1
|
Schneider F, Colin-York H, Fritzsche M. Quantitative Bio-Imaging Tools to Dissect the Interplay of Membrane and Cytoskeletal Actin Dynamics in Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 11:612542. [PMID: 33505401 PMCID: PMC7829180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.612542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular function is reliant on the dynamic interplay between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. This critical relationship is of particular importance in immune cells, where both the cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane work in concert to organize and potentiate immune signaling events. Despite their importance, there remains a critical gap in understanding how these respective dynamics are coupled, and how this coupling in turn may influence immune cell function from the bottom up. In this review, we highlight recent optical technologies that could provide strategies to investigate the simultaneous dynamics of both the cytoskeleton and membrane as well as their interplay, focusing on current and future applications in immune cells. We provide a guide of the spatio-temporal scale of each technique as well as highlighting novel probes and labels that have the potential to provide insights into membrane and cytoskeletal dynamics. The quantitative biophysical tools presented here provide a new and exciting route to uncover the relationship between plasma membrane and cytoskeletal dynamics that underlies immune cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falk Schneider
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Huw Colin-York
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
In vitro tracking and intracellular protein distribution in immunology. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:501-505. [PMID: 28392557 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
New imaging techniques have enabled major advances in understanding how immune reactions are initiated, coordinated and controlled. Imaging methods, which were previously mostly descriptive and supplementary to more quantitative approaches, have now reached sufficient precision and throughput that they are becoming integral to almost all aspects of immunology research. Imaging methodologies that increase the resolution and sensitivity of detection, alongside an ever-expanding range of fluorescent reporters of molecular and cellular activity, and vastly improved analysis methods, have all facilitated this transformation. In this review, we will discuss how advances in imaging are changing the way we view immune activation and control using T cells as the model immune system. We will describe how imaging has transformed our knowledge of molecular and signalling events in T-cell activation, and the impact of these molecular events on the behaviour of T cells.
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen Y, Guan R, Zhang C, Huang J, Ji L, Chao H. Two-photon luminescent metal complexes for bioimaging and cancer phototherapy. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
4
|
Ingle GS, Scales SJ. DropArray™, a Wall-Less 96-Well Plate for Uptake and Immunofluorescence Microscopy, Confirms CD22 Recycles. Traffic 2014; 15:255-72. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gladys S. Ingle
- Department of Molecular Biology; Genentech; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Suzie J. Scales
- Department of Molecular Biology; Genentech; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Characterizing the intracellular distribution of metabolites in intact Chlamydia-infected cells by Raman and two-photon microscopy. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:461-9. [PMID: 23541981 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia species are obligate intracellular pathogens that proliferate only within infected cells. Currently, there are no known techniques or systems that can probe the spatial distribution of metabolites of interest within intact Chlamydia-infected cells. Here we investigate the ability of Raman microscopy to probe the chemical composition of different compartments (nucleus, inclusion, and cytoplasm) of Chlamydia trachomatis-infected epithelial cells. The overall intensity of the Raman spectrum is greatest in the inclusions and lowest in the cytoplasm in fixed cells. Difference spectra generated by normalizing to the intensity of the strong 1004 cm(-1) phenylalanine line show distinct differences among the three compartments. Most notably, the concentrations of adenine are greater in both the inclusions and the nucleus than in the cytoplasm, as seen by Raman microscopy. The source of the adenine was explored through a complementary approach, using two-photon microscopy imaging. Autofluorescence measurements of living, infected cells show that the adenine-containing molecules, NAD(P)H and FAD, are present mainly in the cytoplasm, suggesting that these molecules are not the source of the additional adenine signal in the nucleus and inclusions. Experiments of infected cells stained with a DNA-binding dye, Hoechst 33258, reveal that most of the DNA is present in the nucleus and the inclusions, suggesting that DNA/RNA is the main source of the additional Raman adenine signal in the nucleus and inclusions. Thus, Raman and two-photon microscopy are among the few non-invasive methods available to investigate cells infected with Chlamydia and, together, should also be useful for studying infection by other intracellular pathogens that survive within intracellular vacuoles.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abdul-Sater AA, Saïd-Sadier N, Lam VM, Singh B, Pettengill MA, Soares F, Tattoli I, Lipinski S, Girardin SE, Rosenstiel P, Ojcius DM. Enhancement of reactive oxygen species production and chlamydial infection by the mitochondrial Nod-like family member NLRX1. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:41637-45. [PMID: 20959452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.137885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis infections cause severe and irreversible damage that can lead to infertility and blindness in both males and females. Following infection of epithelial cells, Chlamydia induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Unconventionally, Chlamydiae use ROS to their advantage by activating caspase-1, which contributes to chlamydial growth. NLRX1, a member of the Nod-like receptor family that translocates to the mitochondria, can augment ROS production from the mitochondria following Shigella flexneri infections. However, in general, ROS can also be produced by membrane-bound NADPH oxidases. Given the importance of ROS-induced caspase-1 activation in growth of the chlamydial vacuole, we investigated the sources of ROS production in epithelial cells following infection with C. trachomatis. In this study, we provide evidence that basal levels of ROS are generated during chlamydial infection by NADPH oxidase, but ROS levels, regardless of their source, are enhanced by an NLRX1-dependent mechanism. Significantly, the presence of NLRX1 is required for optimal chlamydial growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Abdul-Sater
- Health Sciences Research Institute and School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Du X, Beers R, Fitzgerald DJ, Pastan I. Differential cellular internalization of anti-CD19 and -CD22 immunotoxins results in different cytotoxic activity. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6300-5. [PMID: 18676854 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
B-cell malignancies routinely express surface antigens CD19 and CD22. Immunotoxins against both antigens have been evaluated, and the immunotoxins targeting CD22 are more active. To understand this disparity in cytotoxicity and guide the screening of therapeutic targets, we compared two immunotoxins, FMC63(Fv)-PE38-targeting CD19 and RFB4(Fv)-PE38 (BL22)-targeting CD22. Six lymphoma cell lines have 4- to 9-fold more binding sites per cell for CD19 than for CD22, but BL22 is 4- to 140-fold more active than FMC63(Fv)-PE38, although they have a similar cell binding affinity (Kd, approximately 7 nmol/L). In 1 hour, large amounts of BL22 are internalized (2- to 3-fold more than the number of CD22 molecules on the cell surface), whereas only 5.2% to 16.6% of surface-bound FMC63(Fv)-PE38 is internalized. The intracellular reservoir of CD22 decreases greatly after immunotoxin internalization, indicating that it contributes to the uptake of BL22. Treatment of cells with cycloheximide does not reduce the internalization of BL22. Both internalized immunotoxins are located in the same vesicles. Our results show that the rapid internalization of large amounts of BL22 bound to CD22 makes CD22 a better therapeutic target than CD19 for immunotoxins and probably for other immunoconjugates that act inside cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4264, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ward KA, Stewart LA, Schwarer AP. CD34+-derived CD11c+++ BDCA-1++ CD123++ DC: expansion of a phenotypically undescribed myeloid DC1 population for use in adoptive immunotherapy. Cytotherapy 2006; 8:130-40. [PMID: 16698686 DOI: 10.1080/14653240600620689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DC are commonly defined as HLA-DR+/Lin- cells that can be CD11c+ + + CD123+/ -, termed DC1/myeloid DC that induce a Th1 response, or CD11c- CD123+ + +, termed DC2/lymphoid DC that induce a Th2 response. However, significant heterogeneity within DC preparations is apparent and supports the existence of several distinct DC subpopulations. This study aimed to expand and characterize CD34+ DC for use in immunotherapy. METHODS CD34+ cells were seeded at 1 x 10(5)/mL and expanded for 14 days in RPMI + 10% autologous plasma supplemented with GM-CSF, IL-4, Flt-3L and SCF. Maturation was induced with TNF-alpha and PGE2 for 2 days. DC were analyzed morphologically, phenotypically with a panel of MAb to lineage and DC markers, and functionally in MLR, T-cell assays and T-cell cytokine secretion by ELISA. RESULTS Significant cellular expansion was observed: 60+/-5 x 10(6) DC from 1 x 10(6) CD34+ cells (n=28). Phenotypically DC were characterized as HLA-DR+ +, CD11c+ + +, CD80+ +, CD83+, CD86+ +, CD123+ +, CD15+ +, CD33+ +, BDCA-1+ +, CD4+ and Lin-. DC displayed potent allostimulatory capacity and efficient presentation of KLH and tetanus toxin. DC-primed T cells secreted IFN-gamma (Th1); however, no detectable IL-4 (Th2) was noted. DISCUSSION We present features of CD34+ DC that have not been previously described. The CD34+ DC generated represent a population of myeloid DC functioning as DC1 but phenotypically expressing markers characteristic of both DC1 and DC2. This novel DC population is capable of inducing naive T-cell responses and can be expanded to clinically useful numbers. CD34+-derived DC represent attractive candidates for use in adoptive T-cell immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Ward
- Bone Marrow Transplant Programme, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pais TF, Appelberg R. Induction of Mycobacterium avium growth restriction and inhibition of phagosome-endosome interactions during macrophage activation and apoptosis induction by picolinic acid plus IFNgamma. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2004; 150:1507-1518. [PMID: 15133112 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of mouse macrophages with picolinic acid (PA) and gamma-interferon (IFNgamma) led to the restriction of Mycobacterium avium proliferation concomitant with the sequential acquisition of metabolic changes typical of apoptosis, mitochondrial depolarization, annexin V staining and caspase activation, over a period of up to 5 days. However, triggering of cell death by ATP, staurosporine or H(2)O(2) failed to affect mycobacterial viability. In contrast to untreated macrophages where extensive interactions between phagosomes and endosomes were observed, phagosomes from treated macrophages lost the ability to acquire endosomal dextran. N-Acetylcysteine was able to revert both the anti-mycobacterial activity of treated macrophages as well as the block in phagosome-endosome interactions. The treatment, however, induced only a minor increase in the acquisition of lysosomal markers, namely Lamp-1, and did not increase to any great extent the acidification of the phagosomes. These data thus suggest that the anti-mycobacterial activity of PA and IFNgamma depends on the interruption of intracellular vesicular trafficking, namely the blocking of acquisition of endosomal material by the microbe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa F Pais
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Perfettini JL, Gissot M, Souque P, Ojcius DM. Modulation of apoptosis during infection with Chlamydia. Methods Enzymol 2003; 358:334-44. [PMID: 12474397 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(02)58099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Perfettini
- Unit of Molecular Biology of the Gene, INSERM U277 and Université Paris 7, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cahalan MD, Parker I, Wei SH, Miller MJ. Two-photon tissue imaging: seeing the immune system in a fresh light. Nat Rev Immunol 2002; 2:872-80. [PMID: 12415310 PMCID: PMC2749751 DOI: 10.1038/nri935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many lymphocyte functions, such as antigen recognition, take place deep in densely populated lymphoid organs. Because direct in vivo observation was not possible, the dynamics of immune-cell interactions have been inferred or extrapolated from in vitro studies. Two-photon fluorescence excitation uses extremely brief (<1 picosecond) and intense pulses of light to 'see' directly into living tissues, to a greater depth and with less phototoxicity than conventional imaging methods. Two-photon microscopy, in combination with newly developed indicator molecules, promises to extend single-cell approaches to the in vivo setting and to reveal in detail the cellular collaborations that underlie the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Cahalan
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4561, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Donadio AC, Remedi MM, Frede S, Bonacci GR, Chiabrando GA, Pistoresi-Palencia MC. Decreased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is associated with tumor cell spreading in vivo. Clin Exp Metastasis 2002; 19:437-44. [PMID: 12198772 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016329802327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of an effective antitumor immune response to control tumor growth is influenced by the tumor cell itself and/or by the tumor microenvironment. Tumor invasion and tumor cell spreading require a finely tuned regulation of the formation and loosening of adhesive contacts of tumor cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM). In our laboratory, a rat tumor cell line derived from a spontaneous rat sarcoma revealed, by flow cytometry, a high frequency of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, 70.1 +/- 8.7%) and urokinase-type plaminogen activator receptor (uPAR, 51.2 +/- 5.2%) positive cells, while a weak expression of MHC class II (IA, 2.2 +/- 0.2% and IE, 17.4 +/- 3.7%) and B7 (12.1 +/- 2.2%) antigens was detected. In our tumor experimental model, after implantation of tumor cells, visible tumor masses were present at days 5-7 with a relatively fast tumor growth until day 15 (progressive phase) followed by a suppression of the tumor growth (regressive phase). Here we present data that correlates a significant decrease in the frequency of ICAM-1 and uPAR expressing tumor cells with the appearance of tumor cells in sites distant from that of the primary tumor. In addition we describe the development of a cellular immune response which controls the tumor progression and is associated with an increase in the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II IA antigen during tumor development. The histological examination at tumor progressive and regressive time points revealed the relevant presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) evidencing colliquative necrosis in tumor growth areas. Taken together, these results support the idea that the balance between adhesive interactions, proteolytic activity and tumorigenicity may lead to a tumor invasive phenotype.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Division
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Immunity, Cellular
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/physiology
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/deficiency
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Phenotype
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator
- Sarcoma, Experimental/immunology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Experimental/pathology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/secondary
- Splenic Neoplasms/secondary
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Donadio
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón Argentina ala I (subsuelo), CP 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jungas T, Motta I, Duffieux F, Fanen P, Stoven V, Ojcius DM. Glutathione levels and BAX activation during apoptosis due to oxidative stress in cells expressing wild-type and mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:27912-8. [PMID: 12023951 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110288200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is characterized by chronic inflammation and an imbalance in the concentrations of alveolar and lung oxidants and antioxidants, which result in cell damage. Modifications in lung glutathione concentrations are recognized as a salient feature of inflammatory lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis, and glutathione plays a major role in protection against oxidative stress and is important in modulation of apoptosis. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is permeable to Cl(-), larger organic ions, and reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione, and the DeltaF508 CFTR mutation found in cystic fibrosis patients has been correlated with impaired glutathione transport in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia. Because intracellular glutathione protects against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, we studied the susceptibility of epithelial cells (HeLa and IB3-1) expressing normal and mutant CFTR to apoptosis triggered by H(2)O(2). We find that cells with normal CFTR are more sensitive to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis than cells expressing defective CFTR. In addition, sensitivity to apoptosis could be correlated with glutathione levels, because depletion of intracellular glutathione results in higher levels of apoptosis, and glutathione levels decreased faster in cells expressing normal CFTR than in cells with defective CFTR during incubation with H(2)O(2). The pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family member, BAX, is also activated faster in cells expressing normal CFTR than in those with mutant CFTR under these conditions, and artificial glutathione depletion increases the extent of BAX activation. These results suggest that glutathione-dependent BAX activation in cells with normal CFTR represents an early step in oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jungas
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, INSERM U277, Université Paris 7, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Perfettini JL, Darville T, Dautry-Varsat A, Rank RG, Ojcius DM. Inhibition of apoptosis by gamma interferon in cells and mice infected with Chlamydia muridarum (the mouse pneumonitis strain of Chlamydia trachomatis). Infect Immun 2002; 70:2559-65. [PMID: 11953396 PMCID: PMC127895 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.5.2559-2565.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) on apoptosis due to infection by Chlamydia muridarum (the mouse pneumonitis strain of Chlamydia trachomatis) was studied in epithelial cells in culture and in the genital tracts of mice. IFN-gamma concentrations that induce the formation of aberrant, persistent chlamydiae inhibit apoptosis due to C. muridarum infection. In cells treated with an IFN-gamma concentration that leads to the development of a heterogenous population of normal and aberrant Chlamydia vacuoles, apoptosis was inhibited preferentially in cells that contained the aberrant vacuoles. The inhibitory effect of IFN-gamma appears to be due in part to expression of host cell indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity, since inhibition of apoptosis could be partially reversed through coincubation with exogenous tryptophan. Apoptotic cells were observed in the genital tracts of wild-type mice infected with C. muridarum, and a significantly larger number of apoptotic cells was detected in infected IFN-gamma-deficient mice. These results suggest that IFN-gamma may contribute to pathogenesis of persistent Chlamydia infections in vivo by preventing apoptosis of infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Perfettini
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, INSERM U277, Université Paris 7, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Perfettini JL, Reed JC, Israël N, Martinou JC, Dautry-Varsat A, Ojcius DM. Role of Bcl-2 family members in caspase-independent apoptosis during Chlamydia infection. Infect Immun 2002; 70:55-61. [PMID: 11748163 PMCID: PMC127616 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.1.55-61.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with an obligate intracellular bacterium, the Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV/L2) strain or the guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis serovar of Chlamydia psittaci, leads to apoptosis of host cells. The apoptosis is not affected by a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, and caspase-3 is not activated in infected cells, suggesting that apoptosis mediated by these two strains of Chlamydia is independent of known caspases. Overexpression of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member, Bax, was previously shown to induce caspase-independent apoptosis, and we find that Bax is activated and translocates from the cytosol to the mitochondria in C. psittaci-infected cells. C. psittaci-induced apoptosis is inhibited in host cells overexpressing Bax inhibitor-1 and is inhibited through overexpression of Bcl-2, which blocks both caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis. As Bax and mitochondria are ideally located to sense stress-related metabolic changes emanating from the interior of an infected cell, it is likely that Bax-dependent apoptosis may also be observed in cells infected with other intracellular pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Perfettini
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, INSERM U.277, Université Paris 7, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hosmalin A, Andrieu M, Loing E, Desoutter JF, Hanau D, Gras-Masse H, Dautry-Varsat A, Guillet JG. Lipopeptide presentation pathway in dendritic cells. Immunol Lett 2001; 79:97-100. [PMID: 11595295 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(01)00271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipopeptides are currently being evaluated as candidate vaccines in human volunteers. They elicit cytotoxic responses from CD8(+) T lymphocytes, whereas peptides without a lipidic moiety usually do not. The exact processing and presentation pathways leading to association with MHC class I molecules has not yet been defined. This is of particular interest in dendritic cells, which are required for primary T cell stimulation. We have tracked lipopeptides derived from an HLA-A2.1-restricted HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase epitope, by N-terminal addition of an N-epsilon-palmitoyl-lysine. Entry of the lipopeptides into human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDC) was mediated by endocytosis, as assessed by colocalization using analogs labelled with rhodamine, and by confocal microscopy. This internalization in DC induced functional stimulation of CD8(+) T lymphocytes specific for the epitopes, quantified by Interferon-gamma ELISPOT assays. The peptide alone was not visualized inside the DC and was only presented through direct surface association to HLA-A*0201. Therefore, lipopeptides provide a model system to define precisely the cross-presentation pathways that lead exogenous proteins to associate with class I MHC molecules within dendritic cells. Using this approach, cross-presentation pathways can be better defined and vaccine lipopeptides can be further optimized for MHC class I association in human dendritic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hosmalin
- INSERM U445, ICGM, 27 rue du Faubourg St-Jacques 75014, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schneider B, Gross R, Haas A. Phagosome acidification has opposite effects on intracellular survival of Bordetella pertussis and B. bronchiseptica. Infect Immun 2000; 68:7039-48. [PMID: 11083829 PMCID: PMC97814 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.12.7039-7048.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2000] [Accepted: 09/26/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is readily killed after uptake by professional phagocytes, whereas its close relative Bordetella bronchiseptica is not and can persist intracellularly for days. Phagocytosis of members of either species by a mouse macrophage cell line results in transport of the bacteria to a phagosomal compartment positive for the lysosome-associated membrane protein 1, the protease cathepsin D, and the late endosomal vacuolar proton-pumping ATPase but negative for the early endosome antigen 1 and the early endosomal transferrin receptor. In addition, we demonstrate that Bordetella-containing phagosomes rapidly acidify to pH 4.5 to 5.0. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Bordetella-containing phagosomes rapidly mature to an acidic late endosomal/lysosomal compartment. Following up on this observation, we determined that B. pertussis does not survive in bacterial growth media adjusted to a pH of 4.5, whereas this pH has only minor effects on the growth of B. bronchiseptica. Raising the intracellular pH in infected macrophages by the addition of bafilomycin A(1), ammonium chloride, or monensin increases the survival of acid-sensitive B. pertussis but, surprisingly, decreases that of acid-tolerant B. bronchiseptica. In summary, we hypothesize that the differential survival of B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica in macrophages is, at least in part, due to the differences in their acid tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Schneider
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum der Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Daniels JJ, Autenrieth IB, Goebel W. Interaction of Listeria monocytogenes with the intestinal epithelium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 190:323-8. [PMID: 11034299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen that must cross the intestinal epithelial barrier to reach its target organs. We have investigated the importance of M cells in translocation using an experimental mouse model and a novel, recently described in vitro coculture system that mimics the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE). Our data demonstrate that L. monocytogenes does not require, nor specifically use, M cells of the FAE to cross the gut. We also show that bacterial translocation is rapid and L. monocytogenes can attach very efficiently to exposed basal lamina of the small intestine indicating an important role for extracellular matrix proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Daniels
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum der Universität Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Niedergang F, Alcover A, Knight CG, Farndale RW, Barnes MJ, Francischetti IM, Bon C, Leduc M. Convulxin binding to platelet receptor GPVI: competition with collagen related peptides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 273:246-50. [PMID: 10873594 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Convulxin (CVX), a potent platelet aggregating protein from the venom of the snake Crotalus durissus terrificus, is known to bind to the platelet collagen receptor, glycoprotein VI (GPVI). CVX binding to human platelets was investigated by flow cytometry, using fluorescein labeled convulxin (FITC-CVX). Scatchard analysis indicated high and low affinity binding sites with Kd values of 0.6 and 4 nM and Bmax values of 1200 and 2000 binding sites per platelet. FITC-CVX binding was inhibited by collagen related peptides (CRPs) comprising a repeated GPO sequence, namely GCO(GPO)(10)GCOGNH(2) and GKO(GPO)(10)GKOGNH(2), which also bind to receptor GPVI. These peptides (monomeric or cross-linked forms) gave a high affinity inhibition of 10-20% for concentrations between 10 ng/ml and 5 microg/ml, followed by a second phase of inhibition at concentrations greater than 5 microg/ml. It was shown also that the inhibition of FITC-CVX binding by CRPs was independent on the time of preincubation of platelets with CRPs, and the same percentage of inhibition was seen with various concentrations of convulxin. Confocal microscopy of the distribution of FITC-CVX binding sites on platelets showed an homogeneous distribution of FITC-CVX bound to GPVI, although some limited clustering may exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Niedergang
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions cellulaires, Unité des Venins, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris, 75724, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nichol KA, Depczynski BB, Cunningham AM. Characterization of hypothalamic neurons expressing a neuropeptide receptor, GALR2, using combined in situ hybridization-immunohistochemistry. Methods 1999; 18:481-6. [PMID: 10491278 DOI: 10.1006/meth.1999.0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory is interested in characterizing the neurotransmitter and hormonal phenotype of neurons in the rat hypothalamus expressing novel neuropeptide receptors of the neuropeptide Y and galanin families. In this review, we describe a technique combining nonradioactive in situ hybridization to detect mRNA and fluorescence immunohistochemistry to detect protein antigens. We examined paraffin sections of rat hypothalamus using confocal microscopy to determine whether mRNA for the galanin receptor, GALR2, was colocalized at the cellular level of resolution with somatostatin or tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. We found that many neurons in the hypothalamus expressed both GALR2 mRNA and either somatostatin or tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. The simultaneous detection of mRNA and protein immunoreactivity in individual neurons using the confocal microscope for visualization is an excellent tool for the analysis of newly characterized genes in the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Nichol
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Boleti H, Benmerah A, Ojcius DM, Cerf-Bensussan N, Dautry-Varsat A. Chlamydia infection of epithelial cells expressing dynamin and Eps15 mutants: clathrin-independent entry into cells and dynamin-dependent productive growth. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 10):1487-96. [PMID: 10212143 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.10.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiae enter epithelial cells via a mechanism that still remains to be fully elucidated. In this study we investigated the pathway of entry of C. psittaci GPIC and C. trachomatis LGV/L2 into HeLa cells and demonstrated that it does not depend on clathrin coated vesicle formation. We used mutant cell lines defective in clathrin-mediated endocytosis due to overexpression of dominant negative mutants of either dynamin I or Eps15 proteins. When clathrin-dependent endocytosis was inhibited by overexpression of the dynK44A mutant of dynamin I (defective in GTPase activity), Chlamydia entry was not affected. However, in these cells there was a dramatic inhibition in the proliferation of Chlamydia and the growth of the chlamydia vacuole (inclusion). When clathrin-dependent endocytosis was inhibited by overexpression of an Eps15 dominant negative mutant, the entry and growth of Chlamydia was unaltered. These results indicate that the effect on the growth of Chlamydia in the dynK44A cells was not simply due to a deprivation of nutrients taken up by endocytosis. Instead, the dominant-negative mutant of dynamin most likely affects the vesicular traffic between the Chlamydia inclusion and intracellular membrane compartments. In addition, cytochalasin D inhibited Chlamydia entry by more than 90%, indicating that chlamydiae enter epithelial cells by an actin-dependent mechanism resembling phagocytosis. Finally, dynamin is apparently not involved in the formation of phagocytic vesicles containing Chlamydia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Boleti
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Institut Pasteur, URA CNRS 1960, rue du Dr Roux, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Farge E, Ojcius DM, Subtil A, Dautry-Varsat A. Enhancement of endocytosis due to aminophospholipid transport across the plasma membrane of living cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 276:C725-33. [PMID: 10070001 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1999.276.3.c725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Formation of intracellular vesicles is initiated by membrane budding. Here we test the hypothesis that the plasma membrane surface area asymmetry could be a driving force for vesicle formation during endocytosis. The inner layer phospholipid number was therefore increased by adding exogenous aminophospholipids to living cells, which were then translocated from the outer to the inner layer of the membrane by the ubiquitous flippase. Addition of either phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylethanolamine led to an enhancement of endocytosis, showing that the observed acceleration does not depend on the lipid polar head group. Conversely, a closely related aminophospholipid that is not recognized by the flippase, lyso-alpha-phosphatidylserine, inhibited endocytosis, and similar results were obtained with a cholesterol derivative that also remains in the plasma membrane outer layer. Thus an increase of lipid concentration in the inner layer enhanced internalization, whereas an increase of the lipid concentration in the outer layer inhibited internalization. These experiments suggest that transient asymmetries in lipid concentration might contribute to the formation of endocytic vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Farge
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Recherches Associée 1960, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chiu YH, Jayawardena J, Weiss A, Lee D, Park SH, Dautry-Varsat A, Bendelac A. Distinct subsets of CD1d-restricted T cells recognize self-antigens loaded in different cellular compartments. J Exp Med 1999; 189:103-10. [PMID: 9874567 PMCID: PMC1887692 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.1.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent studies have indicated that the major histocompatibility complex-like, beta2-microglobulin-associated CD1 molecules might function to present a novel chemical class of antigens, lipids and glycolipids, to alpha/beta T cells, little is known about the T cell subsets that interact with CD1. A subset of CD1d-autoreactive, natural killer (NK)1.1 receptor-expressing alpha/beta T cells has recently been identified. These cells, which include both CD4(-)CD8(-) and CD4(+) T cells, preferentially use an invariant Valpha14-Jalpha281 T cell receptor (TCR) alpha chain paired with a Vbeta8 TCR beta chain in mice, or the homologous Valpha24-JalphaQ/Vbeta11 in humans. This cell subset can explosively release key cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-gamma upon TCR engagement and may regulate a variety of infectious and autoimmune conditions. Here, we report the existence of a second subset of CD1d-restricted CD4(+) T cells that do not express the NK1.1 receptor or the Valpha14 TCR. Like the Valpha14(+) NK1.1(+) T cells, these T cells exhibit a high frequency of autoreactivity to CD1d, use a restricted albeit distinct set of TCR gene families, and contribute to the early burst of IL-4 and IFN-gamma induced by intravenous injection of anti-CD3. However, the Valpha14(+) NK1.1(+) and Valpha14(-) NK1.1(-) T cells differ markedly in their requirements for self-antigen presentation. Antigen presentation to the Valpha14(+) NK1.1(+) cells requires endosomal targeting of CD1d through a tail-encoded tyrosine-based motif, whereas antigen presentation to the Valpha14(-) NK1.1(-) cells does not. These experiments suggest the existence of two phenotypically different subsets of CD1d-restricted T cells that survey self-antigens loaded in distinct cellular compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y H Chiu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ojcius DM, Souque P, Perfettini JL, Dautry-Varsat A. Apoptosis of Epithelial Cells and Macrophages Due to Infection with the Obligate Intracellular Pathogen Chlamydia psittaci. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.8.4220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have characterized the cytotoxic activity of the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia psittaci, which resides within a membrane-bound vacuole during the 2-day infection cycle. We have established that infected epithelial cells and macrophages die through apoptosis, which is measurable within 1 day of infection and requires productive infection by the bacteria. Inhibition of host cell protein synthesis has no effect on cell death, but blocking bacterial entry or bacterial protein synthesis prevents apoptosis, implying that bacterial growth is required for death of the host cell. Apoptosis was confirmed through the use of electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, gel agarose electrophoresis of fragmented DNA, and propidium-iodide labeling of host cell nuclei. Although infected cells died preferentially, both infected and uninfected cells became apoptotic, suggesting that the infected cells may secrete proapoptotic factors. Inhibition of either of two proapoptotic enzymes, caspase-1 or caspase-3, did not significantly affect Chlamydia-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that, as in the case of apoptosis due to Bax expression or oncogene dysregulation, which initiate the apoptotic program within the cell interior, the Chlamydia infection may trigger an apoptotic pathway that is independent of known caspases. As apoptotic cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines, Chlamydia-induced apoptosis may contribute to the inflammatory response of the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Ojcius
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1960, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Souque
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1960, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Perfettini
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1960, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alice Dautry-Varsat
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1960, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Khan IU, Wallin R, Gupta RS, Kammer GM. Protein kinase A-catalyzed phosphorylation of heat shock protein 60 chaperone regulates its attachment to histone 2B in the T lymphocyte plasma membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:10425-30. [PMID: 9724719 PMCID: PMC27910 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.18.10425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/1998] [Accepted: 06/26/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the mitochondrial molecular chaperone heat shock protein 60 (hsp60) also can localize in extramitochondrial sites. However, direct evidence that hsp60 functions as a chaperone outside of mitochondria is presently lacking. A 60-kDa protein that is present in the plasma membrane of a human leukemic CD4(+) CEM-SS T cell line and is phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA) was identified as hsp60. An 18-kDa plasma membrane-associated protein coimmunoprecipitated with hsp60 and was identified as histone 2B (H2B). Hsp60 physically associated with H2B when both molecules were in their dephospho forms. By contrast, PKA-catalyzed phosphorylation of both hsp60 and H2B caused dissociation of H2B from hsp60 and loss of H2B from the plasma membrane of intact T cells. These results suggest that (i) hsp60 and H2B can localize in the T cell plasma membrane; (ii) hsp60 functions as a molecular chaperone for H2B; and (iii) PKA-catalyzed phosphorylation of both hsp60 and H2B appears to regulate the attachment of H2B to hsp60. We propose a model in which phosphorylation/dephosphorylation regulates chaperoning of H2B by hsp60 in the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I U Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N. C. 27157, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Cooke
- McCrone Research Institute Inc., 2820 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60616
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ojcius DM, Degani H, Mispelter J, Dautry-Varsat A. Enhancement of ATP levels and glucose metabolism during an infection by Chlamydia. NMR studies of living cells. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:7052-8. [PMID: 9507014 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.12.7052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chlamydia species are obligate intracellular bacteria that proliferate only within the infected cell. Since the extracellular bacteria are metabolically inert and there are no cell-free systems for characterizing Chlamydia metabolism, we studied metabolic changes related to ATP synthesis and glycolysis in HeLa cells infected with Chlamydia psittaci during the course of the 2-day infection cycle using noninvasive 31P and 13C NMR methods. We find that the infection stimulates ATP synthesis in the infected cell, with a peak of ATP levels occurring midway through the infection cycle, when most of the metabolically active bacteria are proliferating. The infection also stimulates synthesis of glutamate with a similar time course as for ATP. The stimulation is apparently due to an enhancement in glucose consumption by the infected cell, which also results in an increased rate of lactate production and glutamate synthesis as well as higher glycogen accumulation during the infection. Concurrently, infection leads to an increase in the expression of the glucose transporter, GLUT-1, on HeLa cells, which may account for the enhanced glucose consumption. The chlamydiae are thus able to stimulate glucose transport in the host cell sufficiently to compensate for the extra energy load on the cell represented by the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Ojcius
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, CNRS 1960, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ojcius DM, Bravo de Alba Y, Kanellopoulos JM, Hawkins RA, Kelly KA, Rank RG, Dautry-Varsat A. Internalization of Chlamydia by Dendritic Cells and Stimulation of Chlamydia-Specific T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.3.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Chlamydia species are the causative agents of trachoma, various forms of pneumonia, and the most common sexually transmitted diseases. Although the infection cycle has been extensively characterized in epithelial cells, where the Chlamydia entry-vacuoles avoid fusion with host-cell lysosomes, the cellular immune response has received less attention. Moreover, despite the abundant presence of dendritic cells (DC) in the sites of infection, the interaction between Chlamydia and DC has never been studied. We observe that DC kill Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci. The chlamydiae are internalized by the DC in a nonspecific manner through macropinocytosis, and the macropinosomes fuse subsequently with DC lysosomes expressing MHC class II molecules. The interaction induces maturation of the DC, since presentation of an exogenous Ag is severely inhibited after a 1-day incubation, although chlamydial Ags are still presented and recognized by Chlamydia-specific CD4+ T cells. Thus, DC most likely play a role in initiating the T cell response in vivo and could potentially be used in adoptive transfer therapies to vaccinate against Chlamydia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Ojcius
- *Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, CNRS 1960, and
| | - Yolanda Bravo de Alba
- †Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, INSERM 277, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; and
| | - Jean M. Kanellopoulos
- †Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, INSERM 277, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; and
| | - Ray A. Hawkins
- ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Kathy A. Kelly
- ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Roger G. Rank
- ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ojcius DM, Hellio R, Dautry-Varsat A. Distribution of endosomal, lysosomal, and major histocompatability complex markers in a monocytic cell line infected with Chlamydia psittaci. Infect Immun 1997; 65:2437-42. [PMID: 9169786 PMCID: PMC175338 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.6.2437-2442.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular fate of Chlamydia psittaci during infection of a monocytic cell line, THP1, was characterized. Cytochalasin D inhibited phagocytosis of latex beads but had no effect on infection by C. psittaci, and vacuoles expressed the transferrin receptor, suggesting accessibility to the endocytic pathway. Early Chlamydia-containing vacuoles expressed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, and most vacuoles fused with host cell lysosomes, since they expressed LAMP-1 and had acidic pHs. In cells prestimulated with gamma interferon, vacuoles also expressed MHC class II molecules, suggesting that the monocytes might effectively process Chlamydia-derived antigens for presentation by MHC class I and class II molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Ojcius
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, CNRS URA 1960, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|