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Kudelka MR, Ju T, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD. Simple sugars to complex disease--mucin-type O-glycans in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 126:53-135. [PMID: 25727146 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycans are a class of glycans initiated with N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) α-linked primarily to Ser/Thr residues within glycoproteins and often extended or branched by sugars or saccharides. Most secretory and membrane-bound proteins receive this modification, which is important in regulating many biological processes. Alterations in mucin-type O-glycans have been described across tumor types and include expression of relatively small-sized, truncated O-glycans and altered terminal structures, both of which are associated with patient prognosis. New discoveries in the identity and expression of tumor-associated O-glycans are providing new avenues for tumor detection and treatment. This chapter describes mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, altered mucin-type O-glycans in primary tumors, including mechanisms for structural changes and contributions to the tumor phenotype, and clinical approaches to detect and target altered O-glycans for cancer treatment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Kudelka
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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2
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Kim M, Shin DS, Kim J, Lee YS. Substrate screening of protein kinases: detection methods and combinatorial peptide libraries. Biopolymers 2011; 94:753-62. [PMID: 20564046 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The study of protein kinases has become a matter of great importance in the development of new drugs for the treatment of diseases, including cancer and inflammation. Substrate screening is the first step in the fundamental investigation of protein kinases and the development of inhibitors for use in drug discovery. Towards this goal, various studies have been reported regarding the development of phospho-peptide detection methods and the screening of phosphorylated peptide sites by protein kinases. This review introduces the detection methods for phosphorylation events using the reagents with (γ(32)P)ATP, ligand-linked ATP, phospho-peptide-specific antibodies and metal chelating compounds. Chemical modification methods using β-elimination for the detection of phospho-Ser/Thr peptides are introduced as well. In addition, the implementations of combinatorial peptide libraries for screening peptide substrates of protein kinases are discussed. The phage display approach has been suggested as an alternative method of using synthetic peptides for screening the substrate specificities of protein kinase. However, a solid phase assay using a peptide library-bound polymer resin or a peptide-arrayed glass chip is preferred for high throughput screening (HTS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744 Korea
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3
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Bhavanandan VP, Ringler NJ, Gowda DC. Identification of the glycosidically bound sialic acid in mucin glycoproteins that reacts as "free sialic acid" in the Warren assay. Glycobiology 1998; 8:1077-86. [PMID: 9751794 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/8.11.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A widely employed colorimetric assay for sialic acids based on periodate oxidation followed by reaction with thiobarbituric acid depends on the formation of a hexos-5-uluronic acid product, the pre-chromogen, by the periodate cleavage of the C6-C7, C7-C8, and C8-C9 bonds in free sialic acid. Glycosidically bound sialic acids are not expected to react in the assay since cleavage cannot occur between C6-C7 to yield the pre-chromogen. However, several investigators have reported the detection of a positive reaction by certain sialoglycoconjugates. In this study, it was found that various mucins but not other classes of sialoglycoconjugates or asialomucins exhibited this phenomenon. Of the mucins tested, ovine submaxillary mucin showed the maximum reactivity followed by the bovine and porcine counterparts. The disaccharide Neu5Acalpha2-->6 GalNAc(OH) released from mucins by alkaline borohydride treatment also reacted, albeit weakly compared to the native mucins, but other sialyl saccharides including 6'-sialyllactose and 6'-sialyl N -acetyllactosamine did not react. The positive reaction of the submaxillary mucins is not due to the presence of 3-deoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid (KDN), a minor component in submaxillary mucins, or the release of sialic acid by the acidic condition of the assay. It is demonstrated that sialyl residues linked alpha2-->6 to unsubstituted N -acetylgalactosamine (sialyl Tn antigen structure) in mucin glycoproteins is responsible for the positive reaction. Apparently, periodate oxidation of the N -acetylgalactosamine residue leads to the release of sialic acid from the Neu5Acalpha2-->6 GalNAc linked to serine/threonine by an acid-catalyzed beta-elimination reaction. The findings provide a basis for the development of a chemical method to estimate sialyl Tn epitopes associated with cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Bhavanandan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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4
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Carubelli R, Wen G. In vitro radiolabeling of galactosyl and N-acetylgalactosaminyl moieties of glycoproteins with carbon-14. EXPERIENTIA 1990; 46:60-2. [PMID: 1688808 DOI: 10.1007/bf01955416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The primary alcohol group on the carbon 6 of terminal galactosyl and N-acetylgalactosaminyl moieties of glycoproteins can be oxidized to an aldehyde by treatment with galactose oxidase. By reacting these aldehyde groups with 14C-labeled sodium cyanide, 14C-labeled cyanohydrin derivatives were obtained. Similarly, reduction of these aldehyde groups with tritiated sodium borohydride following standard procedures, yields 3H-labeled glycoproteins. 14C- and 3H-labeled derivatives of asialofetuin and asialo ovine submaxillary mucin with high specific radioactivities were prepared using these procedures. Mixtures containing microgram amounts of 14C- and 3H-labeled glycoproteins were subjected to column chromatography and gradient ultracentrifugation and the position of the individual glycoproteins was determined by simultaneous counting for 14C and 3H. These experiments demonstrate the usefulness of this approach for comparative analytical studies using biological specimens available in minute quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Carubelli
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City
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5
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Amano J, Kobata A. Quantitative conversion of mucin-type sugar chains to radioactive oligosaccharides. Methods Enzymol 1989; 179:261-70. [PMID: 2622352 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(89)79127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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6
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Chamow SM, Hedrick JL. A micromethod for the estimation of oligosaccharides containing glycosidically linked sialic acid or hexoses, or both, in glycoproteins. Carbohydr Res 1988; 176:195-203. [PMID: 3416318 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(88)80130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The peeling reaction, the process by which oligosaccharides are degraded in alkali, was used as the basis for an assay to provide structural information about glycosidically linked oligosaccharides in glycoproteins. Glycoproteins were treated with 0.05 M NaOH at 50 degrees to induce release, and subsequent degradation ("peeling"), of glycosidically linked, but not of N-glycosydically linked, oligosaccharides. Among the degradation products generated from O-linked chains were three 3-deoxy sugar acids whose formation was correlated with certain structural features of the oligosaccharides. N-Acetylneuraminic acid was released from terminal positions in the oligosaccharides, and iso- and meta-saccharinic acids were derived from the degradation of 4-O- and 3-O-substituted hexoses, respectively. All of these sugar acids were detected colorimetrically by periodate oxidation and reaction of the product with 2-thiobarbituric acid. The ability of the method to generate 3-deoxy sugar acids was tested in 8 alkali-treated glycoproteins. 3-Deoxy sugar acids were detected only in those glycoproteins whose glycosidically linked carbohydrates contained N-acetylneuraminic acid, or 3-O- or 4-O-substituted hexoses, or both. As little as 0.12 microgram of 3-deoxy sugar acid produced from 5 micrograms of human chorionic gonadotropin was sufficient for detection. This method is novel in its ability to distinguish sialylation of glycosidically linked carbohydrates. Furthermore, it combines the specificity of beta-elimination with the sensitivity of the 2-thiobarbituric acid assay in targeting degradation products of the peeling reaction as candidates for an assay method.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Chamow
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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7
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Abstract
The specificity of a frequently-occurring precipitin response to soluble antigens from cell-walls and culture filtrates of A. viscosus ATCC 19246 was examined. After precipitation with isopropanol (50-75% v/v), antigen fractions of different charge and molecular weight were isolated by ion exchange and gel filtration. When heated in mineral acid or alkali above 0.15 M, each of the purified antigens lost precipitating activity, but now inhibited the precipitin reaction between serum and exogenous unheated antigen. The inhibitor was isolated over Biogel P30 and characterized as a peptide fragment (mol. wt about 2 kd) containing approximately 50 moles of ornithine and 6-12 moles, respectively, of aspartate, serine, threonine, glutamate, glycine, alanine and histidine per 100 moles amino acids. The inhibitor was totally destroyed by heating for 1.0 hr in 2.0 M HCl. Variability in the number of fragments and differences in the non-antigenic portions probably accounted for the complexity of the antigens. Ornithine, putrescine, N-acetyl putrescine and various sugars had little or no effect on the precipitin reaction with intact antigen at high concentrations (200 mM), whereas the fragment inhibited completely at 0.4 mM. This indicates that neither ornithine nor its side-chain amides are exclusively recognized by antibody. However, ornithine may be part of a larger sequence and/or important in forming the configuration recognized by the human antibodies.
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Schengrund CL, Repman MA. Partial characterization of a brain extract factor(s) inhibitory to transformed neural cells. J Neurosci Res 1985; 14:329-37. [PMID: 4057287 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490140305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The factor(s) present in extracts prepared from the brains of newborn A/J or C57B1/6 mice, which inhibits S20Y neuroblastoma cell growth in vitro, was partially characterized. Twice as much inhibitory activity was extracted per gram wet weight of brain than torso, and inhibitor recovery was greatest in extracts prepared from brains of mice 1 week or less in age. The inhibitory factor(s) was water-soluble and was stable to heating at 100 degrees C, to freezing, and to lyophilization. It was susceptible to the action of pronase. The factor(s) behaved like a molecule of molecular weight approximately 700 upon passage through ultrafiltration membranes. Growth of rat hepatoma (H4), murine melanoma (B16), and transformed murine fibroblasts (WT19 and B6-HCMV) was not significantly inhibited by brain extract. Growth of rat glioma cells (C6) was significantly reduced but to a lesser degree than that of murine neuroblastoma cells (S20Y and N115) and glioma cells (G26-20). These results suggest that the inhibitor expresses a cell specificity.
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9
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Miyagi T, Tsuiki S. Rat-liver lysosomal sialidase. Solubilization, substrate specificity and comparison with the cytosolic sialidase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 141:75-81. [PMID: 6723666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Purified liver lysosomes, prepared from rats previously injected with Triton WR-1339, exhibited sialidase activity towards sialyllactose, fetuin, submaxillary mucin (bovine) and gangliosides, and could be disrupted hypotonically with little loss in these activities. After centrifugation, the activities with sialyllactose and fetuin were largely recovered in the supernatant, demonstrating that they were originally in the intralysosomal space. The activities towards submaxillary mucin and gangliosides, on the other hand, remained in the pellet. In the supernatant, activity with fetuin or orosomucoid was markedly reduced by protease inhibitors, suggesting that proteolysis of these glycoproteins may be prerequisite to sialidase activity. The intralysosomal sialidase was solubilized from the mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction of rat liver and partially purified by Sephadex G-200, or Sephadex G-200 followed by CM-cellulose. The enzyme was maximally active at pH 4.7 with sialyllactose as substrate and had a minimum relative molecular mass of 60 000 +/- 5000 by gel filtration; it hydrolyzed a variety of sialooligosaccharides , those containing (alpha 2----3)sialyl linkages being better substrates than those with (alpha 2----6)sialyl linkages. The enzyme failed to attack submaxillary mucin and gangliosides. It was also inactive towards fetuin, orosomucoid and transferrin but capable of hydrolyzing glycopeptides from pronase digest of fetuin. In contrast to the intralysosomal sialidase, the sialidase partially purified from rat liver cytosol by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose hydrolyzed fetuin and orosomucoid to the extent about half that for sialyllactose. The enzyme was maximally active at pH 5.8 and had a relative molecular mass of approximately 60 000. It also hydrolyzed gangliosides but not submaxillary mucin.
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10
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Carubelli R, Wen G, McCaffree DR. In vitro labeling of the sialic acid moiety of glycoconjugates with carbon-14. Anal Biochem 1984; 137:429-36. [PMID: 6203434 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(84)90109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Labeling of sialoglycoproteins with carbon-14 in vitro was performed by reacting the aldehyde groups, generated by mild periodate oxidation of the terminal sialyl groups, with 14C-labeled sodium cyanide to produce the labeled cyanohydrin derivatives (Kiliani reaction). Labeling with tritium was carried out by reduction of the aldehyde groups generated on the sialyl residues with 3H-labeled sodium borohydride following standard procedures. The behavior of both types of labeled specimens of fetuin and ovine submaxillary mucin, individually and in mixtures, was investigated by gel-filtration chromatography, gel electrophoresis, and cesium bromide gradient ultracentrifugation. The labeled sialyl residues were subjected to partial characterization: color yield with the resorcinol and thiobarbituric acid reagents, behavior on ion-exchange chromatography, and susceptibility to mild acid and enzymatic hydrolyses. In addition to these model glycoproteins, this procedure was also utilized to label the sialoglycoproteins present in human tracheobronchial secretions collected from normal subjects and patients with chronic bronchitis. The potential uses of this approach for comparative studies of normal and pathological sialoglycoconjugates available in minute amounts is described. The extension of this approach to the labeling of the galactosyl and N-acetylgalactosaminyl moieties of glycoconjugates following treatment with galactose oxidase is outlined.
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11
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Knight KR, Robinson HC. The structure of the linkage region of bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan after beta-elimination and sulfite addition. Connect Tissue Res 1984; 12:119-31. [PMID: 6723307 DOI: 10.3109/03008208408992777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A method of peptide "fingerprinting" has been developed allowing the separation of the majority of the tryptic peptides of purified proteoglycan subunit from bovine nasal cartilage. When this preparation was reacted with 0.2 M sodium sulfite at pH 11.5, beta-elimination of the substituted glycosaminoglycans and O-linked oligosaccharides and the quantitative addition of sulfite occurred in the serine and threonine residues of the linkage region. After elimination-addition studies with sodium [35S] sulfite, 6 radiolabelled linkage peptides were isolated by 2-dimensional "fingerprinting." Five of these peptides were derived from a section of the protein core in which each [35S] cysteic acid residue was separated by an average of 6-10 amino acid residues. Apart from [35S] cysteic acid, the predominant amino acids in the attached peptides were glycine and glutamic acid (or glutamine), suggesting that a combination of these amino acids in the nascent protein core may be important for the initiation of glycosaminoglycan chains during proteoglycan biosynthesis.
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12
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Marlas G. Purification and preliminary structure of a potent platelet aggregating glycoprotein isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus cascavella. Toxicon 1982; 20:289-90. [PMID: 7080041 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(82)90228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A very potent platelet-aggregating glycoprotein, convulxin, was purified from the venom of Crotalus durissus cascavella by gel filtration on Sephadex G75 and by adsorption to Sepharose 4B gel. The apparent molecular weights of the native protein were 78400 and 60000 daltons determined by SDS electrophoresis and by gel filtration under denaturating conditions, respectively. Under the same conditions, the apparent molecular weights of the reduced protein were 13000 and 12000 respectively. These discrepancies are due to the presence of a carbohydrate moiety in the molecule. Analysis for carbohydrates showed the presence of around 4,8% sugars. Convulxin is built up of closely similar subunits linked by disulfide brides and is devoid of free sulfhydryl groups.
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13
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Sachdev GP, Myers FJ, Horton FO, Fox OF, Wen G, Rogers RM, Carubelli R. Isolation, chemical composition, and properties of the major mucin component of normal human tracheobronchial secretions. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE 1980; 24:82-94. [PMID: 7437023 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(80)90090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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Caimi L, Lombardo A, Preti A, Wiesmann U, Tettamanti G. Optimal conditions for the assay of fibroblast neuraminidase with different natural substrates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 571:137-46. [PMID: 40610 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(79)90234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A method for the assay of neuraminidase in human cultured fibroblasts has been worked out. The substrates, all naturally occurring, were: sialyloligosaccharides (alpha(2 lead to 3)sialyllactose, alpha(2 leads to 6)sialyllactose, disialyllactose), sialylglycoplipids (disialogangliosides GD1a and GD1b), sialylglycoproteins and sialylglycopeptides (ovine submaxillary glycoprotein and its pronase-glycopeptides). The method was based on the determination of the enzymically liberated N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) by a chromatographic-colorimetric microprocedure. The enzyme acted on sialyloligosaccharides and, in the presence of Triton X-100, on gangliosides, while it did not appreciably affect sialylglycoproteins and sialylglycopeptides. The optimum pH was 4.0 for all tested substrates; the Km values were higher for sialyloligosaccharides (about 10(-3) M), lower for gangliosides (about 10(-4) M); the apparent maximum velocity was higher with alpha(2 leads to 3)sialyllactose (400 mU/mg protein); the reaction rate was linear with time for up to 2 h, and with up to 0.6 mg of enzymic protein. The assay method proved to be sufficiently sensitive (3-4 nmol liberated NeuAc), simple, and reproducible (mean activity on pooled fibroblasts with alpha(2 leads to 3)sialyllactose: 400 mU +/- 6 S.E.).
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Sachdev GP, Fox OF, Wen G, Schroeder T, Elkins RC, Carubelli R. Isolation and characterization of glycoproteins from canine tracheal mucus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 536:184-96. [PMID: 708759 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(78)90064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Three homogeneous glycoproteins were isolated from reduced and S-carboxy-methylated canine tracheal pouch mucus by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. Initial fractionation was carried out on Sephadex G-200; chromatography of the excluded Sephadex G-200 fraction on Bio-Gel A-15 m yielded two high molecular weight glycoprotein fractions. Following rechromatography on the same column, the main fraction behaved as an electrophoretically homogeneous high molecular weight (581 600) glycoprotein, with a high carbohydrate content (80%) and a single amino-terminal amino acid (arginine). Ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-cellulose) of the included Sephadex G-200 fraction yielded two electrophoretically homogeneous glycoproteins of lower molecular weight (20 800 and 24 600, respectively). A single amino-terminal amino acid, glycine and alanine, respectively, was detected for each glycoprotein. Chemical analysis of these three glycoproteins revealed the presence of fucose, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylneuraminic acid and sulfate monoester. The high molecular weight glycoprotein had a higher hexose, sialic acid and sulfate content, per mg of protein, than the low molecular weight glycoproteins. The results of the alkaline borohydride treatment indicated that the majority of the carbohydrate chains of these glycoproteins are linked to the protein core through O-glycosidic bonds involving N-acetylgalactosamine and serine or threonine.
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16
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Hardy SW, Grant PT, Fletcher TC. A haemagglutinin in the tissue fluid of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, with specificity for sialic acid residues in glycoproteins. EXPERIENTIA 1977; 33:767-9. [PMID: 891745 DOI: 10.1007/bf01944181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An agglutinin for human red cells has a specificity for sialic acid and a high affinity for bovine salivary glycoprotein. Digestion of the glycoprotein with Pronase or neuraminidas indicated that binding of sialic acid to receptors in the agglutinin is the first step in the mechanism of formation of a stable complex between ligand and receptor.
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17
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Schraven J, Cáp C, Nowoczek G, Sandhoff K. A radiometric assay for sialidase acting on ganglioside GD1a. Anal Biochem 1977; 78:333-9. [PMID: 851209 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(77)90094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Maekawa Y, Shinkai H, Sano S. Glycoprotein in cultured human skin fibroblasts. J Dermatol 1976; 3:195-204. [PMID: 798736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1976.tb01843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Bhavanandan VP, Yeh AK, Carubelli R. Neuraminidase assay utilizing sialyl-oligosaccharide substrates with tritium-labeled aglycone. Anal Biochem 1975; 69:385-94. [PMID: 1217707 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(75)90140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Roberts GP. Isolation and characterisation of glycoproteins from sputum. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 50:265-80. [PMID: 4476280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Oemrawsingh I, Roukema PA. Composition and biological properties of mucins, isolated from human submandibular glands. Arch Oral Biol 1974; 19:753-9. [PMID: 4533727 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(74)90162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Marti J, Vigne C, Moretti J. [Peptide-glycan bonds in lamb fetuin]. Biochimie 1974; 56:881-6. [PMID: 4447801 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(74)80510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Preti A, Lombardo A, Cestaro B, Zambotti S, Tettamanti G. Studies on brain membrane-bound neuraminidase. I. General properties of the enzyme prepared from calf brain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 350:406-14. [PMID: 4858814 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(74)90515-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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24
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Krysteva MA, Mancheva IN, Dobrev ID. Studies on tyrosine environments of chicken ovomucoid. The environment of the most-exposed tyrosine. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 40:155-61. [PMID: 4772675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb03180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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25
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Carrea G, Casellato MM, Manera E, Pasta P, Lugaro G. Purification of a human urinary glycoprotein with gastric antisecretory activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 295:274-82. [PMID: 4685074 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(73)90094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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27
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Nigam VN, Cantero A. Polysaccharides in Cancer: Glycoproteins and Glycolipids. Adv Cancer Res 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Heijlman J, Roukema PA. The action of calf brain sialidase on gangliosides, sialoglycoproteins and sialoglycopeptides. J Neurochem 1972; 19:2567-75. [PMID: 5086244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1972.tb01315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Tulsiani DR, Carubelli R. Soluble and lysosomal neuraminidases in the liver of developing chicks. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 284:257-67. [PMID: 5073762 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(72)90064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Gilliam JM, Morowitz HJ. Characterization of the plasma membrane of Mycoplasma laidlawii. IX. Isolation and characterization of the membrane polyhexosamine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 274:353-63. [PMID: 5049002 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(72)90183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Fiat AM, Alais C, Jollès P. The amino-acid and carbohydrate sequences of a short glycopeptide isolated from bovine kappa-casein. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 27:408-12. [PMID: 4340513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb01852.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bella A, Kim YS. Rat small intestinal mucin: isolation and characterization of a water-soluble mucin fraction. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 150:679-89. [PMID: 5044048 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
This chapter summarizes the experimental evidence bearing on the nature of virus-erythrocyte reactions characteristic of several taxonomic groups.. Such evidence is culled from (1) the study of conditions necessary for hemagglutination; (2) the examination of specific factors affecting either the cell or the virion to enhance, alter, or abolish the reaction; and (3) the direct physicochemical analysis of cells, viruses, and “receptor analogs.” The hemadsorption phenomenon also provides evidence for virus-erythrocyte interactions, which is based on the attachment of erythrocytes to infected cells in culture having hemagglutinin at their surfaces. This phenomenon reflects the interaction between erythrocytes and viral envelope components. The major virus groups that react with erythrocytes include myxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, pseudomyxoviruses, adenoviruses, arboviruses, reoviruses, enteroviruses, and miscellaneous hemagglutinating viruse (rubella virus, coronaviruses, rhabdoviruses, and oncogenic viruses). The agglutination of erythrocytes by the direct action of viral particles was first described in connection with myxoviruses. This led directly to the discovery of viral neuraminidase—a property unique to myxoviruses and paramyxoviruses. A number of viruses unrelated to myxoviruses have since been shown to agglutinate erythrocytes of various species. The visible result of viral hemagglutination is the “pattern” formed at the bottom of a test tube or well plate by lattices of red cells lightly conjoined by viral hemagglutinin. Hemagglutination serves as a useful direct means of titering intact viral particles or hemagglutinating subunits.
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Pockrandt-Hemstedt H, Schmitz JE, Kinne-Saffran E, Kinne R. [Morphological and biochemical studies on the surface structure of the rat kidney brush-border membrane]. Pflugers Arch 1972; 333:297-313. [PMID: 4115672 DOI: 10.1007/bf00586210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Voiland A, Bruneteau M, Michel G. [Studies on the mycoside C 2 of the Mycobacterium avium. Structure determination]. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 21:285-91. [PMID: 5563368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Carubelli R, Tulsiani DR. Neuraminidase activity in brain and liver of rats during development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 237:78-87. [PMID: 5578581 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(71)90032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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38
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Tulsiani DR, Carubelli R. Studies on the soluble and lysosomal neuraminidases of rat mammary glands. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 227:139-53. [PMID: 5543583 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(71)90175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Berry SA, Johnson KG, Campbell JN. The extracellular nuclease activity of Micrococcus sodonensis. IV. Physical studies, characterization as a glycoprotein and involvement with the cell wall. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 220:269-83. [PMID: 4321169 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(70)90012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hartree EF, Brown CR. Inhibitory effect of ferrous ions on Warren assay of N-acetylneuraminic acid. Anal Biochem 1970; 35:259-63. [PMID: 4316455 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(70)90033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Tsuruo T, Yamashita S, Terao T, Ukita T. Research on the carbohydrate-peptide linkage of porcine pancreatic ribonuclease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 200:544-59. [PMID: 5461753 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(70)90110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Marshall R, Neuberger A. Aspects of The Structure and Metabolism of Glycoproteins. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(08)60433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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ASPINALL GERALDO. Other Carbohydrate-containing Macromolecules. POLYSACCHARIDES 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-013409-3.50020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Mahadevan S, Tappel AL. Subcellular distribution of O-seryl-N-acetylgalactosaminide glycosidase in rat liverand kidney. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 128:129-32. [PMID: 5677172 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Sentandreu R, Northcote DH. The structure of a glycopeptide isolated from the yeast cell wall. Biochem J 1968; 109:419-32. [PMID: 5685868 PMCID: PMC1186836 DOI: 10.1042/bj1090419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
1. Glycopeptides containing mannose were extracted from isolated yeast cell walls by ethylenediamine and purified by treatment with Pronase and fractionation on a Sephadex column. 2. A glycopeptide that appeared homogeneous on electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation had a molecular weight of 76000, and contained a high-molecular-weight mannan and approx. 4% of amino acids. 3. The amino acid composition of the peptide was determined. It was rich in serine and threonine and also contained glucosamine. No cystine and methionine were detected. 4. The glycopeptide underwent a beta-elimination reaction when treated with dilute alkali at low temperatures. The reaction resulted in the release of mannose, mannose disaccharides and possibly other low-molecular-weight mannose oligosaccharides. During the beta-elimination reaction the dehydro derivatives of serine and threonine were formed. One of the linkages between carbohydrate and amino acids in the glycopeptide is an O-mannosyl bond from mannose and mannose oligosaccharides to serine and threonine. 5. After the beta-elimination reaction the bulk of the mannose in the form of the large mannan component was still covalently linked to the peptide. This polysaccharide was therefore attached to the amino acids by a linkage different from the O-mannosyl bonds to serine and threonine that attach the low-molecular-weight sugars. 6. Mannan was prepared from the glycopeptide and from the yeast cell wall by treatment of the fractions with hot solutions of alkali. The mannan contained aspartic acid and glucosamine and some other amino acids. The aspartic acid and glucosamine were present in equimolar amounts; the aspartic acid was the only amino acid present in an amount equivalent to that of glucosamine. Thus there is the possibility of a linkage between the mannan and the peptide via glucosamine and aspartic acid. 7. Mannose 6-phosphate was shown to be part of the mannan structure. Information about the structure of the mannan and the linkage of the glucosamine was obtained by periodate oxidation studies. 8. The glucosamine present in the glycopeptide could not be released by treatment with an enzyme preparation obtained from the gut of Helix pomatia. This enzyme released glucosamine from the intact cell wall. Thus there are probably at least two polymers containing glucosamine in the cell wall. 9. The biosynthesis of the mannan polymer in the yeast cell wall is discussed with regard to the two types of carbohydrate-amino acid linkages found in the glycoprotein.
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Takahashi T, Liener IE. Isolation and composition of a glycopeptide from a phytohemagglutinin of Phaseolus vulgaris. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 154:560-4. [PMID: 5650419 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(68)90016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Harbon S, Herman G, Clauser S. Quantitative evaluation of O-glycosidic linkages between sugars and aminoacids in ovine submaxillary gland mucoprotein. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1968; 4:265-72. [PMID: 5661085 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1968.tb00203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
The carbohydrate content of an A myeloma globulin was investigated. The carbohydrate content was found to be unchanged when the protein was isolated from the patient over a period of 18 months. The various polymeric forms of the protein contained similar proportions of carbohydrate. The A myeloma globulin contained approx. 2 residues of 6-deoxy-l-galactose (l-fucose), 14-15 of d-mannose, 12-13 of d-galactose, 12-13 of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose (N-acetyl-d-glucosamine), 6 of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactose (N-acetyl-d-galactosamine) and 5 of N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid), and these were distributed between six oligosaccharide units all of which were present on the heavy polypeptide chains. The oligosaccharide units showed two kinds of heterogeneity, which have been termed central and peripheral. Central heterogeneity was shown by the presence of three completely different core units, which had the following compositions: (1) 3 residues of d-galactose and 3 of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactose, joined to protein by an O-glycosidic linkage between acetamidohexose and serine; (2) 3 residues of d-mannose, 2 of d-galactose and 3 of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose, joined to protein by an N-glycosidic linkage between acetamidohexose and aspartic acid; (3) 4 residues of d-mannose and 3 of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose with a linkage similar to that in (2). The core oligosaccharide units showed peripheral heterogeneity in the attachment of 6-deoxy-l-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose and N-acetylneuraminic acid. Tentative structures are proposed for these various types of oligosaccharide unit. Glycopeptides were isolated in which the sialic acid content exceeded that of d-galactose. Explanations are given for the electrophoretic mobility and staining characteristics of the various glycopeptides.
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