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Murthy MK, Khandayataray P, Mohanty CS, Pattanayak R. Investigating the toxic mechanism of iron oxide nanoparticles-induced oxidative stress in tadpole (Duttaphrynus melanostictus): A combined biochemical and molecular study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 107:104432. [PMID: 38554986 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Metal oxide nanomaterials have toxicity towards aquatic organisms, especially microbes and invertebrates, but little is known about their impact on amphibians. We conducted a study on Duttaphrynus melanostictus (D. melanostictus) tadpoles to explore the chronic toxicity effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and the underlying mechanisms of IONPs-induced oxidative stress. IONPs exposure led to increased iron accumulation in the blood, liver, and kidneys of tadpoles, significantly affecting blood parameters and morphology. Higher IONPs concentrations (10 and 50 mg L-1) triggered reactive oxygen species generation, resulting in lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, and pronounced toxicity in tadpoles. The activity levels of antioxidant enzymes/proteins (SOD, CAT, albumin, and lysozyme) decreased after IONPs exposure, and immunological measures in the blood serum were significantly reduced compared to the control group. Molecular docking analysis revealed that IONPs primarily attached to the surface of SOD/CAT/albumin/lysozyme through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic forces. Overall, this study emphasizes the ability of IONPs to induce oxidative damage by decreasing immunological profiles such as ACH50 (34.58 ± 2.74 U mL-1), lysozyme (6.94 ± 0.82 U mL-1), total Ig (5.00 ± 0.35 g dL-1), total protein (1.20 ± 0.17 g dL-1), albumin (0.52 ± 0.01 g dL-1) and globulin (0.96 ± 0.01 g dL-1) and sheds light on their potential toxic effects on tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meesala Krishna Murthy
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
| | - Pratima Khandayataray
- Department of Biotechnology, Academy of Management and Information Technology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752057, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Mohanty
- Plant Genetic Resources and Improvement Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India
| | - Rojalin Pattanayak
- Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India.
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Folorunso EA, Gebauer R, Bohata A, Velíšek J, Třešnáková N, Dvořák P, Tomčala A, Kuebutornye FKA, Mráz J. Runoff of foliar-applied natural fungicides in aquaponics: Implications for fish and nitrification. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 105:104341. [PMID: 38072218 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Aquaponics is a method of producing food in a sustainable manner through the integration of aquaculture and hydroponics, which allows simultaneous cultivation of fish and economic crops. The use of natural fungicides are crucial to the sustainable control of diseases in aquaponics. We assessed the potential impacts of natural fungicides, such as clove oil and lecithin, as well as a synthetic fungicide, tebuconazole, following foliar application in aquaponics. This study examined the runoff rates of the fungicides in decoupled aquaponics, and the subsequent effects of the runoffs on nitrification processes and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The runoffs of the foliar-applied fungicides, clove oil, lecithin, and tebuconazole, were detected in aquaponics water at a percentage runoff rate of 0.3 %, 2.3 %, and 0.3-0.8 % respectively. In the biofilter, lecithin altered the ammonium levels by increasing ammonium-nitrogen levels by 7 mg L-1, 6 h post application. Clove oil, on the other hand, showed no significant effect on ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate-nitrogen. Similarly, the toxicity test showed that eugenol had no significant effects on the hematological, biochemical and antioxidative activities of O. niloticus. Conversely, tebuconazole exhibited significant and persistent effects on various biochemical parameters, including lactate, albumin, and total protein, as well as hematological parameters like hemoglobin and MCH. The use of lecithin and tebuconazole should only be limited to decoupled aquaponics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewumi Azeez Folorunso
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Gebauer
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Bohata
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Plant Protection, Studentska 1668, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Velíšek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Třešnáková
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dvořák
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Tomčala
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Felix Kofi Agbeko Kuebutornye
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mráz
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic.
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3
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Murthy MK, Khandayataray P, Mohanty CS, Pattanayak R. Ecotoxicity risk assessment of copper oxide nanoparticles in Duttaphrynus melanostictus tadpoles. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137754. [PMID: 36608887 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, copper oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) have gained considerable importance in ecotoxicology studies. CONP ecotoxicity studies on amphibians are limited, particularly on Duttaphrynus melanostictus (D. melanostictus) tadpoles, and most CONP ecotoxicity studies have shown developmental effects on amphibians. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the ecotoxicity of CONPs in D. melanostictus tadpoles by assessing multi-biomarkers including bioaccumulation, antioxidants, biochemical, haematological, immunological and oxidative stress biomarkers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to characterize the morphology and physicochemical properties of CONPs. After 30 d of the experiment, blood and organs were collected to measure the levels of multiple biomarkers. The dissolution rate of copper ions in exposed media was observed in all studied groups. According to the results, significant (p < 0.05) increase in copper ion bioaccumulation (blood, liver and kidney), oxidative stress and biochemical biomarkers in the blood serum of CONPs exposed tadpoles compared to control tadpoles, which was accompanied by significant variations in morphological and haematological parameters. In contrast to the untreated tadpoles, the CONPs-exposed tadpoles showed statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreases in antioxidants and immunological indices of blood serum. Based on our results, we concluded that the ecotoxicity of CONPs is due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause oxidative stress in tadpoles, resulting in impairments. According to our knowledge, the present study was the first to use a multi-biomarker ecotoxicity approach on D. melanostictus tadpoles that could be used as an ecological bioindicator to assess aquatic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meesala Krishna Murthy
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Pratima Khandayataray
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Science, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Mohanty
- Plant Genomic Resources and Improvement Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rojalin Pattanayak
- Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India.
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Mokhtar DM, Abd-Elhafez EA, Hassan AHS. Microanalysis of the Intestinal Bulb of Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon Idella): Histological, Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Scanning Electron Microscopical Studies. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:1-9. [PMID: 34610853 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621012873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid fishes have one of the simplest types of gastrointestinal tract among vertebrates. Those fish species do not possess a true stomach that is replaced by a simple dilatation at the anterior part of the intestine called the intestinal bulb. Twenty adult specimens of grass carp were used in the present study to identify the cellular components as well as the immunohistochemical and surface architectural characteristics of the intestinal bulb. The mucosa of the intestinal bulb shows numerous, deep longitudinal folds arranged in zigzagging-like patterns. The epithelium is composed mainly of absorptive columnar cells covered by microvilli and mucous goblet cells. Spindle-shaped enteroendocrine cells and some migratory immune cells such as intraepithelial lymphocytes and rodlet cells could be identified between the absorptive cells. The epithelium also contains many secretory granules and large numbers of vacuoles containing digestive enzymes mostly in the basal part. The immunohistochemistry revealed that CD20-positive B-lymphocytes are immunolocalized mainly in the connective tissue core lamina propria of the mucosal folds. However, CD3-immunopositive T-lymphocytes are highly concentrated in the lamina propria. In addition, intraepithelial T-lymphocytes expressed immunopositivity to CD3. The current study presented many types of immune cells and suggests their essential immunological role for the intestinal blub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M Mokhtar
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, 71526Assiut, Egypt
| | - Enas A Abd-Elhafez
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, 71526Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H S Hassan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, 71526Assiut, Egypt
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Vali S, Mohammadi G, Tavabe KR, Moghadas F, Naserabad SS. The effects of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) sublethal concentrations on common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Bioaccumulation, hematology, serum biochemistry and immunology, antioxidant enzymes, and skin mucosal responses. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110353. [PMID: 32146193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different waterborne sublethal concentrations of Ag-NPs LC50 (96h) on common carp Cyprinus carpio using a multi-biomarker approach. Fish (9.22 ± 0.12 g) were stocked in fiberglass tanks and exposed to concentrations of 0 (control), 12.5%, 25% and 50% of Ag-NPs LC50 (96h) or Ag-NO3 LC50 (96h), as the source of Ag+ ion, for a period of 21 days. At the end of study, tissue Ag contents were significantly (P < 0.05) higher and different in fish exposed to concentrations of 25% and 50% compared to the control. The numbers of RBCs, hematocrit, and MCHC values at these concentrations differed significantly in respect to the control. No significant effects were observed for hemoglobin, MCH, and MCV values. The number of WBCs was significantly higher at concentrations of 12.5% and 25% compared to the control. Meanwhile, the percentage of neutrophils significantly elevated at concentrations of 25% and 50%. Serum total protein at concentration of 50% detected significantly lower than that of 12.5% or the control. The serum albumin and globulin levels significantly declined in Ag-NPs-exposed groups versus the control. The serum ACH50 and total immunoglobulins showed significantly lower values in the treatments of 25% and 50% compared to the control. The serum glucose, cortisol, ALT, and ALP values significantly escalated upon Ag-NPs exposure. The serum SOD and CAT showed enhanced activity in the treatment of 12.5% vice versa significantly diminished at concentrations of 25% and 50% compared to the control. The exposure to the concentrations of 25% and 50% significantly dwindled the lysozyme activity and total immunoglobulin levels in skin mucus. In conclusion, sublethal concentrations of Ag-NPs LC50 (96h) impaired fish health status at higher concentrations and 12.5% of Ag-NPs LC50 (96h) was presumably safe for common carp aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vali
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ghasem Mohammadi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Kamran Rezaei Tavabe
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moghadas
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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Van AP, Álvarez de Haro N, Bron JE, Desbois AP. Chromatin extracellular trap release in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:227-238. [PMID: 31988016 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils release nuclear chromatin decorated with antimicrobial proteins into the extracellular milieu as an innate immune defence mechanism to counter invading microbes. These chromatin structures, called extracellular traps (ETs) and released by a process called NETosis, have been detected in mammals, certain invertebrates and some fish species, including fathead minnow, zebrafish, common carp, turbot, sole and barramundi. However, there have been no previous studies of ETs in the Salmonidae. ETs are released in response to chemical and biological stimuli, but observations from different fish species are inconsistent, particularly regarding the potency of various inducers and inhibitors. Thus, this present study aimed to describe ET release in a salmonid (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)) and uncover the inducers and inhibitors that can control this response. Highly enriched suspensions of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs; mainly neutrophils) were prepared from head kidney tissues by a triple-layer Percoll gradient technique. ET structures were visualised in PMN-enriched suspensions through staining of the chromatin with nucleic acid-specific dyes and immunocytochemical probing of characteristic proteins expected to decorate the structure. ET release was quantified after incubation with inducers and inhibitors known to affect this response in other organisms. Structures resembling ETs stained positively with SYTOX Green (a stain specific for nucleic acid) while immunocytochemistry was used to detect neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase and H2A histone in the structures, which are diagnostic proteinaceous markers of ETs. Consistent with other studies on mammals and some fish species, calcium ionophore and flagellin were potent inducers of ETs, while cytochalasin D inhibited NETosis. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), used commonly to induce ETs, exerted only weak stimulatory activity, while heat-killed bacteria and lipopolysaccharide did not induce ET release. Unexpectedly, the ET-inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium chloride acted as an inducer of ET release, an observation not reported elsewhere. Taken together, these data confirm for the first time that ETs are released by salmonid PMNs and compounds useful for manipulating NETosis were identified, thus providing a platform for further studies to explore the role of this mechanism in fish immunity. This new knowledge provides a foundation for translation to farm settings, since manipulation of the innate immune response offers a potential alternative to the use of antibiotics to mitigate against microbial infections, particularly for pathogens where protection by vaccination has yet to be realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre P Van
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Neila Álvarez de Haro
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - James E Bron
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Desbois
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
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Mohammadi G, Rashidian G, Hoseinifar SH, Naserabad SS, Doan HV. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract affects growth performance, body composition, haematology, serum and mucosal immune parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:267-273. [PMID: 31981777 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the dietary effects of ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) on common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Three hundred and sixty fish weighing 10.9 ± 0.17 g were randomly divided into four experimental treatments in triplicates. Four experimental diets were designed containing different inclusion levels of ginger extract as 0% (control), 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% named T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively, and fish were fed 3% of body weight daily for 60 days. Feed conversion ratio, weight gain, and specific growth rate parameters were measured higher in the groups fed with ginger extract compared to the control, especially in T3 (P < 0.05). Also, fish treated with ginger extract showed lower carcass moisture and lipid, but higher protein contents compared to the control. The results showed significant increase in the number of erythrocytes and leucocytes, as well as the level of hematocrit and hemoglobin in fish fed with supplemented diets. In addition, significant enhancement was observed in cases of serum parameters, including total protein, albumin, globulin, lysozyme, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total immunoglobulins in T3 and T4 compared to the control. The lowest serum cortisol level was noticed in T3. Furthermore, the T3 group showed the highest activities of skin mucus lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, and protease (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present results demonstrated that Zingiber officinale extract at a 0.2% level can effectively improve the growth and health status of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Mohammadi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ghasem Rashidian
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Keaw Rd,Suthep,Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Díaz-Rosales P, Muñoz-Atienza E, Tafalla C. Role of teleost B cells in viral immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:135-142. [PMID: 30448446 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Teleost fish possess all the necessary elements to mount an adaptive immune response. Despite this, the important physiological and structural differences between the mammalian and the teleost fish immune system, anticipate significant changes regarding how this response is coordinated and executed. B cells are key players in adaptive immune responses through the production of antibodies. However, recent studies performed in mammals and other species including fish point to many additional functions of B cells within both the adaptive and the innate immune system, in many occasions taking part in the crosstalk between these two arms of the immune response. Furthermore, it should be taken into account that fish B cells share many functional and phenotypical features with innate B cell populations from mammals, which will surely condition their response to antigens. Concerning viral infections, although most studies undertaken to date in fish have been focused on characterizing antibody production, some recent studies have demonstrated that fish B cells are able to interact with viruses at different levels. In this sense, in the current review, we have tried to provide an overview of what is currently known regarding the role of teleost B cells in antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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Abós B, Bird S, Granja AG, Morel E, More Bayona JA, Barreda DR, Tafalla C. Identification of the First Teleost CD5 Molecule: Additional Evidence on Phenotypical and Functional Similarities between Fish IgM + B Cells and Mammalian B1 Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:465-480. [PMID: 29866701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite teleost fish being the first animal group in which all elements of adaptive immunity are present, the lack of follicular structures, as well as the fact that systemic Ab responses rely exclusively on unswitched low-affinity IgM responses, strongly suggests that fish B cell responses resemble mammalian B1 cell responses rather than those of B2 cells. In line with this hypothesis, in the current study, we have identified a homolog of CD5 in teleost fish. This pan-T marker belonging to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich family of receptors is commonly used in mammals to distinguish a subset of B1 cells. Subsequently, we have demonstrated that a very high percentage of teleost IgM+ B cells express this marker, in contrast to the limited population of CD5-expressing B1 cells found in most mammals. Furthermore, we demonstrate that fish IgM+ B cells share classical phenotypic features of mammalian B1 cells such as large size, high complexity, high surface IgM, and low surface IgD expression, regardless of CD5 expression. Additionally, fish IgM+ B cells, unlike murine B2 cells, also displayed extended survival in cell culture and did not proliferate after BCR engagement. Altogether, our results demonstrate that although fish are evolutionarily the first group in which all the elements of acquired immunity are present, in the absence of follicular structures, most teleost IgM+ B cells have retained phenotypical and functional characteristics of mammalian B1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Abós
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Madrid 28130, Spain
| | - Steve Bird
- Biomedical Unit, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; and
| | - Aitor G Granja
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Madrid 28130, Spain
| | - Esther Morel
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Madrid 28130, Spain
| | - Juan A More Bayona
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
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10
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Van Muiswinkel WB, Nakao M. A short history of research on immunity to infectious diseases in fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:130-150. [PMID: 23994237 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the history of research on immunity to infectious diseases of fish in the period between 1965 and today. Special attention is paid to those studies, which are dealing with the interaction between immune system and invading pathogens in bony fish. Moreover, additional biographic information will be provided of people involved. In the 1960s and 1970s the focus of most studies was on humoral (Ig, B-cell) responses. Thorough studies on specific cellular (T-cell) responses and innate immunity (lectins, lysozyme, interferon, phagocytic cells) became available later. In the period between 1980 and today an overwhelming amount of data on regulation (e.g. cell cooperation, cytokines) and cell surface receptors (e.g. T-cell receptor; MHC) was published. It became also clear, that innate responses were often interacting with the acquired immune responses. Fish turned out to be vertebrates like all others with a sophisticated immune system showing specificity and memory. These basic data on the immune system could be applied in vaccination or in selection of disease resistant fish. Successful vaccines against bacterial diseases became available in the 1970s and 1980s. Effective anti-viral vaccines appeared from the 1980s onwards. There is no doubt, that Fish Immunology has become a flourishing science by the end of the 20th century and has contributed to our understanding of fish diseases as well as the success of aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem B Van Muiswinkel
- Cell Biology & Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University-WUR, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Miki Nakao
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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11
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Ma C, Ye J, Kaattari SL. Differential compartmentalization of memory B cells versus plasma cells in salmonid fish. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:360-70. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyan Ma
- College of Fisheries; Ocean University of China; Qingdao China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources; the Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences; Qingdao China
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Department of Environmental and Aquatic Animal Health; Virginia Institute of Marine Science; College of William and Mary; Gloucester Point VA USA
| | - Stephen L. Kaattari
- Department of Environmental and Aquatic Animal Health; Virginia Institute of Marine Science; College of William and Mary; Gloucester Point VA USA
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12
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Ye J, Kaattari I, Kaattari S. Plasmablasts and plasma cells: reconsidering teleost immune system organization. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1273-1281. [PMID: 21477614 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Comparative immunologists have expended extensive efforts in the characterization of early fish B cell development; however, analysis of the post-antigen induction stages of antibody secreting cell (ASC) differentiation has been limited. In contrast, work with murine ASCs has resolved the physically and functionally distinct cells known as plasmablasts, the short-lived plasma cells and long-lived plasma cells. Teleost ASCs are now known to also possess comparable subpopulations, which can greatly differ in such basic functions as lifespan, antigen sensitivity, antibody secretion rate, differentiative potential, and distribution within the body. Understanding the mechanisms by which these subpopulations are produced and distributed is essential for both basic understanding in comparative immunology and practical vaccine engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Ye
- Department of Environmental and Aquatic Animal Health, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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13
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Ye J, Bromage E, Kaattari I, Kaattari S. Transduction of binding affinity by B lymphocytes: a new dimension in immunological regulation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:982-990. [PMID: 21300090 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To date, immunologists have operated with two primary paradigms governing the antibody response: (1) that affinity maturation is primarily dependent upon antigen-driven selection of both the germline and somatically amended repertoires, and (2) that antibody effector function is isotypically determined. The teleost model now suggests that these classical paradigms should be broadened to incorporate the ability of the B cell to transduce the strength of antigen recognition (affinity) into structural modifications of its antibody product, which, in turn, modulates the antibody's effector function. Although this relationship, thus far, has only been examined and demonstrated in the teleost, we find a number of the individual elements of this structural/functional relationship have been reported for mammalian IgM, which prompts future investigations into its universality. In sum, these findings suggest a heretofore unrecognized feature of B lymphocyte affinity discrimination, which transduces the affinity of antigen recognition into functionally modified antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Ye
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
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14
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15
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13 Immunology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9309(04)80015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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16
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Abstract
Previously, we showed that catfish could not mount a detectable antibody response after bacterial exposure until 21 days post-hatch (ph). In order to evaluate the changes associated with the development of a functional humoral response, we evaluated the temporal and spatial distribution of immune cell populations in developing catfish. Cells functioning in nonspecific immunity were present in the renal hematopoietic tissue (rht) and thymus at hatch and in the spleen by day 3 ph. Immunoglobulin (Ig) positive lymphocytes were first detected on day 7, 10, and 14 in the rht, thymus and spleen, respectively. Mature thymocytes were first detected on day 10 ph. Distinct thymic regionalization and splenic lymphoid tissue organization were not observed until day 21 ph. We suggest that the reason for a lack of antibody production until day 21 ph is the poor organization of secondary lymphoid tissue until that age.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Petrie-Hanson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 9825, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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17
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Abstract
In fish all the pre-requisites to mount a specific immune response are present, but the main differences from the mammalian system are that the secondary response is relatively minor and IgG is not present. In teleosts mainly IgM is present, and IgD has been recently described but its function is, as yet, unknown. However, different forms of fish IgM and its observed flexibility of structure may compensate for a lack of Ig class diversity. The innate immune response of teleosts is highly developed. Multiple forms of key constitutive and inducible components, such as lysozyme, C3, alpha2-macroglobulin and C-reactive protein, are present, and may enhance immune recognition. Low ambient temperature appears to have an impact on all aspects of the immune response, particularly the T-dependent specific immune response due to the non-adaptive lipid composition of T-cell membranes. Temperature effects on the nonspecific immune system are less well characterised, but there is evidence that low temperatures are also suppressive. Knowledge of immune system function becomes essential for disease prevention strategies such as the development of vaccines, selection for increased disease resistance and identification of genes suitable for trangenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watts
- Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, School of Aquaculture, Launceston.
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18
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Petrie-Hanson L, Ainsworth AJ. Differential cytochemical staining characteristics of channel catfish leukocytes identify cell populations in lymphoid organs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2000; 73:129-44. [PMID: 10690929 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This is one of the first characterizations of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocytes by enzyme cytochemistry. Leukocytes demonstrated cytoplasmic staining patterns very similar to mammalian leukocytes when stained with acid phosphatase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, Sudan Black B and anti-immunoglobulin specific immunohistochemistry. Lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and surface immunoglobulin positive (surface Ig+) cells were present in channel catfish renal hematopoietic tissue and spleen and demonstrated distinctive cytoplasmic foci staining patterns, cytoplasmic blushing or cell membrane staining. Monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes and surface Ig+ cells were present in the thymus. Thymic and splenic cellular organization appeared very similar to these same mammalian tissues. In the thymus, acid phosphatase positive cells were distributed throughout the parenchyma, while alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase and beta-glucuronidase positive cells were concentrated in the cortex and the medulla, respectively. Surface immunoglobulin positive cells occurred in the cortex. In the spleen, acid phosphatase positive cells were scattered throughout the parenchyma, while alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase positive cells were scattered throughout the parenchyma and adjacent to splenic arterioles. Beta-glucuronidase and surface immunoglobulin positive cells were restricted to immediately adjacent to splenic arterioles. Sudan Black B positive cells were scattered throughout the parenchyma, while alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase positive cells occurred adjacent to peri-arteriole lymphoid sheaths and appear very similar to mammalian metallophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Petrie-Hanson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762, USA.
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19
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Dickerson H, Clark T. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis: a model of cutaneous infection and immunity in fishes. Immunol Rev 1998; 166:377-84. [PMID: 9914927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis offers a useful system for the study of cutaneous immunity against an infectious microorganism. Naive fish usually die following infection, but animals surviving sublethal parasite exposure become resistant to subsequent challenge. This resistance correlates with the presence of humoral antibodies in the sera and cutaneous mucus of immune fish. A mechanism of immunity has recently been elucidated that involves antibody binding to surface proteins (referred to as immobilization antigens or i-antigens) located on the parasite cell and ciliary membranes. Antibody-mediated cross-linking of i-antigens triggers a response by the parasite resulting in its exit from the host. These effects can be observed directly on the surface of live fish. In addition to allowing the observation of effector responses in vivo, Ichthyophthirius also provides a means to study the ontogeny of the mucosal immune response. The sites of antigen capture and presentation, and the sites of antibody production, are unknown with regard to cutaneous immunity. Because the external epithelial surfaces of fish are often the points of pathogen entry, a basic understanding of the inductive immune mechanisms and immune cell interactions in the skin and gills is extremely important with regard to vaccine development. The development of Ichthyophthirius as an experimental system and how it might be used to address these issues are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dickerson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, USA.
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20
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Freedman SJ. Immune rainbow trout serum has an anti-proliferation effect on isolated mouse T-cells: possible autoimmune downregulatory implications. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART A, PHYSIOLOGY 1996; 113:181-4. [PMID: 8624906 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(95)02050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is generally believed to involve an autoimmune syndrome in which affected individuals experience degradation of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. In this study, rainbow trout were immunized with myelin basic protein and myelin in an attempt to induce a myelin-specific autoimmune response using the experimentally induced autoimmune response in Lewis rats as a model. Subsequent to immunization, rainbow trout antibodies to myelin basic protein were detected via an ELISA. Although clinical signs of nerve dysfunction were never apparent, disease due to demyelinization cannot be ruled out until histological studies are performed. It is shown that both rainbow trout immune and normal sera exert an inhibitory affect on the mitogenic stimulation of isolated mouse splenic T-cells. This in vitro inhibitory activity, which is clearly greater in immune serum, is hypothesized to be derived from a nonspecific antiinflammatory factor. While the identity of the factor(s) is not yet known, likely possibilities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Freedman
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Utah State University, Logan 84322, USA
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21
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The Specific Immune System: Humoral Defense. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(08)60275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
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22
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Press CM, Lillehaug A. Vaccination in European salmonid aquaculture: a review of practices and prospects. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1995; 151:45-69. [PMID: 7735870 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(05)80064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Disease control by vaccination is widely used in European salmonid aquaculture against vibriosis (Vibrio anguillarum), cold-water vibriosis (Vibrio salmonicida), yersiniosis or enteric redmouth disease (Yersinia ruckeri) and furunculosis (Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida). The vaccines against the Vibrio spp. and Y. ruckeri have proven effective especially when administered by injection. Furunculosis vaccines have been less successful and have relied on combination with potent adjuvants to achieve acceptable protection. Application of modern molecular techniques to furunculosis research has delivered a crop of experimental vaccines that incorporate purified virulence factors and have shown increased protection during challenge. Gene technology has also been used to create a defined, nonreverting mutation in a strain of A. salmonicida, which has enhanced the feasibility of attenuated live vaccines. The development of experimental subunit vaccines against the viral infections and the continued advances in the field of immunostimulants, adjuvants and antigen carriers provide considerable promise for the future development of commercial vaccines for use in salmonid aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Press
- Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo
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23
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Secombes CJ, Clements K, Ashton I, Rowley AF. The effect of eicosanoids on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, leucocyte proliferation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1994; 42:367-78. [PMID: 7810067 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(94)90080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation of rainbow trout head kidney leucocytes in response to the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) was modulated in the presence of inhibitors of eicosanoid synthesis and by exogenous eicosanoids. The presence of indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, resulted in a stimulatory effect, whereas the presence of nordihydroguiaretic acid, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, resulted in an inhibitory effect on mitogenicity. The addition of prostaglandins and lipoxins was also found to be inhibitory, whilst the addition of leukotrienes was stimulatory. Some class/series effects of the eicosanoids were also apparent. Prostaglandin E2 was a more potent inhibitor than prostaglandin E3, and proliferation was more sensitive to the effects of leukotriene B4 than to leukotriene B5. Whilst PHA-P was able to directly induce the release of prostaglandins from head kidney leucocytes, it did not induce the release of lipoxygenase products.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Secombes
- Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, UK
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24
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Koumans-van Diepen JC, Harmsen EG, Rombout JH. Immunocytochemical analysis of mitogen responses of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) peripheral blood leucocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1994; 42:209-19. [PMID: 7975192 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(94)90009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responses of surface immunoglobulin-positive (sIg+) and surface immunoglobulin-negative (sIg-) carp peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) were studied. sIg+ cell-enriched and depleted carp PBL populations (sIg+ and sIg- cell fractions, respectively) were obtained by magnetic cell sorting (MACS) and mitogenic stimulation in vitro was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation. The mitogen responses of sIg+ and sIg- cells in non-separated carp PBL cultures were analysed by simultaneous detection of incorporated 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and sIg with the fluorescence microscope and flow cytometer. Flow cytometric determination of the percentage of sIg+ cells in combination with absolute cell counting, revealed an increase of sIg+ cells but not of sIg- cells after LPS stimulation while the number of sIg- cells and not of sIg+ cells was enhanced after PHA stimulation. LPS stimulation showed an increased 3H-thymidine incorporation in the sIg- cell fraction compared with non-separated cells and BrdU incorporation was observed in sIg- cells from LPS-stimulated cultures by fluorescence microscopy. However, flow cytometric analysis showed that mainly dull sIg+ cells and not sIg- cells are stimulated by LPS. These dull sIg+ cells were not sorted from sIg- cells with MACS and could apparently not be distinguished from sIg- cells by light microscopy. PHA stimulates sIg- cells and not sIg+ cells as was estimated by all techniques used.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Koumans-van Diepen
- Department of Experimental Animal Morphology and Cell Biology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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25
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Killie JE, Jøgensen TO. Immunoregulation in fish. I: Intramolecular-induced suppression of antibody responses to haptenated protein antigens studied in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1994; 18:123-136. [PMID: 7521853 DOI: 10.1016/0145-305x(94)90240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report here evidence for intramolecular-induced suppression of the in vivo antibody response in fish, using a panel of T-dependent hapten-carrier antigens. Atlantic salmon were immunized intraperitoneally with protein antigens (Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin, chicken gamma globulin, and Aeromonas salmonicida A-layer protein) given in their native form or haptenated with either 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenyl-acetic acid (NIP), 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-acetic acid (TNP), or fluorescein-5-iso-thiocyanate (FITC). The salmon immune system responds to these hapten-carrier antigens by eliciting high anti-hapten titers whereas the antibody titers against protein determinants were suppressed 87-99%, determined by ELISA. NIP also induced suppression of the anti-FITC response when NIP and FITC were intramolecularly conjugated to Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin (LPH). The suppression was found to be independent of haptenation ratios and time after immunization. The possibility that haptenation interferes with or blocks the protein determinants is not likely because antisera raised against native LPH recognize LPH-specific epitopes even on heavily NIP-substituted LPH. Although the mechanism behind intramolecular-induced suppression is poorly understood, even in mammals, this study demonstrates that intramolecular-induced suppression may be one means by which antibody responses in fish are regulated. The possible impact of antigen-induced suppression on immune responses against vaccine antigens in fish is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Killie
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø
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26
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Abstract
Global aquaculture is projected to grow from 10 million to 20 million metric tons by the year 2000. To meet this projection, the aquaculture industry must bring some of its infectious disease problems under control without relying on antibiotics and chemotherapeutics. Thus, vaccines for fish and shellfish are being sought by the industry. The very first commercial fish vaccine was a killed vibriosis bacterin which was very effective and relatively easy to produce. Vaccines for other bacterial, viral, and parasitic fish pathogens are proving more difficult to develop and researchers have begun to use molecular and biotechnological approaches to develop such vaccines. This review describes the vaccines that are now available as well as the vaccines that are being developed and includes a discussion of live, attenuated vaccines, immunoadjuvants, and subunit vaccines for fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Leong
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331-3804
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27
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Chiappelli F, Franceschi C, Ottaviani E, Farnè M, Faisal M. Phylogeny of the neuroendocrine-immune system: Fish and shellfish as model systems for social interaction stress research in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0959-8030(93)90042-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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