Magnetic Field Stimulation Enhances Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Secretion of Neurotrophic Factors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6743. [PMID: 28751716 PMCID: PMC5532210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular-level effects of low/high frequency oscillating magnetic field on excitable cells such as neurons are well established. In contrast, the effects of a homogeneous, static magnetic field (SMF) on Central Nervous System (CNS) glial cells are less investigated. Here, we have developed an in vitro SMF stimulation set-up to investigate the genomic effects of SMF exposure on oligodendrocyte differentiation and neurotrophic factors secretion. Human oligodendrocytes precursor cells (OPCs) were stimulated with moderate intensity SMF (0.3 T) for a period of two weeks (two hours/day). The differential gene expression of cell activity marker (c-fos), early OPC (Olig1, Olig2. Sox10), and mature oligodendrocyte markers (CNP, MBP) were quantified. The enhanced myelination capacity of the SMF stimulated oligodendrocytes was validated in a dorsal root ganglion microfluidics chamber platform. Additionally, the effects of SMF on the gene expression and secretion of neurotrophic factors- BDNF and NT3 was quantified. We also report that SMF stimulation increases the intracellular calcium influx in OPCs as well as the gene expression of L-type channel subunits-CaV1.2 and CaV1.3. Our findings emphasize the ability of glial cells such as OPCs to positively respond to moderate intensity SMF stimulation by exhibiting enhanced differentiation, functionality as well as neurotrophic factor release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankshita Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, E4, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Daniel B Loong Teh
- Singapore Institute of Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 5-COR, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Agata Blasiak
- Singapore Institute of Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 5-COR, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Chou Chai
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Payam M Gharibani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, John Hopkins School of Medicine, 701C Rutland Avenue 720, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - In Hong Yang
- Singapore Institute of Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 5-COR, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, John Hopkins School of Medicine, 701C Rutland Avenue 720, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Thang T Phan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Kah Leong Lim
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, 2 Medical Drive, MD9, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School. 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hyunsoo Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Angelo H All
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, John Hopkins School of Medicine, 701C Rutland Avenue 720, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Neurology, John Hopkins School of Medicine, 701C Rutland Avenue 720, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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18
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Tognatta R, Sun W, Goebbels S, Nave KA, Nishiyama A, Schoch S, Dimou L, Dietrich D. Transient Cnp expression by early progenitors causes Cre-Lox-based reporter lines to map profoundly different fates. Glia 2016; 65:342-359. [PMID: 27807896 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NG2 expressing oligodendroglial precursor cells are ubiquitous in the central nervous system and the only cell type cycling throughout life. Previous fate mapping studies have remained inconsistent regarding the question whether NG2 cells are capable of generating certain types of neurons. Here, we use CNP-Cre mice to map the fate of a sub-population of NG2 cells assumed to be close to differentiation. When crossing these mice with the ROSA26/YFP Cre-reporter line we discovered large numbers of reporter-expressing pyramidal neurons in the piriform and dorsal cortex. In contrast, when using Z/EG reporter mice to track the fate of Cnp-expressing NG2 cells only oligodendroglial cells were found reporter positive. Using BrdU-based birth dating protocols and inducible NG2CreER:ROSA26/YFP mice we show that YFP positive neurons are generated from radial glial cells and that these radial glial cells display temporary and low level activity of certain oligodendroglial genes sufficient to recombine the Cre-inducible reporter gene in ROSA26/YFP but not in Z/EG mice. Taken together, we did not obtain evidence for generation of neurons from NG2 cells. Our results suggest that with an appropriate reporter system Cnp activity can be used to define a proliferative subpopulation of NG2 cells committed to generate oligodendrocytes. However, the strikingly different results obtained from ROSA26/YFP versus Z/EG mice demonstrate that the choice of Cre-reporter line can be of crucial importance for fate mapping studies and other applications of the Cre-lox technology. GLIA 2017;65:342-359.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Tognatta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Experimental Neurophysiology, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, 53105, Germany
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Experimental Neurophysiology, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, 53105, Germany
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institut für experimentelle Medizin, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institut für experimentelle Medizin, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Connecticut
| | - Susanne Schoch
- Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Epileptology, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, 53105, Germany
| | - Leda Dimou
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Dirk Dietrich
- Department of Neurosurgery, Experimental Neurophysiology, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, 53105, Germany
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19
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Mauney SA, Pietersen CY, Sonntag KC, Woo TUW. Differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursors is impaired in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 169:374-380. [PMID: 26585218 PMCID: PMC4681621 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of schizophrenia involves disturbances of information processing across brain regions, possibly reflecting, at least in part, a disruption in the underlying axonal connectivity. This disruption is thought to be a consequence of the pathology of myelin ensheathment, the integrity of which is tightly regulated by oligodendrocytes. In order to gain insight into the possible neurobiological mechanisms of myelin deficit, we determined the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression profile of laser captured cells that were immunoreactive for 2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), a marker for oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in addition to differentiating and myelinating oligodendrocytes, in the white matter of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia subjects. Our findings pointed to the hypothesis that OPC differentiation might be impaired in schizophrenia. To address this hypothesis, we quantified cells that were immunoreactive for neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2), a selective marker for OPCs, and those that were immunoreactive for oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (OLIG2), an oligodendrocyte lineage marker that is expressed by OPCs and maturing oligodendrocytes. We found that the density of NG2-immunoreactive cells was unaltered, but the density of OLIG2-immunoreactive cells was significantly decreased in subjects with schizophrenia, consistent with the notion that OPC differentiation impairment may contribute to oligodendrocyte disturbances and thereby myelin deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Mauney
- Laboratory for Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478,Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Charmaine Y. Pietersen
- Laboratory for Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478,Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Kai-C. Sonntag
- Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Tsung-Ung W. Woo
- Laboratory for Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478,Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478,Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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20
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Raasakka A, Myllykoski M, Laulumaa S, Lehtimäki M, Härtlein M, Moulin M, Kursula I, Kursula P. Determinants of ligand binding and catalytic activity in the myelin enzyme 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16520. [PMID: 26563764 PMCID: PMC4643303 DOI: 10.1038/srep16520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) is an enzyme highly abundant in the central nervous system myelin of terrestrial vertebrates. The catalytic domain of CNPase belongs to the 2H phosphoesterase superfamily and catalyzes the hydrolysis of nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic monophosphates to nucleoside 2'-monophosphates. The detailed reaction mechanism and the essential catalytic amino acids involved have been described earlier, but the roles of many amino acids in the vicinity of the active site have remained unknown. Here, several CNPase catalytic domain mutants were studied using enzyme kinetics assays, thermal stability experiments, and X-ray crystallography. Additionally, the crystal structure of a perdeuterated CNPase catalytic domain was refined at atomic resolution to obtain a detailed view of the active site and the catalytic mechanism. The results specify determinants of ligand binding and novel essential residues required for CNPase catalysis. For example, the aromatic side chains of Phe235 and Tyr168 are crucial for substrate binding, and Arg307 may affect active site electrostatics and regulate loop dynamics. The β5-α7 loop, unique for CNPase in the 2H phosphoesterase family, appears to have various functions in the CNPase reaction mechanism, from coordinating the nucleophilic water molecule to providing a binding pocket for the product and being involved in product release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Raasakka
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research at German Electron Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matti Myllykoski
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Saara Laulumaa
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research at German Electron Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
- European Spallation Source (ESS), Lund, Sweden
| | - Mari Lehtimäki
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Inari Kursula
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research at German Electron Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petri Kursula
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research at German Electron Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
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21
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Jensen BK, Monnerie H, Mannell MV, Gannon PJ, Espinoza CA, Erickson MA, Bruce-Keller AJ, Gelman BB, Briand LA, Pierce RC, Jordan-Sciutto KL, Grinspan JB. Altered Oligodendrocyte Maturation and Myelin Maintenance: The Role of Antiretrovirals in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:1093-118. [PMID: 26469251 PMCID: PMC4608376 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective viral suppression through combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), approximately half of HIV-positive individuals have HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Studies of antiretroviral-treated patients have revealed persistent white matter abnormalities including diffuse myelin pallor, diminished white matter tracts, and decreased myelin protein mRNAs. Loss of myelin can contribute to neurocognitive dysfunction because the myelin membrane generated by oligodendrocytes is essential for rapid signal transduction and axonal maintenance. We hypothesized that myelin changes in HAND are partly due to effects of antiretroviral drugs on oligodendrocyte survival and/or maturation. We showed that primary mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cell cultures treated with therapeutic concentrations of HIV protease inhibitors ritonavir or lopinavir displayed dose-dependent decreases in oligodendrocyte maturation; however, this effect was rapidly reversed after drug removal. Conversely, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor zidovudine had no effect. Furthermore, in vivo ritonavir administration to adult mice reduced frontal cortex myelin protein levels. Finally, prefrontal cortex tissue from HIV-positive individuals with HAND on cART showed a significant decrease in myelin basic protein compared with untreated HIV-positive individuals with HAND or HIV-negative controls. These findings demonstrate that antiretrovirals can impact myelin integrity and have implications for myelination in juvenile HIV patients and myelin maintenance in adults on lifelong therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid K. Jensen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hubert Monnerie
- Department of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maggie V. Mannell
- Department of Neuroscience, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick J. Gannon
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cagla Akay Espinoza
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle A. Erickson
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Annadora J. Bruce-Keller
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Benjamin B. Gelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Lisa A. Briand
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - R. Christopher Pierce
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly L. Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Judith B. Grinspan
- Department of Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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22
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Myllykoski M, Seidel L, Muruganandam G, Raasakka A, Torda AE, Kursula P. Structural and functional evolution of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase. Brain Res 2015; 1641:64-78. [PMID: 26367445 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) is an abundant membrane-associated enzyme within the vertebrate myelin sheath. While the physiological function of CNPase still remains to be characterized in detail, it is known - in addition to its in vitro enzymatic activity - to interact with other proteins, small molecules, and membrane surfaces. From an evolutionary point of view, it can be deduced that CNPase is not restricted to myelin-forming cells or vertebrate tissues. Its evolution has involved gene fusion, addition of other small segments with distinct functions, such as membrane attachment, and possibly loss of function at the polynucleotide kinase-like domain. Currently, it is unclear whether the enzymatic function of the conserved phosphodiesterase domain in vertebrate myelin has a physiological role, or if CNPase could actually function - like many other classical myelin proteins - in a more structural role. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Myelin Evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Myllykoski
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Leonie Seidel
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 43, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Arne Raasakka
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7, 90220 Oulu, Finland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Andrew E Torda
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 43, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petri Kursula
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7, 90220 Oulu, Finland; German Electron Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
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23
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Kagiava A, Sargiannidou I, Bashiardes S, Richter J, Schiza N, Christodoulou C, Gritti A, Kleopa KA. Gene delivery targeted to oligodendrocytes using a lentiviral vector. J Gene Med 2015; 16:364-73. [PMID: 25394283 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most leukodystrophies result from mutations in genes expressed in oligodendrocytes that may cause autonomous loss of function of cell structural proteins. Therefore, effective gene delivery to oligodendrocytes is necessary to develop future treatments. MATERIALS To achieve this, we cloned a lentiviral vector in which the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression was driven by the oligodendrocyte specific 2,3-cyclic nucleotide 3-phosphodiesterase promoter. The vector was inserted into C57BL/6 neonatal mouse brain by combined intraventricular and parenchymal injections. RESULTS Assessment of EGFP expression revealed a widespread distribution, specifically in cells of the oligodendrocyte linage, starting from postnatal day 6 (P6) in the subventricular zone and spreading through migrating oligodendrocyte precursors. By P30, it was detectable throughout the brain and persisted for at least 3 months, showing an increase both in the number of expressing cells and in intensity over time. EGFP expression was restricted to oligodendrocyte linage cells. On average, 20.3 ± 2.56% of all oligodendrocytes in different central nervous system areas were EGFP-positive, with regional variations. CONCLUSIONS Lentiviral gene delivery using an oligodendrocyte-specific promoter may achieve widespread and long-lasting expression selectively in oligodendrocytes, offering a possibility for gene therapy in certain leukodystrophies, although the relatively low rates of oligodendrocyte transduction are a limitation that remains to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Kagiava
- Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Baburina Y, Azarashvili T, Grachev D, Krestinina O, Galvita A, Stricker R, Reiser G. Mitochondrial 2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) interacts with mPTP modulators and functional complexes (I-V) coupled with release of apoptotic factors. Neurochem Int 2015; 90:46-55. [PMID: 26188334 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) is present in rat brain and liver mitochondria, in the outer membrane and mitoplasts. Substrates of CNP, 2',3'-cAMP and 2',3'-cNADP, were found to accelerate opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). In purified non-synaptic mitochondria, CNP was observed to co-immunoprecipitate with main modulators of mPTP, i.e. VDAC, ANT, and cyclophilin D, as well as with tubulin and COX IV. Using Blue Native Electrophoresis, with following Western blot, CNP was revealed to associate with functional inner membrane mitochondrial complexes I-V. In Ca(2+) -overloaded mitochondria, association of CNP with complexes I-V was decreased. Cyclosporine A increased the association of CNP with complexes I and III, supporting the idea of the involvement of these complexes in mPTP function. 2',3'-cAMP enhanced CNP dissociation from complexes I, III, IV and V in Ca(2+)-overloaded mitochondria (i.e. when pore is opened). Association of CNP with complexes I, III, IV, and V was shown in mitochondria isolated from brain, liver and heart. Stimulation of the opening of the non-selective pore in mitochondria correlated with CNP release from mitochondria in parallel with release of cytochrome c, AIF and Endo G. In Ca(2+)-overloaded mitochondria, 2',3'-cAMP further accelerated the release of AIF, Endo G and CNP, but did not alter cytochrome c release. These results provide strong evidence that CNP, one of the possible regulators of mPTP complex, might be involved in the control of respiration and energy production in mitochondria. This reveals a new function of CNP outside the myelin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Baburina
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Neurobiochemie (Institut für Inflammation und Neurodegeneration), Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics Russian Academy of Science, RU-142290 Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - Tamara Azarashvili
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Neurobiochemie (Institut für Inflammation und Neurodegeneration), Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics Russian Academy of Science, RU-142290 Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - Dmitry Grachev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics Russian Academy of Science, RU-142290 Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - Olga Krestinina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics Russian Academy of Science, RU-142290 Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - Anastasya Galvita
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Neurobiochemie (Institut für Inflammation und Neurodegeneration), Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Stricker
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Neurobiochemie (Institut für Inflammation und Neurodegeneration), Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Georg Reiser
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Neurobiochemie (Institut für Inflammation und Neurodegeneration), Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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25
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Rajkowska G, Mahajan G, Maciag D, Sathyanesan M, Iyo AH, Moulana M, Kyle PB, Woolverton WL, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Stockmeier CA, Newton SS. Oligodendrocyte morphometry and expression of myelin - Related mRNA in ventral prefrontal white matter in major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 65:53-62. [PMID: 25930075 PMCID: PMC4836860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
White matter disturbance in the ventral prefrontal cortex (vPFC) in major depressive disorder (MDD) has been noted with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). However, the cellular and molecular pathology of prefrontal white matter in MDD and potential influence of antidepressant medications is not fully understood. Oligodendrocyte morphometry and myelin-related mRNA and protein expression was examined in the white matter of the vPFC in MDD. Sections of deep and gyral white matter from the vPFC were collected from 20 subjects with MDD and 16 control subjects. Density and size of CNPase-immunoreactive (-IR) oligodendrocytes were estimated using 3-dimensional cell counting. While neither density nor soma size of oligodendrocytes was significantly affected in deep white matter, soma size was significantly decreased in the gyral white matter in MDD. In rhesus monkeys treated chronically with fluoxetine there was no significant effect on oligodendrocyte morphometry. Using quantitative RT-PCR to measure oligodendrocyte-related mRNA for CNPase, PLP1, MBP, MOG, MOBP, Olig1 and Olig2, in MDD there was a significantly reduced expression of PLP1 mRNA (which positively correlated with smaller sizes) and increased expression of mRNA for CNPase, OLIG1 and MOG. The expression of CNPase protein was significantly decreased in MDD. Altered expression of four myelin genes and CNPase protein suggests a mechanism for the degeneration of cortical axons and dysfunctional maturation of oligodendrocytes in MDD. The change in oligodendrocyte morphology in gyral white matter may parallel altered axonal integrity as revealed by DTI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Monica Sathyanesan
- Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St., Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA.
| | - Abiye H. Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS, U.S.A., 39216
| | | | - Patrick B. Kyle
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS, U.S.A., 39216
| | - William L. Woolverton
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS, U.S.A., 39216
| | | | - Craig A. Stockmeier
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS, U.S.A., 39216,Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, U.S.A., 44106
| | - Samuel S. Newton
- Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St., Vermillion, SD, U.S.A., 57069
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Padhi BK, Rosales M, Pelletier G. Perinatal methylmercury exposure perturbs the expression of Plp1 and Cnp splice variants in cerebellum of rat pups. Neurotoxicology 2015; 48:223-30. [PMID: 25936639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Early life exposure to environmental chemicals can interfere with myelin formation in the developing brain, leading to neurological disorders. The Proteolipid Protein 1 (Plp1), Myelin Basic Protein (Mbp) and 2',3'-Cyclic Nucleotide 3'Phosphodiesterase (Cnp) genes expressed in oligodendrocytes and involved in myelination processes can be useful biomarkers of potential developmental neurotoxicity. In an earlier study, we concluded that the reduction in the expression levels of Mbp splice variants in juvenile rat cerebellum following perinatal methylmercury (MeHg) exposure were compatible with an overall reduction of mature oligodendrocytes population. This observation prompted us to analyze the expression of Plp1 and Cnp in developing rat cerebellum to further confirm and investigate the toxic effects of MeHg on vulnerable oligodendrocytes. Splice variants of Plp1 in human and of Cnp in mouse are curated in NCBI RefSeq database, but not for rat. Lack of annotation of splice variants can pose significant challenge for the reliable quantification of gene expression levels in toxicological studies. Therefore, we applied a "comparative sequence analysis" approach, relying on annotated splice variants in human/mouse and on evolutionary conservation of intron-exon structures, to identify additional splice variants of Plp1 and Cnp in rat. Then, we confirmed their identity by nucleotide sequencing and characterized their temporal expression patterns during brain development by RT-PCR. The measurement of total transcripts and individual splice variants of Plp1 and Cnp in the cerebellum of MeHg-exposed rat pups revealed a relatively similar level of reduction in their expression levels. This study further confirms that perinatal exposure to MeHg can impact oligodendrocytes in pups. Based on these observations, we conclude that monitoring the expression of these oligodendrocyte-enriched genes can be useful to identify toxic chemicals affecting myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaja K Padhi
- Hazard Identification Division, HECSB, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L2, Canada.
| | - Marianela Rosales
- Hazard Identification Division, HECSB, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L2, Canada
| | - Guillaume Pelletier
- Hazard Identification Division, HECSB, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L2, Canada
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Oncogenic signaling is dominant to cell of origin and dictates astrocytic or oligodendroglial tumor development from oligodendrocyte precursor cells. J Neurosci 2015; 34:14644-51. [PMID: 25355217 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2977-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells, believed to be the cellular origin of glioma, are able to generate gliomas, according to experimental studies. Here we investigated the potential and circumstances of more differentiated cells to generate glioma development. We and others have shown that oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) can also be the cell of origin for experimental oligodendroglial tumors. However, the question of whether OPCs have the capacity to initiate astrocytic gliomas remains unanswered. Astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors represent the two most common groups of glioma and have been considered as distinct disease groups with putatively different origins. Here we show that mouse OPCs can give rise to both types of glioma given the right circumstances. We analyzed tumors induced by K-RAS and AKT and compared them to oligodendroglial platelet-derived growth factor B-induced tumors in Ctv-a mice with targeted deletions of Cdkn2a (p16(Ink4a-/-), p19(Arf-/-), Cdkn2a(-/-)). Our results showed that glioma can originate from OPCs through overexpression of K-RAS and AKT when combined with p19(Arf) loss, and these tumors displayed an astrocytic histology and high expression of astrocytic markers. We argue that OPCs have the potential to develop both astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors given loss of p19(Arf), and that oncogenic signaling is dominant to cell of origin in determining glioma phenotype. Our mouse data are supported by the fact that human astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma display a high degree of overlap in global gene expression with no clear distinctions between the two diagnoses.
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28
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29
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How stemlike are sphere cultures from long-term cancer cell lines? Lessons from mouse glioma models. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:1062-77. [PMID: 25289892 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells may mediate therapy resistance and recurrence in various types of cancer, including glioblastoma. Cancer stemlike cells can be isolated from long-term cancer cell lines, including glioma lines. Using sphere formation as a model for cancer cell stemness in vitro, we derived sphere cultures from SMA-497, SMA-540, SMA-560, and GL-261 glioma cells. Gene expression and proteomics profiling demonstrated that sphere cultures uniformly showed an elevated expression of stemness-associated genes, notably including CD44. Differences in neural lineage marker expression between nonsphere and sphere cultures were heterogeneous except for a uniform reduction of β-III-tubulin in sphere cultures. All sphere cultures showed slower growth. Self-renewal capacity was influenced by medium conditions but not nonsphere versus sphere culture phenotype. Sphere cultures were more resistant to irradiation, whereas both nonsphere and sphere cultures were highly resistant to temozolomide. Nonsphere cells formed more aggressive tumors in syngeneic mice than sphere cells in all models except SMA-560. There were no major differences in vascularization or infiltration by T cells or microglia/macrophages between nonsphere and sphere cell-derived tumors implanted in syngeneic hosts. Together, these data indicate that mouse glioma cell lines may be induced in vitro to form spheres that acquire features of stemness, but they do not exhibit a uniform biologic phenotype, thereby challenging the view that they represent a superior model system.
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30
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Deng Y, Kim B, He X, Kim S, Lu C, Wang H, Cho SG, Hou Y, Li J, Zhao X, Richard Lu Q. Direct visualization of membrane architecture of myelinating cells in transgenic mice expressing membrane-anchored EGFP. Genesis 2014; 52:341-9. [PMID: 24851283 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Deng
- Department of Pediatrics; West China Second Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, College of Pre-clinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University; Chengdu People's Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology; Cancer & Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - BongWoo Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Developmental Biology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas Texas
| | - Xuelian He
- Department of Pediatrics; West China Second Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, College of Pre-clinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University; Chengdu People's Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology; Cancer & Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Sunja Kim
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas
| | - Changqing Lu
- Department of Pediatrics; West China Second Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, College of Pre-clinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University; Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology; Cancer & Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Animal Biotechnology; Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Yiping Hou
- Department of Pediatrics; West China Second Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, College of Pre-clinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University; Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas
| | - Xianghui Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Q. Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology; Cancer & Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
- Department of Developmental Biology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas Texas
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31
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Han H, Myllykoski M, Ruskamo S, Wang C, Kursula P. Myelin-specific proteins: a structurally diverse group of membrane-interacting molecules. Biofactors 2013; 39:233-41. [PMID: 23780694 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The myelin sheath is a multilayered membrane in the nervous system, which has unique biochemical properties. Myelin carries a set of specific high-abundance proteins, the structure and function of which are still poorly understood. The proteins of the myelin sheath are involved in a number of neurological diseases, including autoimmune diseases and inherited neuropathies. In this review, we briefly discuss the structural properties and functions of selected myelin-specific proteins (P0, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, myelin-associated glycoprotein, myelin basic protein, myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein, P2, proteolipid protein, peripheral myelin protein of 22 kDa, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, and periaxin); such properties include, for example, interactions with lipid bilayers and the presence of large intrinsically disordered regions in some myelin proteins. A detailed understanding of myelin protein structure and function at the molecular level will be required to fully grasp their physiological roles in the myelin sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijong Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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32
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Baburina YL, Krestinina OV, Azarashvili TS. 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (CNPase) as a target in neurodegenerative diseases. NEUROCHEM J+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712412040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Her GJ, Wu HC, Chen MH, Chen MY, Chang SC, Wang TW. Control of three-dimensional substrate stiffness to manipulate mesenchymal stem cell fate toward neuronal or glial lineages. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:5170-80. [PMID: 23079022 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unlimited self-renewal and multipotency of stem cells provide great potential for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The differentiation of stem cells can be induced by multiple factors including physical, chemical and biological cues. The fate of stem cells can be manipulated by deliberately controlling the interaction between stem cells and their microenvironment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the change in matrix stiffness under the influence of neurogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). In this study, three-dimensional (3-D) porous scaffolds were synthesized by type I collagen (Col) and hyaluronic acid (HA). The elastic modulus of the 3-D substrates was modified by adjusting the concentration of 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) as a crosslinking agent. The mechanical properties of Col-HA scaffolds were evaluated and the induction and characterization of hMSC differentiation toward neural lineages on substrates with different stiffnesses were studied. Using EDC of different concentrations for crosslinking, the stiffness of the matrices can be controlled in the range of 1-10 kPa for soft to stiff substrates, respectively. The results showed that MSCs were likely to differentiate into neuronal lineage in substrate at 1 kPa, while they transformed into glial cells in matrix at 10 kPa. The morphology and proliferation behavior of hMSCs responded to the different stiffnesses of substrates. Using this modifiable matrix, we can investigate the relationship between stem cell behavior and substrate mechanical properties in extracellular matrix-based biomimetic 3-D scaffolds. A substrate with controllable stiffness capable of inducing hMSCs specifically toward neuronal differentiation may be very useful as a tissue-engineered construct or substitute for delivering hMSCs into the brain and spinal cord.
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Buller B, Chopp M, Ueno Y, Zhang L, Zhang RL, Morris D, Zhang Y, Zhang ZG. Regulation of serum response factor by miRNA-200 and miRNA-9 modulates oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation. Glia 2012; 60:1906-14. [PMID: 22907787 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Serum response factor (SRF) is a transcription factor that transactivates actin-associated genes and has been implicated in oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation. To date, it has not been investigated in cerebral ischemia. We investigated the dynamics of SRF expression after stroke in vivo and the role of SRF in OL differentiation in vitro. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that SRF was upregulated in OLs and OL precursor cells (OPCs) after stroke. Moreover, upregulation of SRF was concurrent with downregulation of the micro-RNAs (miRNAs) miR-9 and the miR-200 family in the ischemic white matter region, the corpus callosum. Inhibition of SRF activation by CCG-1423, a specific inhibitor of SRF function, blocked OPCs from differentiating into OLs. Overexpression of miR-9 and miR-200 in cultured OPCs suppressed SRF expression and inhibited OPC differentiation. Moreover, co-expression of miR-9 and miR-200 attenuated activity of a luciferase reporter assay containing the Srf 3' untranslated region. Collectively, this study is the first to show that stroke upregulates SRF expression in OPCs and OLs, and that SRF levels are mediated by miRNAs and regulate OPC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Buller
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Srinivasan R, Sun G, Keles S, Jones EA, Jang SW, Krueger C, Moran JJ, Svaren J. Genome-wide analysis of EGR2/SOX10 binding in myelinating peripheral nerve. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:6449-60. [PMID: 22492709 PMCID: PMC3413122 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is essential for the rapidity of saltatory nerve conduction, and also provides trophic support for axons to prevent axonal degeneration. Two critical determinants of myelination are SOX10 and EGR2/KROX20. SOX10 is required for specification of Schwann cells from neural crest, and is required at every stage of Schwann cell development. Egr2/Krox20 expression is activated by axonal signals in myelinating Schwann cells, and is required for cell cycle arrest and myelin formation. To elucidate the integrated function of these two transcription factors during peripheral nerve myelination, we performed in vivo ChIP-Seq analysis of myelinating peripheral nerve. Integration of these binding data with loss-of-function array data identified a range of genes regulated by these factors. In addition, although SOX10 itself regulates Egr2/Krox20 expression, leading to coordinate activation of several major myelin genes by the two factors, there is a large subset of genes that are activated independent of EGR2. Finally, the results identify a set of SOX10-dependent genes that are expressed in early Schwann cell development, but become subsequently repressed by EGR2/KROX20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajini Srinivasan
- Waisman Center, Department of Statistics, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and, Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Guannan Sun
- Waisman Center, Department of Statistics, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and, Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sunduz Keles
- Waisman Center, Department of Statistics, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and, Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Erin A. Jones
- Waisman Center, Department of Statistics, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and, Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sung-Wook Jang
- Waisman Center, Department of Statistics, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and, Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Courtney Krueger
- Waisman Center, Department of Statistics, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and, Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John J. Moran
- Waisman Center, Department of Statistics, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and, Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John Svaren
- Waisman Center, Department of Statistics, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and, Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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36
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Hagemeyer N, Goebbels S, Papiol S, Kästner A, Hofer S, Begemann M, Gerwig UC, Boretius S, Wieser GL, Ronnenberg A, Gurvich A, Heckers SH, Frahm J, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. A myelin gene causative of a catatonia-depression syndrome upon aging. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:528-39. [PMID: 22473874 PMCID: PMC3443947 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201200230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe mental illnesses have been linked to white matter abnormalities, documented by postmortem studies. However, cause and effect have remained difficult to distinguish. CNP (2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase) is among the oligodendrocyte/myelin-associated genes most robustly reduced on mRNA and protein level in brains of schizophrenic, bipolar or major depressive patients. This suggests that CNP reduction might be critical for a more general disease process and not restricted to a single diagnostic category. We show here that reduced expression of CNP is the primary cause of a distinct behavioural phenotype, seen only upon aging as an additional 'pro-inflammatory hit'. This phenotype is strikingly similar in Cnp heterozygous mice and patients with mental disease carrying the AA genotype at CNP SNP rs2070106. The characteristic features in both species with their partial CNP 'loss-of-function' genotype are best described as 'catatonia-depression' syndrome. As a consequence of perturbed CNP expression, mice show secondary low-grade inflammation/neurodegeneration. Analogously, in man, diffusion tensor imaging points to axonal loss in the frontal corpus callosum. To conclude, subtle white matter abnormalities inducing neurodegenerative changes can cause/amplify psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Hagemeyer
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingen, Germany
| | - Sergi Papiol
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB)Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne Kästner
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Hofer
- Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryGöttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience (BCCN)Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Begemann
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike C Gerwig
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingen, Germany
| | - Susann Boretius
- DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB)Göttingen, Germany
- Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryGöttingen, Germany
| | - Georg L Wieser
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Ronnenberg
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingen, Germany
| | - Artem Gurvich
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingen, Germany
| | | | - Jens Frahm
- DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB)Göttingen, Germany
- Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryGöttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience (BCCN)Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB)Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB)Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
Glioma is the most frequent primary brain tumor of adults that has a presumably glial origin. Although our knowledge regarding molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in gliomagenesis has increased immensely during the past decade, high-grade glioma remains a lethal disease with dismal prognosis. The failure of current therapies has to a large extent been ascribed the functional heterogeneity of glioma cells. One reason for this heterogeneity is most certainly the large number of variations in genetic alterations that can be found in high-grade gliomas. Another factor that may influence glioma heterogeneity could be the cell type from which the glioma is initiated. The cell of origin for glioma is still undefined, and additional knowledge about this issue may prove critical for a more complete understanding of glioma biology. Based on information from patients, developmental biology, and experimental glioma models, the most putative target cells include astrocytes, neural stem cells, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells, which are all discussed in more detail in this article. Animal modeling of glioma suggests that these three cell types have the capability to be the origin of glioma, and we have reason to believe that, depending on the initiating cell type, prognosis and response to therapy may be significantly different. Thus, it is essential to explore further the role of cellular origin in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Jiang
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lene Uhrbom
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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Millet V, Marder M, Pasquini L. Adult CNP::EGFP transgenic mouse shows pronounced hypomyelination and an increased vulnerability to cuprizone-induced demyelination. Exp Neurol 2012; 233:490-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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39
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Steffenhagen C, Dechant FX, Oberbauer E, Furtner T, Weidner N, Küry P, Aigner L, Rivera FJ. Mesenchymal stem cells prime proliferating adult neural progenitors toward an oligodendrocyte fate. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:1838-51. [PMID: 22074360 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrogenesis encompasses lineage specification of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and differentiation into oligodendrocytes that ultimately culminates in the myelination of central nervous system axons. Each individual process must be tightly regulated by extracellular and cell-intrinsic mechanisms, whose identities are barely understood. We had previously demonstrated that soluble factors derived from rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) induce oligodendrogenesis in differentiating adult NPCs under differentiation conditions. However, since lineage specification predominantly occurs in proliferating progenitors and not necessarily during early differentiation, we investigated if soluble factors derived from MSCs are able to prime NPCs to the oligodendroglial fate already under proliferation conditions. Therefore, we analyzed the effects of a 3 weeks stimulation of adult NPCs under proliferation conditions with conditioned media derived from MSCs (MSC-CM) in terms of cell morphology, proliferation, cell-specific marker expression profile, response to growth factor withdrawal (GFW), cell-lineage restriction, and expression of glial fate determinants. While MSC-CM did not affect the proliferation rate of NPCs, it boosted the formation of 2', 3'-cyclic-nucleotide-3'-phosphodieesterase (CNPase)- and myelin basic protein-expressing oligodendrocytes after GFW, even when cells were exposed to an astrogenic milieu. Moreover, it reinforced the proper development of oligodendrocytes, since it ensured a sustained expression of the functional marker CNPase. Finally, the presence of MSC-CM reduced the anti-oligodendrogenic determinant Id2 in proliferating NPCs, thus increasing the relative proportion of the pro-oligodendrogenic factor Olig2 expression. In summary, MSCs prime proliferating progenitors and, thus, reinforce cell fate choice and accelerate differentiation toward the oligodendrocyte lineage. The present findings underscore the potential use of MSCs in cell therapies for remyelination such as in multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury. Moreover, they urge the identification of the oligodendrogenic activity(ies) derived from MSCs to develop novel molecular therapies for demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Steffenhagen
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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40
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Katsel P, Tan W, Abazyan B, Davis KL, Ross C, Pletnikov MV, Haroutunian V. Expression of mutant human DISC1 in mice supports abnormalities in differentiation of oligodendrocytes. Schizophr Res 2011; 130:238-49. [PMID: 21605958 PMCID: PMC3139741 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in oligodendrocyte (OLG) differentiation and OLG gene expression deficit have been described in schizophrenia (SZ). Recent studies revealed a critical requirement for Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) in neural development. Transgenic mice with forebrain restricted expression of mutant human DISC1 (ΔhDISC1) are characterized by neuroanatomical and behavioral abnormalities reminiscent of some features of SZ. We sought to determine whether the expression of ΔhDISC1 may influence the development of OLGs in this mouse model. OLG- and cell cycle-associated gene and protein expression were characterized in the forebrain of ΔhDISC1 mice during different stages of neurodevelopment (E15 and P1 days) and in adulthood. The results suggest that the expression of ΔhDISC1 exerts a significant influence on oligodendrocyte differentiation and function, evidenced by premature OLG differentiation and increased proliferation of their progenitors. Additional findings showed that neuregulin 1 and its receptors may be contributing factors to the observed upregulation of OLG genes. Thus, OLG function may be perturbed by mutant hDISC1 in a model system that provides new avenues for studying aspects of the pathogenesis of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Katsel
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6575, USA.
| | - Weilun Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6575
| | - Bagrat Abazyan
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth L Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6575
| | - Christopher Ross
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6575, Department of Psychiatry, James J Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468
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41
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Integrin signaling in oligodendrocytes and its importance in CNS myelination. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2010; 2011:354091. [PMID: 21637375 PMCID: PMC3101883 DOI: 10.1155/2011/354091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is characterized by repeated demyelinating attacks of the central nervous system (CNS) white matter tracts. To tailor novel therapeutics to halt or reverse disease process, we require a better understanding of oligodendrocyte biology and of the molecular mechanisms that initiate myelination. Cell extrinsic mechanisms regulate CNS myelination through the interaction of extracellular matrix proteins and their transmembrane receptors. The engagement of one such receptor family, the integrins, initiates intracellular signaling cascades that lead to changes in cell phenotype. Oligodendrocytes express a diverse array of integrins, and the expression of these receptors is developmentally regulated. Integrin-mediated signaling is crucial to the proliferation, survival, and maturation of oligodendrocytes through the activation of downstream signaling pathways involved in cytoskeletal remodeling. Here, we review the current understanding of this important signaling axis and its role in oligodendrocyte biology and ultimately in the myelination of axons within the CNS.
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42
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The multiple roles of myelin protein genes during the development of the oligodendrocyte. ASN Neuro 2010; 2:e00027. [PMID: 20017732 PMCID: PMC2814326 DOI: 10.1042/an20090051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become clear that the products of several of the earliest identified myelin protein genes perform functions that extend beyond the myelin sheath. Interestingly, these myelin proteins, which comprise proteolipid protein, 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase and the classic and golli MBPs (myelin basic proteins), play important roles during different stages of oligodendroglial development. These non-myelin-related functions are varied and include roles in the regulation of process outgrowth, migration, RNA transport, oligodendrocyte survival and ion channel modulation. However, despite the wide variety of cellular functions performed by the different myelin genes, the route by which they achieve these many functions seems to converge upon a common mechanism involving Ca2+ regulation, cytoskeletal rearrangements and signal transduction. In the present review, the newly emerging functions of these myelin proteins will be described, and these will then be discussed in the context of their contribution to oligodendroglial development.
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43
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Barros CS, Nguyen T, Spencer KSR, Nishiyama A, Colognato H, Müller U. Beta1 integrins are required for normal CNS myelination and promote AKT-dependent myelin outgrowth. Development 2009; 136:2717-24. [PMID: 19633169 PMCID: PMC2730401 DOI: 10.1242/dev.038679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) produce myelin sheaths that insulate axons to ensure fast propagation of action potentials. beta1 integrins regulate the myelination of peripheral nerves, but their function during the myelination of axonal tracts in the CNS is unclear. Here we show that genetically modified mice lacking beta1 integrins in the CNS present a deficit in myelination but no defects in the development of the oligodendroglial lineage. Instead, in vitro data show that beta1 integrins regulate the outgrowth of myelin sheaths. Oligodendrocytes derived from mutant mice are unable to efficiently extend myelin sheets and fail to activate AKT (also known as AKT1), a kinase that is crucial for axonal ensheathment. The inhibition of PTEN, a negative regulator of AKT, or the expression of a constitutively active form of AKT restores myelin outgrowth in cultured beta1-deficient oligodendrocytes. Our data suggest that beta1 integrins play an instructive role in CNS myelination by promoting myelin wrapping in a process that depends on AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia S Barros
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Childhood and Neglected Disease, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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44
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Sypecka J, Sarnowska A, Domanska-Janik K. Crucial role of the local micro-environment in fate decision of neonatal rat NG2 progenitors. Cell Prolif 2009; 42:661-71. [PMID: 19614677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2009.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The fate choice of neural progenitor cells could be dictated by local cellular environment of the adult CNS. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of hippocampal tissue on differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocyte NG2 precursor cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hippocampal slice culture was established from the brains of 7-day-old rats. NG2 precursor cells, obtained from a 12-day-old mixed primary culture of neonatal rat cerebral hemispheres, were labelled with chloromethyl-fluorescein-diacetete and seeded on the hippocampal slices. After 7-14 days in co-culture, cells were stained with neural markers. RESULTS NG2 cells differentiated predominantly into oligodendrocytes, presenting various stages of maturation: progenitors (NG2), pre-oligodendrocytes (O4) and finally mature GalC-positive cells. However, except for a few cells with astrocyte-specific S100b staining, a considerable number of these cells differentiated into neurons: TUJ(+) and even MAP-2(+) cells were frequently observed. Moreover, a certain population of these cells preserved proliferative properties of primary precursor cells, as revealed by Ki67 expression. CONCLUSIONS The neuronal micro-environment provided by the culture of hippocampal slices is potent for induction of neurogenesis from oligodendrocyte NG2(+)/PDGFRalpha(+)/CNP(+) progenitor cells and promotes their differentiation not only into macroglia but also into neurons. It also sustains their proliferative capacity. The results indicate the crucial role of the local cellular environment in fate decision of primary NG2(+) multipotent neural progenitor cells, which may affect their behaviour after transplantation into the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sypecka
- NeuroRepair Department, Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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45
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Haber M, Vautrin S, Fry EJ, Murai KK. Subtype-specific oligodendrocyte dynamics in organotypic culture. Glia 2009; 57:1000-13. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.20824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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46
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Gravel M, Robert F, Kottis V, Gallouzi IE, Pelletier J, Braun PE. 2',3'-Cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase: a novel RNA-binding protein that inhibits protein synthesis. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:1069-79. [PMID: 19021295 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
2',3'-Cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) is one of the earliest myelin-related proteins to be specifically expressed in differentiating oligodendrocytes (ODCs) in the central nervous system (CNS) and is implicated in myelin biogenesis. CNP possesses an in vitro enzymatic activity, whose in vivo relevance remains to be defined, because substrates with 2',3,-cyclic termini have not yet been identified. To characterize CNP function better, we previously determined the structure of the CNP catalytic domain by NMR. Interestingly, the structure is remarkably similar to the plant cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (CPDase) from A. thaliana and the bacterial 2'-5' RNA ligase from T. thermophilus, which are known to play roles in RNA metabolism. Here we show that CNP is an RNA-binding protein. Furthermore, by using precipitation analyses, we demonstrate that CNP associates with poly(A)(+) mRNAs in vivo and suppresses translation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. With SELEX, we isolated RNA aptamers that can suppress the inhibitory effect of CNP on translation. We also demonstrate that CNP1 can bridge an association between tubulin and RNA. These results suggest that CNP1 may regulate expression of mRNAs in ODCs of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Gravel
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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48
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Abstract
Gliomas are primary brain tumors mainly affecting adults. The cellular origin is unknown. The recent identification of tumor-initiating cells in glioma, which share many similarities with normal neural stem cells, has suggested the cell of origin to be a transformed neural stem cell. In previous studies, using the RCAS/tv-a mouse model, platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B)-induced gliomas have been generated from nestin or glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing cells, markers of neural stem cells. To investigate if committed glial progenitor cells could be the cell of origin for glioma, we generated the Ctv-a mouse where tumor induction would be restricted to myelinating oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) expressing 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase. We showed that PDGF-B transfer to OPCs could induce gliomas with an incidence of 33%. The majority of tumors resembled human WHO grade II oligodendroglioma based on close similarities in histopathology and expression of cellular markers. Thus, with the Ctv-a mouse we have showed that the cell of origin for glioma may be a committed glial progenitor cell.
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49
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Zhang Y, Feng Y. Distinct molecular mechanisms lead to diminished myelin basic protein and 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase in qkv dysmyelination. J Neurochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Taveggia C, Thaker P, Petrylak A, Caporaso GL, Toews A, Falls DL, Einheber S, Salzer JL. Type III neuregulin-1 promotes oligodendrocyte myelination. Glia 2008; 56:284-93. [PMID: 18080294 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The axonal signals that regulate oligodendrocyte myelination during development of the central nervous system (CNS) have not been established. In this study, we have examined the regulation of oligodendrocyte myelination by the type III isoform of neuregulin-1 (NRG1), a neuronal signal essential for Schwann cell differentiation and myelination. In contrast to Schwann cells, primary oligodendrocytes differentiate normally when cocultured with dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons deficient in type III NRG1. However, they myelinate type III NRG1-deficient neurites poorly in comparison to wild type cultures. Type III NRG1 is not sufficient to drive oligodendrocyte myelination as sympathetic neurons are not myelinated even with lentiviral-mediated expression of NRG1. Mice haploinsufficient for type III NRG1 are hypomyelinated in the brain, as evidenced by reduced amounts of myelin proteins and lipids and thinner myelin sheaths. In contrast, the optic nerve and spinal cord of heterozygotes are myelinated normally. Together, these results implicate type III NRG1 as a significant determinant of the extent of myelination in the brain and demonstrate important regional differences in the control of CNS myelination. They also indicate that oligodendrocyte myelination, but not differentiation, is promoted by axonal NRG1, underscoring important differences in the control of myelination in the CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Taveggia
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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