1
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Khan RR, Guerrero RF, Wapner RJ, Hahn MW, Raja A, Salleb-Aouissi A, Grobman WA, Simhan H, Silver RM, Chung JH, Reddy UM, Radivojac P, Pe'er I, Haas DM. Genetic polymorphisms associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in nulliparas. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10514. [PMID: 38714721 PMCID: PMC11076516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) affect a large proportion of pregnancies and represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Yet the pathophysiology of APOs is poorly understood, limiting our ability to prevent and treat these conditions. To search for genetic markers of maternal risk for four APOs, we performed multi-ancestry genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for pregnancy loss, gestational length, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia. We clustered participants by their genetic ancestry and focused our analyses on three sub-cohorts with the largest sample sizes: European, African, and Admixed American. Association tests were carried out separately for each sub-cohort and then meta-analyzed together. Two novel loci were significantly associated with an increased risk of pregnancy loss: a cluster of SNPs located downstream of the TRMU gene (top SNP: rs142795512), and the SNP rs62021480 near RGMA. In the GWAS of gestational length we identified two new variants, rs2550487 and rs58548906 near WFDC1 and AC005052.1, respectively. Lastly, three new loci were significantly associated with gestational diabetes (top SNPs: rs72956265, rs10890563, rs79596863), located on or near ZBTB20, GUCY1A2, and RPL7P20, respectively. Fourteen loci previously correlated with preterm birth, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia were found to be associated with these outcomes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiyan R Khan
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rafael F Guerrero
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Ronald J Wapner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew W Hahn
- Department of Computer Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Anita Raja
- Department of Computer Science, CUNY Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - William A Grobman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hyagriv Simhan
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert M Silver
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Judith H Chung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Uma M Reddy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Predrag Radivojac
- Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Itsik Pe'er
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David M Haas
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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2
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Bandekar SJ, Garbett K, Kordon SP, Dintzner E, Shearer T, Sando RC, Araç D. Structure of the extracellular region of the adhesion GPCR CELSR1 reveals a compact module which regulates G protein-coupling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.26.577439. [PMID: 38328199 PMCID: PMC10849658 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.26.577439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Cadherin EGF Laminin G seven-pass G-type receptors (CELSRs or ADGRCs) are conserved adhesion G protein-coupled receptors which are essential for animal development. CELSRs have extracellular regions (ECRs) containing 23 adhesion domains which couple adhesion to intracellular signaling. However, molecular-level insight into CELSR function is sparsely available. We report the 4.3 Å cryo-EM reconstruction of the mCELSR1 ECR with 13 domains resolved in the structure. These domains form a compact module mediated by interdomain interactions with contact between the N- and C-terminal domains. We show the mCELSR1 ECR forms an extended species in the presence of Ca 2+ , which we propose represents the antiparallel cadherin repeat dimer. Using assays for adhesion and G protein-coupling, we assign the N-terminal CADH1-8 module as necessary for cell adhesion and we show the C-terminal CAHD9-GAIN module regulates signaling. Our work provides important molecular context to the literature on CELSR function and opens the door towards further mechanistic studies.
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3
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Basta LP, Sil P, Jones RA, Little KA, Hayward-Lara G, Devenport D. Celsr1 and Celsr2 exhibit distinct adhesive interactions and contributions to planar cell polarity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1064907. [PMID: 36712970 PMCID: PMC9878842 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1064907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor (Celsr) proteins 1-3 comprise a subgroup of adhesion GPCRs whose functions range from planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling to axon pathfinding and ciliogenesis. Like its Drosophila ortholog, Flamingo, mammalian Celsr1 is a core component of the PCP pathway, which, among other roles, is responsible for the coordinated alignment of hair follicles across the skin surface. Although the role of Celsr1 in epidermal planar polarity is well established, the contribution of the other major epidermally expressed Celsr protein, Celsr2, has not been investigated. Here, using two new CRISPR/Cas9-targeted Celsr1 and Celsr2 knockout mouse lines, we define the relative contributions of Celsr1 and Celsr2 to PCP establishment in the skin. We find that Celsr1 is the major Celsr family member involved in epidermal PCP. Removal of Celsr1 function alone abolishes PCP protein asymmetry and hair follicle polarization, whereas epidermal PCP is unaffected by loss of Celsr2. Further, elimination of both Celsr proteins only minimally enhances the Celsr1 -/- phenotype. Using FRAP and junctional enrichment assays to measure differences in Celsr1 and Celsr2 adhesive interactions, we find that compared to Celsr1, which stably enriches at junctional interfaces, Celsr2 is much less efficiently recruited to and immobilized at junctions. As the two proteins seem equivalent in their ability to interact with core PCP proteins Vangl2 and Fz6, we suggest that perhaps differences in homophilic adhesion contribute to the differential involvement of Celsr1 and Celsr2 in epidermal PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena P. Basta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Parijat Sil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Jones
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Katherine A. Little
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Gabriela Hayward-Lara
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States,Current Affiliation. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States,*Correspondence: Danelle Devenport,
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4
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Wen Q, Weng H, Liu T, Yu L, Zhao T, Qin J, Li S, Wu Q, Fadel T, Qu Y, Zhou L. Inactivating Celsr2 promotes motor axon fasciculation and regeneration in mouse and human. Brain 2022; 145:670-683. [PMID: 34983065 PMCID: PMC9014747 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding new modulators of axon regeneration is central to neural repair. Our previous work demonstrated critical roles of atypical cadherin Celsr2 during neural development, including cilia organization, neuron migration and axon navigation. Here, we address its role in axon regeneration. We show that Celsr2 is highly expressed in both mouse and human spinal motor neurons. Celsr2 knockout promotes axon regeneration and fasciculation in mouse cultured spinal explants. Similarly, cultured Celsr2 mutant motor neurons extend longer neurites and larger growth cones, with increased expression of end-binding protein 3 and higher potassium-induced calcium influx. Mice with Celsr2 conditional knockout in spinal motor neurons do not exhibit any behavioural deficits; however, after branchial plexus injury, axon regeneration and functional forelimb locomotor recovery are significantly improved. Similarly, knockdown of CELSR2 using shRNA interference in cultured human spinal motor explants and motor neurons increases axonal fasciculation and growth. In mouse adult spinal cord after root avulsion, in mouse embryonic spinal cords, and in cultured human motor neurons, Celsr2 downregulation is accompanied by increased levels of GTP-bound Rac1 and Cdc42, and of JNK and c-Jun. In conclusion, Celsr2 negatively regulates motor axon regeneration and is a potential target to improve neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wen
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Huandi Weng
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Lingtai Yu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Tainyun Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Si Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Qingfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Tissir Fadel
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium.,College of Life and Health Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Yibo Qu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain- Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Libing Zhou
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510005, P.R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,The first affiliated hospital of Jian University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
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5
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Kaczmarek I, Suchý T, Prömel S, Schöneberg T, Liebscher I, Thor D. The relevance of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors in metabolic functions. Biol Chem 2021; 403:195-209. [PMID: 34218541 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulate a variety of physiological functions and have been proven to be outstanding drug targets. However, approximately one-third of all non-olfactory GPCRs are still orphans in respect to their signal transduction and physiological functions. Receptors of the class of Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) are among these orphan receptors. They are characterized by unique features in their structure and tissue-specific expression, which yields them interesting candidates for deorphanization and testing as potential therapeutic targets. Capable of G-protein coupling and non-G protein-mediated function, aGPCRs may extend our repertoire of influencing physiological function. Besides their described significance in the immune and central nervous systems, growing evidence indicates a high importance of these receptors in metabolic tissue. RNAseq analyses revealed high expression of several aGPCRs in pancreatic islets, adipose tissue, liver, and intestine but also in neurons governing food intake. In this review, we focus on aGPCRs and their function in regulating metabolic pathways. Based on current knowledge, this receptor class represents high potential for future pharmacological approaches addressing obesity and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Kaczmarek
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tomáš Suchý
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Prömel
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Covello G, Rossello FJ, Filosi M, Gajardo F, Duchemin A, Tremonti BF, Eichenlaub M, Polo JM, Powell D, Ngai J, Allende ML, Domenici E, Ramialison M, Poggi L. Transcriptome analysis of the zebrafish atoh7-/- Mutant, lakritz, highlights Atoh7-dependent genetic networks with potential implications for human eye diseases. FASEB Bioadv 2020; 2:434-448. [PMID: 32676583 PMCID: PMC7354691 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the bHLH transcription protein Atoh7 is a crucial factor conferring competence to retinal progenitor cells for the development of retinal ganglion cells. Several studies have emerged establishing ATOH7 as a retinal disease gene. Remarkably, such studies uncovered ATOH7 variants associated with global eye defects including optic nerve hypoplasia, microphthalmia, retinal vascular disorders, and glaucoma. The complex genetic networks and cellular decisions arising downstream of atoh7 expression, and how their dysregulation cause development of such disease traits remains unknown. To begin to understand such Atoh7-dependent events in vivo, we performed transcriptome analysis of wild-type and atoh7 mutant (lakritz) zebrafish embryos at the onset of retinal ganglion cell differentiation. We investigated in silico interplays of atoh7 and other disease-related genes and pathways. By network reconstruction analysis of differentially expressed genes, we identified gene clusters enriched in retinal development, cell cycle, chromatin remodeling, stress response, and Wnt pathways. By weighted gene coexpression network, we identified coexpression modules affected by the mutation and enriched in retina development genes tightly connected to atoh7. We established the groundwork whereby Atoh7-linked cellular and molecular processes can be investigated in the dynamic multi-tissue environment of the developing normal and diseased vertebrate eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Covello
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology ‐ CIBIOUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
- Present address:
Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Fernando J. Rossello
- Australian Regenerative Medicine InstituteMonash University Clayton VICClaytonAustralia
- Present address:
University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer ResearchUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Michele Filosi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology ‐ CIBIOUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Felipe Gajardo
- Center for Genome RegulationFacultad de Ciencias, SantiagoUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | | | - Beatrice F. Tremonti
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology ‐ CIBIOUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Michael Eichenlaub
- Australian Regenerative Medicine InstituteMonash University Clayton VICClaytonAustralia
| | - Jose M. Polo
- Australian Regenerative Medicine InstituteMonash University Clayton VICClaytonAustralia
- BDIMonash University Clayton VICClaytonAustralia
| | - David Powell
- Monash Bioinformatics PlatformMonash University Clayton VICClaytonAustralia
| | - John Ngai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology & Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Miguel L. Allende
- Center for Genome RegulationFacultad de Ciencias, SantiagoUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Enrico Domenici
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology ‐ CIBIOUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
- Fondazione The Microsoft Research ‐ University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems BiologyTrentoItaly
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- Australian Regenerative Medicine InstituteMonash University Clayton VICClaytonAustralia
| | - Lucia Poggi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology ‐ CIBIOUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
- Centre for Organismal StudyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Department of PhysiologyDevelopment and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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7
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Wang LH, Zhang GL, Liu XY, Peng A, Ren HY, Huang SH, Liu T, Wang XJ. CELSR1 Promotes Neuroprotection in Cerebral Ischemic Injury Mainly Through the Wnt/PKC Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1267. [PMID: 32070035 PMCID: PMC7072880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin epidermal growth factor (EGF) laminin G (LAG) seven-pass G-type receptor 1 (CELSR1) is a member of a special subgroup of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. Although Celsr1 has been reported to be a sensitive gene for stroke, the effect of CELSR1 in ischemic stroke is still not known. Here, we investigated the effect of CELSR1 on neuroprotection, neurogenesis and angiogenesis in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. The mRNA expression of Celsr1 was upregulated in the subventricular zone (SVZ), hippocampus and ischemic penumbra after cerebral ischemic injury. Knocking down the expression of Celsr1 in the SVZ with a lentivirus significantly reduced the proliferation of neuroblasts, the number of CD31-positive cells, motor function and rat survival and increased cell apoptosis and the infarct volume in MCAO rats. In addition, the expression of p-PKC in the SVZ and peri-infarct tissue was downregulated after ischemia/ reperfusion. Meanwhile, in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, knocking down the expression of Celsr1 significantly reduced the proliferation of neuroblasts; however, it had no influence on motor function, cell apoptosis or angiogenesis. These data indicate that CELSR1 has a neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemia injury by reducing cell apoptosis in the peri-infarct cerebral cortex and promoting neurogenesis and angiogenesis, mainly through the Wnt/PKC pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; (L.-H.W.); (X.-Y.L.); (A.P.); (H.-Y.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Geng-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China;
| | - Xing-Yu Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; (L.-H.W.); (X.-Y.L.); (A.P.); (H.-Y.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Ai Peng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; (L.-H.W.); (X.-Y.L.); (A.P.); (H.-Y.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Hai-Yuan Ren
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; (L.-H.W.); (X.-Y.L.); (A.P.); (H.-Y.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Shu-Hong Huang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China;
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; (L.-H.W.); (X.-Y.L.); (A.P.); (H.-Y.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; (L.-H.W.); (X.-Y.L.); (A.P.); (H.-Y.R.); (T.L.)
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
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8
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Li C, Barton C, Henke K, Daane J, Treaster S, Caetano-Lopes J, Tanguay RL, Harris MP. celsr1a is essential for tissue homeostasis and onset of aging phenotypes in the zebrafish. eLife 2020; 9:50523. [PMID: 31985398 PMCID: PMC7010407 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of genetics has been invaluable in defining the complex mechanisms of aging and longevity. Zebrafish, while a prominent model for vertebrate development, have not been used systematically to address questions of how and why we age. In a mutagenesis screen focusing on late developmental phenotypes, we identified a new mutant that displays aging phenotypes at young adult stages. We find that the phenotypes are due to loss-of-function in the non-classical cadherin celsr1a. The premature aging is not associated with increased cellular senescence or telomere length but is a result of a failure to maintain progenitor cell populations. We show that celsr1a is essential for maintenance of stem cell progenitors in late stages. Caloric restriction can ameliorate celsr1a aging phenotypes. These data suggest that celsr1a function helps to mediate stem cell maintenance during maturation and homeostasis of tissues and thus regulates the onset or expressivity of aging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Carrie Barton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Corvallis, United States
| | - Katrin Henke
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Jake Daane
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Stephen Treaster
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Joana Caetano-Lopes
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Corvallis, United States
| | - Matthew P Harris
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
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9
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Hakanen J, Ruiz-Reig N, Tissir F. Linking Cell Polarity to Cortical Development and Malformations. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:244. [PMID: 31213986 PMCID: PMC6558068 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity refers to the asymmetric distribution of signaling molecules, cellular organelles, and cytoskeleton in a cell. Neural progenitors and neurons are highly polarized cells in which the cell membrane and cytoplasmic components are compartmentalized into distinct functional domains in response to internal and external cues that coordinate polarity and behavior during development and disease. In neural progenitor cells, polarity has a prominent impact on cell shape and coordinate several processes such as adhesion, division, and fate determination. Polarity also accompanies a neuron from the beginning until the end of its life. It is essential for development and later functionality of neuronal circuitries. During development, polarity governs transitions between multipolar and bipolar during migration of postmitotic neurons, and directs the specification and directional growth of axons. Once reaching final positions in cortical layers, neurons form dendrites which become compartmentalized to ensure proper establishment of neuronal connections and signaling. Changes in neuronal polarity induce signaling cascades that regulate cytoskeletal changes, as well as mRNA, protein, and vesicle trafficking, required for synapses to form and function. Hence, defects in establishing and maintaining cell polarity are associated with several neural disorders such as microcephaly, lissencephaly, schizophrenia, autism, and epilepsy. In this review we summarize the role of polarity genes in cortical development and emphasize the relationship between polarity dysfunctions and cortical malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Hakanen
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nuria Ruiz-Reig
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Peng X, Emiliani F, Smallwood PM, Rattner A, Lei H, Sabbagh MF, Nathans J. Affinity capture of polyribosomes followed by RNAseq (ACAPseq), a discovery platform for protein-protein interactions. eLife 2018; 7:40982. [PMID: 30345971 PMCID: PMC6197854 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Defining protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is central to the biological sciences. Here, we present a novel platform - Affinity Capture of Polyribosomes followed by RNA sequencing (ACAPseq) - for identifying PPIs. ACAPseq harnesses the power of massively parallel RNA sequencing (RNAseq) to quantify the enrichment of polyribosomes based on the affinity of their associated nascent polypeptides for an immobilized protein 'bait'. This method was developed and tested using neonatal mouse brain polyribosomes and a variety of extracellular domains as baits. Of 92 baits tested, 25 identified one or more binding partners that appear to be biologically relevant; additional candidate partners remain to be validated. ACAPseq can detect binding to targets that are present at less than 1 part in 100,000 in the starting polyribosome preparation. One of the observed PPIs was analyzed in detail, revealing the mode of homophilic binding for Protocadherin-9 (PCDH9), a non-clustered Protocadherin family member.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Peng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Francesco Emiliani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Philip M Smallwood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Amir Rattner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Hong Lei
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Mark F Sabbagh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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11
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Kim SK, Zhang S, Werner ME, Brotslaw EJ, Mitchell JW, Altabbaa MM, Mitchell BJ. CLAMP/Spef1 regulates planar cell polarity signaling and asymmetric microtubule accumulation in the Xenopus ciliated epithelia. J Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29514918 PMCID: PMC5940297 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201706058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kim et al. show that CLAMP regulates planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Its depletion causes a loss of the atypical cadherin Celsr2, a loss of PCP protein asymmetry, and a defect in cilia polarity and oriented cell division. CLAMP also, via its role in PCP, regulates the accumulation of an asymmetric pool of microtubules. Most epithelial cells polarize along the axis of the tissue, a feature known as planar cell polarity (PCP). The initiation of PCP requires cell–cell signaling via the noncanonical Wnt/PCP pathway. Additionally, changes in the cytoskeleton both facilitate and reflect this polarity. We have identified CLAMP/Spef1 as a novel regulator of PCP signaling. In addition to decorating microtubules (MTs) and the ciliary rootlet, a pool of CLAMP localizes at the apical cell cortex. Depletion of CLAMP leads to the loss of PCP protein asymmetry, defects in cilia polarity, and defects in the angle of cell division. Additionally, depletion of CLAMP leads to a loss of the atypical cadherin-like molecule Celrs2, suggesting that CLAMP facilitates the stabilization of junctional interactions responsible for proper PCP protein localization. Depletion of CLAMP also affects the polarized organization of MTs. We hypothesize that CLAMP facilitates the establishment of cell polarity and promotes the asymmetric accumulation of MTs downstream of the establishment of proper PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun K Kim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Michael E Werner
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Eva J Brotslaw
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Jennifer W Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Mohamed M Altabbaa
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Brian J Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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Duncan JS, Stoller ML, Francl AF, Tissir F, Devenport D, Deans MR. Celsr1 coordinates the planar polarity of vestibular hair cells during inner ear development. Dev Biol 2017; 423:126-137. [PMID: 28159525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vestibular hair cells of the inner ear are specialized receptors that detect mechanical stimuli from gravity and motion via the deflection of a polarized bundle of stereocilia located on their apical cell surfaces. The orientation of stereociliary bundles is coordinated between neighboring cells by core PCP proteins including the large adhesive G-protein coupled receptor Celsr1. We show that mice lacking Celsr1 have vestibular behavioral phenotypes including circling. In addition, we show that Celsr1 is asymmetrically distributed at cell boundaries between hair cells and neighboring supporting cells in the developing vestibular and auditory sensory epithelia. In the absence of Celsr1 the stereociliary bundles of vestibular hair cells are misoriented relative to their neighbors, a phenotype that is greatest in the cristae of the semicircular canals. Since horizontal semi-circular canal defects lead to circling in other mutant mouse lines, we propose that this PCP phenotype is the cellular basis of the circling behavior in Celsr1 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Duncan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michelle L Stoller
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Andrew F Francl
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michael R Deans
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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13
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Rohrer GA, Nonneman DJ. Genetic analysis of teat number in pigs reveals some developmental pathways independent of vertebra number and several loci which only affect a specific side. Genet Sel Evol 2017; 49:4. [PMID: 28093083 PMCID: PMC5240374 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-016-0282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Number of functional teats is an important trait in commercial swine production. As litter size increases, the number of teats must also increase to supply nutrition to all piglets. Therefore, a genome-wide association analysis was conducted to identify genomic regions that affect this trait in a commercial swine population. Genotypic data from the Illumina Porcine SNP60v1 BeadChip were available for 2951 animals with total teat number (TTN) records. A subset of these animals (n = 1828) had number of teats on each side recorded. From this information, the following traits were derived: number of teats on the left (LTN) and right side (RTN), maximum number of teats on a side (MAX), difference between LTN and RTN (L − R) and absolute value of L − R (DIF). Bayes C option of GENSEL (version 4.61) and 1-Mb windows were implemented. Identified regions that explained more than 1.5% of the genomic variation were tested in a larger group of animals (n = 5453) to estimate additive genetic effects. Results Marker heritabilities were highest for TTN (0.233), intermediate for individual side counts (0.088 to 0.115) and virtually nil for difference traits (0.002 for L − R and 0.006 for DIF). Each copy of the VRTN mutant allele increased teat count by 0.35 (TTN), 0.16 (LTN and RTN) and 0.19 (MAX). 15, 18, 13 and 18 one-Mb windows were detected that explained more than 1.0% of the genomic variation for TTN, LTN, RTN, and MAX, respectively. These regions cumulatively accounted for over 50% of the genomic variation of LTN, RTN and MAX, but only 30% of that of TTN. Sus scrofa chromosome SSC10:52 Mb was associated with all four count traits, while SSC10:60 and SSC14:54 Mb were associated with three count traits. Thirty-three SNPs accounted for nearly 39% of the additive genetic variation in the validation dataset. No effect of piglet sex or percentage of males in litter was detected, but birth weight was positively correlated with TTN. Conclusions Teat number is a heritable trait and use of genetic markers would expedite selection progress. Exploiting genetic variation associated with teat counts on each side would enhance selection focused on total teat counts. These results confirm QTL on SSC4, seven and ten and identify a novel QTL on SSC14. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12711-016-0282-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Rohrer
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Clay Center, NE, USA.
| | - Dan J Nonneman
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Clay Center, NE, USA
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14
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Chen H, Cheng CY. Planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins and spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 59:99-109. [PMID: 27108805 PMCID: PMC5071175 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In adult mammalian testes, spermatogenesis is comprised of several discrete cellular events that work in tandem to support the transformation and differentiation of diploid spermatogonia to haploid spermatids in the seminiferous epithelium during the seminiferous epithelial cycle. These include: self-renewal of spermatogonial stem cells via mitosis and their transformation into differentiated spermatogonia, meiosis I/II, spermiogenesis and the release of sperms at spermiation. Studies have shown that these cellular events are under precise and coordinated controls of multiple proteins and signaling pathways. These events are also regulated by polarity proteins that are known to confer classical apico-basal (A/B) polarity in other epithelia. Furthermore, spermatid development is likely supported by planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins since polarized spermatids are aligned across the plane of seminiferous epithelium in an orderly fashion, analogous to hair cells in the cochlea of the inner ear. Thus, the maximal number of spermatids can be packed and supported by a fixed population of differentiated Sertoli cells in the limited space of the seminiferous epithelium in adult testes. In this review, we briefly summarize recent findings regarding the role of PCP proteins in the testis. This information should be helpful in future studies to better understand the role of PCP proteins in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Chen
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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15
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Fletcher KIG, van West P, Gachon CMM. Nonagonal cadherins: A new protein family found within the Stramenopiles. Gene 2016; 593:64-75. [PMID: 27498181 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins, a group of molecules typically associated with planar cell polarity and Wnt signalling, have been little reported outside of the animal kingdom. Here, we identify a new family of cadherins in the Stramenopiles, termed Nonagonal after their 9 transmembrane passes, which contrast to the one or seven passes found in other known cadherin families. Manual curation and experimental validation reveal two subclasses of nonagonal cadherins, depending on the number of uninterrupted extracellular cadherin (EC) modules presented. Firstly, shorter mono-exonic, unimodular, protein models, with 3 to 12 EC domains occur as duplicate paralogs in the saprotrophic Labyrinthulomycetes Aurantiochytrium limanicum and Schizochytrium aggregatum, the gastrointestinal Blastocystis hominis (Blastocystae) and as a single copy gene in the autotrophic Pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens. Larger, single copy, multi-exonal, tri-modular protein models, with up to 72 EC domain in total, are found in the Oomycete genera Albugo, Phytophthora, Pythium and Eurychasma. No homolog was found in the closely related autotrophic Phaeophyceae (brown algae) or Bacillariophyceae (diatoms), nor in several genera of plant and animal pathogenic oomycetes (Aphanomyces, Saprolegnia and Hyaloperonospora). This potential absence was further investigated by synteny analysis of the genome regions flanking the cadherin gene models, which are found to be highly variable. Novel to this new cadherin family is the presence of intercalated laminin and putative carbohydrate binding in tri-modular oomycete cadherins and at the N-terminus of thraustochytrid proteins. As we were unable to detect any homologs of proteins involved in signalling pathways where other cadherin families are involved, we present a conceptual hypothesis on the function of nonagonal cadherin based around the presence of putative carbohydrate binding domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle I G Fletcher
- Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire AB41 6AA, United Kingdom; Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom; Culture Collection for Algae and Protozoa, Scottish Marine Institute, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, United Kingdom.
| | - Pieter van West
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom.
| | - Claire M M Gachon
- Culture Collection for Algae and Protozoa, Scottish Marine Institute, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, United Kingdom.
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16
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Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs/ADGRs) are unique receptors that combine cell adhesion and signaling functions. Protein networks related to ADGRs exert diverse functions, e.g., in tissue polarity, cell migration, nerve cell function, or immune response, and are regulated via different mechanisms. The large extracellular domain of ADGRs is capable of mediating cell-cell or cell-matrix protein interactions. Their intracellular surface and domains are coupled to downstream signaling pathways and often bind to scaffold proteins, organizing membrane-associated protein complexes. The cohesive interplay between ADGR-related network components is essential to prevent severe disease-causing damage in numerous cell types. Consequently, in recent years, attention has focused on the decipherment of the precise molecular composition of ADGR protein complexes and interactomes in various cellular modules. In this chapter, we discuss the affiliation of ADGR networks to cellular modules and how they can be regulated, pinpointing common features in the networks related to the diverse ADGRs. Detailed decipherment of the composition of protein networks should provide novel targets for the development of novel therapies with the aim to cure human diseases related to ADGRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Knapp
- Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Johannes von Muellerweg 6, Mainz, 55099, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Johannes von Muellerweg 6, Mainz, 55099, Germany.
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17
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Hua ZL, Chang H, Wang Y, Smallwood PM, Nathans J. Partial interchangeability of Fz3 and Fz6 in tissue polarity signaling for epithelial orientation and axon growth and guidance. Development 2014; 141:3944-54. [PMID: 25294940 DOI: 10.1242/dev.110189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, a set of anatomically diverse polarity processes - including axon growth and guidance, hair follicle orientation, and stereociliary bundle orientation in inner ear sensory hair cells - appear to be mechanistically related, as judged by their dependence on vertebrate homologues of core tissue polarity/planar cell polarity (PCP) genes in Drosophila. To explore more deeply the mechanistic similarities between different polarity processes, we have determined the extent to which frizzled 3 (Fz3) can rescue the hair follicle and Merkel cell polarity defects in frizzled 6-null (Fz6(-/-)) mice, and, reciprocally, the extent to which Fz6 can rescue the axon growth and guidance defects in Fz3(-/-) mice. These experiments reveal full rescue of the Fz6(-/-) phenotype by Fz3 and partial rescue of the Fz3(-/-) phenotype by Fz6, implying that these two proteins are likely to act in a conserved manner in these two contexts. Stimulated by these observations, we searched for additional anatomical structures that exhibit macroscopic polarity and that might plausibly use Fz3 and/or Fz6 signaling. This search has revealed a hitherto unappreciated pattern of papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue that depends, at least in part, on redundant signaling by Fz3 and Fz6. Taken together, these experiments provide compelling evidence for a close mechanistic relationship between multiple anatomically diverse polarity processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong L Hua
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yanshu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Philip M Smallwood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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