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Paul M, Itoo AM, Ghosh B, Biswas S. Hypoxia alleviating platinum(IV)/chlorin e6-based combination chemotherapeutic-photodynamic nanomedicine for oropharyngeal carcinoma. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 238:112627. [PMID: 36525775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important pathological hallmark of the tumor microenvironment, associated with metabolic alterations, cell proliferation, aggressiveness, metastasis, and therapy resistance in cancers. Hypoxia impedes the outcome of photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is largely dependent on molecular oxygen to generate cytotoxic 1O2. Here, a near-infrared light activatable, oxygen-generating nanomicellar PDT-chemotherapy system (mPPCPN Ms) constituted of amphiphilic mPEG-PLA, photosensitizer Ce6, and tetravalent platinum prodrug Pt(IV)-diazide was developed for oral squamous cell carcinoma. The polymer conjugate self-assemble to nanosize (115 ± 2.35 nm) micelles, which, upon irradiation (660 nm laser), activated Ce6, and photodecomposed to produce cytotoxic Pt(II), azidyl radical, and molecular oxygen. The strategically fabricated PDT-chemotherapy produced a strong antitumor response in vitro using oral squamous cell carcinoma and in vivo in oral cancer-xenografted mouse models, revealing its significant potential in chemo-photodynamic combination therapy with the benefit of reversing hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Paul
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Asif Mohd Itoo
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Swati Biswas
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India.
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2
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Pewklang T, Chansaenpak K, Bakar SN, Lai RY, Kue CS, Kamkaew A. Aza-BODIPY based carbonic anhydrase IX: Strategy to overcome hypoxia limitation in photodynamic therapy. Front Chem 2022; 10:1015883. [PMID: 36405312 PMCID: PMC9666899 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1015883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia caused by photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a major hurdle to cancer treatment since it can promote recurrence and progression by activating angiogenic factors, lowering therapeutic efficacy dramatically. In this work, AZB-I-CAIX2 was developed as a carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)-targeting NIR photosensitizer that can overcome the challenge by utilizing a combination of CAIX knockdown and PDT. AZB-I-CAIX2 showed a specific affinity to CAIX-expressed cancer cells and enhanced photocytotoxicity compared to AZB-I-control (the molecule without acetazolamide). Moreover, selective detection and effective cell cytotoxicity of AZB-I-CAIX2 by PDT in hypoxic CAIX-expressed murine cancer cells were achieved. Essentially, AZB-I-CAIX2 could minimize tumor size in the tumor-bearing mice compared to that in the control groups. The results suggested that AZB-I-CAIX2 can improve therapeutic efficiency by preventing PDT-induced hypoxia through CAIX inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitima Pewklang
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Kantapat Chansaenpak
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Siti Nursyahirah Bakar
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rung-Yi Lai
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Chin Siang Kue
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia,*Correspondence: Anyanee Kamkaew, ; Chin Siang Kue,
| | - Anyanee Kamkaew
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand,*Correspondence: Anyanee Kamkaew, ; Chin Siang Kue,
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3
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Damrongrungruang T, Rattanayatikul S, Sontikan N, Wuttirak B, Teerakapong A, Kaewrawang A. Effect of Different Irradiation Modes of Azulene-mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Singlet Oxygen and PGE 2 Formation. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:427-434. [PMID: 33075141 DOI: 10.1111/php.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Azulene samples in ethanol/distilled water (1, 10 and 100 µm) were irradiated with a 638 nm red laser (0.5 watts, light-to-target distance 2 cm, energy density 4 or 40 J cm-2 ) by either continuous, fractionation or pulse mode. Singlet oxygen in the samples was measured using 10 µm 9,10-dimethyl anthracene (positive control 10 μm erythrosine) and relative fluorescence intensities were measured at 375/436 nm excitation/emission. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs, 1 × 105 cells/well) preincubated with 0.01 μg mL-1 rhTNF-α for 6 h were cultured with irradiated azulene samples in RPMI-1640 under standard conditions. PGE2 was quantified by rhPGE2 ELISA kit using a Varioscan® microplate reader at an excitation wavelength of 420 nm. Kruskal Wallis with Dunn`s test was performed at a significance level of P < 0.05. The highest singlet oxygen amount was found in 10 µm azulene samples irradiated at 40 J cm-2 under continuous mode (P = 0.001 when compared with 10 µm erythrosine). PGE2 expression in rhTNF-α-induced PBMCs was reduced to 45% of control by 1 µm azulene irradiated at 40 J cm-2 under fractionation mode. Fractionation mode with intermediate laser energy density in the presence of low concentration of azulene could increase singlet oxygen and tend to reduce PGE2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerasak Damrongrungruang
- Division of Oral Diagnosis, Department of Oral Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Laser in Dentistry Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Melatonin Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Aroon Teerakapong
- Laser in Dentistry Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Arkom Kaewrawang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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4
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Larue L, Myrzakhmetov B, Ben-Mihoub A, Moussaron A, Thomas N, Arnoux P, Baros F, Vanderesse R, Acherar S, Frochot C. Fighting Hypoxia to Improve PDT. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E163. [PMID: 31671658 PMCID: PMC6958374 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has drawn great interest in recent years mainly due to its low side effects and few drug resistances. Nevertheless, one of the issues of PDT is the need for oxygen to induce a photodynamic effect. Tumours often have low oxygen concentrations, related to the abnormal structure of the microvessels leading to an ineffective blood distribution. Moreover, PDT consumes O2. In order to improve the oxygenation of tumour or decrease hypoxia, different strategies are developed and are described in this review: 1) The use of O2 vehicle; 2) the modification of the tumour microenvironment (TME); 3) combining other therapies with PDT; 4) hypoxia-independent PDT; 5) hypoxia-dependent PDT and 6) fractional PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Larue
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), UMR 7274, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | | | - Amina Ben-Mihoub
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire (LCPM), UMR 7375, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Albert Moussaron
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), UMR 7274, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Noémie Thomas
- Biologie, Signaux et Systèmes en Cancérologie et Neurosciences, CRAN, UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Philippe Arnoux
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), UMR 7274, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Francis Baros
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), UMR 7274, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Régis Vanderesse
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire (LCPM), UMR 7375, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Samir Acherar
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire (LCPM), UMR 7375, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Céline Frochot
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), UMR 7274, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France.
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5
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Monteiro CS, Ferreira DC, Sáfar GAM, Gontijo RN, Fantini C, Martins DCS, Idemori YM, Pinheiro MVB, Krambrock K. Unravelling the mechanisms of reactive oxygen species formation in nanohybrid systems of porphyrins and enriched (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes for photosensitization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:20459-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03366k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two different porphyrins inside the exciton volume of a carbon nanotube with charged N either in or out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S. Monteiro
- Departamento de Química
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte-MG
- Brazil
| | - Daniele C. Ferreira
- Departamento de Física
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte-MG
- Brazil
| | - Gustavo A. M. Sáfar
- Departamento de Física
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte-MG
- Brazil
| | - Rafael N. Gontijo
- Departamento de Física
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte-MG
- Brazil
| | - Cristiano Fantini
- Departamento de Física
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte-MG
- Brazil
| | - Dayse C. S. Martins
- Departamento de Química
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte-MG
- Brazil
| | - Ynara M. Idemori
- Departamento de Química
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte-MG
- Brazil
| | - Maurício V. B. Pinheiro
- Departamento de Física
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte-MG
- Brazil
| | - Klaus Krambrock
- Departamento de Física
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte-MG
- Brazil
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6
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Bladder Cancer Stem-Like Cells: Their Origin and Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:ijms17010043. [PMID: 26729098 PMCID: PMC4730288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC), the most common cancer arising from the human urinary tract, consists of two major clinicopathological phenotypes: muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). MIBC frequently metastasizes and is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. A certain proportion of patients with metastatic BC can achieve a remission with systemic chemotherapy; however, the disease relapses in most cases. Evidence suggests that MIBC comprises a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which may be resistant to these treatments and may be able to form new tumors in the bladder or other organs. Therefore, the unambiguous identification of bladder CSCs and the development of targeted therapies are urgently needed. Nevertheless, it remains unclear where bladder CSCs originate and how they are generated. We review recent studies on bladder CSCs, specifically focusing on their proposed origin and the possible therapeutic options based on the CSC theory.
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7
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Wu C, Zhu A, Li D, Wang L, Yang H, Zeng H, Liu Y. Photosensitizer-assembled PEGylated graphene-copper sulfide nanohybrids as a synergistic near-infrared phototherapeutic agent. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 13:155-65. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2016.1118049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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9
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Vaupel P. Physiological Mechanisms of Treatment Resistance. THE IMPACT OF TUMOR BIOLOGY ON CANCER TREATMENT AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY STRATEGIES 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74386-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Delaey EM, Vantieghem AM, Derycke A, Agostinis PM, De Witte PAM. In Vitro Photobiological Evaluation of Rhodac, A New Rhodacyanine Photosensitizer¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740331ivpeor2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Hypoxia is a characteristic property of locally advanced solid tumors, resulting from an imbalance between the supply and consumption of oxygen. Major pathogenetic mechanisms for the development of hypoxia are (1) structural and functional abnormalities of the tumor microvasculature, (2) increased diffusion distances, and (3) tumor-associated and therapy-induced anemia. The oxygenation status is independent of clinical tumor size, stage, grade, and histopathological type, but is affected by the hemoglobin level. Hypoxia is intensified in anemic patients, especially in tumors with low perfusion rates. Hypoxia and anemia (most probably via worsening of tumor hypoxia) can lead to therapeutic problems, as they make solid tumors resistant to sparsely ionizing radiation and some forms of chemotherapy. In addition to more direct mechanisms involved in the development of therapeutic resistance, there are also indirect machineries that can cause barriers to therapies. These include hypoxia-driven proteome and genome changes and clonal selection. These, in turn, can drive subsequent events that are known to further increase resistance to therapy (in addition to critically affecting long-term prognosis). Treatment resistance in anemic patients can be, at least partially, prevented or overcome by anemia correction, resulting in better locoregional tumor control and overall survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vaupel
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Mainz, Germany.
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12
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Höckel M, Vaupel P. Tumor hypoxia: definitions and current clinical, biologic, and molecular aspects. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:266-76. [PMID: 11181773 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/93.4.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1876] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue hypoxia results from an inadequate supply of oxygen (O(2)) that compromises biologic functions. Evidence from experimental and clinical studies increasingly points to a fundamental role for hypoxia in solid tumors. Hypoxia in tumors is primarily a pathophysiologic consequence of structurally and functionally disturbed microcirculation and the deterioration of diffusion conditions. Tumor hypoxia appears to be strongly associated with tumor propagation, malignant progression, and resistance to therapy, and it has thus become a central issue in tumor physiology and cancer treatment. Biochemists and clinicians (as well as physiologists) define hypoxia differently; biochemists define it as O(2)-limited electron transport, and physiologists and clinicians define it as a state of reduced O(2) availability or decreased O(2) partial pressure that restricts or even abolishes functions of organs, tissues, or cells. Because malignant tumors no longer execute functions necessary for homeostasis (such as the production of adequate amounts of adenosine triphosphate), the physiology-based definitions of the term "hypoxia" are not necessarily valid for malignant tumors. Instead, alternative definitions based on clinical, biologic, and molecular effects that are observed at O(2) partial pressures below a critical level have to be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Höckel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Thews O, Kelleher DK, Vaupel P. Disparate responses of tumour vessels to angiotensin II: tumour volume-dependent effects on perfusion and oxygenation. Br J Cancer 2000; 83:225-31. [PMID: 10901375 PMCID: PMC2363484 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfusion and oxygenation of experimental tumours were studied during angiotensin II (AT II) administration whereby the rate of the continuous AT II infusion was chosen to increase the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) by 50-70 mmHg. In subcutaneous DS-sarcomas the red blood cell (RBC) flux was assessed using the laser Doppler technique and the mean tumour oxygen partial pressure (pO2) was measured polarographically using O2-sensitive catheter and needle electrodes. Changes in RBC flux with increasing MABP depended mainly on tumour size. In small tumours, RBC flux decreased with rising MABP whereas in larger tumours RBC flux increased parallel to the MABP. As a result of these volume-dependent effects on tumour blood flow, the impact of AT II on tumour pO2 was also mainly tumour volume-related. In small tumours oxygenation decreased with increasing MABP during AT II infusion, whereas in large tumours a positive relationship between blood pressure and O2 status was found. This disparate behaviour might be the result of the co-existence of two functionally distinct populations of tumour vessels. In small tumours, perfusion decreases presumably due to vasoconstriction of pre-existing host vessels feeding the tumour. In larger malignancies, newly formed tumour vessels predominate and seem not to have this vasoresponsive capability (lack of smooth muscle cells and/or AT receptors), resulting in an improvement of perfusion which is not tumour-related per se, but is due to the increased perfusion pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Thews
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Mainz, Germany
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14
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Delaey E, Vandenbogaerde A, Merlevede W, de Witte P. Photocytotoxicity of hypericin in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2000; 56:19-24. [PMID: 11073312 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(00)00051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The normoxic and hypoxic photocytotoxicity of hypericin has been examined on A431 cells as assessed by the Neutral Red method, using cell-culture flasks made of polystyrene and glass, different hypericin concentrations and light fluences. Using polystyrene flasks, lower hypoxic photoactivities of hypericin than those in normoxic conditions are seen under low fluence. In these conditions the hypoxic photocytotoxic effect can be (partially) rescued by increasing the fluence. However, a completely different outcome is observed when using glass flasks, since most of the hypoxic photocytotoxicity is lost under these conditions. The differences can be explained in terms of efficiency of deoxygenation of the medium present in polystyrene or glass flasks. Polystyrene holds large amounts of oxygen that effuses very slowly. Glass, on the other hand, does not cause this inconvenience. Therefore the type of material of the container used to investigate the oxygen dependency of the photobiological activity of photosensitizers dramatically influences the outcome of the hypoxic experiments. Our results unequivocally prove that the cytotoxic effect induced by photoactivated hypericin is completely oxygen dependent. Hence hypericin does not differ from other phototherapeutics used in photodynamic therapy of cancer, since haematoporphyrin derivative and the second-generation photosensitizers used all seem to depend on the presence of oxygen for their antitumour activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Delaey
- Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Biologie en Fytofarmacologie, Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Abstract
There is a large body of evidence suggesting that deficiencies in the O2 supply of tumors exist due to restrictions (i) in the O2 delivery by perfusion and/or diffusion, and (ii) in the O2 transport capacity. Whereas the former are mostly based on inadequate and heterogeneous microcirculatory functions, the latter are predominantly due to tumor-associated anemia. Possible uses and limitations of measures are discussed which can increase the microvascular O2 content and thus may preferentially serve to enhance diffusion-limited O2 availability. In addition, means are described for improving and increasing the uniformity of microcirculation thus possibly enhancing perfusion-limited O2 delivery. Reducing cellular respiration rate should be of benefit in both pathophysiological conditions. Because both types of O2 limitation coexist in solid tumors, appropriate combinations should be aimed at eradicating tumor hypoxia which is present in at least one third of cancers in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vaupel
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Mainz, Germany
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16
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Kelleher DK, Nauth C, Thews O, Krueger W, Vaupel P. Localized hypothermia: impact on oxygenation, microregional perfusion, metabolic and bioenergetic status of subcutaneous rat tumours. Br J Cancer 1998; 78:56-61. [PMID: 9662251 PMCID: PMC2062945 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1998.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of localized hypothermia on microcirculatory and metabolic parameters in s.c. DS sarcomas on the hind foot dorsum of Sprague-Dawley rats was investigated. Tumours were cooled by superfusion of the tumour surface with cooled saline solution to 25 degrees C or 15 degrees C. Control tumours remained at 35 degrees C. These temperatures were maintained for 30 min. In tumour oxygenation measurements, hypothermia at 25 degrees C and 15 degrees C caused progressive decreases in the size of the fraction of pO2 measurements between 0 and 2.5 mmHg together with a reduction in pO2 variability. No significant changes in median or mean pO2 or in the fraction of pO2 measurements between 0 and 5 mmHg, and 0 and 10 mmHg were observed. Using laser Doppler flowmetry, red blood cell flux was found to decrease significantly upon 25 degrees C or 15 degrees C hypothermia treatment to 67% and 37% of starting values respectively, whereas no significant changes were seen in control tumours over the whole observation period. Viscosity was measured in blood and plasma samples over a range of temperatures and was found to increase with decreasing temperature. Assessment of tumour glucose levels showed an increased concentration of glucose following 15 degrees C hypothermia, an observation consistent with a 'slowing down' of glycolysis. No changes in lactate or adenylate phosphate levels were observed. As a way of improving tumour oxygenation, localized hypothermia may therefore be a useful means of radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Kelleher
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Mainz, Germany
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17
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Baronzio GF, Galante F, Gramaglia A, Barlocco A, de Grandi S, Freitas I. Tumor microcirculation and its significance in therapy: possible role of omega-3 fatty acids as rheological modifiers. Med Hypotheses 1998; 50:175-82. [PMID: 9572573 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(98)90204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great efforts to find new drugs or devices to suppress cancer cells, attempts to modify microcirculation and therefore the state of tumor cells and their surrounding normal tissues have not been given the attention they deserve. Solid tumors are composed of highly heterogeneous populations of malignant, stromal and inflammatory cells in a continuously adapting extracellular matrix. All of the above components interact and regulate each other to produce distinct microenvironments within the tumor mass. Abnormal microcirculation plays a particular role in the maintenance of this anomalous condition and favors the formation of metastasis, but on the other hand provides the therapist with an important site for intervention. In this brief overview we attempt to outline three aspects: (a) how the anomalous tumor blood flow provokes the nonuniform distribution of oxygen and nutrients within the tumor mass, thus determining different responses to the various cancer therapies; (b) how hemorheology is the clinical parameter most easily modified and (c) how omega-3 essential fatty acids are natural drugs that could be used in this sense beyond their antitumoral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Baronzio
- Oncology Section, Medical Center ISENI, Lonate Pozzolo (Va), Italy
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18
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Kelleher DK, Thews O, Vaupel P. Hypoxyradiotherapy: lack of experimental evidence for a preferential radioprotective effect on normal versus tumor tissue as shown by direct oxygenation measurements in experimental sarcomas. Radiother Oncol 1997; 45:191-7. [PMID: 9424011 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(97)00108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM In order to investigate possible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the postulated preferential protective effect of hypoxia on normal tissue during radiotherapy, the impact of acute respiratory hypoxia (8.2% O2 + 91.8% N2) on tissue oxygenation was assessed. METHODS Tumor and normal tissue oxygenation was directly determined using O2-sensitive electrodes in two experimental rat tumors (DS and Yoshida sarcomas) and in the normal subcutis of the hind foot dorsum. RESULTS During respiratory hypoxia, arterial blood O2 tension (pO2), oxyhemoglobin saturation and mean arterial blood pressure decreased. Changes in the arterial blood gas status were accompanied by a reflex hyperventilation leading to hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis. In the subcutis, tissue oxygenation worsened during acute hypoxia, with decreases in the mean and median pO2. Significant increases in the hypoxic fractions were, however, not seen. In tumor tissues, oxygenation also worsened upon hypoxic hypoxia with significant decreases in the mean and median pO2 and increases in the size of the hypoxic fractions for both sarcomas. CONCLUSION These results suggest that during respiratory hypoxia, radiobiologically relevant reductions in the oxygenation (and a subsequent selective radioprotection) of normal tissue may not be achieved. In addition, in the tumor models studied, a worsening of tumor oxygenation was seen which could result in an increased radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Kelleher
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Mainz, Germany
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Sutherland RM, Ausserer WA, Murphy BJ, Laderoute RR. Tumor hypoxia and heterogeneity: Challenges and opportunities for the future. Semin Radiat Oncol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-4296(96)80036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Sampson LE, Chaplin DJ. The influence of microenvironment on the cytotoxicity of TNF [symbol: see text] vitro. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994; 29:467-71. [PMID: 8005801 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(94)90440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigations were undertaken to study the influence of oxygen levels on tumor necrosis factor [symbol: see text] (TNF [symbol: see text] toxicity in vitro. METHODS AND MATERIALS The cell line used to assess the cytotoxicity of TNF [symbol: see text] the mouse fibroblast line L929. The cell line was incubated under conditions of 21%, 10%, 5% and 2% oxygen either before or during exposure to TNF [symbol: see text]. All incubations with TNF were for 24 h in the presence of 1 microgram/ml actinomycin D. Cell number was assessed immediately following treatment by a colormetric method. RESULTS By preincubating L929 cells under various oxygen conditions for 24 h prior to incubating with TNF [symbol: see text], we show that pretreatment does influence TNF [symbol: see text] cytotoxicity since up to 50 times more TNF [symbol: see text] is required to elicit the same survival level when L929 cells have been preincubated for 24 h at oxygen levels relevant to those in solid tumors, that is 2% rather than at 21%. A 24 h preincubation under an environment of 5% oxygen is not as effective at inducing resistance to TNF [symbol: see text] as incubation under 2% oxygen. However, this resistance could be significantly enhanced by lengthening the preincubation time. Indeed cells cultured for five passages under 5% oxygen levels are approximately 50 times more resistant to TNF [symbol: see text] than cells cultured under 21% oxygen. The resistance induced by conditions of reduced oxygen tension could be reversed over a 24 h period if cells were returned to an environment containing of reduced oxygen tension could be reversed over a 24 h period if cells were returned to an environment containing 21% oxygen. CONCLUSION The oxygen content of the cellular microenvironment has a profound influence on the cytotoxic action of TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Sampson
- Vascular Targeting Group, CRC Gray Laboratory, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex, UK
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Görlach A, Acker H. The relationship of radiation sensitivity and microenvironment of human tumor cells in multicellular spheroid tissue culture. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1994; 345:343-50. [PMID: 8079728 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2468-7_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Görlach
- Max-Planck-Institut für Systemphysiologie, Dortmund, FRG
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Patterson LH. Rationale for the use of aliphatic N-oxides of cytotoxic anthraquinones as prodrug DNA binding agents: a new class of bioreductive agent. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1993; 12:119-34. [PMID: 8375016 DOI: 10.1007/bf00689805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
NAD(P)H dependent cytochrome P450's and other haemoproteins under hypoxia, mediate two-electron reduction of a wide range of structurally dissimilar N-oxides to their respective tertiary amines. Metabolic reduction can be utilised, in acute and chronic hypoxia, to convert N-oxides of DNA affinic agents to potent and persistent cytotoxins. In this respect a knowledge of N-oxide bioreduction and the importance of the cationic nature of agents that bind to DNA by intercalation can be combined to rationalise N-oxides as prodrugs of DNA binding agents. The concept is illustrated using the alkylaminoanthraquinones which are a group of cytotoxic agents with DNA binding affinity that is dependent on the cationic nature of these compounds. The actions of the alkylaminoanthraquinones involve drug intercalation into DNA (and double stranded RNA) and inhibition of both DNA and RNA polymerases and topoisomerase Type I and II. A di-N-oxide analogue of mitoxantrone, 1,4-bis([2-(dimethylamino-N-oxide)ethyl]amino)5,8-dihydroxyanthracene -9,10- dione (AQ4N) has been shown to possess no intrinsic binding affinity for DNA and has low toxicity. Yet in the absence of air AQ4N can be reduced in vitro to a DNA affinic agent with up to 1000-fold increase in cytotoxic potency. Importantly the reduction product, AQ4, is stable under oxic conditions. Studies in vivo indicate that antitumour activity of AQ4N is manifest under conditions that promote transient hypoxia and/or diminish the oxic tumour fraction. The advantage of utilising the reductive environment of hypoxic tumours to reduce N-oxides is that, unlike conventional bioreductive agents, the resulting products will remain active even if the hypoxia that led to bioactivation is transient or the active compounds, once formed, diffuse away from the hypoxic tumour regions. Furthermore, the DNA affinic nature of the active compounds should ensure their localisation in tumour tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Patterson
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, UK
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Kelleher DK, Vaupel PW. Nicotinamide exerts different acute effects on microcirculatory function and tissue oxygenation in rat tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993; 26:95-102. [PMID: 8482636 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(93)90178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nicotinamide has been reported to preferentially radiosensitize tumor tissue, supposedly through a reduction in tumor hypoxia. This may occur as a result of nicotinamide-induced changes in tumor blood flow and therefore the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of nicotinamide on circulatory parameters in skeletal muscle and tumor tissue (subcutaneously-implanted DS-sarcomas) of the rat. METHODS AND MATERIALS Mean arterial blood pressure (measured in the common carotid artery using a pressure transducer) and red blood cell flux (as measured by laser Doppler flowmetry) were continuously monitored for 120 min following a single intraperitoneal application of nicotinamide (500 mg/kg). An arterial blood pressure/laser Doppler flux ratio was estimated for tumor and muscle tissue. RESULTS Nicotinamide significantly reduced the mean arterial blood pressure to a minimum value 25% below the pretreatment value 20 min after the commencement of drug administration, with partial recovery thereafter. Red blood cell flux through tumor tissue, following an initial rapid decrease, rose steadily to values 34% above those measured in control animals at t = 60 min, while the arterial blood pressure/laser Doppler flux ratio in tumor tissue fell to values 34% below those of control animals. In skeletal muscle similar trends were seen although the changes were not of the same extent as those seen in tumor tissue. Tumor pO2 was measured 60 min following i.p. application of nicotinamide using polarographic needle electrodes. Despite the significant increase in blood flow following nicotinamide, no significant difference was seen between pO2 histograms obtained in tumors in nicotinamide-treated and control animals. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that nicotinamide preferentially improves tumor microcirculatory function and effectuates a decrease in the arterial blood pressure/laser Doppler flux ratio within tumor tissue, effects which reach their maximum approximately 60 min following nicotinamide administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Kelleher
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Mainz, Germany
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Karu T. Should a PDT protocol certainly contain a "light only" experiment? JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1992; 16:385-90. [PMID: 1479481 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(92)80027-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Karu
- Laboratory of Laser Biology and Medicine, Laser Technology Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region
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