1
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Piuzzi NS, Klika AK, Lu Q, Higuera-Rueda CA, Stappenbeck T, Visperas A. Periprosthetic joint infection and immunity: Current understanding of host-microbe interplay. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:7-20. [PMID: 37874328 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a major complication of total joint arthroplasty. Even with current treatments, failure rates are unacceptably high with a 5-year mortality rate of 26%. Majority of the literature in the field has focused on development of better biomarkers for diagnostics and treatment strategies including innovate antibiotic delivery systems, antibiofilm agents, and bacteriophages. Nevertheless, the role of the immune system, our first line of defense during PJI, is not well understood. Evidence of infection in PJI patients is found within circulation, synovial fluid, and tissue and include numerous cytokines, metabolites, antimicrobial peptides, and soluble receptors that are part of the PJI diagnosis workup. Macrophages, neutrophils, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are initially recruited into the joint by chemokines and cytokines produced by immune cells and bacteria and are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns. While these cells are efficient killers of planktonic bacteria by phagocytosis, opsonization, degranulation, and recruitment of adaptive immune cells, biofilm-associated bacteria are troublesome. Biofilm is not only a physical barrier for the immune system but also elicits effector functions. Additionally, bacteria have developed mechanisms to evade the immune system by inactivating effector molecules, promoting killing or anti-inflammatory effector cell phenotypes, and intracellular persistence and dissemination. Understanding these shortcomings and the mechanisms by which bacteria can subvert the immune system may open new approaches to better prepare our own immune system to combat PJI. Furthermore, preoperative immune system assessment and screening for dysregulation may aid in developing preventative interventions to decrease PJI incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S Piuzzi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Adult Reconstruction Research (CCARR), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alison K Klika
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Adult Reconstruction Research (CCARR), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Qiuhe Lu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Anabelle Visperas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Adult Reconstruction Research (CCARR), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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2
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Alyami M, Alotibi S. Physical Properties of E143 Food Dye as a New Organic Semiconductor Nanomaterial. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1974. [PMID: 37446490 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors (OSCs) have attracted considerable attention for many promising applications, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), and organic photovoltaics (OPVs). The present work introduced E143 food dye as a new nanostructured organic semiconductor that has several advantages, such as low cost, easy fabrication, biocompatibility, and unique physical properties. The material was characterized using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and optical absorption spectroscopy. The study of X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that E143 dye has a monoclinic polycrystalline structure. Electrical and dielectric properties were performed by impedance spectroscopy at frequencies (20 Hz-1 MHz) in the temperature range (303-473 K). The values of interband transitions and activation energy recommended the application of E143 dye as a new organic semiconductor material with promising stability, especially in the range of hot climates such as KSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alyami
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Satam Alotibi
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Molitoris BA, Sandoval RM, Wagner MC. Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy as a Tool for Studying Renal Physiology, Pathophysiology and Therapeutics. Front Physiol 2022; 13:827280. [PMID: 35399274 PMCID: PMC8988037 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.827280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital multiphoton microscopy has empowered investigators to study dynamic cell and subcellular processes in vivo within normal and disease organs. Advances in hardware, software, optics, transgenics and fluorescent probe design and development have enabled new quantitative approaches to create a disruptive technology pioneering advances in understanding of normal biology, disease pathophysiology and therapies. Offering superior spatial and temporal resolution with high sensitivity, investigators can follow multiple processes simultaneously and observe complex interactions between different cell types, intracellular organelles, proteins and track molecules for cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, and metabolism in a cell specific fashion. The technique has been utilized in the kidney to quantify multiple dynamic processes including capillary flow, permeability, glomerular function, proximal tubule processes and determine the effects of diseases and therapeutic mechanisms. Limitations include the depth of tissue penetration with loss of sensitivity and resolution due to scattered emitted light. Tissue clearing technology has virtually eliminated penetration issues for fixed tissue studies. Use of multiphoton microscopy in preclinical animal models offers distinct advantages resulting in new insights into physiologic processes and the pathophysiology and treatment of diseases.
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4
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Saxena V, Gao H, Arregui S, Zollman A, Kamocka MM, Xuei X, McGuire P, Hutchens M, Hato T, Hains DS, Schwaderer AL. Kidney intercalated cells are phagocytic and acidify internalized uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2405. [PMID: 33893305 PMCID: PMC8065053 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney intercalated cells are involved in acid-base homeostasis via vacuolar ATPase expression. Here we report six human intercalated cell subtypes, including hybrid principal-intercalated cells identified from single cell transcriptomics. Phagosome maturation is a biological process that increases in biological pathway analysis rank following exposure to uropathogenic Escherichia coli in two of the intercalated cell subtypes. Real time confocal microscopy visualization of murine renal tubules perfused with green fluorescent protein expressing Escherichia coli or pHrodo Green E. coli BioParticles demonstrates that intercalated cells actively phagocytose bacteria then acidify phagolysosomes. Additionally, intercalated cells have increased vacuolar ATPase expression following in vivo experimental UTI. Taken together, intercalated cells exhibit a transcriptional response conducive to the kidney's defense, engulf bacteria and acidify the internalized bacteria. Intercalated cells represent an epithelial cell with characteristics of professional phagocytes like macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Saxena
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Samuel Arregui
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amy Zollman
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Malgorzata Maria Kamocka
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Patrick McGuire
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael Hutchens
- Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Takashi Hato
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David S Hains
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew L Schwaderer
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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5
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Scott BNV, Sarkar T, Kratofil RM, Kubes P, Thanabalasuriar A. Unraveling the host's immune response to infection: Seeing is believing. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:323-335. [PMID: 30776153 PMCID: PMC6849780 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri1218-503r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been appreciated that understanding the interactions between the host and the pathogens that make us sick is critical for the prevention and treatment of disease. As antibiotics become increasingly ineffective, targeting the host and specific bacterial evasion mechanisms are becoming novel therapeutic approaches. The technology used to understand host‐pathogen interactions has dramatically advanced over the last century. We have moved away from using simple in vitro assays focused on single‐cell events to technologies that allow us to observe complex multicellular interactions in real time in live animals. Specifically, intravital microscopy (IVM) has improved our understanding of infection, from viral to bacterial to parasitic, and how the host immune system responds to these infections. Yet, at the same time it has allowed us to appreciate just how complex these interactions are and that current experimental models still have a number of limitations. In this review, we will discuss the advances in vivo IVM has brought to the study of host‐pathogen interactions, focusing primarily on bacterial infections and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney N V Scott
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tina Sarkar
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rachel M Kratofil
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ajitha Thanabalasuriar
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Microbial Sciences, MedImmune/AstraZeneca LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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6
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Sandoval RM, Molitoris BA. Intravital multiphoton microscopy as a tool for studying renal physiology and pathophysiology. Methods 2017; 128:20-32. [PMID: 28733090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney is a complex and dynamic organ with over 40 cell types, and tremendous structural and functional diversity. Intravital multi-photon microscopy, development of fluorescent probes and innovative software, have rapidly advanced the study of intracellular and intercellular processes within the kidney. Researchers can quantify the distribution, behavior, and dynamic interactions of up to four labeled chemical probes and proteins simultaneously and repeatedly in four dimensions (time), with subcellular resolution in near real time. Thus, multi-photon microscopy has greatly extended our ability to investigate cell biology intravitally, at cellular and subcellular resolutions. Therefore, the purpose of the chapter is to demonstrate how the use in intravital multi-photon microscopy has advanced the understanding of both the physiology and pathophysiology of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben M Sandoval
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Roudebush VAMC, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Roudebush VAMC, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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7
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Intravital imaging of the kidney. Methods 2017; 128:33-39. [PMID: 28410977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon intravital microscopy is a powerful tool that allows the examination of dynamic cellular processes in the live animal with unprecedented resolution. Indeed, it offers the ability to address unique biological questions that may not be solved by other means. While two-photon intravital microscopy has been successfully applied to study many organs, the kidney presents its own unique challenges that need to be overcome in order to optimize and validate imaging data. For kidney imaging, the complexity of renal architecture and salient autofluorescence merit special considerations as these elements directly impact image acquisition and data interpretation. Here, using illustrative cases, we provide practical guides and discuss issues that may arise during two-photon live imaging of the rodent kidney.
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8
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Endres BT, Sandoval RM, Rhodes GJ, Campos-Bilderback SB, Kamocka MM, McDermott-Roe C, Staruschenko A, Molitoris BA, Geurts AM, Palygin O. Intravital imaging of the kidney in a rat model of salt-sensitive hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F163-F173. [PMID: 28404591 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00466.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and a major risk factor for renal failure and cardiovascular disease. The role of albuminuria, a common feature of hypertension and robust predictor of cardiorenal disorders, remains incompletely understood. The goal of this study was to investigate the mechanisms leading to albuminuria in the kidney of a rat model of hypertension, the Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rat. To determine the relative contributions of the glomerulus and proximal tubule (PT) to albuminuria, we applied intravital two-photon-based imaging to investigate the complex renal physiological changes that occur during salt-induced hypertension. Following a high-salt diet, SS rats exhibited elevated blood pressure, increased glomerular sieving of albumin (GSCalb = 0.0686), relative permeability to albumin (+Δ16%), and impaired volume hemodynamics (-Δ14%). Serum albumin but not serum globulins or creatinine concentration was decreased (-0.54 g/dl), which was concomitant with increased filtration of albumin (3.7 vs. 0.8 g/day normal diet). Pathologically, hypertensive animals had significant tubular damage, as indicated by increased prevalence of granular casts, expansion and necrosis of PT epithelial cells (+Δ2.20 score/image), progressive augmentation of red blood cell velocity (+Δ269 µm/s) and micro vessel diameter (+Δ4.3 µm), and increased vascular injury (+Δ0.61 leakage/image). Therefore, development of salt-induced hypertension can be triggered by fast and progressive pathogenic remodeling of PT epithelia, which can be associated with changes in albumin handling. Collectively, these results indicate that both the glomerulus and the PT contribute to albuminuria, and dual treatment of glomerular filtration and albumin reabsorption may represent an effective treatment of salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley T Endres
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ruben M Sandoval
- Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - George J Rhodes
- Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Malgorzata M Kamocka
- Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; .,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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9
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Maringer K, Sims-Lucas S. The multifaceted role of the renal microvasculature during acute kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:1231-40. [PMID: 26493067 PMCID: PMC4841763 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric acute kidney injury (AKI) represents a complex disease process for clinicians as it is multifactorial in cause and only limited treatment or preventatives are available. The renal microvasculature has recently been implicated in AKI as a strong therapeutic candidate involved in both injury and recovery. Significant progress has been made in the ability to study the renal microvasculature following ischemic AKI and its role in repair. Advances have also been made in elucidating cell-cell interactions and the molecular mechanisms involved in these interactions. The ability of the kidney to repair post AKI is closely linked to alterations in hypoxia, and these studies are elucidated in this review. Injury to the microvasculature following AKI plays an integral role in mediating the inflammatory response, thereby complicating potential therapeutics. However, recent work with experimental animal models suggests that the endothelium and its cellular and molecular interactions are attractive targets to prevent injury or hasten repair following AKI. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the renal endothelium in AKI, as well as repair and recovery, and potential therapeutics to prevent or ameliorate injury and hasten repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Maringer
- Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sunder Sims-Lucas
- Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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10
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Matejovic M, Ince C, Chawla LS, Blantz R, Molitoris BA, Rosner MH, Okusa MD, Kellum JA, Ronco C. Renal Hemodynamics in AKI: In Search of New Treatment Targets. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:49-58. [PMID: 26510884 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015030234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel therapeutic interventions are required to prevent or treat AKI. To expedite progress in this regard, a consensus conference held by the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative was convened in April of 2014 to develop recommendations for research priorities and future directions. Here, we highlight the concepts related to renal hemodynamics in AKI that are likely to reveal new treatment targets on investigation. Overall, we must better understand the interactions between systemic, total renal, and glomerular hemodynamics, including the role of tubuloglomerular feedback. Furthermore, the net consequences of therapeutic maneuvers aimed at restoring glomerular filtration need to be examined in relation to the nature, magnitude, and duration of the insult. Additionally, microvascular blood flow heterogeneity in AKI is now recognized as a common occurrence; timely interventions to preserve the renal microcirculatory flow may interrupt the downward spiral of injury toward progressive kidney failure and should, therefore, be investigated. Finally, development of techniques that permit an integrative physiologic approach, including direct visualization of renal microvasculature and measurement of oxygen kinetics and mitochondrial function in intact tissue in all nephron segments, may provide new insights into how the kidney responds to various injurious stimuli and allow evaluation of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Matejovic
- First Medical Department and Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles University in Prague, Teaching Hospital in Plzen, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Can Ince
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center University Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lakhmir S Chawla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Intensive Care Medicine and Division of Nephrology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Roland Blantz
- Nephrology-Hypertension Division, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine and the Rouderbush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mitchell H Rosner
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia;
| | - Mark D Okusa
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - John A Kellum
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology and Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Claudio Ronco
- Department of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital and the International Renal Research Institute, Vicenza, Italy
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11
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Sandoval RM, Wang E, Molitoris BA. Finding the bottom and using it: Offsets and sensitivity in the detection of low intensity values in vivo with 2-photon microscopy. INTRAVITAL 2014; 2. [PMID: 25313346 DOI: 10.4161/intv.23674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Maximizing 2-photon parameters used in acquiring images for quantitative intravital microscopy, especially when high sensitivity is required, remains an open area of investigation. Here we present data on correctly setting the black level of the photomultiplier tube amplifier by adjusting the offset to allow for accurate quantitation of low intensity processes. When the black level is set too high some low intensity pixel values become zero and a nonlinear degradation in sensitivity occurs rendering otherwise quantifiable low intensity values virtually undetectable. Initial studies using a series of increasing offsets for a sequence of concentrations of fluorescent albumin in vitro revealed a loss of sensitivity for higher offsets at lower albumin concentrations. A similar decrease in sensitivity, and therefore the ability to correctly determine the glomerular permeability coefficient of albumin, occurred in vivo at higher offset. Finding the offset that yields accurate and linear data are essential for quantitative analysis when high sensitivity is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben M Sandoval
- Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA ; The Roudebush VA; Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Exing Wang
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA ; The Roudebush VA; Indianapolis, IN USA
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12
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Molitoris BA. Therapeutic translation in acute kidney injury: the epithelial/endothelial axis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2355-63. [PMID: 24892710 PMCID: PMC4089444 DOI: 10.1172/jci72269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a major clinical event with rising incidence, severity, and cost; it now has a morbidity and mortality exceeding acute myocardial infarction. There is also a documented conversion to and acceleration of chronic kidney disease to end-stage renal disease. The multifactorial nature of AKI etiologies and pathophysiology and the lack of diagnostic techniques have hindered translation of preclinical success. An evolving understanding of epithelial, endothelial, and inflammatory cell interactions and individualization of care will result in the eventual development of effective therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on epithelial and endothelial injury mediators, interactions, and targets for therapy.
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13
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Sandoval RM, Molitoris BA. Letter to the editor: "Quantifying albumin permeability with multiphoton microscopy: why the difference?". Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F1098-100. [PMID: 24785957 PMCID: PMC5243215 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00652.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben M Sandoval
- Indiana Univ. School of Medicine, 1120 South Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5116.
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14
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Choong FX, Richter-Dahlfors A. Intravital two-photon imaging to understand bacterial infections of the mammalian host. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1197:87-100. [PMID: 25172276 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1261-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Intravital two-photon microscopy (2PM) is an advanced fluorescence based imaging technique that allows for a cinematic study of physiological events occurring within tissues of the live animal. Based on this real-time imaging platform, the pathophysiology of bacterial infections can be studied in the most relevant of model systems-the live host. Whereas traditional animal models of host-pathogen interaction studies rely on end stage analysis of dissected tissues, noninvasive intravital imaging allows for real-time monitoring of infection during shorter or extended time frames. Here we describe the use of advanced surgical techniques for initiation of spatially and temporally well-controlled kidney infections in rats, and how the bacterial whereabouts can be studied while at the same time monitoring the host's altered tissue homeostasis based on real-time deep tissue imaging on the 2PM platform. Whereas this chapter focuses on pyelonephritis induced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in rats, the major concepts can easily be translated to numerous infections in a variety of organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand X Choong
- Department of Neuroscience, Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Dumat B, Bordeau G, Faurel-Paul E, Mahuteau-Betzer F, Saettel N, Metge G, Fiorini-Debuisschert C, Charra F, Teulade-Fichou MP. DNA Switches on the Two-Photon Efficiency of an Ultrabright Triphenylamine Fluorescent Probe Specific of AT Regions. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12697-706. [DOI: 10.1021/ja404422z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Dumat
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR-176, Centre Universitaire d’Orsay, Paris-Sud 91405
Orsay Cedex France
| | - Guillaume Bordeau
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR-176, Centre Universitaire d’Orsay, Paris-Sud 91405
Orsay Cedex France
| | - Elodie Faurel-Paul
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR-176, Centre Universitaire d’Orsay, Paris-Sud 91405
Orsay Cedex France
| | | | - Nicolas Saettel
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR-176, Centre Universitaire d’Orsay, Paris-Sud 91405
Orsay Cedex France
| | - Germain Metge
- CEA-
Saclay, DSM-IRAMIS/SPCSI/Laboratoire NanoPhotonique, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Fabrice Charra
- CEA-
Saclay, DSM-IRAMIS/SPCSI/Laboratoire NanoPhotonique, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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