1
|
Shangguan Y, Li X, Qin J, Wen Y, Wang H, Chen L. Positive programming of the GC-IGF1 axis mediates adult osteoporosis susceptibility in male offspring rats induced by prenatal dexamethasone exposure. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115264. [PMID: 36174767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) can lead to offspring long bone dysplasia and continue to postnatal, and this is an important cause of fetal-derived osteoporosis. Studies have confirmed that intrauterine endogenous GC overexposure mediates multiple organ dysplasia and adult-related disease susceptibility in offspring through the glucocorticoid-insulin-like growth factor1 (GC-IGF1) axis. However, it remains unknown if exogenous dexamethasone can regulate bone development in offspring through the GC-IGF1 axis. We determined that the PDE fetal rats exhibited poor osteogenic differentiation, decreased bone mass that continued to adolescence, and increased susceptibility to osteoporosis in adulthood. Concurrently, PDE decreased the serum corticosterone concentration and IGF1 expression in offspring before and after birth, while the increased serum corticosterone concentration induced by chronic stress reversed the inhibition of IGF1 expression induced by PDE. Furthermore, PDE decreased the expression of GRα and miR-130a-5p, increased HDAC4, and decreased H3K27 acetylation in the IGF1 promoter region in bone tissue, and the above changes were negatively compensated after chronic stress. In vitro, a low concentration of corticosterone inhibited the expression of GRα and miR130a-5p, upregulated the expression of HDAC4, inhibited the promoter region H3K27 acetylation, and expression of IGF1 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSCs) osteoblast differentiated cells and inhibited osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. GRα overexpression, miR-130a-5p mimic treatment, or HDAC4 siRNA exposure reversed the downstream molecular alterations caused by low corticosterone concentrations. In conclusion, PDE-induced intrauterine hypoglucocorticoid exposure could positively program IGF1 expression in bone tissue through the GRα/miR-130a-5p/HDAC4 pathways, thus mediating osteogenic dysdifferentiation and adult osteoporosis susceptibility in male offspring rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Shangguan
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xufeng Li
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jun Qin
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yinxian Wen
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Liaobin Chen
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Castillo EJ, Croft S, Jiron JM, Aguirre JI. Bone Structural, Biomechanical and Histomorphometric Characteristics of the Hindlimb Skeleton in the Marsh Rice Rat (Oryzomys palustris). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:3133-3149. [PMID: 35090092 PMCID: PMC10394686 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rice rat (Oryzomys palustris) is a non-conventional laboratory rodent species used to model some human bone disorders. However, no studies have been conducted to characterize the postcranial skeleton. Therefore, we aimed to investigate age- and gender-related features of the hindlimb skeleton of this species. METHODS We used femurs and tibiae from 94 rats of both genders aged 4-28 wks. Bone mineral content (BMC), volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), and biomechanical properties were determined in femurs. In addition, bone histomorphometry of tibiae was conducted to assess bone cell activities and bone turnover over time. RESULTS Bone length, total metaphysis BMC and vBMD, mid-diaphyseal BMC and vBMD, cortical thickness, and cortical area progressively augmented with age. Whereas the increase in these parameters plateaued at age 16-22 wks in female rats, they continued to rise to age 28 wks in male rats. Furthermore, bone strength parameters increased with age, with few differences between genders. We also observed a rapid decrease in longitudinal growth between ages 4-16 wks. Whereas young rats had a greater bone formation rate and bone turnover, older rice rats had greater bone volume and trabecular thickness, with no differences between genders. CONCLUSIONS 1) Sexual dimorphism in the rice rat becomes grossly evident at age 16 wks; 2) the age-related increases in bone mass, structural cortical parameters, and in some biomechanical property parameters plateau at an older age in male than in female rats; and 3) bone growth and remodeling significantly decreased with age irrespective of the gender.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Castillo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL
| | - S Croft
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL
| | - J M Jiron
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL
| | - J I Aguirre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Velentza L, Zaman F, Sävendahl L. Bone health in glucocorticoid-treated childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 168:103492. [PMID: 34655742 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but their long-term use is also associated with bone-related morbidities. Among others, growth deficit, decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture rate are well-documented and severely impact quality of life. Unfortunately, no efficient treatment for the management of bone health impairment in patients and survivors is currently available. The overall goal of this review is to discuss the existing data on how GCs impair bone health in pediatric ALL and attempts made to minimize these side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilly Velentza
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Farasat Zaman
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Sävendahl
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lambrou GI, Adamaki M, Hatziagapiou K, Vlahopoulos S. Gene Expression and Resistance to Glucocorticoid-Induced Apoptosis in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Brief Review and Update. Curr Drug Res Rev 2021; 12:131-149. [PMID: 32077838 DOI: 10.2174/2589977512666200220122650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to glucocorticoid (GC)-induced apoptosis in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), is considered one of the major prognostic factors for the disease. Prednisolone is a corticosteroid and one of the most important agents in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The mechanics of GC resistance are largely unknown and intense ongoing research focuses on this topic. AIM The aim of the present study is to review some aspects of GC resistance in ALL, and in particular of Prednisolone, with emphasis on previous and present knowledge on gene expression and signaling pathways playing a role in the phenomenon. METHODS An electronic literature search was conducted by the authors from 1994 to June 2019. Original articles and systematic reviews selected, and the titles and abstracts of papers screened to determine whether they met the eligibility criteria, and full texts of the selected articles were retrieved. RESULTS Identification of gene targets responsible for glucocorticoid resistance may allow discovery of drugs, which in combination with glucocorticoids may increase the effectiveness of anti-leukemia therapies. The inherent plasticity of clinically evolving cancer justifies approaches to characterize and prevent undesirable activation of early oncogenic pathways. CONCLUSION Study of the pattern of intracellular signal pathway activation by anticancer drugs can lead to development of efficient treatment strategies by reducing detrimental secondary effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George I Lambrou
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Adamaki
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Hatziagapiou
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | - Spiros Vlahopoulos
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Choremeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sato T, Iwata T, Usui M, Kokabu S, Sugamori Y, Takaku Y, Kobayashi T, Ito K, Matsumoto M, Takeda S, Xu R, Chida D. Bone phenotype in melanocortin 2 receptor-deficient mice. Bone Rep 2020; 13:100713. [PMID: 32964075 PMCID: PMC7490991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering that stress condition associated with osteoporosis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is essential for central stress response system, is implicated in regulating bone mass accrual. Melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R), the receptor of adrenocorticotropic hormone is expressed in both adrenal gland cells and bone cells. To elucidate the role of HPA axis in bone metabolism, we assessed the skeletal phenotype of MC2R deficient mice (MC2R -/- mice). We first examined bone mineral density and cortical thickness of femur using dual x-ray absorptiometry and micro-computed tomography. We then conducted histomorphometric analysis to calculate the static and dynamic parameters of vertebrae in MC2R -/- mice. The levels of osteoblastic marker genes were examined by quantitative PCR in primary osteoblasts derived from MC2R -/- mice. Based on these observations, bone mineral density of femur in MC2R -/- mice was increasing relative to litter controls. Meanwhile, the thickness of cortical bone of femur in MC2R -/- mice was remarkably elevated. Moreover, serum osteocalcin level was drastically raised in MC2R -/- mice. However, bone histomorphometry revealed that static and dynamic parameters reflecting bone formation and resorption were unchanged in vertebrae of MC2R -/- mice compared to the control, indicating that MC2R function may be specific to appendicular bone than axis bone. Taken together, the HPA axis due to deletion of MC2R is involved in bone metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Sato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takanori Iwata
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiko Usui
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Cardiology and Periodontology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kokabu
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Sugamori
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuki Takaku
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ko Ito
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahito Matsumoto
- Department of Biofunction Research, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Takeda
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ren Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dai Chida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,SanBio, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Keune JA, Branscum AJ, Wong CP, Iwaniec UT, Turner RT. Effect of Leptin Deficiency on the Skeletal Response to Hindlimb Unloading in Adult Male Mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9336. [PMID: 31249331 PMCID: PMC6597714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on body weight, morbidly obese leptin-deficient ob/ob mice have less bone than expected, suggesting that leptin plays a role in the skeletal response to weight bearing. To evaluate this possibility, we compared the skeletal response of wild type (WT) and ob/ob mice to hindlimb unloading (HU). Mice were individually housed at 32 °C (thermoneutral) from 4 weeks of age (rapidly growing) to 16 weeks of age (approaching skeletal maturity). Mice were then randomized into one of 4 groups (n = 10/group): (1) WT control, (2) WT HU, (3) ob/ob control, and (4) ob/ob HU and the results analyzed by 2-way ANOVA. ob/ob mice pair-fed to WT mice had normal cancellous bone volume fraction (BV/TV) in distal femur, lower femur length and total bone area, mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD), and higher cancellous bone volume fraction in lumbar vertebra (LV). HU resulted in lower BMC and BMD in total femur, and lower BV/TV in distal femur and LV in both genotypes. Cancellous bone loss in femur in both genotypes was associated with increases in osteoclast-lined bone perimeter. In summary, leptin deficiency did not attenuate HU-induced osteopenia in male mice, suggesting that leptin is not required for bone loss induced by unweighting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Keune
- 0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fSkeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Adam J. Branscum
- 0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fBiostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Carmen P. Wong
- 0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fSkeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Urszula T. Iwaniec
- 0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fSkeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA ,0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fCenter for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Russell T. Turner
- 0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fSkeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA ,0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fCenter for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
An evaluation of the effect of pulsed wave low-level laser therapy on the biomechanical properties of the vertebral body in two experimental osteoporosis rat models. Lasers Med Sci 2015; 31:305-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-015-1842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
8
|
Supraphysiologic glucocorticoid administration increased biomechanical bone strength of rats' vertebral body. Lab Anim Res 2015; 31:180-7. [PMID: 26755921 PMCID: PMC4707146 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2015.31.4.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the effects of different glucocorticoid administration protocols on biomechanical properties of the first lumbar vertebral body in rats. We divided 40 male rats into the following groups: control, dexamethasone (7 mg/week), dexamethasone (0.7 mg/week), methylprednisolone (7 mg/kg/week), methylprednisolone (5 mg/kg twice weekly), dexamethasone (7 mg/kg three times per week), dexamethasone (0.7 mg/kg three times per week, and low-level laser treated rats. Lumbar vertebrae in rats were exposed to the pulsed laser. We conducted a biomechanical test to examine the mechanical properties of vertebral body in rats' lumbar bone. Supraphysiologic glucocorticoid administration protocols did not impair the biomechanical properties of rats' vertebral bodies compared to control and laser-treated rats. Supraphysiologic glucocorticoid administration caused an anabolic effect on the vertebral bodies.
Collapse
|
9
|
Freidouni M, Nejati H, Salimi M, Bayat M, Amini A, Noruzian M, Asgharie MA, Rezaian M. Evaluating glucocorticoid administration on biomechanical properties of rats' tibial diaphysis. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 17:e19389. [PMID: 26019900 PMCID: PMC4441779 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.19389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a disease, which causes bone loss and fractures. Although glucocorticoids effectively suppress inflammation, their chronic use is accompanied by bone loss with a tendency toward secondary osteoporosis. OBJECTIVES This study took into consideration the importance of cortical bone in the entire bone's mechanical competence. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of different protocols of glucocorticoid administration on the biomechanical properties of tibial bone diaphysis in rats compared to control and low-level laser-treated rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS This experimental study was conducted at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. We used systematic random sampling to divide 40 adult male rats into 8 groups with 5 rats in each group. Groups were as follows: 1) control, 2) dexamethasone (7 mg/week), 3) dexamethasone (0.7 mg/week), 4) methylprednisolone (7 mg/kg/week), 5) methylprednisolone (5 mg/kg twice weekly), 6) dexamethasone (7 mg/kg three times per week), 7) dexamethasone (0.7 mg/kg thrice per week), and 8) low-level laser-treated rats. The study periods were 4-7 weeks. At the end of the treatment periods, we examined the mechanical properties of tibial bone diaphysis. Data were analyzed by statistical analyses. RESULTS Glucocorticoid-treated rats showed weight loss and considerable mortality (21%). The biomechanical properties (maximum force) of glucocorticoid-treated rats in groups 4 (62 ± 2.9), 6 (63 ± 5.1), and 7 (60 ± 5.3) were comparable with the control (46 ± 1.5) and low-level laser-treated (57 ± 3.2) rats. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the findings in humans and certain other species, glucocorticoid administration caused anabolic effect on the cortical bone of tibia diaphysis bone in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadjavad Freidouni
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Nejati
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Maryam Salimi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Bayat
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Mohammad Bayat, Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-2122439976, E-mail:
| | - Abdollah Amini
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohsen Noruzian
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Asgharie
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Milad Rezaian
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Komori T. Animal models for osteoporosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:287-94. [PMID: 25814262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The major types of osteoporosis in humans are postmenopausal osteoporosis, disuse osteoporosis, and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Animal models for postmenopausal osteoporosis are generated by ovariectomy. Bone loss occurs in estrogen deficiency due to enhanced bone resorption and impaired osteoblast function. Estrogen receptor α induces osteoclast apoptosis, but the mechanism for impaired osteoblast function remains to be clarified. Animal models for unloading are generated by tail suspension or hind limb immobilization by sciatic neurectomy, tenotomy, or using plaster cast. Unloading inhibits bone formation and enhances bone resorption, and the involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in it needs to be further investigated. The osteocyte network regulates bone mass by responding to mechanical stress. Osteoblast-specific BCL2 transgenic mice, in which the osteocyte network is completely disrupted, can be a mouse model for the evaluation of osteocyte functions. Glucocorticoid treatment inhibits bone formation and enhances bone resorption, and markedly reduces cancellous bone in humans and large animals, but not consistently in rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ding H, Chen SB, Gao YS, Lin S, Zhang CQ. Free vascularized fibular grafting for patients receiving postoperative corticosteroids. Orthopedics 2014; 37:e357-61. [PMID: 24762840 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20140401-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Free vascularized fibular grafting (FVFG) is an effective method to treat corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Some patients continued to receive maintenance doses of corticosteroids to treat the primary disease postoperatively. This study was performed to evaluate outcomes of FVFG for corticosteroid-induced ONFH in patients who continued to receive corticosteroids postoperatively. The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 44 patients (78 hips) who had received corticosteroid treatment for their primary disease after FVFG. They were followed up for at least 2 years (mean, 5.6 years). Demographic details, Harris Hip scores, the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), and radiographic data were collected and analyzed. The mean Harris Hip score for all hips was 70.9±9.9 points before surgery and increased to 84±12.1 points at the latest follow-up. There were also significant increases (P<.05) in physical component summary score and mental component summary score. According to the latest radiographic evaluation, 49 hips (62.8%) appeared improved, 10 hips (12.8%) appeared unchanged, and only 19 hips (24.4%) appeared worse. Seven hips (9%) underwent total hip arthroplasty during the follow-up period. Therefore, the results showed that FVFG was a viable method of treating corticosteroid-induced ONFH in patients who receive maintenance doses of corticosteroids postoperatively.
Collapse
|
12
|
The effect of postoperative corticosteroid administration on free vascularized fibular grafting for treating osteonecrosis of the femoral head. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:708014. [PMID: 24324377 PMCID: PMC3845513 DOI: 10.1155/2013/708014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Free vascularized fibular grafting (FVFG) has been reported to be an effective method of treating osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). This study evaluated whether postoperative maintenance doses of corticosteroids had an adverse effect on FVFG outcomes in patients with corticosteroid-induced ONFH. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 39 patients (67 hips) who had received maintenance doses of corticosteroids following FVFG. This group was matched to a group of patients who had not received corticosteroids treatment after operation. The mean follow-up duration was 5.4 years for the postoperative corticosteroid administration group (PCA group) and 5.0 years for the control group. At the latest follow-up, the average increase in Harris hip score was 11.1 ± 8.7 points for all hips in the PCA group and 12.6 ± 7.4 points for all hips in the control group (P > 0.05). In the PCA group, through radiographic evaluation, 49 hips were improved, 10 hips appeared unchanged, and 8 hips appeared worse. In the control group, 47 hips were improved, 13 hips appeared unchanged, and 7 hips appeared worse. The results suggested that postoperative maintenance doses of corticosteroids do not have an adverse effect on FVFG outcomes in patients with corticosteroid-induced ONFH.
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Bone response of broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) induced by corticosterone. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 164:410-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
15
|
de Oliveira ML, Bergamaschi CT, Silva OL, Nonaka KO, Wang CC, Carvalho AB, Jorgetti V, Campos RR, Lazaretti-Castro M. Mechanical vibration preserves bone structure in rats treated with glucocorticoids. Bone 2010; 46:1516-21. [PMID: 20152951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are an important cause of secondary osteoporosis in humans, which decreases bone quality and leads to fractures. Mechanical stimulation in the form of low-intensity and high-frequency vibration seems to be able to prevent bone loss and to stimulate bone formation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of mechanical vibration on bone structure in rats treated with glucocorticoids. Thirty 3-month-old adult male Wistar rats were randomized to three groups: control (C), glucocorticoid (G), and glucocorticoid with vibration (GV). The G and GV groups received 3.5mg/kg/day of methylprednisolone 5 days/week for a duration of 9 weeks, and the C group received vehicle (saline solution) during the same period. The GV group was vibrated on a special platform for 30 min per day, 5 days per week during the experiment. The platform was set to provide a vertical acceleration of 1 G and a frequency of 60 Hz. Skeletal bone mass was evaluated by total body densitometry (DXA). Fracture load threshold, undecalcified bone histomorphometry, and bone volume were measured in tibias. Glucocorticoids induced a significantly lower weight gain (-9.7%) and reduced the bone mineral content (-9.2%) and trabecular number (-41.8%) and increased the trabecular spacing (+98.0%) in the G group, when compared to the control (C). Vibration (GV) was able to significantly preserve (29.2%) of the trabecular number and decrease the trabecular spacing (+26.6%) compared to the G group, although these parameters did not reach C group values. The fracture load threshold was not different between groups, but vibration significantly augmented the bone volume of the tibia by 21.4% in the GV group compared to the C group. Our study demonstrated that low-intensity and high-frequency mechanical vibration was able to partially inhibit the deleterious consequences of glucocorticoids on bone structure in rats.
Collapse
|
16
|
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β attenuates glucocorticoid-induced bone loss. Life Sci 2009; 85:685-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
17
|
Takano-Murakami R, Tokunaga K, Kondo N, Ito T, Kitahara H, Ito M, Endo N. Glucocorticoid inhibits bone regeneration after osteonecrosis of the femoral head in aged female rats. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2009; 217:51-8. [PMID: 19155608 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.217.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ION) is a painful disease of the hip, the pathogenic mechanism of which is still unclear. The most common extraneous factor is steroid treatment. Steroids have inhibiting effects on bone formation and resorption. When bone regenerative treatments are indicated for ION patients who are exposed to steroids, we cannot ignore the effects of corticosteroid itself on bone healing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of glucocorticoid on bone regeneration after osteonecrosis of the femoral head in a rat model. Osteonecrosis was induced surgically on the left femoral heads of aged female rats (about 6 months old) on day 0. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) or normal saline was administrated at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day from day 7 to 11. Femoral heads were analyzed histologically. There were no pathological findings in the right femoral heads of the MPSS-treated and saline-treated rats, as control for the contralateral injury. The newly formed bone volume and the osteoclast number were significantly smaller in the MPSS-treated group. The normal bone marrow was regenerated in the saline-treated group, whereas most of the bone marrow space still contained fibroblast-like spindle-shaped cells in the MPSS-treated group on day 42. Alkaline phosphatase-positive cells were only seen in the areas around the regenerated bone marrow cavities. Thus, MPSS inhibits bone formation by suppressing osteoblast proliferation and resorption by suppressing the recruitment of osteoclast precursors. These findings may be useful when designing treatments for ION patients exposed to steroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Takano-Murakami
- Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fujita Y, Konoo T, Maki K. Short-term etidronate treatment prevents glucocorticoid-induced bone debility of the mandible in growing rats. Orthod Craniofac Res 2008; 11:187-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
19
|
Silvestrini G, Ballanti P, Leopizzi M, Gualtieri N, Sardella D, Monnazzi P, Simeoni S, Sebastiani M, Bonucci E, Patacchioli FR. Effects of the administration of corticosterone, parathyroid hormone, or both, and of their withdrawal, on rat bone and cartilage histomorphometric parameters, and on osteoprotegerin and RANKL mRNA expression and proteins. J Mol Histol 2007; 38:215-26. [PMID: 17476578 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-007-9090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the effects of the treatment with corticosterone (CORT), parathyroid hormone (PTH), or both (CORT + PTH), and of their withdrawal (CORT-rec and CORT + PTH-rec), on the osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) localization and expression and on histomorphometric parameters in primary and secondary spongiosa of rat femur and tibia metaphyses. In the secondary spongiosa of the CORT group, the bone remodeling and the OPG/RANKL mRNA ratio decreased. In the PTH group, the bone turnover and the structural and connectivity indices increased, and the OPG/RANKL mRNA ratio fell; this ratio rose, however, in the primary spongiosa. In the CORT + PTH group, remodeling values intermediate between those of the CORT and PTH groups, were detected in the secondary spongiosa, where OPG and RANKL mRNA rose. Return towards control values was found in the recovery groups. The Cartilage Growth Plate Width was reduced in the CORT and CORT + PTH groups and returned to normal values in the recovery groups, while it was not affected by PTH. Independently of treatments, both OPG and RANKL mRNA and proteins were co-localized in the same cartilage and bone cells and in several bone marrow cells. In conclusion, the catabolic effects induced by CORT treatment occur together with an OPG fall and a RANKL rise. In the PTH group in which the bone turnover increase, the OPG and RANKL mRNA expressions differ in the primary and secondary spongiosa, confirming that the bone tissue in these sites can have different metabolic trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Silvestrini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Anatomia Patologica, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kondo N, Tokunaga K, Ito T, Arai K, Amizuka N, Minqi L, Kitahara H, Ito M, Naito M, Shu-Ying J, Oda K, Murai T, Takano R, Ogose A, Endo N. High dose glucocorticoid hampers bone formation and resorption after bone marrow ablation in rat. Microsc Res Tech 2006; 69:839-46. [PMID: 16972225 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the effect of glucocorticoid on bone regeneration after bone marrow ablation in tibiae of 8-week-old rats. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) was injected intramuscularly at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 3 days. Tibiae on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, and 14 after ablation were subjected to tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and measurement of the volume of newly-formed bone and the osteoclast number. MPSS significantly decreased the newly-formed bone volume on day 7, and immature bone still remained on day 10 in the MPSS-treated group. The volume of this bone was significantly higher than that in the control group. However, there were no differences between the groups in the osteoclast number, the expression of mRNAs for osteoblast differentiation markers, and alkaline phosphatase and cathepsin K judged by immunohistochemistry. TEM findings showed no difference in the form of osteoblasts, whereas osteoclasts in the MPSS-treated group had less developed ruffled borders, compared to those in the control group. These results suggest that MPSS treatment affects neither the differentiation nor the shape of osteoblasts, and does not change the osteoclast number or the cathepsin K level. However, high dose MPSS inhibits both bone formation and resorption during bone regeneration after rat tibial bone marrow ablation, and inhibits ruffled border formation in osteoclasts. These data will be useful to develop bone regenerative therapies for bone diseases due to high dose steroid administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kondo
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata City, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abadie EC, Devogealer JP, Ringe JD, Ethgen DJ, Bouvenot GM, Kreutz G, Laslop A, Orloff JJ, Vanderauwera PM, Delmas PD, Dere WH, Branco J, Altman RD, Avouac BP, Menkes CJ, Vanhaelst L, Mitlak BH, Tsouderos Y, Reginster JYL. Recommendations for the Registration of Agents to be Used in the Prevention and Treatment of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis: Updated Recommendations from the Group for the Respect of Ethics and Excellence in Science. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2005; 35:1-4. [PMID: 16084217 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Group for the Respect and Excellence in Science (GREES) has reviewed and updated their recommendations for clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy and safety of new chemical entities to be used in the treatment and prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP). METHODS Consensus discussion of the committee. RESULTS With the exception of steroid use posttransplantation, there is no need to differentiate between underlying diseases. Prevention and treatment for GIOP are dependent on exposure to glucocorticoids rather than T-scores as in postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO). If fracture data are obtained for PMO, it need not be repeated for GIOP, relying instead on bone mineral density (BMD) trials of at least 1 year. GREES recommends several changes in the previous guidance for GIOP. The committee saw no need to repeat preclinical studies if those have been previously done to assure bone quality in PMO. Similarly, phase I and phase II trials, if careful dose selection has been done for PMO, should not be repeated. The "prevention" and "treatment" claims should remain. Since the most recent evidence suggests significant increase in fracture risk for daily doses of prednisone of 5 mg/day or equivalent, clinical trials should concentrate on patients receiving at least this daily dosage. The emergence of bisphosphonates as the reference treatment, together with the rapid bone loss and high fracture incidence in glucocorticoid users, necessitates recommending a noninferiority trial design with lumbar spine BMD as the primary endpoint after 1 year. CONCLUSIONS Registration of new chemical entities to be used in the management of GIOP should be granted, based on a 1-year noninferiority trial, using BMD as primary outcome and alendronate or risedronate as comparator. Demonstration of antifracture efficacy should have been previously demonstrated in PMO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Abadie
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology, and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tou JCL, Arnaud SB, Grindeland R, Wade C. The effect of purified compared with nonpurified diet on bone changes induced by hindlimb suspension of female rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2005; 230:31-9. [PMID: 15618123 DOI: 10.1177/153537020523000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the bone changes induced by unloading in rats fed different diets, because space flight studies use a semipurified diet, whereas space flight simulation studies typically use nonpurified diets. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a purified American Institute of Nutrition (AIN) 93G diet or a standard nonpurified diet and kept ambulatory or subjected to unloading by hindlimb suspension (HLS) for 38 days. Bone mineral content (BMC), mechanical strength, and factors related to the diet that affect bone (i.e., urinary calcium excretion, estradiol, and corticosterone) were measured. Average food intakes (grams per day) differed for diets, but caloric intake (kilocalories per day) and the final body masses of treatment groups were similar. The HLS-induced decrease in femoral BMC was not statistically different for rats fed a nonpurified diet (-8.6%) compared with a purified AIN-93G diet (-11.4%). The HLS-induced decrease in femoral mechanical strength was not statistically different for rats fed a nonpurified diet (-24%) compared with a purified AIN-93G diet (-31%). However, bone lengths were decreased (P < 0.05) in rats fed a nonpurified diet compared with a purified diet. Plasma estradiol levels were lower (P < 0.05) in the HLS/AIN-93G group but similar in the HLS and ambulatory rats fed a nonpurified diet. Plasma estradiol was related to femoral BMC (r = 0.85, P < 0.01). Urinary calcium excretion was higher (P < 0.05) in rats fed a nonpurified diet than those fed a purified AIN-93G diet, which is consistent with the higher level of calcium in the nonpurified diet. Urinary corticosterone levels were higher (P < 0.05) in rats fed a nonpurified diet than rats fed the AIN-93G diet. Although the osteopenia induced by unloading was similar in both diet groups, there were differences in longitudinal bone growth, calcium excretion, plasma estradiol levels, and urinary corticosterone levels. Results indicate that the type of standard diet used is an important factor to consider when measuring bone end points.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet C L Tou
- Life Sciences Division, MS 239-11, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Iwaniec UT, Wronski TJ, Amblard D, Nishimura Y, van der Meulen MCH, Wade CE, Bourgeois MA, Damsky CD, Globus RK. Effects of disrupted β1-integrin function on the skeletal response to short-term hindlimb unloading in mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 98:690-6. [PMID: 15465888 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00689.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was designed to determine whether β1-integrin plays a role in mediating the acute skeletal response to mechanical unloading. Transgenic (TG) mice were generated to express a dominant negative form of β1-integrin under the control of the osteocalcin promoter, which targets expression of the transgene to mature osteoblasts. At 63 days of age, wild-type (WT) and TG mice were subjected to hindlimb unloading by tail suspension for 1 wk. Pair-fed, normally loaded WT and TG mice served as age-matched controls. Bone samples from each mouse were processed for quantitative bone histomorphometry and biomechanical testing. The skeletal phenotype of TG mice was characterized by lower cancellous bone mass in the distal femoral metaphysis (−52%) and lumbar vertebral body (−20%), reduced curvature of the proximal tibia (−20%), and decreased bone strength (−20%) and stiffness (−23%) of the femoral diaphysis with relatively normal indexes of cancellous bone turnover. Hindlimb unloading for only 1 wk induced a 10% decline in tibial curvature and a 30% loss of cancellous bone in the distal femur due to a combination of increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation in both WT and TG mice. However, the strength and stiffness of the femoral diaphysis were unaffected by short-term hindlimb unloading in both genotypes. The observed increase in osteoclast surface was greater in unloaded TG mice (92%) than in unloaded WT mice (52%). Cancellous bone formation rate was decreased in unloaded WT (−29%) and TG (−15%) mice, but, in contrast to osteoclast surface, the genotype by loading interaction was not statistically significant. The results indicate that altered integrin function in mature osteoblasts may enhance the osteoclastic response to mechanical unloading but that it does not have a major effect on the development of cancellous osteopenia in mice during the early stages of hindlimb unloading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U T Iwaniec
- Dept. of Physiological Sciences, Box 100144, JHMHC, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ortoft G, Andreassen TT, Oxlund H. Growth hormone can reverse glucocorticoid-induced low bone turnover on cortical but not on cancellous bone surfaces in adult Wistar rats. Bone 2005; 36:123-33. [PMID: 15664010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Revised: 07/20/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated the effect of glucocorticoids (GC) and growth hormone (GH) on cortical and cancellous bone turnover in adult rats using random vertical sections giving valid measurements of bone surfaces and bone formation parameters. GH administration could reverse GC-induced osteopenia and low bone turnover of cortical bone. However, GH could not reverse the GC-induced low bone turnover of cancellous bone. METHODS Seventy female Wistar rats, 7 months of age, were divided into five groups: (1) start control, (2) saline, (3) GC 9 mg/kg/day (Solu Medrol), (4) GH 5 mg/kg/day, and (5) GC 9 mg/kg/day + GH 5 mg/kg/day, and injected for 3 months. The vertebral body was examined using dynamic histomorphometry and biomechanical tests. Nonparametric methods were used. RESULTS Glucocorticoid administration induced a low bone turnover state of both the cortical and cancellous bone of the vertebral body, without altering the absolute amount of bone or the biomechanical competence of the vertebral body. GH administration induced a small increase in longitudinal bone growth and ventral modeling drift. This growth increased the total amount of cortical, endocortical, and cancellous bone in the vertebra. The biomechanical competence of a 3.5-mm-high cylinder of the central vertebral body was also increased due to an increase in the amount of cortical bone, whereas the total amount of cancellous bone in the cylinder was unaltered. The cancellous bone density (CBV) was, however, increased due to thicker trabeculae probably induced by an accelerated mineral appositional rate (MAR) induced by GH. GH also increased longitudinal and ventral modeling drifts in the GC-injected animals. GH increased the amount of cortical bone and also the amount of cancellous bone close to the epiphyseal growth plate, whereas the cancellous bone volume of the central vertebral cylinder was unaffected by GH administration in GC-injected animals. GH could also increase parameters of bone formation (bone mineralizing surface (MS) and MAR) on cortical bone surfaces in GC-injected animals, whereas parameters of bone formation [MS and bone formation rates (BFR)] on cancellous bone surfaces were even lower than those of animals injected with GC alone. CONCLUSION GH can reverse GC-induced low bone turnover on cortical but not on cancellous bone surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gitte Ortoft
- Department of Connective Tissue Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Doty SB, Vico L, Wronski T, Morey-Holton E. Use of Animal Models to Study Skeletal Effects of Space Flight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 10:209-24. [PMID: 16101109 DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2574(05)10008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
|
26
|
VandeBerg JR, Buschang PH, Hinton RJ. Absolute and relative growth of the rat craniofacial skeleton. Arch Oral Biol 2004; 49:477-84. [PMID: 15099805 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2003.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Growth of the craniofacial region involves a mosaic of intramembranous and endochondral growth sites that grow at varying rates and mature at different times. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to compare absolute and relative growth of the craniofacial skeleton in wild-type Lewis rats to measures of somatic growth. DESIGN Lateral and dorsoventral X-rays of the head as well as the hindlimb were obtained weekly from 4 to 9 weeks of age. The X-rays were scanned, digitized, and selected linear distances were measured between points. Multilevel statistical models were used to generate absolute growth curves. RESULTS Although most growth curves were linear, several were quadratic (exhibiting a deceleration with age), and one displayed a third-order curve. Considerable variation in relative maturity was evident at the first time interval, ranging from 42% of mature (9 week) size (weight) to 97% of mature size (cranial width). Tibial length and body weight were less mature than most, but not all, craniofacial measures. With one exception (bizygomatic width), width measures were relatively more mature than vertical or depth measures. Vertical measures tended to be among the least mature of the craniofacial dimensions. Among the depth (length) measurements, there was a trend of higher maturity for cranial vault/cranial base measures and lower maturity for facial measures. CONCLUSIONS The wide spectrum of relative and absolute growth potentials demonstrated in this study indicate that the rodent craniofacial complex is amenable to testing the hypothesis that a component's response potential is related to its growth potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R VandeBerg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University System Health Sciences Center, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Metabolic bone disease encompasses a heterogeneous group of disorders that influence skeletal metabolism and structure. They are generally diagnosed at an advanced stage and manifest clinically with stunted skeletal growth in children and pathologic fractures in adults. Biochemical markers for bone metabolism are equivocal and microscopic examination of labeled bone remains the gold standard for the diagnosis and accurate monitoring of the response to therapy. This article reviews the role of microscopic bone changes in the diagnosis and management of metabolic bone disease.
Collapse
|
28
|
Brown WM, Hines M, Fane BA, Breedlove SM. Masculinized finger length patterns in human males and females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Horm Behav 2002; 42:380-6. [PMID: 12488105 DOI: 10.1006/hbeh.2002.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ratio of the length of the second digit (2D) to the length of the fourth digit (4D) is greater in women than in men. Since androgens are involved in most somatic sex differences and since the sexual dimorphism in 2D:4D is stable from 2 years of age in humans, it was hypothesized that finger length pattern development might be affected by early androgen exposure. Human females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are exposed prenatally to higher than normal levels of adrenal androgens, providing an opportunity to test the effects of early androgen exposure on digit ratios. The 2D:4D was calculated for females with CAH, females without CAH, males with CAH, and males without CAH. Females with CAH had a significantly smaller 2D:4D on the right hand than did females without CAH. Males with CAH had a significantly smaller 2D:4D on the left hand than did males without CAH. A subset of six males with CAH had a significantly smaller 2D:4D on both hands compared with their male relatives without CAH. These results are consistent with the idea that prenatal androgen exposure reduces the 2D:4D and plays a role in the establishment of the sex difference in human finger length patterns. Finger lengths may therefore offer a retrospective marker of perinatal androgen exposure in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Windy M Brown
- Department of Psychology, City University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
McLaughlin F, Mackintosh J, Hayes BP, McLaren A, Uings IJ, Salmon P, Humphreys J, Meldrum E, Farrow SN. Glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia in the mouse as assessed by histomorphometry, microcomputed tomography, and biochemical markers. Bone 2002; 30:924-30. [PMID: 12052464 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(02)00737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatory molecules used in the treatment of asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and other inflammatory and dermatological diseases, as well as in posttransplantation immunotherapy. Although glucocorticoids have been prescribed for many years, their potential side effects, when administered orally, can prevent their long-term use. The most serious side effect observed in the clinic is glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP). To develop a small animal model to characterize glucocorticoid-induced bone loss, we carried out a series of experiments using BALB/c mice given daily intraperitoneal doses of the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone. Following dexamethasone treatment, the mice became osteopenic, with highly significant decreases in bone formation rate and mineral apposition rate, as assessed by standard histomorphometry. Moreover, 3 week treatment with dexamethasone resulted in a decrease in trabecular thickness and trabecular number with an increase in surface-to-volume ratio of trabeculae in the distal femur, as measured using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). The serum bone formation marker, osteocalcin, was dose-dependently decreased in all mice treated with dexamethasone and showed a parallel extent of regulation to the bone formation rate changes. In addition, serum levels of leptin, recently identified as playing a role in the regulation of bone mass, increased following dexamethasone treatment. BALB/c mice therefore represent a useful model system in which the detrimental effects of glucocorticoids on bone can be studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F McLaughlin
- Department of Asthma Cell Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gennari L, Becherini L, Falchetti A, Masi L, Massart F, Brandi ML. Genetics of osteoporosis: role of steroid hormone receptor gene polymorphisms. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 81:1-24. [PMID: 12127038 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(02)00043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. In the past years, twin and family study have shown that this disease recognizes a strong genetic component and that genetic factors play an important role in regulating bone mineral density (BMD). While in few isolate conditions osteoporosis can be inherited in a simple Mendelian pattern, due to single gene mutations, in the majority of cases has to be considered a multifactorial polygenic disease in which genetic determinants are modulated by hormonal, environmental and nutritional factors. Given the important role that steroid hormones play in bone cell development and in the maintenance of normal bone architecture, polymorphisms at receptor of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily, such as estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and Vitamin D receptor (VDR) have been thoroughly investigated in the last years and appeared to represent important candidate genes. The individual contribution of these genetic polymorphisms to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis remains to be universally confirmed and an important aim in future work will be to define their functional molecular consequences and how these polymorphisms interact with each other and with the environment to cause the osteoporotic phenotype. A further promising application of genetic studies in osteoporosis comes from their pharmacogenomic implications, with the possibility to give a better guidance for therapeutic agents commonly used to treat this invalidating disorder or to identify target molecules for new therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Gennari
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50135 Florence, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gafni RI, McCarthy EF, Hatcher T, Meyers JL, Inoue N, Reddy C, Weise M, Barnes KM, Abad V, Baron J. Recovery from osteoporosis through skeletal growth: early bone mass acquisition has little effect on adult bone density. FASEB J 2002; 16:736-8. [PMID: 11923218 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0640fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is often assumed that bone mineral accretion should be optimized throughout childhood to maximize peak bone mass. In contrast, we hypothesized that bone mineral acquisition early in life would have little or no effect on adult bone mass because many areas of the juvenile skeleton are replaced in toto through skeletal growth. To test this hypothesis, we induced osteoporosis by administering dexamethasone to 5-week-old rabbits for 5 weeks and then allowed them to recover for 16 weeks. Tibial bone mineral density (ash weight/volume) was decreased in the dexamethasone-treated animals at the end of treatment but recovered completely. Bone structure in the femur was assessed by histomorphometry. Trabecular and cortical bone in the distal metaphysis was made osteoporotic by dexamethasone, but was then replaced through endochondral bone formation and recovered. Periosteal bone formation rate in the diaphysis was decreased during dexamethasone treatment but afterwards rebounded above controls and normalized cortical width. Our data suggest that bone mineral acquisition early in life has little effect on adult bone density because the juvenile bone is largely replaced through growth. If this concept generalizes, then interventions to maximize peak bone mass should be directed at adolescents rather than young children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel I Gafni
- Unit on Growth and Development, Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1862, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Surve VV, Andersson N, Lehto-Axtelius D, Håkanson R. Comparison of osteopenia after gastrectomy, ovariectomy and prednisolone treatment in the young female rat. ACTA ORTHOPAEDICA SCANDINAVICA 2001; 72:525-32. [PMID: 11728082 DOI: 10.1080/000164701753532880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Rat models of osteopenia include ovariectomy and long-term glucocorticoid treatment. Although ovariectomy produces significant trabecular bone loss after 2 weeks, long-term glucocorticoid treatment has been reported to cause osteopenia in some studies but not in others. In the present 8-week-study, we compared the osteopenia associated with gastrectomy (GX) to that induced by ovariectomy (OVX) or prednisolone (PRE) treatment. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (10 weeks old) were subjected to GX, OVX, PRE treatment or SHAM operation. At the end of the study, calvariae, femurs and fifth lumbar vertebrae (L5) were collected and subjected to bone density measurement (femur and L5), transillumination (calvaria) and histomorphometry (calvaria and femur). Bone density was reduced in L5 and the distal femur in the OVX and GX groups, but not in the PRE group. Transillumination of the calvaria showed marked bone loss in the GX rats, but not in the other groups. Morphometric analysis of the femur revealed reduced trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, trabecular number and osteoclast number, but increased osteoclast surface (expressed as per cent of the trabecular bone surface covered by osteoclasts) in the GX and OVX rats. The PRE rats seemed unaffected. Cortical thickness was reduced in the GX rats, but not in the other groups. The findings indicate that GX induces osteopenia in, e.g., femur and vertebra of a magnitude similar to or greater than that induced by OVX, while at the same time inducing osteopenia in the calvaria. Although osteoclast activation seems to contribute, the precise mechanism underlying the GX-evoked osteopenia remains obscure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V V Surve
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Physiological Sciences, University of Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Goodman GR, Dissanayake IR, Sodam BR, Gorodetsky E, Lu J, Ma YF, Jee WS, Epstein S. Immunosuppressant use without bone loss--implications for bone loss after transplantation. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16:72-8. [PMID: 11149492 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.1.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is associated with posttransplantation bone disease. Immunosuppressant drugs such as sirolimus (SRL), which are more potent and less deleterious than CsA, are being developed. Previous experiments have shown that SRL although immunosuppressive, is relatively bone sparing. The use of low doses of CsA and SRL in combination has displayed in vivo synergism. This study was initiated to examine the effect of low-dose CsA and SRL on bone metabolism, thereby hopefully providing a bone sparing immunosuppressive regimen for transplant recipients. One hundred and nineteen rats were divided into groups: basal, vehicle, CsA high dose, CsA low dose, SRL low dose, and combination low-dose CsA and SRL. The basal group was killed on day 0 for histomorphometry. The experimental groups were weighed and bled on days 0, 28, 56, and 84 and were killed on day 84 for histomorphometry. Serial assays for blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and osteocalcin were performed. Osteocalcin was raised on days 28 and 56 in the high dose CsA group. Histomorphometry showed osteopenia with high-dose CsA. Low-dose CsA was relatively bone sparing, while low-dose SRL and combined low-dose CsA did not cause bone loss. In conclusion, the synergistic combination of low-dose CsA and SRL has the potential of providing both bone sparing and immunosuppressive benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Goodman
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zerath E, Holy X, Roberts SG, Andre C, Renault S, Hott M, Marie PJ. Spaceflight inhibits bone formation independent of corticosteroid status in growing rats. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15:1310-20. [PMID: 10893679 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.7.1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone formation and structure have been shown repeatedly to be altered after spaceflight. However, it is not known whether these changes are related to a stress-related altered status of the corticosteroid axis. We investigated the role of corticosteroids on spaceflight-induced effects in rat pelvis and thoracic vertebrae. Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to a flight, flight control, or vivarium group (n = 12/group). Bilateral adrenalectomy was performed in six rats per group, the additional six rats undergoing sham surgery. Adrenalectomized (ADX) rats were implanted with corticosteroid pellets. On recovery from spaceflight, thoracic vertebrae and the whole pelvis were removed and processed for biochemistry, histomorphometry, or bone cell culture studies. The 17-day spaceflight resulted in decreased bone volume (BV) in the cotyle area of pelvic bones (-12%; p < 0.05) associated with approximately 50% inhibition of bone formation in the cancellous area of pelvic metaphyses and in thoracic vertebral bodies. The latter effect was associated with a decreased number of endosteal bone cells isolated from the bone surface (BS) in these samples (-42%; p < 0.05). This also was associated with a decreased number of alkaline phosphatase positive (ALP+) endosteal bone cells at 2 days and 4 days of culture, indicating decreased osteoblast precursor cell recruitment. Maintaining basal serum corticosterone levels in flight-ADX rats did not counteract the impaired bone formation in vertebral or pelvic bones. Moreover, the decreased ex vivo number of total and ALP+ endosteal bone cells induced by spaceflight occurred independent of endogenous corticosteroid hormone levels. These results indicate that the microgravity-induced inhibition of bone formation and resulting decreased trabecular bone mass in specific areas of weight-bearing skeleton in growing rats occur independently of endogenous glucocorticoid secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Zerath
- INSERM Unité 349, Cell and Molecular Biology of Bone and Cartilage, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Silvestrini G, Ballanti P, Patacchioli FR, Mocetti P, Di Grezia R, Wedard BM, Angelucci L, Bonucci E. Evaluation of apoptosis and the glucocorticoid receptor in the cartilage growth plate and metaphyseal bone cells of rats after high-dose treatment with corticosterone. Bone 2000; 26:33-42. [PMID: 10617155 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(99)00245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A connection has been suggested between glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia and an increase in the apoptosis of bone cells, and between the dimerization of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the development of apoptosis. On this basis, a study has been carried out on the relationships between the occurrence of apoptotic cells and their detectable GR content, and between apoptosis frequency and changes in histomorphometric variables, in the growth plate and secondary spongiosa of rat long bones after the high-dose (10 mg/day) administration of corticosterone (CORT) and after recovery. The main results of the CORT treatment were: a significant increase in apoptotic osteoblasts, and a concomitant decrease in the histomorphometric variables of bone formation, with a reversal of both values during recovery; a nonsignificant increase in the apoptosis of osteoclasts, without changes in the histomorphometric variables of bone resorption; a significant increase in apoptotic terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes; the presence of GR in all types of skeletal cells in control rats, with different (cytoplasmic and/or nuclear) immunohistochemical detection in the same type of cell; a decrease in GR detection in proliferative chondrocytes and osteocytes in CORT and recovery groups, and in the maturative/hypertrophic chondrocytes of the recovery group; a fall in growth cartilage width, possibly due to the reduced proliferation of proliferative chondrocytes and increased apoptosis in terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes. In conclusion, pharmacological doses of CORT reduce bone formation by increasing osteoblast apoptosis; they reduce growth cartilage width, probably by inhibiting chondrocyte proliferation and increasing the apoptosis of terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes, and they reduce osteocyte GR. Although these effects appear to be mediated by the presence of GR in all skeletal cells, no precise correlation between GR immunohistochemical detection and apoptosis induction has been found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Silvestrini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gohel A, McCarthy MB, Gronowicz G. Estrogen prevents glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in osteoblasts in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology 1999; 140:5339-47. [PMID: 10537165 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.11.7135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of estrogen to prevent glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in osteoblasts was studied both in vitro and in vivo. Glucocorticoid treatment for 72 h produced a dose-dependent increase in the number of apoptotic cells, determined by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, with a maximal response of 31+/-2% and 26+/-3% with 100 nM corticosterone in primary rat and mouse osteoblasts, respectively. Simultaneous administration of varying concentrations of 17beta-estradiol and 100 nM corticosterone decreased apoptotic osteoblasts in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximal decrease of 70% with 0.01 nM 17beta-estradiol. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxy-UTP-biotin nick end labeling also demonstrated glucocorticoid-induced DNA fragmentation that was inhibited by estrogen. Estrogen was shown to inhibit apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide treatment. As early as 6 h, Western blots demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, which reached a minimum of 0.18 in osteoblasts treated with 1000 nM corticosterone for 72 h. This reduction in Bcl-2/Bax was abolished by treating osteoblasts simultaneously with 17beta-estradiol, but not with 17alpha-estradiol. In 7-day-old mice, administration of varying concentrations of dexamethasone for 72 h resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the number of apoptotic osteoblasts as demonstrated by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxy-UTP-biotin nick end labeling staining of calvaria. A maximum of 22+/-1% apoptotic osteoblasts on the bone surface was found with 1 mg/kg BW dexamethasone compared with 2+/-1% in vehicle-treated mice. Injection of varying concentrations of 17beta-estradiol (0.5-5 mg/kg BW), but not 17alpha-estradiol, with 1 mg/kg dexamethasone produced a dose-dependent decrease in the number of apoptotic osteoblasts to 5+/-1% with 5 mg/kg 17beta-estradiol. Thus, glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of osteoblasts may be prevented at least in part by 17beta-estradiol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gohel
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06032, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ortoft G, Andreassen TT, Oxlund H. Growth hormone increases cortical and cancellous bone mass in young growing rats with glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia. J Bone Miner Res 1999; 14:710-21. [PMID: 10320519 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.5.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of growth hormone (GH) on linear growth, bone formation, and bone mass have been examined in glucocorticoid (GC)-injected young growing rats. Two-month-old female Wistar rats were injected for 90 days with 1, 3, 6, or 9 mg of methylprednisolone alone or in combination with 5 mg of GH. Bone mass and bone formation parameters were examined in the femoral cortical bone and in cortical bone and cancellous bone of the lumbar vertebra. GC administration dose dependently decreased growth, longitudinal growth of the vertebra, as well as the modeling drift of the cortical bone of the vertebral body and femoral diaphysis. In the vertebral cancellous bone, GC also decreased the mineralizing surface and inhibited the growth-related increase in cancellous bone volume. GH increased growth, longitudinal growth of the vertebra, as well as the modeling drift of the vertebral body and the femoral diaphysis, resulting in an increased cortical bone mass. GH also increased cancellous bone volume and the mineralizing surface of the vertebral body. In GC-injected animals, GH normalized and further increased growth, longitudinal growth, and the modeling drift of both the femoral diaphysis and the vertebral body, resulting in an increased cortical bone mass at both locations. GH also increased cancellous bone volume of the vertebral body in GC-injected animals, but GH did not, however, reverse the decreased mineralizing surface of cancellous bone induced by GC injections. In conclusion, GC administration to growing rats retards normal growth, longitudinal growth, and cortical bone modeling drift. It also decreases the cancellous bone mineralizing surface and inhibits the normal age-related increase in cancellous bone volume of the vertebral body. In the growing rat skeleton, GH can counteract these GC-induced side effects, except for the GC-induced decrease in the mineralizing surface of cancellous bone of the vertebral body, which remained unaffected by GH administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Ortoft
- Department of Connective Tissue Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Okazaki Y, Tsurukami H, Nishida S, Okimoto N, Aota S, Takeda S, Nakamura T. Prednisolone prevents decreases in trabecular bone mass and strength by reducing bone resorption and bone formation defect in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Bone 1998; 23:353-60. [PMID: 9763147 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(98)00116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of prednisolone (PSL) administration in normal female Sprague Dawley rats and adjuvant-induced arthritic rats at the age of 6 weeks. Rats were intramuscularly injected with PSL twice a week at doses of 0 (control), 10, 30, 90, or 270 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). In the normal rats, serum osteocalcin level at 14 days and serum carboxyterminal pyridinoline cross-linked telopeptide of type 1 collagen (1CTP) level at 28 days in the 270 mg/kg dose group was lower than the respective value in control animals. The BMC and the trabecular bone formation rate (BFR/BS) of the lumbar body (L-4) in the 270 mg/kg dose group at 14 and 28 days were significantly lower than the values in the control rats. In the arthritic rats, however, serum osteocalcin levels in the PSL-treated groups did not differ compared with arthritic controls. The serum 1CTP levels in all of the PSL-treated groups were significantly reduced at 28 days. The age-dependent increases in the L4 BMC, BMD, and L-3 ultimate compressive load values were maintained. The BFR/BS values in the 90 mg/kg and 270 mg/kg dose groups were significantly higher than those in the arthritic control rats. The trabecular osteoclast number and surface values in all of the PSL-treated groups were significantly lower than the values in arthritic controls. These data demonstrate that PSL administration prevented reduction in bone mass and strength of the lumbar trabecular bone in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats by reducing the increase in bone resorption and the decrease in bone formation at both the local and systemic levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Okazaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Weinstein RS, Jilka RL, Parfitt AM, Manolagas SC. Inhibition of osteoblastogenesis and promotion of apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes by glucocorticoids. Potential mechanisms of their deleterious effects on bone. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:274-82. [PMID: 9664068 PMCID: PMC508885 DOI: 10.1172/jci2799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1122] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced bone disease is characterized by decreased bone formation and in situ death of isolated segments of bone (osteonecrosis) suggesting that glucocorticoid excess, the third most common cause of osteoporosis, may affect the birth or death rate of bone cells, thus reducing their numbers. To test this hypothesis, we administered prednisolone to 7-mo-old mice for 27 d and found decreased bone density, serum osteocalcin, and cancellous bone area along with trabecular narrowing. These changes were accompanied by diminished bone formation and turnover, as determined by histomorphometric analysis of tetracycline-labeled vertebrae, and impaired osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, as determined by ex vivo bone marrow cell cultures. In addition, the mice exhibited a threefold increase in osteoblast apoptosis in vertebrae and showed apoptosis in 28% of the osteocytes in metaphyseal cortical bone. As in mice, an increase in osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis was documented in patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Decreased production of osteoclasts explains the reduction in bone turnover, whereas decreased production and apoptosis of osteoblasts would account for the decline in bone formation and trabecular width. Furthermore, accumulation of apoptotic osteocytes may contribute to osteonecrosis. These findings provide evidence that glucocorticoid-induced bone disease arises from changes in the numbers of bone cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Weinstein
- Division of Endocrinology/Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and the McClellan Veterans Affairs Medical Center GRECC, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wronski TJ, Li M, Shen Y, Miller SC, Bowman BM, Kostenuik P, Halloran BP. Lack of effect of spaceflight on bone mass and bone formation in group-housed rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998; 85:279-85. [PMID: 9655787 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1998.85.1.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of an experiment to study the role of corticosteroids in bone changes during spaceflight, male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 wk old, 165 g body weight) were placed in orbit for 17 days, in groups of six, in animal-enclosure modules (AEMs) aboard the space shuttle Columbia (STS-78). Control rats were group housed in a similar manner in ground-based AEMs or standard vivarium cages. Adrenal hypertrophy occurred in flight rats, but bone histomorphometric analyses revealed a lack of significant changes in bone mass and bone formation in these animals. Cancellous bone volume and osteoblast surface in the proximal tibial metaphysis were nearly the same in flight and ground-based rats. Normal levels of cancellous bone mass and bone formation were also detected in the lumbar vertebrae and femoral necks of flight rats. In the tibial diaphysis, periosteal bone formation rate was found to be identical in flight and ground-based rats. The results indicate that, under conditions of group housing in AEMs, spaceflight has minimal effects on bone mass and bone formation in rapidly growing rats. These findings emphasize the need to investigate the importance of rat age, strain, and especially housing conditions for studies of the skeletal effects of spaceflight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Wronski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shen V, Birchman R, Liang XG, Wu DD, Lindsay R, Dempster DW. Prednisolone alone, or in combination with estrogen or dietary calcium deficiency or immobilization, inhibits bone formation but does not induce bone loss in mature rats. Bone 1997; 21:345-51. [PMID: 9315338 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(97)00153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid use has long been recognized as a risk factor for bone loss, resulting in an increased fracture incidence in humans. However, steroid-treated patients often present with other complications that predispose to bone loss, such as immobilization, and little is known about the interaction of these other risk factors for bone loss and glucocorticoids. In the present study, mature female rats were treated with prednisolone (Pred) or vehicle, in combination with ovariectomy (ovx), dietary calcium deficiency (LoCa), or right hind limb immobilization (IM). After 4 weeks of treatment, the rats were killed and the right tibia and tibiofibular junction were collected for quantitative histomorphometric analysis and the right femur was collected for bone mineral density (BMD) and mechanical strength determinations. As expected, ovx, LoCa, and IM decreased BMD in the distal femur and cancellous bone volume (CnBV/TV) in the proximal tibia. All Pred-treated groups responded with increases of BMD and CnBV/TV, when compared to their respective non-Pred treated groups. Mechanical strength testing of the cancellous bone of the distal femur reflected the changes in BMD and CnBV/TV. No differences in trabecular plate thickness were noted in any of the treatment groups. The Pred group showed a significant reduction in longitudinal growth rate, as well as bone formation rate (BFR/BS), in the proximal tibia when compared with their respective control groups, the latter indicated by a decrease in both mineralizing surface and mineral apposition rate. Most notably, osteoclast surface and urinary free pyridinoline, a bone resorption marker, increased significantly with each of the three risk factors. Pred treatment inhibited these increases but it did not exert significant reductions when used by itself. At the tibiofibular junction, there were no measurable changes in either total bone or cortical bone area. Endocortical BFR/BS were increased by ovx or LoCa but each was lowered by Pred treatment. Periosteal BFR/BS were increased by ovx and IM, and Pred exerted significant inhibition by itself and in combination with other risk factors. We conclude, therefore, that unlike the effects observed in humans treated with glucocorticoid, treatment of rats with prednisolone not only does not result in bone loss but may exert a protective effect on the skeleton through the inhibition of bone resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Shen
- Regional Bone Center, Helen Hayes Hospital, New York State Department of Health, West Haverstraw 10993, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Verhaeghe J, Van Herck E, van Bree R, Moermans K, Bouillon R. Decreased osteoblast activity in spontaneously diabetic rats. In vivo studies on the pathogenesis. Endocrine 1997; 7:165-75. [PMID: 9549042 DOI: 10.1007/bf02778138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes in both humans and rats is accompanied by low bone formation, which is presumably caused by serum-borne factors. To explore its pathogenesis, we carried out experiments in diabetic and nondiabetic BB rats, using plasma osteocalcin concentrations (OC) as a marker for osteoblast activity. In nondiabetic rats, the i.v. infusion of glucose (30%, 4 d) did not change OC; s.c. insulin infusion (4 U/d, 14 d) reduced OC by 27% (p < 0.01). In diabetic rats, OC were decreased from the first day of glycosuria (71 +/- 5% of paired controls), declining exponentially to 24 +/- 3% after 5 wk. Insulin infusion (1, 2, and 3 U/d, 14 d) produced gradual restoration of OC. OC were better correlated with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) than with insulin levels in these experiments. OC were dramatically increased 4 d after adrenalectomy (ADX) in all diabetic rats (73 +/- 8 vs 22 +/- 4 micrograms/L before ADX; p < 0.001), but not if corticosterone was administered. Ligand blotting of IGF binding proteins showed a marked decrease in two bands (44-49 and 32-35 kDa) 10-14 d after diabetes onset; the density of these bands was increased, but not normalized after ADX. Thus, decreased osteoblast activity is present from the onset of diabetes, is dependent on endogenous corticosterone, and cannot be reproduced by hyperglycemia in nondiabetic rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Verhaeghe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mahgoub A, Hirsch PF, Munson PL. Calcium-lowering action of glucocorticoids in adrenalectomized-parathyroidectomized rats. Specificity and relative potency of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids. Endocrine 1997; 6:279-83. [PMID: 9368684 DOI: 10.1007/bf02820504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The specificity and potency of glucocorticoids to lower serum calcium (Ca) in rats after parathyroidectomy (PTX) and adrenalectomy (ADX) were examined. Rats fasted overnight were given sc injections of various steroids immediately after the operations. The fall in serum calcium 5 h after PTX-ADX in rats given hypocalcemic doses of corticosterone was compared to that after injection of a test steroid. At high doses, progesterone, estradiol, testosterone, and aldosterone were inactive, whereas glucocorticoids were consistently hypocalcemic. These results indicate that the Ca-lowering effect is specific for steroids with glucocorticoid activity. Potency estimates were made by comparing the dose-response of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids to that of corticosterone, the major glucocorticoid in rats. The mean potency of hydrocortisone was 8.2 times that of corticosterone. Prednisolone was about 9.6, triamcinolone 33, betamethasone 109, and dexamethasone 301 times as potent as corticosterone. Thus, the use of the calcium-lowering action as a bioassay has provides a specific and rapid in vivo method to compare potencies of glucocorticoids consistent with those obtained by anti-inflammatory and glycogen deposition assays. The importance of this interesting calcitonin-like action of glucocorticoids in normal physiology of calcium metabolism is not yet established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mahgoub
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7455, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|