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Liu P, Chen J, Qi J, Liu M, Zhang M, Xue Y, Li L, Liu Y, Shi J, Zhang Y, Chu L. Hesperetin ameliorates ischemia/hypoxia‐induced myocardium injury via inhibition of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and regulation of Ca
2+
homeostasis. Phytother Res 2022; 37:1787-1805. [PMID: 36437582 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia/hypoxia (I/H)-induced myocardial injury has a large burden worldwide. Hesperetin (HSP) has a cardioprotective effect, but the molecular mechanism underlying this is not clearly established. Here, we focused on the protective mechanisms of HSP against I/H-induced myocardium injury. H9c2 cardiomyocytes were challenged with CoCl2 for 22 h to imitate hypoxia after treatment groups received HSP for 4 h. The viability of H9c2 cardiomyocytes was evaluated, and cardiac function indices, reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]i ) were measured. L-type Ca2+ current (ICa-L ), myocardial contraction, and Ca2+ transients in isolated ventricular myocytes were also recorded. We found that HSP significantly increased the cell viability, and MMP while significantly decreasing cardiac impairment, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and [Ca2+ ]i caused by CoCl2 . Furthermore, HSP markedly attenuated ICa-L , myocardial contraction, and Ca2+ transients in a concentration-dependent manner. Our findings suggest a protective mechanism of HSP on I/H-induced myocardium injury by restoring oxidative balance, inhibiting apoptosis, improving mitochondrial function, and reducing Ca2+ influx via L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCCs). These data provide a new direction for HSP applied research as a LTCC inhibitor against I/H-induced myocardium injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Liu
- School of Pharmacy Hebei University of Chinese Medicine Shijiazhuang Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Pharmacy Hebei University of Chinese Medicine Shijiazhuang Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Qi
- School of Pharmacy Hebei University of Chinese Medicine Shijiazhuang Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy Hebei University of Chinese Medicine Shijiazhuang Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Muqing Zhang
- College of Integrative Medicine Hebei University of Chinese Medicine Shijiazhuang Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Yucong Xue
- School of Pharmacy Hebei University of Chinese Medicine Shijiazhuang Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- School of Pharmacy Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshuang Liu
- College of Integrative Medicine Hebei University of Chinese Medicine Shijiazhuang Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Scientifc Research Management The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy Hebei University of Chinese Medicine Shijiazhuang Hebei People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Center on Resource Utilization and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Hebei Province Shijiazhuang Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chu
- School of Pharmacy Hebei University of Chinese Medicine Shijiazhuang Hebei People's Republic of China
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Vyas P, Tulsawani R, Vohora D. Dual Targeting by Inhibition of Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Attenuates the Neuroinflammatory Responses in Murine Hippocampal Cells and Seizures in C57BL/6 Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:739452. [PMID: 34887852 PMCID: PMC8650161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.739452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests the association of seizures and inflammation; however, underlying cell signaling mechanisms are still not fully understood. Overactivation of phosphoinositide-3-kinases is associated with both neuroinflammation and seizures. Herein, we speculate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway as a promising therapeutic target for neuroinflammation-mediated seizures and associated neurodegeneration. Firstly, we cultured HT22 cells for detection of the downstream cell signaling events activated in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed pilocarpine (PILO) model. We then evaluated the effects of 7-day treatment of buparlisib (PI3K inhibitor, 25 mg/kg p.o.), dactolisib (PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, 25 mg/kg p.o.), and rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor, 10 mg/kg p.o.) in an LPS-primed PILO model of seizures in C57BL/6 mice. LPS priming resulted in enhanced seizure severity and reduced latency. Buparlisib and dactolisib, but not rapamycin, prolonged latency to seizures and reduced neuronal loss, while all drugs attenuated seizure severity. Buparlisib and dactolisib further reduced cellular redox, mitochondrial membrane potential, cleaved caspase-3 and p53, nuclear integrity, and attenuated NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 signaling both in vitro and in vivo post-PILO and LPS+PILO inductions; however, rapamycin mitigated the same only in the PILO model. Both drugs protected against neuronal cell death demonstrating the contribution of this pathway in the seizure-induced neuronal pyknosis; however, rapamycin showed resistance in a combination model. Furthermore, LPS and PILO exposure enhanced pAkt/Akt and phospho-p70S6/total-p70S6 kinase activity, while buparlisib and dactolisib, but not rapamycin, could reduce it in a combination model. Partial rapamycin resistance was observed possibly due to the reactivation of the pathway by a functionally different complex of mTOR, i.e., mTORC2. Our study substantiated the plausible involvement of PI3K-mediated apoptotic and inflammatory pathways in LPS-primed PILO-induced seizures and provides evidence that its modulation constitutes an anti-inflammatory mechanism by which seizure inhibitory effects are observed. We showed dual inhibition by dactolisib as a promising approach. Targeting this pathway at two nodes at a time may provide new avenues for antiseizure therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Vyas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajkumar Tulsawani
- Defense Institute of Physiology & Allied Science, Defense Research and Development Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Mao CF, Sudirman S, Lee CC, Tsou D, Kong ZL. Echinacea purpurea Ethanol Extract Improves Male Reproductive Dysfunction With Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide-Induced Diabetic Rats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:651286. [PMID: 33996978 PMCID: PMC8113381 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.651286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As lifestyle changes, the prevalence of diabetes increases every year. Diabetes-induced male reproductive dysfunction is predominantly due to increased oxidative stress and then results in sperm damage and infertility. Echinacea purpurea is a traditional medicinal herb and is well-known for its immune-modulatory, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral activities. The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a critical role in innate immune responses leading to nuclear factor (NF)-κB phosphorylation and release of proinflammatory cytokines including nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. However, the relation between Echinacea purpurea extract and TLR4 remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects on male reproduction of Echinacea purpurea ethanol extract (EPE) against diabetic rats and whether the anti-inflammatory effects were through the TLR4 pathway. Diabetic male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were induced by streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) and nicotinamide (230 mg/kg). EPE was tested in three doses (93, 279, and 465 mg/kg p.o. daily) for 4 weeks. Besides, metformin administration (100 mg/kg/day) was treated as a positive control. Results indicated that EPE administration for about 4 weeks improved hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Additionally, EPE increased sperm motility, protected sperm morphology and mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as protein for testosterone synthesis enzyme. In sperm superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione antioxidants were increased, whereas proinflammatory cytokines, such as NO, IL-1β, and TNF-α were decreased. The testis protein content of TLR4 and downstream phospho-NF-κB p65 also were reduced. The EPE might reduce the production of proinflammatory cytokines via TLR4 pathways and improve diabetes-induced male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Feng Mao
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Sabri Sudirman
- Fisheries Product Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - Chi-Chih Lee
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - David Tsou
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Zwe-Ling Kong
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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4
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Wang PT, Sudirman S, Hsieh MC, Hu JY, Kong ZL. Oral supplementation of fucoxanthin-rich brown algae extract ameliorates cisplatin-induced testicular damage in hamsters. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109992. [PMID: 32084700 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is recognized as a common pathology that affects up to half of all men infertile. Fucoxanthin possesses antioxidant activity, and several investigators have reported anti-inflammatory action. This study extracted powder of Sargassum glaucescens by acetone to obtained fucoxanthin rich-brown algae extract (FXE). The objective of this study was to evaluate the ameliorative effects of fucoxanthin extract from Sargassum glaucescens on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophage cells and its protective effects of against Cisplatin (CP)-induced reproductive damage in hamsters. Eighty male Syrian hamsters were injected with and without CP, then daily oral gavage with various concentrations of fucoxanthin for 5 days. Treatment with FXE reduced the level of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde in RAW 264.7 cells and the rats' testis as well as protective effects on mitochondrial membrane potential. The FXE administration also improved testosterone level and alpha-glucosidase activity. The sperm count also increased after treated with FXE, whereas sperm abnormality was reduced. Histopathological analysis showed that FXE successfully improved the seminiferous tubules morphology. According to these findings, fucoxanthin extract from Sargassum glaucescens can be used as an alternative for the treatment of testicular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Tzu Wang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Peining Rd., Jhongjheng District, Keelung City, 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Sabri Sudirman
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Peining Rd., Jhongjheng District, Keelung City, 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chou Hsieh
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Peining Rd., Jhongjheng District, Keelung City, 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Yuan Hu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Peining Rd., Jhongjheng District, Keelung City, 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Zwe-Ling Kong
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Peining Rd., Jhongjheng District, Keelung City, 20224, Taiwan.
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5
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Yu B, Liu Y, Peng X, Hua S, Zhou G, Yan K, Liu Y. Synthesis, characterization, and antitumor properties of Au(i)–thiourea complexes. Metallomics 2020; 12:104-113. [DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00232d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The complex Au(i)(3c)2OTf induced the ROS elevation and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in a synergistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqiong Yu
- Medical Science Research Center
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430071
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Xian Peng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Siyu Hua
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Gangcheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Kun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Material Sciences
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6
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Johnson A, Cheng SC, Tsou D, Kong ZL. Attenuation of reproductive dysfunction in diabetic male rats with timber cultured Antrodia cinnamomea ethanol extract. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108684. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Sudirman S, Hsu YH, Johnson A, Tsou D, Kong ZL. Amelioration effects of nanoencapsulated triterpenoids from petri dish-cultured Antrodia cinnamomea on reproductive function of diabetic male rats. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:5059-5073. [PMID: 30233173 PMCID: PMC6129015 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s172906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nanoencapsulated triterpenoids from petri dish-cultured Antrodia cinnamomea (PAC) and its amelioration effects on reproductive function in diabetic rats were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS PAC encapsulated in silica-chitosan nanoparticles (Nano-PAC) was prepared by the biosilicification method. The diabetic condition in male Sprague Dawley rats was induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ). Three different doses of Nano-PAC (4, 8, and 20 mg/kg) were administered for 6 weeks. Metformin and control of nanoparticles (Nano-con) were taken as positive and negative controls, respectively. RESULTS The average particle size was ~79.46±1.63 nm, and encapsulation efficiency was ~73.35%±0.09%. Nano-PAC administration improved hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. In addition, Nano-PAC ameliorated the morphology of testicular seminiferous tubules, sperm morphology, motility, ROS production, and mitochondrial membrane potential. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) antioxidant, as well as testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were increased, whereas proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ were decreased. CONCLUSION In the present study, we successfully nanoencapsulated PAC and found that a very low dosage of Nano-PAC exhibited amelioration effects on the reproductive function of diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabri Sudirman
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan, Republic of China,
| | - Yuan-Hua Hsu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan, Republic of China,
| | - Athira Johnson
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan, Republic of China,
| | - David Tsou
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan, Republic of China,
| | - Zwe-Ling Kong
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan, Republic of China,
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8
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He Y, Tan D, Mi Y, Bai B, Jiang D, Zhou X, Ji S. Effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on acrylamide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in PC12 cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 36:1087-1099. [PMID: 27920337 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116681648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR) is a chemical intermediate utilized in industry. ACR is also formed during heating of foods containing carbohydrates and amino acids. Therefore, humans are widely exposed to ACR, and ACR neurotoxicity in humans is a significant public health issue attracting wide attention. In this study, we investigated the potential neuroprotective effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant polyphenolic compound in green tea, in PC12 cells treated with ACR. ACR-treated PC12 cells pretreated with various concentrations of EGCG (2.5, 5 and 10 μM) for 24 h had increased viability and acetylcholinesterase activity and reduced apoptosis and necrosis compared to cells exposed to ACR alone. EGCG reduced the expression of bax mRNA, decreased cytochrome c release, reduced intracellular calcium levels, inactivated caspase 3 and increased mitochondrial membrane potential, suggesting that EGCG prevents ACR-induced apoptosis through a mitochondrial-mediated pathway. In addition, EGCG inhibited the formation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation while enhancing superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Our results indicate that pretreatment of PC12 cells with EGCG attenuates ACR-induced apoptosis by reducing oxidative stress. Therefore, drinking green tea may reduce nerve injury induced by ACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y He
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - D Tan
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Mi
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - B Bai
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - D Jiang
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - X Zhou
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - S Ji
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenhe District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Khan MI, Czarnecka AM, Helbrecht I, Bartnik E, Lian F, Szczylik C. Current approaches in identification and isolation of human renal cell carcinoma cancer stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:178. [PMID: 26377541 PMCID: PMC4574074 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cancer stem cells (CSCs)/tumor initiating cells (TICs) have been identified inside different tumors. However, currently used anti-cancer therapies are mostly directed against somatic tumor cells without targeting CSCs/TICs. CSCs/TICs also gain resistance to chemotherapies/radiotherapies. For the development of efficient treatment strategies, choosing the best method for isolation and characterization of CSCs/TICs is still debated among the scientific community. In this review, we summarize recent data concerning isolation techniques for CSCs using magnetic cell sorting and flow cytometry. The review focuses on the strategies for sample preparation during flow cytometric analysis, elaborating biomarkers such as CXCR4, CD105, and CD133. In addition, functional properties characteristic of CSCs/TICs using side population selection through Hoechst 33342 dye, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, dye-cycle violet, and rhodamine 123 are also discussed. We also include a special focus on enriching CSCs/TICs using three-dimensional cell culture models such as agarose–agarose microbeads and sphere formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I Khan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Igor Helbrecht
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Fei Lian
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Clinic of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
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Yang Y, Nadanaciva S, Will Y, Woodhead JL, Howell BA, Watkins PB, Siler SQ. MITOsym®: A Mechanistic, Mathematical Model of Hepatocellular Respiration and Bioenergetics. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1975-92. [PMID: 25504454 PMCID: PMC4422870 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose MITOsym, a new mathematical model of hepatocellular respiration and bioenergetics, has been developed in partnership with the DILIsym® model with the purpose of translating in vitro compound screening data into predictions of drug induced liver injury (DILI) risk for patients. The combined efforts of these two models should increase the efficiency of evaluating compounds in drug development in addition to enhancing patient care. Methods MITOsym includes the basic, essential biochemical pathways associated with hepatocellular respiration and bioenergetics, including mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport chain activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and glycolysis; also included are dynamic feedback signals based on perturbation of these pathways. The quantitative relationships included in MITOsym are based primarily on published data; additional new experiments were also performed in HepG2 cells to determine the effects on oxygen consumption rate as media glucose concentrations or oligomycin concentrations were varied. The effects of varying concentrations of FCCP on the mitochondrial proton gradient were also measured in HepG2 cells. Results MITOsym simulates and recapitulates the reported dynamic changes to hepatocellular oxygen consumption rates, extracellular acidification rates, the mitochondrial proton gradient, and ATP concentrations in the presence of classic mitochondrial toxins such as rotenone, FCCP, and oligomycin. Conclusions MITOsym can be used to simulate hepatocellular respiration and bioenergetics and provide mechanistic hypotheses to facilitate the translation of in vitro data collection to predictions of in vivo human hepatotoxicity risk for novel compounds. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11095-014-1591-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Yang
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina USA
| | - S. Nadanaciva
- Compound Safety Prediction, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340 USA
| | - Y. Will
- Compound Safety Prediction, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340 USA
| | - J. L. Woodhead
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina USA
| | - B. A. Howell
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina USA
| | - P. B. Watkins
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina USA
| | - S. Q. Siler
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina USA
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11
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The effects of choline on hepatic lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function and antioxidative status in human hepatic C3A cells exposed to excessive energy substrates. Nutrients 2014; 6:2552-71. [PMID: 25010553 PMCID: PMC4113756 DOI: 10.3390/nu6072552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Choline plays a lipotropic role in lipid metabolism as an essential nutrient. In this study, we investigated the effects of choline (5, 35 and 70 μM) on DNA methylation modifications, mRNA expression of the critical genes and their enzyme activities involved in hepatic lipid metabolism, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in C3A cells exposed to excessive energy substrates (lactate, 10 mM; octanoate, 2 mM and pyruvate, 1 mM; lactate, octanoate and pyruvate-supplemented medium (LOP)). Thirty five micromole or 70 μM choline alone, instead of a low dose (5 μM), reduced hepatocellular triglyceride (TG) accumulation, protected Δψm from decrement and increased GSH-Px activity in C3A cells. The increment of TG accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and Δψm disruption were observed under LOP treatment in C3A cells after 72 h of culture, which were counteracted by concomitant treatment of choline (35 μM or 70 μM) partially via reversing the methylation status of the peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) gene promoter, upregulating PPARα, carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I) and downregulating fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene expression, as well as decreasing FAS activity and increasing CPT-I and GSH-Px activities. These findings provided a novel insight into the lipotropic role of choline as a vital methyl-donor in the intervention of chronic metabolic diseases.
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Shoda LKM, Woodhead JL, Siler SQ, Watkins PB, Howell BA. Linking physiology to toxicity using DILIsym®, a mechanistic mathematical model of drug-induced liver injury. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 35:33-49. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisl K. M. Shoda
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Woodhead
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Scott Q. Siler
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Paul B. Watkins
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Brett A. Howell
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
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13
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Zhang C, Wang C, Tang S, Sun Y, Zhao D, Zhang S, Deng S, Zhou Y, Xiao X. TNFR1/TNF-α and mitochondria interrelated signaling pathway mediates quinocetone-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:825-38. [PMID: 24161692 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quinocetone, a new quinoxaline 1, 4-dioxide derivative, has been widely used as an animal feed additive in China. This study was conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induced by quinocetone in HepG2 cells. MTT assay revealed that the viability of HepG2 cells was significantly inhibited by quinocetone in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Quinocetone-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells was characterized by cell and nuclei morphology change, cell membrane phosphatidylserine translocation, DNA fragmentation, cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and a cascade activation of caspase-8, caspase-9 and caspase-3. Simultaneously, quinocetone induced HepG2 cell cycle arrest, which was supported by overexpression of p21. Cytochrome c release was caused by the mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, a process related to quinocetone-induced Bid cleavage and elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Moreover, quinocetone treatment caused the up-regulation of TNF-α and TNFR1 in HepG2 cells. Both soluble TNFR1 receptors and caspase inhibitors suppressed quinocetone-induced apoptosis. In addition, the protein levels of p53, p-p38 and p-JNK were increased in quinocetone-treated cells. Taken together, quinocetone induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells via activation of caspase, interaction of TNF-α and TNFR1 and modulation of the protein levels of Bid, Bax and Bcl-2, involving the participation of p53, p38 and JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoming Zhang
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Huang J, Lv C, Hu M, Zhong G. The mitochondria-mediate apoptosis of Lepidopteran cells induced by azadirachtin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58499. [PMID: 23516491 PMCID: PMC3596413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have been shown to play an important role in apoptosis using mammalian cell lines. However, this seems not to be the case in Drosophila, an insect model organism; thus more in-depth studies of insect cell apoptosis are necessary. In the present study, mitochondrial involvement during azadirachtin- and camptothecin-induced apoptosis in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells (isolated from Spodoptera frugiperda pupal ovarian tissue) was investigated. The results showed that both azadirachtin and camptothecin could induce apoptosis in Sf9 cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, activation of mitochondrial permeability transition pores (MPTPs) and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were observed very early during apoptosis and were followed subsequently by the release of cytochrome-c from the mitochondria. Furthermore, the results also revealed that the opening of MPTPs and the loss of MMP induced by azadirachtin could be significantly inhibited by the permeability transition pore (PTP) inhibitor cyclosporin A (CsA), which was used to identify the key role of mitochondria in the apoptosis of Sf9 cells. However, in camptothecin-treated Sf9 cells, CsA could not suppress the opening of MPTPs and the loss of MMP when apoptosis was induced. The data from caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity assays and detection of apoptosis by morphological observation and flow cytometry also uncovered the different effect of CsA on the two botanical apoptosis inducers. Although different mechanisms of apoptosis induction exist, our study revealed that mitochondria play a crucial role in insect cell line apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chaojun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Institute of Coconut, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan Province, China
| | - Meiying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Gao X, Zheng CY, Qin GW, Tang XC, Zhang HY. S-52, a novel nootropic compound, protects against β-amyloid induced neuronal injury by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1981-8. [PMID: 22714678 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced oxidative DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction may initiate and contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of S-52, a novel nootropic compound, on Aβ-induced mitochondrial failure. In an established paradigm of moderate cellular injury induced by Aβ, S-52 was observed to attenuate the toxicity of Aβ to energy metabolism, mitochondrial membrane structure, and key enzymes in the electron transport chain and tricarboxylic acid cycle. In addition, S-52 also effectively inhibited reactive oxygen species accumulation dose dependently not only in Aβ-harmed cells but also in unharmed, normal cells. The role of S-52 as a scavenger of free radicals is involved in the antioxidative effect of this compound. The beneficial effects on mitochondria and oxidative stress extend the neuroprotective effects of S-52. The present study provides crucial information for better understanding the beneficial profiles of this compound and discovering novel potential drug candidates for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Camptothecin-20(s)-O-[N-(3'α,12'α-dihydroxy-24'-carbonyl-5'β-cholan)]-lysine, a novel camptothecin analogue, induces apoptosis towards hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells. Molecules 2011; 16:7803-14. [PMID: 22143544 PMCID: PMC6264744 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16097803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Camptothecin-20(s)-O-[N-(3’α,12’α-dihydroxy-24’-carbonyl-5’β-cholan)]-lysine (B2) is a novel camptothecin analogue. Our previous study had shown that it displayed higher cytoxicity activity towards hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells than camptothecin (CPT) in vitro. In this paper, the underlying mechanism of anti-proliferation of B2 towards SMMC-7721 cells was further examined. Cell growth inhibition of B2 was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay; morphological changes were observed under Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM); cell cycle distribution, apoptotic population, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular calcium concentration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were determined by flow cytometry (FCM). Activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were measured, and the expression level of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins were analyzed by Western blot. The results suggested that B2 inhibited SMMC-7721 cell growth by causing cell cycle arrest at the S and G2/M phases, and induced apoptosis involving a mitochondrial pathway. B2 appears to cause a high induction of apoptosis on SMMC-7721 cells in vitro, which suggests it might be a potential drug for cancer therapy.
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Malyukin YV, Kavok NS, Borovoy IA, Pogrebnyak NL, Geraschenko AV. Estimation of luminescent properties of the derivatives of polymethine probes on their interaction with cells of different types. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350911020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Jaya A, Shanthi P, Sachdanandam P. Modulation of oxidative/nitrosative stress and mitochondrial protective effect of Semecarpus anacardium in diabetic rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 62:507-13. [PMID: 20604841 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.04.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxidative and nitrosative stress play an important role in the complications of diabetes mellitus. Free radicals are produced when there is an electron leak in the mito-chondria and a change in the mitochondrial membrane potential. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of Semecarpus anacardium in protecting the mito-chondria by modulating the production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in diabetic rats. METHODS Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight and, starting 3 days after the induction, Semecarpus anacardium nut milk extract was administered for 21 days. The same duration of study was used for control, diabetes-induced and drug control groups, together with a group treated with metformin. After the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed and the levels of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitrate and nitrite were estimated. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular reactive oxygen species and intracellular calcium were also determined. Confocal laser microscopic images were taken for mitochondria isolated from the liver and kidneys. KEY FINDINGS The results of the study revealed that Semecarpus anacardium was able to decrease the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and reverse the changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and the influx of calcium into the mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS The mitochondrial protective effect may be mediated by scavenging of free radicals and complexing of metal ions by virtue of the antioxidative effect of Semecarpus anacardium.
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Neuroprotective effect of astaxanthin on H(2)O(2)-induced neurotoxicity in vitro and on focal cerebral ischemia in vivo. Brain Res 2010; 1360:40-8. [PMID: 20846510 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AST) is a powerful antioxidant that occurs naturally in a wide variety of living organisms. Much experimental evidence has proved that AST has the function of eliminating oxygen free radicals and can protect organisms from oxidative damage. The present study was carried out to further investigate the neuroprotective effect of AST on oxidative stress induced toxicity in primary culture of cortical neurons and on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced brain damage in rats. AST, over a concentration range of 250-1000nM, attenuated 50μM H(2)O(2)-induced cell viability loss. 500nM AST pretreatment significantly inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis measured by Hoechst 33342 staining and restored the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) measured by a fluorescent dye, Rhodamine 123. In vivo, AST prevented cerebral ischemic injury induced by 2h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 24h reperfusion in rats. Pretreatment of AST intragastrically twice at 5h and 1h prior to ischemia dramatically diminished infarct volume and improved neurological deficit in a dose-dependent manner. Nissl staining showed that the neuronal injury was significantly improved by pretreatment of AST at 80mg/kg. Taken together, these results suggest that pretreatment with AST exhibits noticeable neuroprotection against brain damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion and the antioxidant activity of AST maybe partly responsible for it.
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Rhodamine 123-mediated photodamage to mitochondrial interior does not develop hallmarks of apoptosis in MH22 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2478/v10054-009-0010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Li Z, Wang J, Yang J, Zhang X, An L, Bao Y. Apoptosis of BGC823 cell line induced byp-hydroxymethoxybenzobijuglone, a novel compound fromJuglans mandshurica. Phytother Res 2009; 23:551-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Wang LM, Li QY, Zu YG, Fu YJ, Chen LY, Lv HY, Yao LP, Jiang SG. Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect of CPT13, a novel camptothecin analog, on human colon cancer HCT8 cell line. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 176:165-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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23
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Nunes C, Almeida L, Laranjinha J. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) modulates the toxicity induced by nitric oxide in PC-12 cells via mitochondrial dysfunctioning. Neurotoxicology 2008; 29:998-1007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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24
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Wang Z, An LJ, Duan YL, Li YC, Jiang B. Catalpol protects rat pheochromocytoma cells against oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced injury. Neurol Res 2008; 30:106-12. [PMID: 17716390 DOI: 10.1179/016164107x229894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Catalpol has been identified to have neuroprotective effect on gerbils subjected to transient global cerebral ischemia. However, the mechanism that catalpol prevents ischemia is still unclear. In the present study, PC12 cells, exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by reperfusion, were used as an in vitro model of ischemia. The protective effects of catalpol were investigated in ischemic-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. METHODS After OGD for 3 hours and reoxygenation for 18 hours, cell survival was quantified by the reduction of 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) were determined using commercially available kits. Caspase-3 assay was performed using caspase-3 assay kit. Microplate reader was used to detect the intensities of rhodamine123 (Rh123) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The level of Bcl-2 protein was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Catalpol attenuated ischemia-induced apoptotic death via preventing the decrease in the level of Bcl-2 protein and the activities of SOD and GSH-PX, inhibiting the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and suppressing activation of caspase-3. DISCUSSION The results suggest that the catalpol has the potential to prevent ischemic-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
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25
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Ferreiro E, Oliveira CR, Pereira CM. The release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum induced by amyloid-beta and prion peptides activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 30:331-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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26
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Liu YM, Jiang B, Bao YM, An LJ. Protocatechuic acid inhibits apoptosis by mitochondrial dysfunction in rotenone-induced PC12 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:430-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Li ZB, Wang JY, Jiang B, Zhang XL, An LJ, Bao YM. Benzobijuglone, a novel cytotoxic compound from Juglans mandshurica, induced apoptosis in HeLa cervical cancer cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 14:846-852. [PMID: 17959366 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A new quinone compound, p-hydroxymethoxybenzobijuglone (HMBBJ), isolated from Juglans mandshurica by bioassay-guided fractionation, showed cytotoxic activity against HeLa cell line. Its chemical structure was determined by NMR and HREIMS spectra. In this paper, its ability to induce apoptosis in HeLa cells was studied for the first time. After treated with HMBBJ, the growth of HeLa cells was inhibited and cells displayed typical morphological apoptotic characteristics. Data from flow cytometry analysis showed that the HeLa cell cycle was arrested in the G2/M phase by HMBBJ, and the apoptotic rate of HeLa cells increased in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, HMBBJ increased the expression of caspase-8, -3 and Bax, decreased the expression of Bcl-2, and lowered the DeltaPsi(m). These findings reveal that HMBBJ could efficiently induce HeLa cells apoptosis through mitochondria dependent pathway and activation of the caspase cascade, and it may be a potential chemotherapeutic candidate for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bo Li
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
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Lee ESY, Chen H, King J, Charlton C. The Role of 3-O-Methyldopa in the Side Effects of l-dopa. Neurochem Res 2007; 33:401-11. [PMID: 17713853 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Long-term treatment of L-dopa for Parkinson's disease (PD) patients induces adverse effects, including dyskinesia, on-off and wearing-off symptoms. However, the cause of these side effects has not been established to date. In the present study, therefore, 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD), which is a major metabolite of L-dopa, was tested to determine whether it plays a role in the aforementioned adverse effects. The effects of 3-OMD on the dopaminergic nervous system in the brain were investigated, by examining behavioral, biochemical, and cellular changes in male Sprague-Dawley rats and catecholamine-producing PC12 neuronal cells. The results revealed that the intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of 1 micromol of 3-OMD impaired locomotor activities by decreasing movement time (MT), total distance (TD), and the number of movement (NM) by 70, 74 and 61%, respectively. The biochemical analysis results showed that a single administration of 1 micromole of 3-OMD decreased the dopamine turnover rate (DOPAC/DA) by 40.0% in the rat striatum. 3-OMD inhibited dopamine transporter and uptake in rat brain striatal membranes and PC12 cells. The subacute administration of 3-OMD (5 days, icv) also significantly impaired the locomotor activities and catecholamine levels. 3-OMD induced cytotoxic effects via oxidative stress and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in PC12 cells, indicating that 3-OMD can damage neuronal cells. Furthermore, 3-OMD potentiated L-dopa toxicity and these toxic effects induced by both 3-OMD and L-dopa were blocked by vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) in PC12 cells, indicating that 3-OMD may increase the toxic effects of L-dopa to some extent by oxidative stress. Therefore, the present study reveals that 3-OMD accumulation from long-term L-dopa treatment may be involved in the adverse effects of L-dopa therapy. Moreover, L-dopa treatment might accelerate the progression of PD, at least in part, by 3-OMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sook Y Lee
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurotoxicology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
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Cunha-Oliveira T, Rego AC, Garrido J, Borges F, Macedo T, Oliveira CR. Street heroin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in rat cortical neurons. J Neurochem 2007; 101:543-54. [PMID: 17250679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cortical function has been suggested to be highly compromised by repeated heroin self-administration. We have previously shown that street heroin induces apoptosis in neuronal-like PC12 cells. Thus, we analysed the apoptotic pathways involved in street heroin neurotoxicity using primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. Our street heroin sample was shown to be mainly composed by heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine and morphine. Exposure of cortical neurons to street heroin induced a slight decrease in metabolic viability, without loss of neuronal integrity. Early activation of caspases involved in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway was observed, culminating in caspase 3 activation, Poly-ADP Ribose Polymerase (PARP) cleavage and DNA fragmentation. Apoptotic morphology was completely prevented by the non-selective caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk, indicating an important role for caspases in neurodegeneration induced by street heroin. Ionotropic glutamate receptors, opioid receptors and oxidative stress were not involved in caspase 3 activation. Interestingly, street heroin cytotoxicity was shown to be independent of a functional mitochondrial respiratory chain, as determined using NT-2 rho(0) cells. Nonetheless, in street heroin-treated cortical neurons, cytochrome c was released, accompanied by a decrease in mitochondrial potential and Bcl-2/Bax. Pure heroin hydrochloride similarly decreased metabolic viability but only slightly activated caspase 3. Altogether, our data suggest an important role for mitochondria in mediating street heroin neurotoxic effects.
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Zhang D, Zhang Y, Liu G, Zhang J. Dactylorhin B reduces toxic effects of β-amyloid fragment (25–35) on neuron cells and isolated rat brain mitochondria. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2006; 374:117-25. [PMID: 17021851 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-006-0095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
beta-amyloid is strongly implicated in Alzheimer's pathology, and mitochondria play an important role in neurodegenerative disorders. Dactylorhin B [short for bis(4-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl)-2-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2-isobutyltartrate (DHB)] is an active compound isolated from Coeloglossum viride. (L.) Hartm. var. bracteatum (Willd.) and may have neuroprotective effects. In the present study, we investigated the damage of rat brain mitochondrial function induced by beta-amyloid and the protective effect of DHB. Isolated rat brain mitochondria were incubated with amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta)(25-35) alone or together with DHB. reactive oxygen species production, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activity, cytochrome c oxidase activity, mitochondrial swelling, mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria were measured. Data showed that Abeta(25-35) directly disrupted mitochondrial function, inhibited the key enzymes and contributed to apoptosis and the deficiency of energy metabolism. Co-incubation of DHB attenuated Abeta(25-35)-induced pathological changes. The significance of DHB in the management of mitochondria-related disorders is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Gao X, Tang XC. Huperzine A attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction in beta-amyloid-treated PC12 cells by reducing oxygen free radicals accumulation and improving mitochondrial energy metabolism. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83:1048-57. [PMID: 16493671 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We observed previously that huperzine A (HupA), a selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, can counteract neuronal apoptosis and cell damage induced by several neurotoxic substances, and that this neuroprotective action somehow involves the mitochondria. We investigated the ability of HupA to reduce mitochondrial dysfunction in neuron-like rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells exposed in culture to the amyloid beta-peptide fragment 25-35 (Abeta(25-35)). After exposure to 1 microM Abeta(25-35) for various periods, cells exhibited a rapid decline of ATP levels and obvious disruption of mitochondrial membrane homeostasis and integrity as determined by characteristic morphologic alterations, reduced membrane potential, and decreased activity of ion transport proteins. In addition, Abeta(25-35) treatment also led to inhibition of key enzyme activities in the electron transport chain and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, as well as an increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pre-incubation with HupA for 2 hr not only attenuated these signs of cellular stress caused by Abeta, but also enhanced ATP concentration and decreased ROS accumulation in unharmed normal cells. Those results indicate that HupA protects mitochondria against Abeta-induced damages, at least in part by inhibiting oxidative stress and improving energy metabolism, and that these protective effects reduce the apoptosis of neuronal cells exposed to this toxic peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Cunha-Oliveira T, Rego AC, Cardoso SM, Borges F, Swerdlow RH, Macedo T, de Oliveira CR. Mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation in rat cortical neurons treated with cocaine or amphetamine. Brain Res 2006; 1089:44-54. [PMID: 16638611 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse is associated with brain dysfunction and neurodegeneration, and various recreational drugs induce apoptotic cell death. This study examined the role of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in psychostimulant-induced neuronal dysfunction. Using primary neuronal cultures, we observed that amphetamine (IC50=1.40 mM) was more potent than cocaine (IC50=4.30 mM) in inducing cell toxicity. Apoptotic cell death was further evaluated using cocaine and amphetamine concentrations that moderately decreased cell reduction capacity but did not affect plasma membrane integrity. Compared to cocaine, amphetamine highly decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, as determined using the fluorescent probe rhodamine-123, whereas both drugs decreased mitochondrial cytochrome c. In contrast to amphetamine, cocaine cytotoxicity was partly mediated through effects on the electron transport chain, since cocaine toxicity was ameliorated in mitochondrial DNA-depleted cells lacking mitochondrially encoded electron transport chain subunits. Cocaine and amphetamine induced activation of caspases-2, -3 and -9 but did not affect activity of caspases-6 or -8. In addition, amphetamine, but not cocaine, was associated with the appearance of evident nuclear apoptotic morphology. These events were not accompanied by differences in the release of the apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria. Our results demonstrate that although both amphetamine and cocaine activate the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in cortical neurons, amphetamine is more likely to promote apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cunha-Oliveira
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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Lee ESY, Chen H, Charlton CG, Soliman KFA. The Role of Phospholipid Methylation in 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-Pyridinium Ion (MPP+)-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells. Neurotoxicology 2005; 26:945-57. [PMID: 15950286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Excessive methylation has been proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), via mechanisms that involve phospholipid methylation. Meanwhile, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was found to stimulate phospholipid methylation via the oxidized metabolite, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP+), in the rat brain and liver tissues. In the present study, we investigated the effect of MPP+ on phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferases (PENMT) and the potential role of this pathway in MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity using PC12 cells. The results obtained indicate that MPP+ stimulated phosphatidylethanolamine (PTE) methylation to phosphatidylcholine (PTC) and correspondingly increased the formation of lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PTC). Moreover, the addition of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the cell culture medium increases MPP(+)-induced cytotoxicity. The incubation of 1mM MPP+ and various concentrations of SAM (0-4 mM) decreased the viability of PC12 cells from 80% with MPP+ alone to 38% viability with 4 mM SAM for 4 days incubation. The data also revealed that the addition of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), a methylation inhibitor, offered significant protection against MPP(+)-induced cytotoxicity, indicating that methylation plays a role in MPP(+)-induced cytotoxicity. Interestingly, lyso-PTC showed similar actions to MPP+ in causing many cytotoxic changes with at least 10 times higher potency. Lyso-PTC induced dopamine release and inhibited dopamine uptake in PC12 cells. Lyso-PTC also caused the inhibition of mitochondrial potential and increased the formation of reactive oxygen species in PC12 cells. These results indicate that phospholipid methylation pathway might be involved in MPP+ neurotoxicity and lyso-PTC might play a role in MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sook Y Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
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Luo J, Robinson JP, Shi R. Acrolein-induced cell death in PC12 cells: role of mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress. Neurochem Int 2005; 47:449-57. [PMID: 16140421 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Revised: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in acrolein cytotoxicity in various cell types, including mammalian spinal cord tissue. In this study we report that acrolein also decreases PC12 cell viability in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner. Specifically, acrolein-induced cell death, mainly necrosis, is accompanied by the accumulation of cellular ROS. Elevating ROS scavengers can alleviate acrolein-induced cell death. Furthermore, we show that exposure to acrolein leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, denoted by the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, reduction of cellular oxygen consumption, and decrease of ATP level. This raises the possibility that the cellular accumulation of ROS could result from the increased production of ROS in the mitochondria of PC12 cells as a result of exposure to acrolein. The acrolein-induced significant decrease of ATP production in mitochondria may also explain why necrosis, not apoptosis, is the dominant type of cell death. In conclusion, our data suggest that one possible mechanism of acrolein-induced cell death could be through mitochondria as its initial target. The subsequent increase of ROS then inflicts cell death and further worsens mitochondria function. Such mechanism may play an important role in CNS trauma and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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35
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Cardoso SM, Oliveira CR. The role of calcineurin in amyloid-beta-peptides-mediated cell death. Brain Res 2005; 1050:1-7. [PMID: 15975561 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) is widely held to be associated with Alzheimer's disease. It was previously demonstrated by our group that Abeta induces cell death by an apoptotic process. We report here that activation of the caspase-3 apoptotic cascade is regulated by calcineurin-mediated BAD dephosphorylation. Calcineurin inhibitors were also proven to be effective by preventing the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta Psim) induced by Abeta, not allowing cytochrome c release from mitochondria and subsequently caspase-3 activation. Considering the results presented, we argue that calcineurin activation and BAD dephosphorylation are upstream in premitochondrial signaling events leading to caspase-3 activation in Abeta-peptide-treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Cardoso
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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36
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Venkataraman S, Wagner BA, Jiang X, Wang HP, Schafer FQ, Ritchie JM, Patrick BC, Oberley LW, Buettner GR. Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase promotes the survival of prostate cancer cells exposed to hyperthermia. Free Radic Res 2005; 38:1119-32. [PMID: 15512801 DOI: 10.1080/10715760400010470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that exposure of cells to hyperthermia results in an increased flux of reactive oxygen species (ROS), primarily superoxide anion radicals, and that increasing antioxidant enzyme levels will result in protection of cells from the toxicity of these ROS. In this study, the prostate cancer cell line, PC-3, and its manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)-overexpressing clones were subjected to hyperthermia (43 degrees C, 1 h). Increased expression of MnSOD increased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Hyperthermic exposure of PC-3 cells resulted in increased ROS production, as determined by aconitase inactivation, lipid peroxidation, and H2O2 formation with a reduction in cell survival. In contrast, PC-3 cells overexpressing MnSOD had less ROS production, less lipid peroxidation, and greater cell survival compared to PC-3 Wt cells. Since MnSOD removes superoxide, these results suggest that superoxide free radical or its reaction products are responsible for part of the cytotoxicity associated with hyperthermia and that MnSOD can reduce cellular injury and thereby enhance heat tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Venkataraman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, EMRB 68, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1101, USA.
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37
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Venkataraman S, Jiang X, Weydert C, Zhang Y, Zhang HJ, Goswami PC, Ritchie JM, Oberley LW, Buettner GR. Manganese superoxide dismutase overexpression inhibits the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2005; 24:77-89. [PMID: 15543233 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the role of the antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in androgen-independent human prostate cancer (PC-3) cells' growth rate in vitro and in vivo. MnSOD levels were found to be lower in parental PC-3 cells compared to nonmalignant, immortalized human prostate epithelial cells (P69SV40T). To unravel the role of MnSOD in the prostate cancer phenotype, PC-3 cells were stably transfected with MnSOD cDNA plasmid. The MnSOD protein and activity levels in clones overexpressing MnSOD were increased seven- to eightfold. These cell lines showed elongated cell doubling time, reduced anchorage-independent growth in soft agar compared to parental PC-3 (Wt) cells, and reduced growth rate of PC-3 tumor xenografts in athymic nude mice. Flow cytometric studies showed an increase in membrane potential in the MnSOD-overexpressing clone (Mn32) compared to Wt and Neo cells. Also, production of extracellular H(2)O(2) was increased in the MnSOD-overexpressing clones. As determined by DNA cell cycle analysis, the proportion of cells in G(1) phase was enhanced by MnSOD overexpression. Therefore, MnSOD not only regulates cell survival but also affects PC-3 cell proliferation by retarding G(1) to S transition. Our results are consistent with MnSOD being a tumor suppressor gene in human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Venkataraman
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program -- ESR Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1101, USA
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Chen L, Yang X, Jiao H, Zhao B. Tea catechins protect against lead-induced ROS formation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and calcium dysregulation in PC12 cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2003; 16:1155-61. [PMID: 12971804 DOI: 10.1021/tx0340605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that lead causes oxidative stress by inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing the antioxidant defense system of cells, which suggests that antioxidants may play an important role in the treatment of lead poisoning. The present study was designed to elucidate whether tea catechins had any protective effects on altered oxidative stress parameter in PC12 cells exposed to lead. The experimental results showed that lead decreased PC12 cell viability and induced a rapid elevation of [Ca(2+)](i), which was followed by an accumulation of ROS and a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Treatment by tea catechins significantly increased cell viability, decreased intracellular Ca(2+) levels and ROS formation, and improved MMP in PC12 cells exposed to lead. The galloylated catechins showed a greater effect on ROS formation and mitochondrial dysfunction than that of nongalloylated catechins, which was similar to the result of their scavenging ability on free radical. In view of the time course of ROS formation and mitochondrial dysfunction and their correlation, our results also suggested that the beneficial effects of tea catechins on MMP are related, at least in part, to its ability to scavenge ROS in PC12 cells exposed to 100 microM Pb(2+). The present results suggest that tea catechins supplementation may play a role for modulating oxidative stress in PC12 cells exposed to lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuji Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China 200032
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39
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Lee CS, Song EH, Park SY, Han ES. Combined effect of dopamine and MPP+ on membrane permeability in mitochondria and cell viability in PC12 cells. Neurochem Int 2003; 43:147-54. [PMID: 12620283 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(02)00214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the combined effect of dopamine and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) on the membrane permeability in isolated brain mitochondria and on cell viability in PC12 cells. MPP(+) increased effect of dopamine against the swelling, membrane potential, and Ca(2+) transport in isolated mitochondria, which was not inhibited by the addition of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and catalase). Dopamine or MPP(+) caused the decrease in transmembrane potential, increase in reactive oxygen species, depletion of GSH, and cell death in PC12 cells. Antioxidant enzymes reduced each effect of dopamine and MPP(+) against PC12 cells. Co-addition of dopamine and MPP(+) caused the decrease in the transmembrane potential and increase in the formation of reactive oxygen species in PC12 cells, in which they showed an additive effect. Dopamine plus MPP(+)-induced the depletion of GSH and cell death in PC12 cells were not decreased by the addition of antioxidant enzymes, rutin, diethylstilbestrol, and ascorbate. Melanin caused a cell viability loss in PC12 cells. The N-acetylcysteine, N-phenylthiourea, and 5-hydroxyindole decreased the cell death and the formation of dopamine quinone and melanin induced by co-addition of dopamine and MPP(+), whereas deprenyl and chlorgyline did not show an inhibitory effect. The results suggest that co-addition of dopamine and MPP(+) shows an enhancing effect on the change in mitochondrial membrane permeability and cell death, which may be accomplished by toxic quinone and melanin derived from the MPP(+)-stimulated dopamine oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Soo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 156-756, Seoul, South Korea.
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40
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Lautraite S, Bigot-Lasserre D, Bars R, Carmichael N. Optimisation of cell-based assays for medium throughput screening of oxidative stress. Toxicol In Vitro 2003; 17:207-20. [PMID: 12650675 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(03)00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Identification and development of cell-based assays adapted to medium throughput screening requirements is important when screening chemicals for their potential toxic properties. We describe here rapid fluorometer-based and spectrophotometer-based microplate assays which allow for the evaluation of oxidative stress in hepatocyte cell cultures by measurement of three markers: production of hydroperoxide assessed by the DCFH-DA probe, cellular antioxidant status by measurement of reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activity and cytotoxicity and mitochondrial damage by evaluation of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential with rhodamine 123 fluorescent dye. The assays described here are rapid, simple and inexpensive, which are desirable when setting up screening assays. This system should be useful in selecting candidate compounds during the pre-development phase of agrochemicals or pharmaceuticals. It should also be of interest for retrospective and explanatory studies of mechanisms underlying toxicity observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lautraite
- Bayer CropScience, 355 rue Dostoïevski BP 153 06903 Sophia-Antipolis cedex, France.
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41
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Morais Cardoso S, Swerdlow RH, Oliveira CR. Induction of cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis by amyloid beta 25-35 requires functional mitochondria. Brain Res 2002; 931:117-25. [PMID: 11897097 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating data suggest a central role for mitochondria and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative apoptosis. We previously demonstrated that amyloid-beta peptide 25-35 (Abeta 25-35) toxicity in cultured cells is mediated by its effects on functioning mitochondria. In this study, we further explored the hypothesis that Abeta 25-35 might induce apoptotic cell death by altering mitochondrial physiology. Mitochondria in Ntera2 (NT2 rho+) human teratocarcinoma cells exposed to either staurosporine (STS) or Abeta 25-35 were found to release cytochrome c, with subsequent activation of caspases 9 and 3. However, NT2 cells depleted of mitochondrial DNA (rho0 cells), which maintain a normal mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsi(m)) despite the absence of a functional electron transport chain (ETC), demonstrated cytochrome c release and caspase activation only with STS. We further observed increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in rho+ and rho0 cells treated with STS, but only in rho+ cells treated with Abeta 25-35. We conclude that under in vitro conditions, Abeta can induce oxidative stress and apoptosis only when a functional mitochondrial ETC is present.
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42
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Cardoso SM, Santos S, Swerdlow RH, Oliveira CR. Functional mitochondria are required for amyloid beta-mediated neurotoxicity. FASEB J 2001; 15:1439-41. [PMID: 11387250 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0561fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Cardoso
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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43
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Pereira CF, Oliveira CR. Oxidative glutamate toxicity involves mitochondrial dysfunction and perturbation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Neurosci Res 2000; 37:227-36. [PMID: 10940457 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(00)00124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate toxicity on PC12 cells is mediated by oxidative stress as a consequence of the inhibition of a cystine uptake system with depletion of GSH. In this study we report that glutamate decreases PC12 cell viability, inhibiting the reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). This decrease was prevented by the antioxidants vitamin E, idebenone and L-deprenyl, which were also shown to be effective in reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells exposed to glutamate, decreasing the fluorescence of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF). Incubation of PC12 cells with high glutamate concentrations induced mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, evaluated as a decrease in rhodamine 123 (Rh123) retention by mitochondria, and to the decrease of intracellular ATP levels. The mitochondrial dysfunction, induced by glutamate, can be involved in the observed increase of [Ca2+]i. The elevation of [Ca2+]i occurred after GSH depletion, suggesting that oxidative stress is involved in the disturbances of intracellular calcium homeostasis. In conclusion, our data indicate that glutamate, at concentrations which block cystine uptake in PC12 cells leading to GSH depletion and inducing oxidative stress, increases ROS accumulation and decreases cell survival by a mechanism involving mitochondrial dysfunction and impairment of Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Pereira
- Faculty of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
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44
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Yang CF, Shen HM, Shen Y, Zhuang ZX, Ong CN. Cadmium-induced oxidative cellular damage in human fetal lung fibroblasts (MRC-5 cells). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1997; 105:712-6. [PMID: 9294717 PMCID: PMC1470098 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.97105712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that cadmium (Cd) exposure causes pulmonary damage such as emphysema and lung cancer. However, relatively little is known about the mechanisms involved in Cd pulmonary toxicity. In the present study, the effects of Cd exposure on human fetal lung fibroblasts (MRC-5 cells) were evaluated by determination of lipid peroxidation, intra-cellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and changes of mitochondrial membrane potential. A time- and dose-dependent increase of both lactate dehydrogenase leakage and malondialdehyde formation was observed in Cd-treated cells. A close correlation between these two events suggests that lipid peroxidation may be one of the main pathways causing its cytotoxicity. It was also noted that Cd-induced cell injury and lipid peroxidation were inhibited by catalase and superoxide dismutase, two antioxidant enzymes. By using the fluorescent probe 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, a significant increase of ROS production in Cd-treated MRC-5 cells was detected. The inhibition of dichlorofluorescein fluorescence by catalase, not superoxide dismutase, suggests that hydrogen peroxide is the main ROS involved. Moreover, the significant dose-dependent changes of mitochondrial membrane potential in Cd-treated MRC-5 cells, demonstrated by increased fluorescence of rhodamine 123 examined using a laser-scanning confocal microscope, also indicate the involvement of mitochondrial damage in Cd cytotoxicity. These findings provide in vitro evidence that Cd causes oxidative cellular damage in human fetal lung fibroblasts, which may be closely associated with the pulmonary toxicity of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Yang
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical University, Wuhan, Peoples Republic of China
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45
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Palmeira CM, Wallace KB. Benzoquinone inhibits the voltage-dependent induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition caused by redox-cycling naphthoquinones. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 143:338-47. [PMID: 9144450 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1996.8099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability pore is subject to regulation by a thiol-dependent voltage sensor (Petronilli, V., Costantini, P., Scorrano, L., Colonna, R., Passamonti, S., and Bernardi, P., J. Biol. Chem. 269, 16638-16642, 1994); thiol oxidation increases the gating potential, which increases the probability of pore opening. Monofunctional sulfhydryl-alkylating agents, by preventing formation of the disulfide, inhibit oxidant-induced changes in the gating potential. According to this paradigm, redox-cycling and arylating quinones should have distinct and opposing effects on the voltage-dependent permeabilization of mitochondrial membranes. Freshly isolated rat liver mitochondria were susceptible to a calcium-dependent permeability transition characterized by osmotic swelling and membrane depolarization, both of which were inhibited by Cyclosporine A. 1,4-Naphthoquinone, 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione), and 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone elicited an increase in gating potential of the permeability pore that was prevented by Cyclosporine A or N-ethylmaleimide and reversed by dithiothreitol. Benzoquinone, on the other hand, inhibited NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase. Accordingly, in mitochondria energized with glutamate plus malate benzoquinone caused a direct, calcium-independent depolarization of membrane potential and mitochondrial swelling that were not inhibited by Cyclosporine A. In contrast, benzoquinone did not interfere with succinate-supported mitochondrial bioenergetics. In fact, adding benzoquinone to succinate-energized mitochondria prevented induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition by all three redox-cycling naphthoquinones. We attribute this to the electrophilic, sulfhydryl-arylating reactivity of benzoquinone. The results suggest that differences in the mechanisms by which quinones of varying chemical reactivity interfere with mitochondrial bioenergetics can be explained in terms of the distinct manner in which they react with the thiol-dependent voltage sensor of the mitochondrial permeability pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Palmeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Duluth 55812, USA
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46
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Stéphenne X, Najimi M, Ngoc DK, Smets F, Hue L, Guigas B, Sokal EM. Aneurysm of the azygos pericallosal artery. One case. J Neuroradiol 1992; 16:409-19. [PMID: 17658131 DOI: 10.3727/000000007783464821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Authors describe a case of aneurysmal rupture of the azygos pericallosal artery, a variant of the anterior cerebral artery. The association between aneurysm and this anatomical anomaly is of interest because of its rarity and clinical-therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Stéphenne
- Laboratory of Paediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques St Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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