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Sirico A, Simonelli S, Pignatiello S, Fulgione C, Sarno L, Chiuso F, Maruotti GM, Sansone M, Guida M, Insabato L. BDNF and NGF Expression in Preneoplastic Cervical Disease According to HIV Status. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10729. [PMID: 37445902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotrophins, such as BDNF and NGF, are overexpressed in tumor cells in cervical cancer, and HIV infection is associated with the upregulation of neurotrophin expression. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether BDNF and NGF are overexpressed in preneoplastic cervical disease from HIV-infected women. METHODS Women with preneoplastic cervical lesions (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3) were prospectively enrolled and grouped according to their HIV status. Samples from Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP) for suspected cervical cancer were obtained, and immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate BDNF and NGF expression. RESULTS We included in our analysis 12 HIV-infected patients who were matched with 23 HIV-negative patients as a control group. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that BDNF expression was significantly higher in cervical preneoplastic lesions from HIV-positive women than in the lesions from the control group. In particular, BDNF was expressed in 8/12 HIV-positive patients and 7/23 HIV-negative patients (66.7% vs. 30.4%, χ2 = 4.227; p = 0.040). NGF expression was not significantly higher in cervical preneoplastic lesions from HIV-positive women compared with that in the lesions from the control group. In particular, NGF was expressed in 8/12 HIV-positive patients and in 12/23 HIV-negative patients (66.7% vs. 52.2% χ2 = 0.676; p = 0.411). Logistic regression analysis showed that the HIV status is an independent predictor of BDNF expression in pre-invasive preneoplastic cervical disease when considered alone (crude OR 4.6, 95% CI 0.027-20.347; p = 0.046) and when analyzed with other co-factors (adjusted OR 6.786, 95% CI 1.084-42.476; p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS In preneoplastic cervical disease, BDNF expression is higher in HIV-infected women than in non-infected controls, and this is independent of the clinical features of the patients and from the presence of the HPV-HR genotype. BDNF can play a key role as a link between the pathways by which HIV and HPV interact to accelerate cervical cancer progression and invasion. These data can be useful to better understand the role of neurotrophins in the cancerogenesis of cervical cancer and the possible therapeutic strategies to improve disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Sirico
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Saverio Simonelli
- Pathology Unit, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Fulgione
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Sarno
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiuso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maria Maruotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Matilde Sansone
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Guida
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Insabato
- Pathology Unit, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Guzzetta KE, Cryan JF, O’Leary OF. Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Regulation of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Brain Plast 2022; 8:97-119. [PMID: 36448039 PMCID: PMC9661352 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-220141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The birth, maturation, and integration of new neurons in the adult hippocampus regulates specific learning and memory processes, responses to stress, and antidepressant treatment efficacy. This process of adult hippocampal neurogenesis is sensitive to environmental stimuli, including peripheral signals from certain cytokines, hormones, and metabolites, which can promote or hinder the production and survival of new hippocampal neurons. The trillions of microorganisms resident to the gastrointestinal tract, collectively known as the gut microbiota, also demonstrate the ability to modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In doing so, the microbiota-gut-brain axis can influence brain functions regulated by adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Unlike the hippocampus, the gut microbiota is highly accessible to direct interventions, such as prebiotics, probiotics, and antibiotics, and can be manipulated by lifestyle choices including diet. Therefore, understanding the pathways by which the gut microbiota shapes hippocampal neurogenesis may reveal novel targets for non-invasive therapeutics to treat disorders in which alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis have been implicated. This review first outlines the factors which influence both the gut microbiome and adult hippocampal neurogenesis, with cognizance that these effects might happen either independently or due to microbiota-driven mechanisms. We then highlight approaches for investigating the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis by the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Finally, we summarize the current evidence demonstrating the gut microbiota's ability to influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis, including mechanisms driven through immune pathways, microbial metabolites, endocrine signalling, and the nervous system, and postulate implications for these effects in disease onset and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Guzzetta
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Olivia F. O’Leary
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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3
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Gonmanee T, Arayapisit T, Vongsavan K, Phruksaniyom C, Sritanaudomchai H. Optimal culture conditions for neurosphere formation and neuronal differentiation from human dental pulp stem cells. J Appl Oral Sci 2021; 29:e20210296. [PMID: 34614124 PMCID: PMC8523122 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2021-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have been used to regenerate damaged nervous tissues. However, the methods of committing DPSCs into neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) or neurospheres are highly diverse, resulting in many neuronal differentiation outcomes. This study aims to validate an optimal protocol for inducing DPSCs into neurospheres and neurons. Methodology After isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cell identity, DPSCs were cultured in a NSPC induction medium and culture vessels. The durations of the culture, dissociation methods, and passage numbers of DPSCs were varied. Results Neurosphere formation requires a special surface that inhibits cell attachment. Five-days was the most appropriate duration for generating proliferative neurospheres and they strongly expressed Nestin, an NSPC marker. Neurosphere reformation after being dissociated by the Accutase enzyme was significantly higher than other methods. Passage number of DPSCs did not affect neurosphere formation, but did influence neuronal differentiation. We found that the cells expressing a neuronal marker, β-tubulin III, and exhibiting neuronal morphology were significantly higher in the early passage of the DPSCs. Conclusion These results suggest a guideline to obtain a high efficiency of neurospheres and neuronal differentiation from DPSCs for further study and neurodegeneration therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanasup Gonmanee
- Mahidol University, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Tawepong Arayapisit
- Mahidol University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kutkao Vongsavan
- Walailak University, International College of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Bangkok, Thailand
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Yong SJ, Yong MH, Teoh SL, Soga T, Parhar I, Chew J, Lim WL. The Hippocampal Vulnerability to Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Impairment. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:695738. [PMID: 34483839 PMCID: PMC8414573 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.695738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as a possible infectious etiology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been proposed since the 1980s. The accumulating research thus far continues to support the association and a possible causal role of HSV-1 in the development of AD. HSV-1 has been shown to induce neuropathological and behavioral changes of AD, such as amyloid-beta accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, as well as memory and learning impairments in experimental settings. However, a neuroanatomical standpoint of HSV-1 tropism in the brain has not been emphasized in detail. In this review, we propose that the hippocampal vulnerability to HSV-1 infection plays a part in the development of AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Henceforth, this review draws on human studies to bridge HSV-1 to hippocampal-related brain disorders, namely AD and aMCI/MCI. Next, experimental models and clinical observations supporting the neurotropism or predilection of HSV-1 to infect the hippocampus are examined. Following this, factors and mechanisms predisposing the hippocampus to HSV-1 infection are discussed. In brief, the hippocampus has high levels of viral cellular receptors, neural stem or progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs), glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) that support HSV-1 infectivity, as well as inadequate antiviral immunity against HSV-1. Currently, the established diseases HSV-1 causes are mucocutaneous lesions and encephalitis; however, this review revises that HSV-1 may also induce and/or contribute to hippocampal-related brain disorders, especially AD and aMCI/MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Jie Yong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Min Hooi Yong
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.,Aging Health and Well-being Research Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tomoko Soga
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar Parhar
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Jactty Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Wei Ling Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.,Aging Health and Well-being Research Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
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Isolation and Propagation of Primary Human and Rodent Embryonic Neural Progenitor Cells and Cortical Neurons. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34033077 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1437-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The research on human neural progenitor cells holds great potential for the understanding of the molecular programs that control differentiation of cells of glial and neuronal lineages, as well as pathogenetic mechanisms of neurological diseases. Stem cell technologies also provide opportunities for the pharmaceutical industry to develop new approaches for regenerative medicine. Here, we describe the protocol for the isolation and maintenance of neural progenitor cells and cortical neurons using human fetal brain tissue. This protocol can be successfully adapted for the preparation of rodent neural and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. While several methods for isolating neural and oligodendrocyte progenitors from rodent brain tissue have been described, including techniques utilizing gene transfer and magnetic resonance beads, few methods are specifically focused on deriving human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Development of the human cultures provides the most physiologically relevant system for investigating mechanisms which regulate the function of oligodendrocytes, specifically of human origin.
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Distinct Effects of BDNF and NT-3 on the Dendrites and Presynaptic Boutons of Developing Olfactory Bulb GABAergic Interneurons In Vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1399-1417. [PMID: 33392918 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) are known to regulate neuronal morphology and the formation of neural circuits, yet the neuronal targets of each neurotrophin are still to be defined. To address how these neurotrophins regulate the morphological and synaptic differentiation of developing olfactory bulb (OB) GABAergic interneurons, we analyzed the effect of BDNF and NT-3 on GABA+-neurons and on different subtypes of these neurons: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH+); calretinin (Calr+); calbindin (Calb+); and parvalbumin (PVA+). These cells were generated from cultured embryonic mouse olfactory bulb neural stem cells (eOBNSCs) and after 14 days in vitro (DIV), when the neurons expressed TrkB and/or TrkC receptors, BDNF and NT-3 did not significantly change the number of neurons. However, long-term BDNF treatment did produce a longer total dendrite length and/or more dendritic branches in all the interneuron populations studied, except for PVA+-neurons. Similarly, BDNF caused an increase in the cell body perimeter in all the interneuron populations analyzed, except for PVA+-neurons. GABA+- and TH+-neurons were also studied at 21 DIV, when BDNF produced significantly longer neurites with no clear change in their number. Notably, these neurons developed synaptophysin+ boutons at 21 DIV, the size of which augmented significantly following exposure to either BDNF or NT-3. Our results show that in conditions that maintain neuronal survival, BDNF but not NT-3 promotes the morphological differentiation of developing OB interneurons in a cell-type-specific manner. In addition, our findings suggest that BDNF and NT-3 may promote synapse maturation by enhancing the size of synaptic boutons.
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de Miranda AS, de Barros JLVM, Teixeira AL. Is neurotrophin-3 (NT-3): a potential therapeutic target for depression and anxiety? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:1225-1238. [PMID: 33141605 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1846720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is thought to play a role in the neurobiological processes implicated in mood and anxiety disorders. NT-3 is a potential pharmacological target for mood disorders because of its effects on monoamine neurotransmitters, regulation of synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling boosting, and modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The mechanisms underlying NT-3 anxiolytic properties are less clear and require further exploration and definition. Areas covered: The evidence that supports NT-3 as a pharmacological target for anxiety and mood disorders is presented and this is followed by a reflection on the quandaries, stumbling blocks, and future perspectives for this novel target. Expert opinion: There is evidence for miRNAs being key post-transcriptional regulators of neurotrophin-3 receptor gene (NTRK3) in anxiety disorders; however, the anxiolytic properties of NT-3 need further examination and delineation. Moreover, NT-3 expression by non-neuronal cells and its role in brain circuits that participate in anxiety and mood disorders require further scrutiny. Further work is vital before progression into clinical trials can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S de Miranda
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - J L V M de Barros
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Antonio Lucio Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX, Brazil
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8
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Polysialylation and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 79:100892. [PMID: 32863045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia, PSA) is a unique constituent of the glycocalyx on the surface of bacterial and vertebrate cells. In vertebrates, its biosynthesis is highly regulated, not only in quantity and quality, but also in time and location, which allows polySia to be involved in various important biological phenomena. Therefore, impairments in the expression and structure of polySia sometimes relate to diseases, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and cancer. Some bacteria express polySia as a tool for protecting themselves from the host immune system during invasion. PolySia is proven to be a biosafe material; polySia, as well as polySia-recognizing molecules, are key therapeutic agents. This review first comprehensive outlines the occurrence, features, biosynthesis, and functions of polySia and subsequently focuses on the related diseases.
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Garrido-García A, de Andrés R, Jiménez-Pompa A, Soriano P, Sanz-Fuentes D, Martínez-Blanco E, Díez-Guerra FJ. Neurogranin Expression Is Regulated by Synaptic Activity and Promotes Synaptogenesis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7321-7337. [PMID: 31020616 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurogranin (Ng) is a calmodulin (CaM)-binding protein that is phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC) and is highly enriched in the dendrites and spines of telencephalic neurons. It is proposed to be involved in regulating CaM availability in the post-synaptic environment to modulate the efficiency of excitatory synaptic transmission. There is a close relationship between Ng and cognitive performance; its expression peaks in the forebrain coinciding with maximum synaptogenic activity, and it is reduced in several conditions of impaired cognition. We studied the expression of Ng in cultured hippocampal neurons and found that both protein and mRNA levels were about 10% of that found in the adult hippocampus. Long-term blockade of NMDA receptors substantially decreased Ng expression. On the other hand, treatments that enhanced synaptic activity such as long-term bicuculline treatment or co-culture with glial cells or cholesterol increased Ng expression. Chemical long-term potentiation (cLTP) induced an initial drop of Ng, with a minimum after 15 min followed by a slow recovery during the next 2-4 h. This effect was most evident in the synaptosome-enriched fraction, thus suggesting local synthesis in dendrites. Lentiviral expression of Ng led to increased density of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the second and third weeks of culture. These results indicate that Ng expression is regulated by synaptic activity and that Ng promotes the synaptogenesis process. Given its relationship with cognitive function, we propose targeting of Ng expression as a promising strategy to prevent or alleviate the cognitive deficits associated with aging and neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Garrido-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Av. Doctor Arce, 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel de Andrés
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda Jiménez-Pompa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Soriano
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Sanz-Fuentes
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez-Blanco
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Javier Díez-Guerra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera, 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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High serum nerve growth factor concentrations are associated with good functional outcome at 3 months following acute ischemic stroke. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 488:20-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Sialic acid (Sia) is involved in many biological activities and commonly occurs as a monosialyl residue at the nonreducing terminal end of glycoconjugates. The loss of activity of UDP-GlcNAc2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase, which is a key enzyme in Sia biosynthesis, is lethal to the embryo, which clearly indicates the importance of Sia in embryogenesis. Occasionally, oligo/polymeric Sia structures such as disialic acid (diSia), oligosialic acid (oligoSia), and polysialic acid (polySia) occur in glycoconjugates. In particular, polySia, a well-known epitope that commonly occurs in neuroinvasive bacteria and vertebrate brains, is one of the most well-known and biologically/neurologically important glycotopes in vertebrates. The biological effects of polySia, especially on neural cell-adhesion molecules, have been well studied, and in-depth knowledge regarding polySia has been accumulated. In addition, the importance of diSia and oligoSia epitopes has been reported. In this chapter, the recent advances in the study of diSia, oligoSia, and polySia residues in glycoproteins in neurology, and their history, definition, occurrence, analytical methods, biosynthesis, and biological functions evaluated by phenotypes of gene-targeted mice, biochemical features, and related diseases are described.
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Zhang Z, Klausen LH, Chen M, Dong M. Electroactive Scaffolds for Neurogenesis and Myogenesis: Graphene-Based Nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801983. [PMID: 30264534 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
One of the major issues in tissue engineering is constructing a functional scaffold to support cell growth and also provide proper synergistic guidance cues. Graphene-based nanomaterials have emerged as biocompatible and electroactive scaffolds for neurogenesis and myogenesis, due to their excellent tunable chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. This review first assesses the recent investigations focusing on the fabrication and applications of graphene-based nanomaterials for neurogenesis and myogenesis, in the form of either 2D films, 3D scaffolds, or composite architectures. Besides, because of their outstanding electrical properties, graphene family materials are particularly suitable for designing electroactive scaffolds that could provide proper electrical stimulation (i.e., electrical or photo stimuli) to promote the regeneration of excitable neurons and muscle cells. Therefore, the effects and mechanism of electrical and/or photo stimulations on neurogenesis and myogenesis are followed. Furthermore, studies on their biocompatibilities and toxicities especially to neural and muscle cells are evaluated. Finally, the future challenges and perspectives in facilitating the development of clinical translation of graphene-family nanomaterials in treating neurodegenerative and muscle diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Menglin Chen
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Hu X, Lai CYN, Sivakumar T, Wang H, Ng KL, Lam CC, Wong WKR. Novel strategy for expression of authentic and bioactive human basic fibroblast growth factor in Bacillus subtilis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7061-7069. [PMID: 29951857 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inteins, also known as "protein introns," have been found to be present in many microbial species and widely employed for the expression and purification of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. However, interestingly, until now there has not been much information on the identification and application of inteins to protein expression in Bacillus subtilis. In this article, for the first time, despite the likelihood of absence of inteins in B. subtilis, this bacterium was shown to be able to facilitate auto-catalytic cleavages of fusions formed between inteins and recombinant proteins. Employing a construct expressing the intein, Ssp DnaB, (DnaB), which was fused at its N-terminus with the cellulose-binding domain (CellBD) of an endoglucanase encoded by the cenA gene of Cellulomonas fimi, the construct was demonstrated to be capable of mediating intracellular expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), followed by auto-processing of the CellBD-DnaB-bFGF fusion to result in bFGF possessing the 146-residue authentic structure. The mentioned fusion was shown to result in a high yield of 84 mg l-1 of biologically active bFGF. Future work in improving the growth of B. subtilis may enable the use of this bacterium, working in cooperation with inteins, to result in a new platform for efficient expression of valuable proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Hu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheuk Yin Nelson Lai
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - T Sivakumar
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - K L Ng
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - C C Lam
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - W K R Wong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Castellanos DA, Tsoulfas P, Frydel BR, Gajavelli S, Bes JC, Sagen J. TrkC Overexpression Enhances Survival and Migration of Neural Stem Cell Transplants in the Rat Spinal Cord. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/096020198389942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although CNS axons have the capacity to regenerate after spinal cord injury when provided with a permissive substrate, the lack of appropriate synaptic target sites for regenerating fibers may limit restoration of spinal circuitry. Studies in our laboratory are focused on utilizing neural stem cells to provide new synaptic target sites for regenerating spinal axons following injury. As an initial step, rat neural precursor cells genetically engineered to overexpress the tyrosine kinase C (trkC) neurotrophin receptor were transplanted into the intact rat spinal cord to evaluate their survival and differentiation. Cells were either pretreated in vitro prior to transplantation with trkC ligand neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) to initiate differentiation or exposed to NT-3 in vivo following transplantation via gelfoam or Oxycel©. Both treatments enhanced survival of trkC-overexpressing stem cells to nearly 100%, in comparison with approximately 30–50% when either NT-3 or trkC was omitted. In addition, increased migration of trkC-overexpressing cells throughout the spinal gray matter was noted, particularly following in vivo NT-3 exposure. The combined trkC expression and NT-3 treatment appeared to reduce astrocytic differentiation of transplanted neural precursors. Decreased cavitation and increased β-tubulin fibers were noted in the vicinity of transplanted cells, although the majority of transplanted cells appeared to remain in an undifferentiated state. These findings suggest that genetically engineered neural stem cells in combination with neurotrophin treatment may be a useful addition to strategies for repair of spinal neurocircuitry following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Castellanos
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Pantelis Tsoulfas
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Beata R. Frydel
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Shyam Gajavelli
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Jean-Claude Bes
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Jacqueline Sagen
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
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15
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Rosenstein JM, More NS, Mani N, Krum JM. Developmental Expression of Calcium-Binding Protein-Containing Neurons in Neocortical Transplants. Cell Transplant 2017; 7:121-9. [PMID: 9588594 DOI: 10.1177/096368979800700207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the development of calcium binding protein-containing neurons in a timed series of fetal neocortical transplants. The immunoexpression of parvalbumin and calbindin, which are subpopulations of GABAergic neurons, have been widely studied in normal development and in disease and injury states. Because of their purported resistance to oxidative injury by their ability to buffer Ca++ influx, these neurons have been particularly studied following ischemia. Because it is likely that oxidative stress is associated with the grafting procedure, we sought to determine if these neurons displayed enhanced survival characteristics. Normally, parvalbumin and calbindin represent about 5-10% of cortical neurons. Within 2-4 wk after grafting the expression of both proteins increased markedly in that a relatively larger number of neurons (27% for parvalbumin) were immunopositive. This increase was transitory, however, and by 4 mo and beyond, confocal microscopic data showed a reduction of over 50% of parvalbumin (+) neurons and processes. Calbindin (+) processes showed a qualitative change in that they were smaller with less terminal branching. Electron microscopy confirmed a substantial reduction in parvalbumin synaptic contacts. Interestingly, in older grafts, remaining parvalbumin neurons were those that were strongly NSE (+) suggesting a link between normal metabolism and Ca++ buffering in grafted neurons. It is possible that in early grafts certain neuronal populations transiently upregulated calcium binding proteins as a defensive mechanism against Ca++ influx associated with oxidative stress. Over time, however, following physiological normalization within grafts, the calcium binding protein (+) neurons are diminished, possibly due to lack of appropriate afferent input to the interneuronal pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Rosenstein
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20027, USA
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16
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Defteralı Ç, Verdejo R, Majeed S, Boschetti-de-Fierro A, Méndez-Gómez HR, Díaz-Guerra E, Fierro D, Buhr K, Abetz C, Martínez-Murillo R, Vuluga D, Alexandre M, Thomassin JM, Detrembleur C, Jérôme C, Abetz V, López-Manchado MÁ, Vicario-Abejón C. In Vitro Evaluation of Biocompatibility of Uncoated Thermally Reduced Graphene and Carbon Nanotube-Loaded PVDF Membranes with Adult Neural Stem Cell-Derived Neurons and Glia. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:94. [PMID: 27999773 PMCID: PMC5138223 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene, graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are being investigated as potential substrates for the growth of neural cells. However, in most in vitro studies, the cells were seeded on these materials coated with various proteins implying that the observed effects on the cells could not solely be attributed to the GBN and CNT properties. Here, we studied the biocompatibility of uncoated thermally reduced graphene (TRG) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes loaded with multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) using neural stem cells isolated from the adult mouse olfactory bulb (termed aOBSCs). When aOBSCs were induced to differentiate on coverslips treated with TRG or control materials (polyethyleneimine-PEI and polyornithine plus fibronectin-PLO/F) in a serum-free medium, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes were generated in all conditions, indicating that TRG permits the multi-lineage differentiation of aOBSCs. However, the total number of cells was reduced on both PEI and TRG. In a serum-containing medium, aOBSC-derived neurons and oligodendrocytes grown on TRG were more numerous than in controls; the neurons developed synaptic boutons and oligodendrocytes were more branched. In contrast, neurons growing on PVDF membranes had reduced neurite branching, and on MWCNTs-loaded membranes oligodendrocytes were lower in numbers than in controls. Overall, these findings indicate that uncoated TRG may be biocompatible with the generation, differentiation, and maturation of aOBSC-derived neurons and glial cells, implying a potential use for TRG to study functional neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağla Defteralı
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IC-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Verdejo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Shahid Majeed
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Institut für Polymerforschung, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Adriana Boschetti-de-Fierro
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Institut für Polymerforschung, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Héctor R. Méndez-Gómez
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IC-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Díaz-Guerra
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IC-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Fierro
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Institut für Polymerforschung, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Kristian Buhr
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Institut für Polymerforschung, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Clarissa Abetz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Institut für Polymerforschung, Geesthacht, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Vuluga
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michaël Alexandre
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Thomassin
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christine Jérôme
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Volker Abetz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Institut für Polymerforschung, Geesthacht, Germany
| | | | - Carlos Vicario-Abejón
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IC-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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17
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Abstract
It is possible, by a variety of means, to isolate, propagate, and characterize engraftable clones of cells from the mammalian CNS that fulfill the operational definition of a "stem cell": self-maintaining, self-renewing, and extremely multipotent in vitro and in vivo. Even as debates flourish over how neural stem cells might best be defined, identified, represented, and manipulated, clonal cells with "stem-like" features have begun to provide valuable models for studying commitment, differentiation, and plasticity in the CNS. Furthermore, by learning in this way the basic biology of neural stem cells, and by then exploiting those inherent properties for therapeutic ends, novel and multifaceted strategies seem poised to emerge for redressing a variety of heretofore untreatable CNS dysfunctions. Stem-like cells have begun to show promise for neural cell re placement and molecular support therapy in various animal models of degenerative, developmental, and acquired CNS insult. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:408-425, 1998
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Y. Snyder
- Departments of Neurology (Division of Neuroscience) and Pediatrics (Division of Newborn Medicine) Harvard Medical School Children's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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Nieto-Estévez V, Oueslati-Morales CO, Li L, Pickel J, Morales AV, Vicario-Abejón C. Brain Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Directs the Transition from Stem Cells to Mature Neurons During Postnatal/Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2194-209. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Nieto-Estévez
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos O. Oueslati-Morales
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Madrid Spain
| | - Lingling Li
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
| | - James Pickel
- Transgenic Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Aixa V. Morales
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
| | - Carlos Vicario-Abejón
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Madrid Spain
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19
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Choy FC, Klarić TS, Koblar SA, Lewis MD. miR-744 and miR-224 Downregulate Npas4 and Affect Lineage Differentiation Potential and Neurite Development During Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3528-3541. [PMID: 27189618 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (Npas4) is a brain-specific transcription factor whose expression is enriched in neurogenic regions of the brain. In addition, it was demonstrated that Npas4 expression is dynamic and highly regulated during neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). While these findings implicate a role for Npas4 in neurogenesis, the underlying mechanisms of regulation remain unknown. Given that growing evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in both embryonic and adult neurogenesis, we reasoned that miRNAs are good candidates for regulating Npas4 expression during neural differentiation of ESCs. In this study, we utilized the small RNA sequencing method to profile miRNA expression during neural differentiation of mouse ESCs. Two differentially expressed miRNAs were identified to be able to significantly reduce reporter gene activity by targeting the Npas4 3'UTR, namely miR-744 and miR-224. More importantly, ectopic expression of these miRNAs during neural differentiation resulted in downregulation of endogenous Npas4 expression. Subsequent functional analysis revealed that overexpression of either miR-744 or miR-224 delayed early neural differentiation, reduced GABAergic neuron production and inhibited neurite outgrowth. Collectively, our findings indicate that Npas4 not only functions at the early stages of neural differentiation but may also, in part, contribute to neuronal subtype specification and neurite development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong Chan Choy
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Thomas S Klarić
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Simon A Koblar
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Martin D Lewis
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. .,South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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20
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Makarenkova HP, Dartt DA. Myoepithelial Cells: Their Origin and Function in Lacrimal Gland Morphogenesis, Homeostasis, and Repair. CURRENT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 1:115-123. [PMID: 26688786 PMCID: PMC4683023 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-015-0020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lacrimal gland (LG) is an exocrine tubuloacinar gland that secretes the aqueous layer of the tear film. LG epithelium is composed of ductal, acinar, and myoepithelial cells (MECs) bordering the basal lamina and separating the epithelial layer from the extracellular matrix. Mature MECs have contractile ability and morphologically resemble smooth muscle cells; however, they exhibit features typical for epithelial cells, such as the presence of specific cytokeratin filaments. Increasing evidence supports the assertion that myoepithelial cells (MECs) play key roles in the lacrimal gland development, homeostasis, and stabilizing the normal structure and polarity of LG secretory acini. MECs take part in the formation of extracellular matrix gland and participate in signal exchange between epithelium and stroma. MECs have a high level of plasticity and are able to differentiate into several cell lineages. Here, we provide a review on some of the MEC characteristics and their role in LG morphogenesis, maintenance, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen P. Makarenkova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Darlene A. Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Vergaño-Vera E, Díaz-Guerra E, Rodríguez-Traver E, Méndez-Gómez HR, Solís Ó, Pignatelli J, Pickel J, Lee SH, Moratalla R, Vicario-Abejón C. Nurr1 blocks the mitogenic effect of FGF-2 and EGF, inducing olfactory bulb neural stem cells to adopt dopaminergic and dopaminergic-GABAergic neuronal phenotypes. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:823-41. [PMID: 25447275 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nurr1 is expressed in the mouse olfactory bulb (OB), although it remains unknown whether it influences the generation of dopaminergic neurons (DA) (DA neurons) in cells isolated from this brain region. We found that expressing Nurr1 in proliferating olfactory bulb stem cells (OBSCs) produces a marked inhibition of cell proliferation and the generation of immature neurons immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) concomitant with marked upregulations of Th, Dat, Gad, and Fgfr2 transcripts. In long-term cultures, these cells develop neurochemical and synaptic markers of mature-like mesencephalic DA neurons, expressing GIRK2, VMAT2, DAT, calretinin, calbindin, synapsin-I, and SV2. Concurring with the increase in both Th and Gad expression, a subpopulation of induced cells was both TH- and GAD-immunoreactive indicating that they are dopaminergic-GABAergic neurons. Indeed, these cells could mature to express VGAT, suggesting they can uptake and store GABA in vesicles. Remarkably, the dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF-38393 induced c-Fos in TH(+) cells and dopamine release was detected in these cultures under basal and KCl-evoked conditions. By contrast, cotransducing the Neurogenin2 and Nurr1 transcription factors produced a significant decrease in the number of TH-positive neurons. Our results indicate that Nurr1 overexpression in OBSCs induces the formation of two populations of mature dopaminergic neurons with features of the ventral mesencephalon or of the OB, capable of responding to functional dopaminergic stimuli and of releasing dopamine. They also suggest that the accumulation of Fgfr2 by Nurr1 in OBSCs may be involved in the generation of DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vergaño-Vera
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Díaz-Guerra
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Rodríguez-Traver
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor R Méndez-Gómez
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Solís
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Pignatelli
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - James Pickel
- Transgenic Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang university, Seoul, Korea
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Vicario-Abejón
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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22
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Colley KJ, Kitajima K, Sato C. Polysialic acid: biosynthesis, novel functions and applications. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:498-532. [PMID: 25373518 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.976606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As an anti-adhesive, a reservoir for key biological molecules, and a modulator of signaling, polysialic acid (polySia) is critical for nervous system development and maintenance, promotes cancer metastasis, tissue regeneration and repair, and is implicated in psychiatric diseases. In this review, we focus on the biosynthesis and functions of mammalian polySia, and the use of polySia in therapeutic applications. PolySia modifies a small subset of mammalian glycoproteins, with the neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM, serving as its major carrier. Studies show that mammalian polysialyltransferases employ a unique recognition mechanism to limit the addition of polySia to a select group of proteins. PolySia has long been considered an anti-adhesive molecule, and its impact on cell adhesion and signaling attributed directly to this property. However, recent studies have shown that polySia specifically binds neurotrophins, growth factors, and neurotransmitters and that this binding depends on chain length. This work highlights the importance of considering polySia quality and quantity, and not simply its presence or absence, as its various roles are explored. The capsular polySia of neuroinvasive bacteria allows these organisms to evade the host immune response. While this "stealth" characteristic has made meningitis vaccine development difficult, it has also made polySia a worthy replacement for polyetheylene glycol in the generation of therapeutic proteins with low immunogenicity and improved circulating half-lives. Bacterial polysialyltransferases are more promiscuous than the protein-specific mammalian enzymes, and new studies suggest that these enzymes have tremendous therapeutic potential, especially for strategies aimed at neural regeneration and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Colley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA and
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23
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Adepoju A, Micali N, Ogawa K, Hoeppner DJ, McKay RDG. FGF2 and insulin signaling converge to regulate cyclin D expression in multipotent neural stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 32:770-8. [PMID: 24155149 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ex vivo expansion of stem cells is making major contribution to biomedical research. The multipotent nature of neural precursors acutely isolated from the developing central nervous system has been established in a series of studies. Understanding the mechanisms regulating cell expansion in tissue culture would support their expanded use either in cell therapies or to define disease mechanisms. Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) and insulin, ligands for tyrosine kinase receptors, are sufficient to sustain neural stem cells (NSCs) in culture. Interestingly, real-time imaging shows that these cells become multipotent every time they are passaged. Here, we analyze the role of FGF2 and insulin in the brief period when multipotent cells are present. FGF2 signaling results in the phosphorylation of Erk1/2, and activation of c-Fos and c-Jun that lead to elevated cyclin D mRNA levels. Insulin signals through the PI3k/Akt pathway to regulate cyclins at the post-transcriptional level. This precise Boolean regulation extends our understanding of the proliferation of multipotent NSCs and provides a basis for further analysis of proliferation control in the cell states defined by real-time mapping of the cell lineages that form the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedamola Adepoju
- National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Ji XW, Wu CL, Wang XC, Liu J, Bi JZ, Wang DY. Monoamine neurotransmitters and fibroblast growth factor-2 in the brains of rats with post-stroke depression. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:159-164. [PMID: 24944615 PMCID: PMC4061212 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in the levels of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in the brains of rats with post-stroke depression (PSD). A rat model of stroke was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion and the rats were randomly divided into two groups: Control and modification groups. The rats in the modification group had PSD, while the rats in the control group had experienced a stroke only. The PSD model was established by applying chronic mild stress to the individually housed rats. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to detect the levels of 5-HT, DA and NE, while western blotting was used to detect the FGF-2 protein expression levels in the frontal lobe and hippocampus. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was also used to determine the mRNA expression levels of FGF-2 in the frontal lobes of the two groups. The levels of 5-HT, DA and NE in the frontal lobe and hippocampus of the rats in the PSD group were significantly lower than the levels observed in the rats in the stroke group (P<0.01). In addition, protein expression levels of FGF-2 in the frontal lobe of the rats in the PSD group were significantly lower when compared with the control group rats (P<0.01), however, the protein expression levels of FGF-2 in the hippocampus did not exhibit a statistically significant difference (P>0.05). The mRNA expression levels of FGF-2 in the frontal lobe of the rats in the modification group were significantly lower than the levels in the control group rats (P<0.01). Therefore, reduced levels of monoamine neurotransmitters and FGF-2 expression in the brains of rats with PSD are associated with the incidence of PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Ji
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Ling Wu
- Blood Purification Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Chen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Zhong Bi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Dian-Yun Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
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25
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Ye Z, Ye W, Deng Y, Wang J, Zhou G, Zhang X. HIF-1-modified BMSCs improve migration and reduce neuronal apoptosis after stroke in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5936-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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26
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Paradiso B, Zucchini S, Simonato M. Implication of fibroblast growth factors in epileptogenesis-associated circuit rearrangements. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:152. [PMID: 24062643 PMCID: PMC3772316 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transformation of a normal brain in epileptic (epileptogenesis) is associated with extensive morpho-functional alterations, including cell death, axonal and dendritic plasticity, neurogenesis, and others. Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) appear to be very strongly implicated in these phenomena. In this review, we focus on the involvement of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family members. Available data demonstrate that the FGFs are highly involved in the generation of the morpho-functional alterations in brain circuitries associated with epileptogenesis. For example, data on FGF2, the most studied member, suggest that it may be implicated both in seizure susceptibility and in seizure-induced plasticity, exerting different, and apparently contrasting effects: favoring acute seizures but reducing seizure-induced cell death. Even if many FGF members are still unexplored and very limited information is available on the FGF receptors, a complex and fascinating picture is emerging: multiple FGFs producing synergic or antagonistic effects one with another (and/or with other NTFs) on biological parameters that, in turn, facilitate or oppose transformation of the normal tissue in epileptic. In principle, identifying key elements in these phenomena may lead to effective therapies, but reaching this goal will require confronting a huge complexity. One first step could be to generate a "neurotrophicome" listing the FGFs (and all other NTFs) that are active during epileptogenesis. This should include identification of the extent to which each NTF is active (concentrations at the site of action); how it is active (local representation of receptor subtypes); when in the natural history of disease this occurs; how the NTF at hand will possibly interact with other NTFs. This is extraordinarily challenging, but holds the promise of a better understanding of epileptogenesis and, at large, of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Paradiso
- 1Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy ; 2Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology Ferrara, Italy ; 3National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy
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Li JM, Zhu H, Lu S, Liu Y, Li Q, Ravenscroft P, Xu YF, Huang L, Ma CM, Bezard E, Zhao RCH, Wang RZ, Qin C. Migration and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in the normal rat brain. Neurol Res 2013; 33:84-92. [DOI: 10.1179/016164110x12670144737819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Keenan TM, Grinager JR, Procak AA, Svendsen CN. In vitro localization of human neural stem cell neurogenesis by engineered FGF-2 gradients. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 4:1522-31. [PMID: 23147909 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20074k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective stem cell-based therapies for treating brain disorders is keenly dependent upon an understanding of how to generate specific neural cell types and organize them into functional, higher-order tissues analogous to those of the cerebral cortex. Studies of cortical development have revealed that the proper formation of the human cerebral cortex results from specific intercellular interactions and soluble signaling between the highly-proliferative region occupied by dividing neural stem cells and an adjacent region of active neurogenesis and neural migration. However, the factors responsible for establishing this key asymmetrical proliferative-neurogenic architecture are not entirely known. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is observed in a ventricular-pial gradient during in vivo development and has been previously shown to have effects on both human neural stem cell (hNSC) proliferation and neurogenesis. Here we have adapted a microfluidic approach for creating stable concentration gradients in 3D hydrogels to explore whether FGF-2 gradients can establish defined regions of proliferation and neurogenesis in hNSC cultures. Exponential but not linear FGF-2 gradients between 0-2 ng mL(-1) were able to preferentially boost the percentage of TuJ1(+) neurons in the low concentration regions of the gradient and at levels significantly higher than in non-gradient controls. However, no gradient-dependent localization was observed for dividing hNSCs or hNSC-derived intermediate progenitors. These data suggest that exponential FGF2 gradients are useful for generating asymmetric neuron cultures, but require contributions from other factors to recapitulate the highly-proliferative ventricular zone niche. The relevance of the findings of this study to in vivo cortical development must be more cautiously stated given the artifactual nature of hNSCs and the inability of any in vitro system to fully recapitulate the chemical complexity of the developing cortex. However, it is quite possible that exponential FGF2 gradients are employed in vivo to establish or maintain an asymmetric distribution of neurons in the ventricular-pial axis of the developing cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Keenan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Hayon Y, Dashevsky O, Shai E, Varon D, Leker RR. Platelet microparticles promote neural stem cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 47:659-65. [PMID: 22290563 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Platelet microparticles (PMP) are small subcellular fragments, shed upon platelet activation. PMP host a variety of cytokines and growth factor that were previously shown to affect angiogenesis and postischemic tissue regeneration. This study attempted to explore the effect of PMP on neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation, survival and differentiation. Cells were grown as neurospheres and treated with PMP, or relevant growth factors, sphere size and cell fates were evaluated. PMP treatment led to larger neurospheres with increased cell survival. PMP treatment was comparable with the effect of acceptable single growth factors such as fibroblastic growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). PMP treatment also increased the differentiation potential of NSC to glia and neurons. Specific growth factor inhibitors only partly blocked these effects, which were associated with increments in ERK and Akt phosphorylation. In this study, we show that various growth factors contained within the PMP promote neuronal cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. The results suggest a role for platelet microparticles in augmenting endogenous neural progenitor and stem cells angiogenesis and neurogenesis that might be utilized for treatment following brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Hayon
- Department of Neurology, Peritz and Chantal Scheinberg Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Kharazi A, Levy ML, Visperas MC, Lin CM. Chicken embryonic brain: an in vivo model for verifying neural stem cell potency. J Neurosurg 2013; 119:512-9. [PMID: 23451907 DOI: 10.3171/2013.1.jns12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The multipotency of neural stem cells (NSCs) can be assessed in vitro by detection of stage-specific markers in response to a suitable differentiation signal. This test is frequently used because it is fast and affordable. However, it is not clear how the in vitro potential for multilineage differentiation and stem cell marker expression would reflect the ability of NSCs to engraft into the brain following transplantation. The authors undertook this study to directly compare the in vitro potency and in vivo migration of human NSCs (hNSCs) expanded under conditions of gradually increased concentration of fetal bovine serum (FBS) as a maturation factor. METHODS Human NSCs isolated from fetal brain were propagated in serum free media (SF-hNSCs) and in media containing 0.1% and 0.2% serum. At Passage 4 in tissue culture the NSCs were harvested and either differentiated in vitro or transplanted into the lateral ventricle of chicken embryonic brain at the late stage of its development (Hamburger and Hamilton Stage 26). The in vitro differentiation was evaluated by immunostaining with neural or glial specific markers, and the in vivo migration was assessed using immunohistology. RESULTS The authors found that SF-hNSCs successfully engrafted into the chicken embryonic brain, which correlated with their ability to differentiate in vitro. NSCs grown at as low as 0.1% concentration of FBS failed to demonstrate the robust in vivo migration pattern but still preserved the capability to differentiate in vitro. Furthermore, NSCs generated in media containing a higher concentration of FBS (0.2%) lost both the in vivo engraftment and in vitro differentiation potential. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that marker expression and in vitro differentiation assays might not provide adequate information regarding the behavior of NSCs following their transplantation. The in vivo migration following injection into chicken embryonic brain may provide an important assay of the potency of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kharazi
- Department of Research and Development, Stemedica Cell Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
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Nieto-Estévez V, Pignatelli J, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Hurtado-Chong A, Vicario-Abejón C. A global transcriptome analysis reveals molecular hallmarks of neural stem cell death, survival, and differentiation in response to partial FGF-2 and EGF deprivation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53594. [PMID: 23308259 PMCID: PMC3538603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurosphere cell culture is a commonly used model to study the properties and potential applications of neural stem cells (NSCs). However, standard protocols to culture NSCs have yet to be established, and the mechanisms underlying NSC survival and maintenance of their undifferentiated state, in response to the growth factors FGF-2 and EGF are not fully understood. Using cultures of embryonic and adult olfactory bulb stem cells (eOBSCs and aOBSCs), we analyzed the consequences of FGF-2 and EGF addition at different intervals on proliferation, cell cycle progression, cell death and differentiation, as well as on global gene expression. As opposed to cultures supplemented daily, addition of FGF-2 and EGF every 4 days significantly reduced the neurosphere volume and the total number of cells in the spheres, mainly due to increased cell death. Moreover, partial FGF-2 and EGF deprivation produced an increase in OBSC differentiation during the proliferative phase. These changes were more evident in aOBSC than eOBSC cultures. Remarkably, these effects were accompanied by a significant upregulation in the expression of endogenous Fgf-2 and genes involved in cell death and survival (Cryab), lipid catabolic processes (Pla2g7), cell adhesion (Dscaml1), cell differentiation (Dscaml1, Gpr17, S100b, Ndrg2) and signal transduction (Gpr17, Ndrg2). These findings support that a daily supply of FGF-2 and EGF is critical to maintain the viability and the undifferentiated state of NSCs in culture, and they reveal novel molecular hallmarks of NSC death, survival and the initiation of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Nieto-Estévez
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Pignatelli
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos J. Araúzo-Bravo
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany
| | - Anahí Hurtado-Chong
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Vicario-Abejón
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Darbinyan A, Kaminski R, White MK, Darbinian N, Khalili K. Isolation and propagation of primary human and rodent embryonic neural progenitor cells and cortical neurons. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1078:45-54. [PMID: 23975820 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-640-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The research on human neural progenitor cells holds great potential for the understanding the molecular programs that control differentiation of cells of glial and neuronal lineages and pathogenetic mechanisms of neurological diseases. Stem cell technologies provide also opportunities for pharmaceutical industry to develop new approaches for regenerative medicine. Here we describe the protocol for isolation and maintenance of neural progenitor cells and cortical neurons using human fetal brain tissue. This protocol can be successfully adapted for preparation of rodent neural and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. While several methods for isolation of neural and oligodendrocyte progenitors from rodent brain tissue have been described, including techniques which use gene transfer and magnetic resonance beads, few methods are focused on derivation of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Development of human culture provides the most physiologically relevant system for investigation of mechanisms which regulate function of oligodendrocyte, specifically of human origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armine Darbinyan
- Department of Pathology, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Effect of bFGF on neuronal damage induced by sequential treatment of amyloid β and excitatory amino acid in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 695:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cograft of neural stem cells and schwann cells overexpressing TrkC and neurotrophin-3 respectively after rat spinal cord transection. Biomaterials 2011; 32:7454-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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35
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Du Q, Guan Y, Ji H, Chen Z, Zhang YA. Effect of monolayer cells on sphere cells—Two types of cells that emerge during the neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Neurosci Lett 2011; 504:285-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Graham B, Richardson R. Memory of fearful events: the role of fibroblast growth factor-2 in fear acquisition and extinction. Neuroscience 2011; 189:156-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kaji T, Yoshida N, Yamada K, Hisatsune T, Kaminogawa S. Establishment and characterization of immortalized hippocampal neural precursor cell lines. Cytotechnology 2011; 33:53-61. [PMID: 19002811 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008159211932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian central nervous system, a complexcircuit of neurons contributes to higher behaviors.Each region of the brain has a unique function derivedfrom various types of neurons. Several neuralprecursor cell lines have been established from basalganglia of fetal brain. In this study, hippocampalneural precursor cell lines were established from thehippocampus of p53(-/-) embryos. By means ofintegration of a MycER regulatable oncoprotein intop53(-/-) neural precursor cells, several immortallines were established from embryonic hippocampalprimordium, with bFGF and estrogen continuouslysupplied for activation of the MycER protein. A dualluciferase study demonstrated that the MycER proteinblocked the expression of a glial cell marker protein,GFAP, probably contributing to the persistent celldivision of the immortalized neural precursor cells.These cell lines differentiate into neuronal and glialcell types after withdrawal of bFGF. The phenotype ofthe hippocampal cell lines differed from that of thebasal ganglia cell lines as observed in a clonaldensity culture. This result implies that each regionof the brain has a unique developmental program, thatmay be imprinted in each of the neural precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kaji
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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Liu Z, Huang D, Zhang M, Chen Z, Jin J, Huang S, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Chen L, Chen L, Xu Y. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript promotes the differentiation of mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into neural cells. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:67. [PMID: 21756347 PMCID: PMC3199873 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neural tissue has limited potential to self-renew after neurological damage. Cell therapy using BM-MSCs (bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells) seems like a promising approach for the treatment of neurological diseases. However, the neural differentiation of stem cells influenced by massive factors and interactions is not well studied at present. Results In this work, we isolated and identified MSCs from mouse bone marrow. Co-cultured with CART (0.4 nM) for six days, BM-MSCs were differentiated into neuron-like cells by the observation of optical microscopy. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that the differentiated BM-MSCs expressed neural specific markers including MAP-2, Nestin, NeuN and GFAP. In addition, NeuN positive cells could co-localize with TH or ChAT by double-labled immunofluorescence and Nissl bodies were found in several differentiated cells by Nissl stain. Furthermore, BDNF and NGF were increased by CART using RT-PCR. Conclusion This study demonstrated that CART could promote the differentiation of BM-MSCs into neural cells through increasing neurofactors, including BNDF and NGF. Combined application of CART and BM-MSCs may be a promising cell-based therapy for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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Mimicking the neurotrophic factor profile of embryonic spinal cord controls the differentiation potential of spinal progenitors into neuronal cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20717. [PMID: 21698095 PMCID: PMC3117794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that the choice of lineage of neural progenitor cells is determined, at least in part, by environmental factors, such as neurotrophic factors. Despite extensive studies using exogenous neurotrophic factors, the effect of endogenous neurotrophic factors on the differentiation of progenitor cells remains obscure. Here we show that embryonic spinal cord derived-progenitor cells express both ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA before differentiation. BDNF gene expression significantly decreases with their differentiation into the specific lineage, whereas CNTF gene expression significantly increases. The temporal pattern of neurotrophic factor gene expression in progenitor cells is similar to that of the spinal cord during postnatal development. Approximately 50% of spinal progenitor cells differentiated into astrocytes. To determine the effect of endogenous CNTF on their differentiation, we neutralized endogenous CNTF by administration of its polyclonal antibody. Neutralization of endogenous CNTF inhibited the differentiation of progenitor cells into astrocytes, but did not affect the numbers of neurons or oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, to mimic the profile of neurotrophic factors in the spinal cord during embryonic development, we applied BDNF or neurotrophin (NT)-3 exogenously in combination with the anti-CNTF antibody. The exogenous application of BDNF or NT-3 promoted the differentiation of these cells into neurons or oligodendrocytes, respectively. These findings suggest that endogenous CNTF and exogenous BDNF and NT-3 play roles in the differentiation of embryonic spinal cord derived progenitor cells into astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes, respectively.
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Rottlaender A, Villwock H, Addicks K, Kuerten S. Neuroprotective role of fibroblast growth factor-2 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunology 2011; 133:370-8. [PMID: 21564095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in multiple sclerosis and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is discussed. This study is the first to use FGF-2(-/-) mice to further address the involvement of FGF-2 in the disease process. We demonstrate that immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 induces more severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in FGF-2(-/-) mice compared with FGF-2(+/+) mice. The antigen-specific cytokine response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide and the degree of central nervous system inflammation was similar in both groups. However, FGF-2(-/-) mice displayed increased infiltration of CD8(+) T cells and macrophages/microglia. In addition, nerve fibre degeneration and axonal loss were augmented, whereas the extent of remyelination in central nervous system lesions was reduced. FGF-2 has been associated with the induction of demyelination and the inhibition of myelin production by oligodendrocytes. Our study supports the opposing notion that FGF-2 can also assert a neuroprotective function. This may be particularly appealing when it comes to targeting the neurodegenerative aspect of multiple sclerosis.
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41
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Reprogrammed mouse astrocytes retain a "memory" of tissue origin and possess more tendencies for neuronal differentiation than reprogrammed mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Protein Cell 2011; 2:128-40. [PMID: 21380643 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct reprogramming of a variety of somatic cells with the transcription factors Oct4 (also called Pou5f1), Sox2 with either Klf4 and Myc or Lin28 and Nanog generates the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with marker similarity to embryonic stem cells. However, the difference between iPSCs derived from different origins is unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that reprogrammed cells retain a "memory" of their origins and possess additional potential of related tissue differentiation. We reprogrammed primary mouse astrocytes via ectopic retroviral expression of OCT3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc and found the iPSCs from mouse astrocytes expressed stem cell markers and formed teratomas in SCID mice containing derivatives of all three germ layers similar to mouse embryonic stem cells besides semblable morphologies. To test our hypothesis, we compared embryonic bodies (EBs) formation and neuronal differentiation between iPSCs from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFsiPSCs) and iPSCs from mouse astrocytes (mAsiPSCs). We found that mAsiPSCs grew slower and possessed more potential for neuronal differentiation compared to MEFsiPSCs. Our results suggest that mAsiPSCs retain a "memory" of the central nervous system, which confers additional potential upon neuronal differentiation.
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Harlow DE, Yang H, Williams T, Barlow LA. Epibranchial placode-derived neurons produce BDNF required for early sensory neuron development. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:309-23. [PMID: 21246648 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, BDNF provided by the developing taste epithelium is required for gustatory neuron survival following target innervation. However, we find that expression of BDNF, as detected by BDNF-driven β-galactosidase, begins in the cranial ganglia before its expression in the central (hindbrain) or peripheral (taste papillae) targets of these sensory neurons, and before gustatory ganglion cells innervate either target. To test early BDNF function, we examined the ganglia of bdnf null mice before target innervation, and found that while initial neuron survival is unaltered, early neuron development is disrupted. In addition, fate mapping analysis in mice demonstrates that murine cranial ganglia arise from two embryonic populations, i.e., epibranchial placodes and neural crest, as has been described for these ganglia in non-mammalian vertebrates. Only placodal neurons produce BDNF, however, which indicates that prior to innervation, early ganglionic BDNF produced by placode-derived cells promotes gustatory neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Harlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Lee IS, Jung K, Kim M, Park KI. Neural stem cells: properties and therapeutic potentials for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in newborn infants. Pediatr Int 2010; 52:855-65. [PMID: 21029253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2010.03266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are defined by their ability to self-renew, to differentiate into cells of all glial and neuronal lineages throughout the neuraxis, and to populate developing or degenerating central nervous system (CNS) regions. The recognition that NSCs propagated in culture could be reimplanted into the mammalian brain, where they might integrate appropriately throughout the mammalian CNS and stably express foreign genes, has unveiled a new role for neural transplantation and gene therapy and a possible strategy for addressing the CNS manifestations of diseases that hitherto had been refractory to intervention. An intriguing phenomenon with possible therapeutic potentials has begun to emerge from our observations of the behavior of NSCs in animal models of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. During phases of active neurodegeneration, factors seem to be transiently elaborated to which NSCs may respond by migrating to degenerating regions and differentiating specifically towards replacement of dying neural cells. NSCs may attempt to repopulate and reconstitute ablated regions. These 'repair mechanisms' may actually reflect the reexpression of basic developmental principles that may be harnessed for therapeutic ends. In addition, NSCs may serve as vehicles for gene delivery and appear capable of simultaneous neural cell replacement and gene therapy (e.g. with factors that might enhance neuronal differentiation, neurites outgrowth, proper connectivity, and/or neuroprotection). When combined with certain synthetic biomaterials, NSCs may be even more effective in 'engineering' the damaged CNS towards reconstitution. We have also cultured human NSCs or progenitors as neurospheres which were derived from fetal cadavers at 13 weeks of gestation, and transplanted them into HI-injured immature brains to investigate their therapeutic potentials in this type of model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Shin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Hovinga KE, Shimizu F, Wang R, Panagiotakos G, Van Der Heijden M, Moayedpardazi H, Correia AS, Soulet D, Major T, Menon J, Tabar V. Inhibition of notch signaling in glioblastoma targets cancer stem cells via an endothelial cell intermediate. Stem Cells 2010; 28:1019-29. [PMID: 20506127 DOI: 10.1002/stem.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly heterogeneous malignant tumor. Recent data suggests the presence of a hierarchical organization within the GBM cell population that involves cancer cells with stem-like behavior, capable of repopulating the tumor and contributing to its resistance to therapy. Tumor stem cells are thought to reside within a vascular niche that provides structural and functional support. However, most GBM studies involve isolated tumor cells grown under various culture conditions. Here, we use a novel three-dimensional organotypic "explant" system of surgical GBM specimens that preserves cytoarchitecture and tumor stroma along with tumor cells. Notch inhibition in explants results in decreased proliferation and self-renewal of tumor cells but is also associated with a decrease in endothelial cells. When endothelial cells are selectively eliminated from the explants via a toxin conjugate, we also observed a decrease in self-renewal of tumor stem cells. These findings support a critical role for tumor endothelial cells in GBM stem cell maintenance, mediated at least in part by Notch signaling. The explant system further highlighted differences in the response to radiation between explants and isolated tumor neurospheres. Combination treatment with Notch blockade and radiation resulted in a substantial decrease in proliferation and in self-renewal in tumor explants while radiation alone was less effective. This data suggests that the Notch pathway plays a critical role in linking angiogenesis and cancer stem cell self-renewal and is thus a potential therapeutic target. Three-dimensional explant systems provide a novel approach for the study of tumor and microenvironment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koos E Hovinga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Zechel S, Werner S, Unsicker K, von Bohlen und Halbach O. Expression and Functions of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF-2) in Hippocampal Formation. Neuroscientist 2010; 16:357-73. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858410371513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Among the 23 members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, FGF-2 is the most abundant one in the central nervous system. Its impact on neural cells has been profoundly investigated by in vitro and in vivo studies as well as by gene knockout analyses during the past 2 decades. Key functions of FGF-2 in the nervous system include roles in neurogenesis, promotion of axonal growth, differentiation in development, and maintenance and plasticity in adulthood. From a clinical perspective, its prominent role for the maintenance of lesioned neurons (e.g., ischemia and following transection of fiber tracts) is of particular relevance. In the unlesioned brain, FGF-2 is involved in synaptic plasticity and processes attributed to learning and memory. The focus of this review is on the expression of FGF-2 and its receptors in the hippocampal formation and the physiological and pathophysiological roles of FGF-2 in this region during development and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Zechel
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Werner
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Unsicker
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Yagami T, Takase K, Yamamoto Y, Ueda K, Takasu N, Okamura N, Sakaeda T, Fujimoto M. Fibroblast growth factor 2 induces apoptosis in the early primary culture of rat cortical neurons. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:2278-90. [PMID: 20381486 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is known to have important functions in cell survival and differentiation. In addition to its roles as a neurotrophic factor, we found that FGF2 caused cell death in the early primary culture of cortical neurons. FGF2-induced neuronal cell death showed apoptotic characters, e.g., chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. The ultrastructural morphology of FGF2-treated neurons indicated apoptotic features such as progressive cell shrinkage, blebbing of the plasma membrane, loss of cytosolic organelles, clumping of chromatin, and fragmentation of DNA. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors significantly rescued neurons from FGF2-induced apoptosis. FGF2 potentiated a marked influx of Ca(2+) into neurons before apoptosis. Both a calcium chelator and L-type voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) channel (L-VSCC) blockers attenuated FGF2-induced apoptosis, whereas other blockers of VSCCs such as N-type and P/Q-types did not. Blockers of L-VSCCs significantly suppressed FGF2-enhanced Ca(2+) influx into neurons. Moreover, FGF2 also generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) before apoptosis. Radical scavengers reduced not only the FGF2-generated ROS, but also the FGF2-induced Ca(2+) influx and apoptosis. In conclusion, we demonstrated that FGF2 caused apoptosis via L-VSCCs in the early neuronal culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsurou Yagami
- Division of Physiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, 2-1, kami-ohno 7-Chome, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-8524, Japan.
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47
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Growth factors improve neurogenesis and outcome after focal cerebral ischemia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 116:1397-402. [PMID: 19826899 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have been proposed as a new form of cell-based therapy in a variety of disorders, including acute and degenerative brain diseases. Endogenous neural stem cells (eNSC) reside in the subventricular zone and in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. eNSC are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into functional glia and neurons. Unfortunately, spontaneous brain regeneration is inefficient for clinically significant improvement following brain injury. However, eNSC responses may be augmented considerably by perturbing the pathways governing cell proliferation, migration and differentiation by application of exogenous growth factors. Importantly, current evidence suggests that such perturbations may lead to better functional outcome after stroke. This article summarizes the progress made in this field.
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Rodrigo C, Zaben M, Lawrence T, Laskowski A, Howell OW, Gray WP. NPY augments the proliferative effect of FGF2 and increases the expression of FGFR1 on nestin positive postnatal hippocampal precursor cells, via the Y1 receptor. J Neurochem 2010; 113:615-27. [PMID: 20132466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that neuropeptide Y (NPY), a peptide neurotransmitter released by hippocampal interneurons, is proliferative for hippocampal neural stem progenitor cells (NSPCs) via the Y1 receptor. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2, released predominantly by astrocytes, is also a powerful mitogen for postnatal and adult NSPCs, via the FGFR1 receptor. Knockout studies show that NPY and FGF2 are individually necessary, but not sufficient, for seizure-induced neurogenesis, suggesting a possible interaction. Here, we examined for interactions between NPY and FGF2 on NSPCs from the postnatal hippocampus and report that the combination of NPY and FGF2 significantly shortens the cell cycle time of nestin positive NSPCs, more than either factor alone. This augmentation of proliferation rate is NPY Y1 receptor mediated, and Y1 receptor activation increases both FGFR1 mRNA and protein in NSPC cultures. NSPCs immunostain for both Y1 and FGFR1 receptors and the interaction is specific for dentate NSPCs. This is the first report of a proliferative factor that augments the proliferative effect of FGF2 and is the first evidence of a positive proliferative interaction between a glial growth factor and a neuronal transmitter, identifying a novel neural activity driven mechanism for modulating the proliferation of hippocampal NSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamira Rodrigo
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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49
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Leker RR. Fate and manipulations of endogenous neural stem cells following brain ischemia. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9:1117-25. [PMID: 19653861 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903130558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have been proposed as a new form of cell-based therapy in a variety of disorders, including acute and degenerative brain diseases. Endogenous neural stem cells (eNSCs) have been identified in the central nervous system where they reside largely in the subventricular zone and in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. eNSCs are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into functional glia and neurons throughout life. However, spontaneous brain regeneration does not suffice to induce significant behavioral improvement in acute or chronic brain injury. Nevertheless, eNSCs responses can be considerably increased by tweaking the pathways governing cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Contemporary evidence now suggests that such perturbations may lead to better functional outcome after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen R Leker
- Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Service, Hadassah Ein Kerem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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50
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Wakeman DR, Hofmann MR, Redmond DE, Teng YD, Snyder EY. Long-term multilayer adherent network (MAN) expansion, maintenance, and characterization, chemical and genetic manipulation, and transplantation of human fetal forebrain neural stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; Chapter 2:Unit2D.3. [PMID: 19455542 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc02d03s9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human neural stem/precursor cells (hNSC/hNPC) have been targeted for application in a variety of research models and as prospective candidates for cell-based therapeutic modalities in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. To this end, the successful derivation, expansion, and sustained maintenance of undifferentiated hNSC/hNPC in vitro, as artificial expandable neurogenic micro-niches, promises a diversity of applications as well as future potential for a variety of experimental paradigms modeling early human neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and neurogenetic disorders, and could also serve as a platform for small-molecule drug screening in the CNS. Furthermore, hNPC transplants provide an alternative substrate for cellular regeneration and restoration of damaged tissue in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Human somatic neural stem/progenitor cells (NSC/NPC) have been derived from a variety of cadaveric sources and proven engraftable in a cytoarchitecturally appropriate manner into the developing and adult rodent and monkey brain while maintaining both functional and migratory capabilities in pathological models of disease. In the following unit, we describe a new procedure that we have successfully employed to maintain operationally defined human somatic NSC/NPC from developing fetal, pre-term post-natal, and adult cadaveric forebrain. Specifically, we outline the detailed methodology for in vitro expansion, long-term maintenance, manipulation, and transplantation of these multipotent precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Wakeman
- University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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