1
|
Su J, Song Y, Zhu Z, Huang X, Fan J, Qiao J, Mao F. Cell-cell communication: new insights and clinical implications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:196. [PMID: 39107318 PMCID: PMC11382761 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms are composed of diverse cell types that must coordinate their behaviors through communication. Cell-cell communication (CCC) is essential for growth, development, differentiation, tissue and organ formation, maintenance, and physiological regulation. Cells communicate through direct contact or at a distance using ligand-receptor interactions. So cellular communication encompasses two essential processes: cell signal conduction for generation and intercellular transmission of signals, and cell signal transduction for reception and procession of signals. Deciphering intercellular communication networks is critical for understanding cell differentiation, development, and metabolism. First, we comprehensively review the historical milestones in CCC studies, followed by a detailed description of the mechanisms of signal molecule transmission and the importance of the main signaling pathways they mediate in maintaining biological functions. Then we systematically introduce a series of human diseases caused by abnormalities in cell communication and their progress in clinical applications. Finally, we summarize various methods for monitoring cell interactions, including cell imaging, proximity-based chemical labeling, mechanical force analysis, downstream analysis strategies, and single-cell technologies. These methods aim to illustrate how biological functions depend on these interactions and the complexity of their regulatory signaling pathways to regulate crucial physiological processes, including tissue homeostasis, cell development, and immune responses in diseases. In addition, this review enhances our understanding of the biological processes that occur after cell-cell binding, highlighting its application in discovering new therapeutic targets and biomarkers related to precision medicine. This collective understanding provides a foundation for developing new targeted drugs and personalized treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimeng Su
- Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Cancer Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Song
- Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Cancer Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhu
- Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Cancer Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Huang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jibiao Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Fengbiao Mao
- Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
- Cancer Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Seltmann A, Carravilla P, Reglinski K, Eggeling C, Waithe D. Neural network informed photon filtering reduces fluorescence correlation spectroscopy artifacts. Biophys J 2024; 123:745-755. [PMID: 38384131 PMCID: PMC10995453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) techniques are well-established tools to investigate molecular dynamics in confocal and super-resolution microscopy. In practice, users often need to handle a variety of sample- or hardware-related artifacts, an example being peak artifacts created by bright, slow-moving clusters. Approaches to address peak artifacts exist, but measurements suffering from severe artifacts are typically nonanalyzable. Here, we trained a one-dimensional U-Net to automatically identify peak artifacts in fluorescence time series and then analyzed the purified, nonartifactual fluctuations by time-series editing. We show that, in samples with peak artifacts, the transit time and particle number distributions can be restored in simulations and validated the approach in two independent biological experiments. We propose that it is adaptable for other FCS artifacts, such as detector dropout, membrane movement, or photobleaching. In conclusion, this simulation-based, automated, open-source pipeline makes measurements analyzable that previously had to be discarded and extends every FCS user's experimental toolbox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Seltmann
- Institute for Applied Optics and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany.
| | | | - Katharina Reglinski
- Institute for Applied Optics and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Institute for Applied Optics and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - Dominic Waithe
- MRC Centre for Computational Biology and Wolfson Imaging Centre, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang X, Li H, Ma Y, Zhong D, Hou S. Study liquid-liquid phase separation with optical microscopy: A methodology review. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:021502. [PMID: 37180732 PMCID: PMC10171890 DOI: 10.1063/5.0137008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a critical process involving the dynamic association of biomolecules and the formation of non-membrane compartments, playing a vital role in regulating biomolecular interactions and organelle functions. A comprehensive understanding of cellular LLPS mechanisms at the molecular level is crucial, as many diseases are linked to LLPS, and insights gained can inform drug/gene delivery processes and aid in the diagnosis and treatment of associated diseases. Over the past few decades, numerous techniques have been employed to investigate the LLPS process. In this review, we concentrate on optical imaging methods applied to LLPS studies. We begin by introducing LLPS and its molecular mechanism, followed by a review of the optical imaging methods and fluorescent probes employed in LLPS research. Furthermore, we discuss potential future imaging tools applicable to the LLPS studies. This review aims to provide a reference for selecting appropriate optical imaging methods for LLPS investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yue Ma
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | | | - Shangguo Hou
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ilangumaran Ponmalar I, Sarangi NK, Basu JK, Ayappa KG. Pore Forming Protein Induced Biomembrane Reorganization and Dynamics: A Focused Review. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:737561. [PMID: 34568431 PMCID: PMC8459938 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.737561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pore forming proteins are a broad class of pathogenic proteins secreted by organisms as virulence factors due to their ability to form pores on the target cell membrane. Bacterial pore forming toxins (PFTs) belong to a subclass of pore forming proteins widely implicated in bacterial infections. Although the action of PFTs on target cells have been widely investigated, the underlying membrane response of lipids during membrane binding and pore formation has received less attention. With the advent of superresolution microscopy as well as the ability to carry out molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the large protein membrane assemblies, novel microscopic insights on the pore forming mechanism have emerged over the last decade. In this review, we focus primarily on results collated in our laboratory which probe dynamic lipid reorganization induced in the plasma membrane during various stages of pore formation by two archetypal bacterial PFTs, cytolysin A (ClyA), an α-toxin and listeriolysin O (LLO), a β-toxin. The extent of lipid perturbation is dependent on both the secondary structure of the membrane inserted motifs of pore complex as well as the topological variations of the pore complex. Using confocal and superresolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and MD simulations, lipid diffusion, cholesterol reorganization and deviations from Brownian diffusion are correlated with the oligomeric state of the membrane bound protein as well as the underlying membrane composition. Deviations from free diffusion are typically observed at length scales below ∼130 nm to reveal the presence of local dynamical heterogeneities that emerge at the nanoscale-driven in part by preferential protein binding to cholesterol and domains present in the lipid membrane. Interrogating the lipid dynamics at the nanoscale allows us further differentiate between binding and pore formation of β- and α-PFTs to specific domains in the membrane. The molecular insights gained from the intricate coupling that occurs between proteins and membrane lipids and receptors during pore formation are expected to improve our understanding of the virulent action of PFTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nirod K. Sarangi
- School of Chemical Science, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jaydeep K. Basu
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - K. Ganapathy Ayappa
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Llorente García I, Marsh M. A biophysical perspective on receptor-mediated virus entry with a focus on HIV. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183158. [PMID: 31863725 PMCID: PMC7156917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As part of their entry and infection strategy, viruses interact with specific receptor molecules expressed on the surface of target cells. The efficiency and kinetics of the virus-receptor interactions required for a virus to productively infect a cell is determined by the biophysical properties of the receptors, which are in turn influenced by the receptors' plasma membrane (PM) environments. Currently, little is known about the biophysical properties of these receptor molecules or their engagement during virus binding and entry. Here we review virus-receptor interactions focusing on the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV), the etiological agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), as a model system. HIV is one of the best characterised enveloped viruses, with the identity, roles and structure of the key molecules required for infection well established. We review current knowledge of receptor-mediated HIV entry, addressing the properties of the HIV cell-surface receptors, the techniques used to measure these properties, and the macromolecular interactions and events required for virus entry. We discuss some of the key biophysical principles underlying receptor-mediated virus entry and attempt to interpret the available data in the context of biophysical mechanisms. We also highlight crucial outstanding questions and consider how new tools might be applied to advance understanding of the biophysical properties of viral receptors and the dynamic events leading to virus entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Marsh
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Favard C, Chojnacki J, Merida P, Yandrapalli N, Mak J, Eggeling C, Muriaux D. HIV-1 Gag specifically restricts PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol mobility in living cells creating a nanodomain platform for virus assembly. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw8651. [PMID: 31616784 PMCID: PMC6774721 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw8651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 Gag protein assembles at the plasma membrane of infected cells for viral particle formation. Gag targets lipids, mainly PI(4,5)P2, at the inner leaflet of this membrane. Here, we address the question whether Gag is able to trap specifically PI(4,5)P2 or other lipids during HIV-1 assembly in the host CD4+ T lymphocytes. Lipid dynamics within and away from HIV-1 assembly sites were determined using super-resolution microscopy coupled with scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy in living cells. Analysis of HIV-1-infected cells revealed that, upon assembly, HIV-1 is able to specifically trap PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol, but not phosphatidylethanolamine or sphingomyelin. Furthermore, our data showed that Gag is the main driving force to restrict the mobility of PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol at the cell plasma membrane. This is the first direct evidence highlighting that HIV-1 creates its own specific lipid environment by selectively recruiting PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol as a membrane nanoplatform for virus assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Favard
- Montpellier Infectious Disease Research Institute, IRIM, CNRS–Université Montpellier, 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - J. Chojnacki
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - P. Merida
- Montpellier Infectious Disease Research Institute, IRIM, CNRS–Université Montpellier, 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - N. Yandrapalli
- Montpellier Infectious Disease Research Institute, IRIM, CNRS–Université Montpellier, 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - J. Mak
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - C. Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien Platz 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - D. Muriaux
- Montpellier Infectious Disease Research Institute, IRIM, CNRS–Université Montpellier, 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Correlated protein conformational states and membrane dynamics during attack by pore-forming toxins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:12839-12844. [PMID: 31189600 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821897116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are a class of proteins implicated in a wide range of virulent bacterial infections and diseases. These toxins bind to target membranes and subsequently oligomerize to form functional pores that eventually lead to cell lysis. While the protein undergoes large conformational changes on the bilayer, the connection between intermediate oligomeric states and lipid reorganization during pore formation is largely unexplored. Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are a subclass of PFTs widely implicated in food poisoning and other related infections. Using a prototypical CDC, listeriolysin O (LLO), we provide a microscopic connection between pore formation, lipid dynamics, and leakage kinetics by using a combination of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) measurements on single giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Upon exposure to LLO, two distinct populations of GUVs with widely different leakage kinetics emerge. We attribute these differences to the existence of oligomeric intermediates, sampling various membrane-bound conformational states of the protein, and their intimate coupling to lipid rearrangement and dynamics. Molecular dynamics simulations capture the influence of various membrane-bound conformational states on the lipid and cholesterol dynamics, providing molecular interpretations to the FRET and FCS experiments. Our study establishes a microscopic connection between membrane binding and conformational changes and their influence on lipid reorganization during PFT-mediated cell lysis. Additionally, our study provides insights into membrane-mediated protein interactions widely implicated in cell signaling, fusion, folding, and other biomolecular processes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Heath GR, Scheuring S. High-speed AFM height spectroscopy reveals µs-dynamics of unlabeled biomolecules. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4983. [PMID: 30478320 PMCID: PMC6255864 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamics are fundamental to the functions of biomolecules and can occur on a wide range of time and length scales. Here we develop and apply high-speed AFM height spectroscopy (HS-AFM-HS), a technique whereby we monitor the sensing of a HS-AFM tip at a fixed position to directly detect the motions of unlabeled molecules underneath. This gives Angstrom spatial and microsecond temporal resolutions. In conjunction with HS-AFM imaging modes to precisely locate areas of interest, HS-AFM-HS measures simultaneously surface concentrations, diffusion coefficients and oligomer sizes of annexin-V on model membranes to decipher key kinetics allowing us to describe the entire annexin-V membrane-association and self-assembly process in great detail and quantitatively. This work displays how HS-AFM-HS can assess the dynamics of unlabeled bio-molecules over several orders of magnitude and separate the various dynamic components spatiotemporally. The dynamics of biomolecules can occur over a wide range of time and length scales. Here the authors develop a high-speed AFM height spectroscopy method to directly detect the motion of unlabeled molecules at Angstrom spatial and microsecond temporal resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George R Heath
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Simon Scheuring
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Otosu T, Yamaguchi S. Two-Dimensional Fluorescence Lifetime Correlation Spectroscopy: Concepts and Applications. Molecules 2018; 23:E2972. [PMID: 30441830 PMCID: PMC6278346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We review the basic concepts and recent applications of two-dimensional fluorescence lifetime correlation spectroscopy (2D FLCS), which is the extension of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to analyze the correlation of fluorescence lifetime in addition to fluorescence intensity. Fluorescence lifetime is sensitive to the microenvironment and can be a "molecular ruler" when combined with FRET. Utilization of fluorescence lifetime in 2D FLCS thus enables us to quantify the inhomogeneity of the system and the interconversion dynamics among different species with a higher time resolution than other single-molecule techniques. Recent applications of 2D FLCS to various biological systems demonstrate that 2D FLCS is a unique and promising tool to quantitatively analyze the microsecond conformational dynamics of macromolecules at the single-molecule level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuhiro Otosu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Shoichi Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mobarak E, Javanainen M, Kulig W, Honigmann A, Sezgin E, Aho N, Eggeling C, Rog T, Vattulainen I. How to minimize dye-induced perturbations while studying biomembrane structure and dynamics: PEG linkers as a rational alternative. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:2436-2445. [PMID: 30028957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Organic dye-tagged lipid analogs are essential for many fluorescence-based investigations of complex membrane structures, especially when using advanced microscopy approaches. However, lipid analogs may interfere with membrane structure and dynamics, and it is not obvious that the properties of lipid analogs would match those of non-labeled host lipids. In this work, we bridged atomistic simulations with super-resolution imaging experiments and biomimetic membranes to assess the performance of commonly used sphingomyelin-based lipid analogs. The objective was to compare, on equal footing, the relative strengths and weaknesses of acyl chain labeling, headgroup labeling, and labeling based on poly-ethyl-glycol (PEG) linkers in determining biomembrane properties. We observed that the most appropriate strategy to minimize dye-induced membrane perturbations and to allow consideration of Brownian-like diffusion in liquid-ordered membrane environments is to decouple the dye from a membrane by a PEG linker attached to a lipid headgroup. Yet, while the use of PEG linkers may sound a rational and even an obvious approach to explore membrane dynamics, the results also suggest that the dyes exploiting PEG linkers interfere with molecular interactions and their dynamics. Overall, the results highlight the great care needed when using fluorescent lipid analogs, in particular accurate controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Mobarak
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P. O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P. O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P. O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Alf Honigmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Noora Aho
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute of Applied Optics Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien Platz 4, 07743 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tomasz Rog
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P. O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P. O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland; MEMPHYS - Center for Biomembrane Physics (www.memphys.dk).
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu JJ, Hezghia A, Shaikh SR, Cenido JF, Stark RE, Mann JJ, Sublette ME. Regulation of monoamine transporters and receptors by lipid microdomains: implications for depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2165-2179. [PMID: 30022062 PMCID: PMC6135777 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid microdomains ("rafts") are dynamic, nanoscale regions of the plasma membrane enriched in cholesterol and glycosphingolipids, that possess distinctive physicochemical properties including higher order than the surrounding membrane. Lipid microdomain integrity is thought to affect neurotransmitter signaling by regulating membrane-bound protein signaling. Among the proteins potentially affected are monoaminergic receptors and transporters. As dysfunction of monoaminergic neurotransmission is implicated in major depressive disorder and other neuropsychiatric conditions, interactions with lipid microdomains may be of clinical importance. This systematic review evaluates what is known about the molecular relationships of monoamine transporter and receptor regulation to lipid microdomains. The PubMed/MeSH database was searched for original studies published in English through August 2017 concerning relationships between lipid microdomains and serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine transporters and receptors. Fifty-seven publications were identified and assessed. Strong evidence implicates lipid microdomains in the regulation of serotonin and norepinephrine transporters; serotonin 1A, 2A, 3A, and 7A receptors; and dopamine D1 and β2 adrenergic receptors. Results were conflicting or more complex regarding lipid microdomain associations with the dopamine transporter, D2, D3, and D5 receptors; and negative with respect to β1 adrenergic receptors. Indirect evidence suggests that antidepressants, lipid-lowering drugs, and polyunsaturated fatty acids may exert effects on depression and suicide by altering the lipid milieu, thereby affecting monoaminergic transporter and receptor signaling. The lipid composition of membrane subdomains is involved in localization and trafficking of specific monoaminergic receptors and transporters. Elucidating precise mechanisms whereby lipid microdomains modulate monoamine neurotransmission in clinical contexts can have critical implications for pharmacotherapeutic targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne J Liu
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Chestnut Hill Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adrienne Hezghia
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joshua F Cenido
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruth E Stark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Sublette
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hoischen C, Monajembashi S, Weisshart K, Hemmerich P. Multimodal Light Microscopy Approaches to Reveal Structural and Functional Properties of Promyelocytic Leukemia Nuclear Bodies. Front Oncol 2018; 8:125. [PMID: 29888200 PMCID: PMC5980967 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia (pml) gene product PML is a tumor suppressor localized mainly in the nucleus of mammalian cells. In the cell nucleus, PML seeds the formation of macromolecular multiprotein complexes, known as PML nuclear bodies (PML NBs). While PML NBs have been implicated in many cellular functions including cell cycle regulation, survival and apoptosis their role as signaling hubs along major genome maintenance pathways emerged more clearly. However, despite extensive research over the past decades, the precise biochemical function of PML in these pathways is still elusive. It remains a big challenge to unify all the different previously suggested cellular functions of PML NBs into one mechanistic model. With the advent of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins it became possible to trace protein function in living specimens. In parallel, a variety of fluorescence fluctuation microscopy (FFM) approaches have been developed which allow precise determination of the biophysical and interaction properties of cellular factors at the single molecule level in living cells. In this report, we summarize the current knowledge on PML nuclear bodies and describe several fluorescence imaging, manipulation, FFM, and super-resolution techniques suitable to analyze PML body assembly and function. These include fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, raster image correlation spectroscopy, ultraviolet laser microbeam-induced DNA damage, erythrocyte-mediated force application, and super-resolution microscopy approaches. Since most if not all of the microscopic equipment to perform these techniques may be available in an institutional or nearby facility, we hope to encourage more researches to exploit sophisticated imaging tools for their research in cancer biology.
Collapse
|
13
|
Raghunathan K, Kenworthy AK. Dynamic pattern generation in cell membranes: Current insights into membrane organization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:2018-2031. [PMID: 29752898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been two decades since the lipid raft hypothesis was first presented. Even today, whether these nanoscale cholesterol-rich domains are present in cell membranes is not completely resolved. However, especially in the last few years, a rich body of literature has demonstrated both the presence and the importance of non-random distribution of biomolecules on the membrane, which is the focus of this review. These new developments have pushed the experimental limits of detection and have brought us closer to observing lipid domains in the plasma membrane of live cells. Characterization of biomolecules associated with lipid rafts has revealed a deep connection between biological regulation and function and membrane compositional heterogeneities. Finally, tantalizing new developments in the field have demonstrated that lipid domains might not just be associated with the plasma membrane of eukaryotes but could potentially be a ubiquitous membrane-organizing principle in several other biological systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Emergence of Complex Behavior in Biomembranes edited by Marjorie Longo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Raghunathan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Anne K Kenworthy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
State-of-the-Art Fluorescence Fluctuation-Based Spectroscopic Techniques for the Study of Protein Aggregation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040964. [PMID: 29570669 PMCID: PMC5979297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease, are devastating proteinopathies with misfolded protein aggregates accumulating in neuronal cells. Inclusion bodies of protein aggregates are frequently observed in the neuronal cells of patients. Investigation of the underlying causes of neurodegeneration requires the establishment and selection of appropriate methodologies for detailed investigation of the state and conformation of protein aggregates. In the current review, we present an overview of the principles and application of several methodologies used for the elucidation of protein aggregation, specifically ones based on determination of fluctuations of fluorescence. The discussed methods include fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), imaging FCS, image correlation spectroscopy (ICS), photobleaching ICS (pbICS), number and brightness (N&B) analysis, super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI), and transient state (TRAST) monitoring spectroscopy. Some of these methodologies are classical protein aggregation analyses, while others are not yet widely used. Collectively, the methods presented here should help the future development of research not only into protein aggregation but also neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Labeled gangliosides are invaluable tools to study their transport and metabolism within cells as well as to determine their distribution in membranes, and their interaction with membrane lipids and proteins. Here I describe established procedures to synthesize ganglioside derivatives with a fluorescent tag either attached to its sialooligosaccharide or ceramide portion. These procedures are chosen as to minimize the integrity of the ganglioside molecule and hence, to leave their native skeleton formally intact. The α-position of the stearic acid residue is favorable for the attachment both of hydrophilic and of lipophilic dyes. In some other cases, and starting from lyso-gangliosides, procedures are described by which a fluorescent tag bound to a short acyl chain replaces the native acyl chain of gangliosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Günter Schwarzmann
- LIMES, c/o Kekulé-Institut f. Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Briddon SJ, Kilpatrick LE, Hill SJ. Studying GPCR Pharmacology in Membrane Microdomains: Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Comes of Age. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 39:158-174. [PMID: 29277246 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are organised within the cell membrane into highly ordered macromolecular complexes along with other receptors and signalling proteins. Understanding how heterogeneity in these complexes affects the pharmacology and functional response of these receptors is crucial for developing new and more selective ligands. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and related techniques such as photon counting histogram (PCH) analysis and image-based FCS can be used to interrogate the properties of GPCRs in these membrane microdomains, as well as their interaction with fluorescent ligands. FCS analyses fluorescence fluctuations within a small-defined excitation volume to yield information about their movement, concentration and molecular brightness (aggregation). These techniques can be used on live cells with single-molecule sensitivity and high spatial resolution. Once the preserve of specialist equipment, FCS techniques can now be applied using standard confocal microscopes. This review describes how FCS and related techniques have revealed novel insights into GPCR biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Briddon
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Laura E Kilpatrick
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang X, Sisamakis E, Sozanski K, Holyst R. Nanoscopic Approach to Quantification of Equilibrium and Rate Constants of Complex Formation at Single-Molecule Level. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5785-5791. [PMID: 29131951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium and rate constants are key descriptors of complex-formation processes in a variety of chemical and biological reactions. However, these parameters are difficult to quantify, especially in the locally confined, heterogeneous, and dynamically changing living matter. Herein, we address this challenge by combining stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). STED reduces the length-scale of observation to tens of nanometres (2D)/attoliters (3D) and the time-scale to microseconds, with direct, gradual control. This allows one to distinguish diffusional and binding processes of complex-formation, even at reaction rates higher by an order of magnitude than in confocal FCS. We provide analytical autocorrelation formulas for probes undergoing diffusion-reaction processes under STED condition. We support the theoretical analysis of experimental STED-FCS data on a model system of dye-micelle, where we retrieve the equilibrium and rates constants. Our work paves a promising way toward quantitative characterization of molecular interactions in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhu Zhang
- Department of Soft Condensed Matter, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Sozanski
- Department of Soft Condensed Matter, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Holyst
- Department of Soft Condensed Matter, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Reorganization of Lipid Diffusion by Myelin Basic Protein as Revealed by STED Nanoscopy. Biophys J 2017; 110:2441-2450. [PMID: 27276262 PMCID: PMC4906378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is a multilayered membrane that ensheathes axonal fibers in the vertebrate nervous system, allowing fast propagation of nerve action potentials. It contains densely packed lipids, lacks an actin-based cytocortex, and requires myelin basic protein (MBP) as its major structural component. This protein is the basic constituent of the proteinaceous meshwork that is localized between adjacent cytoplasmic membranes of the myelin sheath. Yet, it is not clear how MBP influences the organization and dynamics of the lipid constituents of myelin. Here, we used optical stimulated emission depletion super-resolution microscopy in combination with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to assess the characteristics of diffusion of different fluorescent lipid analogs in myelin membrane sheets of cultured oligodendrocytes and in micrometer-sized domains that were induced by MBP in live epithelial PtK2 cells. Lipid diffusion was significantly faster and less anomalous both in oligodendrocytes and inside the MBP-rich domains of PtK2 cells compared with undisturbed live PtK2 cells. Our data show that MBP reorganizes lipid diffusion, possibly by preventing the buildup of an actin-based cytocortex and by preventing most membrane proteins from entering the myelin sheath region. Yet, in contrast to myelin sheets in oligodendrocytes, the MBP-induced domains in epithelial PtK2 cells demonstrate no change in lipid order, indicating that segregation of long-chain lipids into myelin sheets is a process specific to oligodendrocytes.
Collapse
|
19
|
Schneider F, Waithe D, Clausen MP, Galiani S, Koller T, Ozhan G, Eggeling C, Sezgin E. Diffusion of lipids and GPI-anchored proteins in actin-free plasma membrane vesicles measured by STED-FCS. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1507-1518. [PMID: 28404749 PMCID: PMC5449149 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-07-0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffusion and interaction dynamics of molecules at the plasma membrane play an important role in cellular signaling and are suggested to be strongly associated with the actin cytoskeleton. Here we use superresolution STED microscopy combined with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (STED-FCS) to access and compare the diffusion characteristics of fluorescent lipid analogues and GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) in the live-cell plasma membrane and in actin cytoskeleton-free, cell-derived giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs). Hindered diffusion of phospholipids and sphingolipids is abolished in the GPMVs, whereas transient nanodomain incorporation of ganglioside lipid GM1 is apparent in both the live-cell membrane and GPMVs. For GPI-APs, we detect two molecular pools in living cells; one pool shows high mobility with transient incorporation into nanodomains, and the other pool forms immobile clusters, both of which disappear in GPMVs. Our data underline the crucial role of the actin cortex in maintaining hindered diffusion modes of many but not all of the membrane molecules and highlight a powerful experimental approach to decipher specific influences on molecular plasma membrane dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falk Schneider
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Waithe
- Wolfson Imaging Centre Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias P Clausen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, United Kingdom
- MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Silvia Galiani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Koller
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, United Kingdom
| | - Gunes Ozhan
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Imaging Centre Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, United Kingdom
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Membrane restructuring following in situ sialidase digestion of gangliosides: Complex model bilayers by synchrotron radiation reflectivity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:845-851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
21
|
Rondelli V, Brocca P, Tranquilli N, Fragneto G, Del Favero E, Cantù L. Building a biomimetic membrane for neutron reflectivity investigation: Complexity, asymmetry and contrast. Biophys Chem 2017; 229:135-141. [PMID: 28499578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and investigation of model membranes is deserving growing interest both for the physics of complex systems, and for biology. The need of simplified models should preserve mimicking the qualifying characteristics of biological membranes, and keep non-invasive and detailed description. As a main feature, biological membranes are non-homogeneous in the disposition of components, both in the lateral and in the transverse direction. We prepared asymmetric supported membranes containing GM1 ganglioside in biomimetic proportion according to different protocols. Then, we studied their internal structure by neutron reflectometry, providing few-Angstrom sensitivity in the cross direction meanwhile avoiding radiation damage. This technique can also be profitably applied to study interactions at the membrane surface. The best protocol has proven to be the Langmuir-Blodgett/Langmuir-Schaefer depositions. Notably, also the simpler and most accessible protocol of vesicle fusion was found to be suitable for straightforward and good quality deposition of compositionally asymmetric membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Rondelli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, BIOMETRA, Via F.lli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy.
| | - Paola Brocca
- Università degli Studi di Milano, BIOMETRA, Via F.lli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Nicola Tranquilli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, BIOMETRA, Via F.lli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fragneto
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, BP 156, 38000 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Elena Del Favero
- Università degli Studi di Milano, BIOMETRA, Via F.lli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Laura Cantù
- Università degli Studi di Milano, BIOMETRA, Via F.lli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lagerholm BC, Andrade DM, Clausen MP, Eggeling C. Convergence of lateral dynamic measurements in the plasma membrane of live cells from single particle tracking and STED-FCS. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 2017; 50:063001. [PMID: 28458397 PMCID: PMC5390782 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aa519e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) in combination with the super-resolution imaging method STED (STED-FCS), and single-particle tracking (SPT) are able to directly probe the lateral dynamics of lipids and proteins in the plasma membrane of live cells at spatial scales much below the diffraction limit of conventional microscopy. However, a major disparity in interpretation of data from SPT and STED-FCS remains, namely the proposed existence of a very fast (unhindered) lateral diffusion coefficient, ⩾5 µm2 s-1, in the plasma membrane of live cells at very short length scales, ≈⩽ 100 nm, and time scales, ≈1-10 ms. This fast diffusion coefficient has been advocated in several high-speed SPT studies, for lipids and membrane proteins alike, but the equivalent has not been detected in STED-FCS measurements. Resolving this ambiguity is important because the assessment of membrane dynamics currently relies heavily on SPT for the determination of heterogeneous diffusion. A possible systematic error in this approach would thus have vast implications in this field. To address this, we have re-visited the analysis procedure for SPT data with an emphasis on the measurement errors and the effect that these errors have on the measurement outputs. We subsequently demonstrate that STED-FCS and SPT data, following careful consideration of the experimental errors of the SPT data, converge to a common interpretation which for the case of a diffusing phospholipid analogue in the plasma membrane of live mouse embryo fibroblasts results in an unhindered, intra-compartment, diffusion coefficient of ≈0.7-1.0 µm2 s-1, and a compartment size of about 100-150 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Christoffer Lagerholm
- Wolfson Imaging Centre Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Débora M Andrade
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Mathias P Clausen
- MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M DK-5230, Denmark
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Wolfson Imaging Centre Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bernardino de la Serna J, Schütz GJ, Eggeling C, Cebecauer M. There Is No Simple Model of the Plasma Membrane Organization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:106. [PMID: 27747212 PMCID: PMC5040727 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since technologies enabled the characterization of eukaryotic plasma membranes, heterogeneities in the distributions of its constituents were observed. Over the years this led to the proposal of various models describing the plasma membrane organization such as lipid shells, picket-and-fences, lipid rafts, or protein islands, as addressed in numerous publications and reviews. Instead of emphasizing on one model we in this review give a brief overview over current models and highlight how current experimental work in one or the other way do not support the existence of a single overarching model. Instead, we highlight the vast variety of membrane properties and components, their influences and impacts. We believe that highlighting such controversial discoveries will stimulate unbiased research on plasma membrane organization and functionality, leading to a better understanding of this essential cellular structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell Harwell, UK
| | - Gerhard J Schütz
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Wien Wien, Austria
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford Headley Way, UK
| | - Marek Cebecauer
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J.Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jaqaman K, Galbraith JA, Davidson MW, Galbraith CG. Changes in single-molecule integrin dynamics linked to local cellular behavior. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1561-9. [PMID: 27009207 PMCID: PMC4865314 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-01-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-molecule microscopy has the potential to link repeatable discrete molecular behaviors to changes in cellular behavior. The approach used here finds characteristic changes in integrin density and mobility that are linked to local cellular protrusion. Mutants show that the density changes can be separated from mobility changes. Recent advances in light microscopy permit visualization of the behavior of individual molecules within dense macromolecular ensembles in live cells. It is now conceptually possible to relate the dynamic organization of molecular machinery to cellular function. However, inherent heterogeneities, as well as disparities between spatial and temporal scales, pose substantial challenges in deriving such a relationship. New approaches are required to link discrete single-molecule behavior with continuous cellular-level processes. Here we combined intercalated molecular and cellular imaging with a computational framework to detect reproducible transient changes in the behavior of individual molecules that are linked to cellular behaviors. Applying our approach to integrin transmembrane receptors revealed a spatial density gradient underlying characteristic molecular density increases and mobility decreases, indicating the subsequent onset of local protrusive activity. Integrin mutants further revealed that these density and mobility transients are separable and depend on different binding domains within the integrin cytoplasmic tail. Our approach provides a generalizable paradigm for dissecting dynamic spatiotemporal molecular behaviors linked to local cellular events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khuloud Jaqaman
- Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8816
| | - James A Galbraith
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Portland, OR 97201-5042
| | - Michael W Davidson
- National High Magnet Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310
| | - Catherine G Galbraith
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Portland, OR 97201-5042
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sarangi NK, Ayappa KG, Visweswariah SS, Basu JK. Nanoscale dynamics of phospholipids reveals an optimal assembly mechanism of pore-forming proteins in bilayer membranes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:29935-29945. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04631b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Using STED-FCS, we show that the fluidity of the membrane controls the induced dynamical heterogeneity in model membranes upon interacting with pore-forming toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - K. G. Ayappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560 012
- India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering
| | - Sandhya. S. Visweswariah
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
- Department of Molecular Reproduction
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The local structure and composition of the outer membrane of an animal cell are important factors in the control of many membrane processes and mechanisms. These include signaling, sorting, and exo- and endocytic processes that are occurring all the time in a living cell. Paradoxically, not only are the local structure and composition of the membrane matters of much debate and discussion, the mechanisms that govern its genesis remain highly controversial. Here, we discuss a swathe of new technological advances that may be applied to understand the local structure and composition of the membrane of a living cell from the molecular scale to the scale of the whole membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S van Zanten
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Plasma membrane dynamics are an important ruler of cellular activity, particularly through the interaction and diffusion dynamics of membrane-embedded proteins and lipids. FCS (fluorescence correlation spectroscopy) on an optical (confocal) microscope is a popular tool for investigating such dynamics. Unfortunately, its full applicability is constrained by the limited spatial resolution of a conventional optical microscope. The present chapter depicts the combination of optical super-resolution STED (stimulated emission depletion) microscopy with FCS, and why it is an important tool for investigating molecular membrane dynamics in living cells. Compared with conventional FCS, the STED-FCS approach demonstrates an improved possibility to distinguish free from anomalous molecular diffusion, and thus to give new insights into lipid-protein interactions and the traditional lipid 'raft' theory.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Lipid rafts are defined as cholesterol- and sphingomyelin-enriched membrane domains in the plasma membrane of cells that are highly dynamic and cannot be resolved with conventional light microscopy. Membrane proteins that are embedded in the phospholipid matrix can be grouped into raft and non-raft proteins based on their association with detergent-resistant membranes in biochemical assays. Selective lipid-protein interactions not only produce heterogeneity in the membrane, but also cause the spatial compartmentalization of membrane reactions. It has been proposed that lipid rafts function as platforms during cell signalling transduction processes such as T-cell activation (see Chapter 13 (pages 165-175)). It has been proposed that raft association co-localizes specific signalling proteins that may yield the formation of the observed signalling microclusters at the immunological synapses. However, because of the nanometre size and high dynamics of lipid rafts, direct observations have been technically challenging, leading to an ongoing discussion of the lipid raft model and its alternatives. Recent developments in fluorescence imaging techniques have provided new opportunities to investigate the organization of cell membranes with unprecedented spatial resolution. In this chapter, we describe the concept of the lipid raft and alternative models and how new imaging technologies have advanced these concepts.
Collapse
|
29
|
Clausen MP, Sezgin E, Bernardino de la Serna J, Waithe D, Lagerholm BC, Eggeling C. A straightforward approach for gated STED-FCS to investigate lipid membrane dynamics. Methods 2015; 88:67-75. [PMID: 26123184 PMCID: PMC4641872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen the development of multiple technologies to investigate, with great spatial and temporal resolution, the dynamics of lipids in cellular and model membranes. One of these approaches is the combination of far-field super-resolution stimulated-emission-depletion (STED) microscopy with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). STED-FCS combines the diffraction-unlimited spatial resolution of STED microscopy with the statistical accuracy of FCS to determine sub-millisecond-fast molecular dynamics with single-molecule sensitivity. A unique advantage of STED-FCS is that the observation spot for the FCS data recordings can be tuned to sub-diffraction scales, i.e. <200 nm in diameter, in a gradual manner to investigate fast diffusion of membrane-incorporated labelled entities. Unfortunately, so far the STED-FCS technology has mostly been applied on a few custom-built setups optimised for far-red fluorescent emitters. Here, we summarise the basics of the STED-FCS technology and highlight how it can give novel details into molecular diffusion modes. Most importantly, we present a straightforward way for performing STED-FCS measurements on an unmodified turnkey commercial system using a time-gated detection scheme. Further, we have evaluated the STED-FCS performance of different commonly used green emitting fluorescent dyes applying freely available, custom-written analysis software.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias P Clausen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Waithe
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - B Christoffer Lagerholm
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom; Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Huang H, Simsek MF, Jin W, Pralle A. Effect of receptor dimerization on membrane lipid raft structure continuously quantified on single cells by camera based fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121777. [PMID: 25811483 PMCID: PMC4374828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane bound cell signaling is modulated by the membrane ultra-structure, which itself may be affected by signaling. However, measuring the interaction of membrane proteins with membrane structures in intact cells in real-time poses considerable challenges. In this paper we present a non-destructive fluorescence method that quantifies these interactions in single cells, and is able to monitor the same cell continuously to observe small changes. This approach combines total internal fluorescence microscopy with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to measure the protein's diffusion and molecular concentration in different sized areas simultaneously. It correctly differentiates proteins interacting with membrane fences from proteins interacting with cholesterol-stabilized domains, or lipid rafts. This method detects small perturbations of the membrane ultra-structure or of a protein's tendency to dimerize. Through continuous monitoring of single cells, we demonstrate how dimerization of GPI-anchored proteins increases their association with the structural domains. Using a dual-color approach we study the effect of dimerization of one GPI-anchored protein on another type of GPI-anchored protein expressed in the same cell. Scans over the cell surface reveal a correlation between cholesterol stabilized domains and membrane cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Huang
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - M. Fethullah Simsek
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Weixiang Jin
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Arnd Pralle
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, University at Buffalo the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Diffraction-unlimited imaging: from pretty pictures to hard numbers. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 360:151-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
32
|
Benda A, Ma Y, Gaus K. Self-calibrated line-scan STED-FCS to quantify lipid dynamics in model and cell membranes. Biophys J 2015; 108:596-609. [PMID: 25650927 PMCID: PMC4317557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a limited number of noninvasive techniques are available to directly measure the dynamic behavior of lipids in model and cell membranes. Here, we explored whether a commercial instrument could be used for fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) under pulsed stimulated emission depletion (STED). To overcome issues with photobleaching and poor distinction between confocal and STED signals, we implemented resonant line-scan STED with filtered FCS, which has the additional benefit of autocalibrating the dimensions of the point-spread function and obtaining spatially resolved molecular mobility at subdiffraction resolution. With supported lipid bilayers, we achieved a detection spot radius of 40 nm, although at the expense of decreased molecular brightness. We also used this approach to map the dynamics of Atto646N-labeled sphingomyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine in the plasma membrane. Despite the reliability of the method and the demonstration that photobleaching and the photophysical properties of the dye did not influence diffusion measurements, we found great heterogeneities even within one cell. For both lipids, regions of high local density correlated with slow molecular diffusion, indicating trapping of Atto646N-labeled lipids. Future studies with new dyes are needed to reveal the origin of the trapping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Benda
- Centre for Vascular Research, Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuanqing Ma
- Centre for Vascular Research, Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- Centre for Vascular Research, Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mechanisms Underlying Anomalous Diffusion in the Plasma Membrane. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 75:167-207. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
34
|
Mereghetti P, Corsetto PA, Cremona A, Rizzo AM, Doglia SM, Ami D. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study of cell membrane domain modifications induced by docosahexaenoic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3115-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
35
|
Weidemann T, Mücksch J, Schwille P. Fluorescence fluctuation microscopy: a diversified arsenal of methods to investigate molecular dynamics inside cells. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2014; 28:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
36
|
Quinn PJ. Sphingolipid symmetry governs membrane lipid raft structure. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:1922-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
37
|
Koshy C, Ziegler C. Structural insights into functional lipid-protein interactions in secondary transporters. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:476-87. [PMID: 24859688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural evidences with functional corroborations have revealed distinct features of lipid-protein interactions especially in channels and receptors. Many membrane embedded transporters are also known to require specific lipids for their functions and for some of them cellular and biochemical data suggest tight regulation by the lipid bilayer. However, molecular details on lipid-protein interactions in transporters are sparse since lipids are either depleted from the detergent solubilized transporters in three-dimensional crystals or not readily resolved in crystal structures. Nevertheless the steady increase in the progress of transporter structure determination contributed more examples of structures with resolved lipids. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review gives an overview on transporter structures in complex with lipids reported to date and discusses commonly encountered difficulties in the identification of functionally significant lipid-protein interactions based on those structures and functional in vitro data. Recent structures provided molecular details into regulation mechanism of transporters by specific lipids. The review highlights common findings and conserved patterns for distantly related transporter families to draw a more general picture on the regulatory role of lipid-protein interactions. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Several common themes of the manner in which lipids directly influence membrane-mediated folding, oligomerization and structure stability can be found. Especially for LeuT-like fold transporters similarities in structurally resolved lipid-protein interactions suggest a common way in which transporter conformations are affected by lipids even in evolutionarily distinct transporters. Lipids appear to play an additional role as joints mechanically reinforcing the inverted repeat topology, which is a major determinant in the alternating access mechanism of secondary transporters. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review brings together and adds to the repertoire of knowledge on lipid-protein interactions of functional significance presented in structures of membrane transporters. Knowledge of specific lipid-binding sites and modes of lipid influence on these proteins not only accomplishes the molecular description of transport cycle further, but also sheds light into localization dependent differences of transporter function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Structural biochemistry and biophysics of membrane proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Koshy
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Structural Biology Department, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Max-Planck Institute of Biophysics, Computational Structural Biology Group, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christine Ziegler
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Structural Biology Department, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rossy J, Ma Y, Gaus K. The organisation of the cell membrane: do proteins rule lipids? Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 20:54-9. [PMID: 24815858 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell membranes are a complex adaptive system: they are constantly re-organised in response to extra- and intracellular inputs and their local and global structure ultimately determines how, where and when these inputs are processed. This requires a tight coupling of signalling and membranes in localised and specialised compartments. While lipids are essential components of cell membranes, they mostly lack a direct link to the input signals. Here we review how proteins can deform locally membranes, modify and reorganise lipids to form membrane domains and regulate properties like membrane charges and diffusion. From this point-of-view, it appears that proteins play a central role in regulating membrane organisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Rossy
- Centre for Vascular Research and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Yuanqing Ma
- Centre for Vascular Research and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- Centre for Vascular Research and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Recent applications of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy in live systems. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3571-84. [PMID: 24726724 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a widely used technique in biophysics and has helped address many questions in the life sciences. It provides important advantages compared to other fluorescence and biophysical methods. Its single molecule sensitivity allows measuring proteins within biological samples at physiological concentrations without the need of overexpression. It provides quantitative data on concentrations, diffusion coefficients, molecular transport and interactions even in live organisms. And its reliance on simple fluorescence intensity and its fluctuations makes it widely applicable. In this review we focus on applications of FCS in live samples, with an emphasis on work in the last 5 years, in the hope to provide an overview of the present capabilities of FCS to address biologically relevant questions.
Collapse
|
40
|
Bennett SAL, Valenzuela N, Xu H, Franko B, Fai S, Figeys D. Using neurolipidomics to identify phospholipid mediators of synaptic (dys)function in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Physiol 2013; 4:168. [PMID: 23882219 PMCID: PMC3712192 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Not all of the mysteries of life lie in our genetic code. Some can be found buried in our membranes. These shells of fat, sculpted in the central nervous system into the cellular (and subcellular) boundaries of neurons and glia, are themselves complex systems of information. The diversity of neural phospholipids, coupled with their chameleon-like capacity to transmute into bioactive molecules, provides a vast repertoire of immediate response second messengers. The effects of compositional changes on synaptic function have only begun to be appreciated. Here, we mined 29 neurolipidomic datasets for changes in neuronal membrane phospholipid metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Three overarching metabolic disturbances were detected. We found that an increase in the hydrolysis of platelet activating factor precursors and ethanolamine-containing plasmalogens, coupled with a failure to regenerate relatively rare alkyl-acyl and alkenyl-acyl structural phospholipids, correlated with disease severity. Accumulation of specific bioactive metabolites [i.e., PC(O-16:0/2:0) and PE(P-16:0/0:0)] was associated with aggravating tau pathology, enhancing vesicular release, and signaling neuronal loss. Finally, depletion of PI(16:0/20:4), PI(16:0/22:6), and PI(18:0/22:6) was implicated in accelerating Aβ42 biogenesis. Our analysis further suggested that converging disruptions in platelet activating factor, plasmalogen, phosphoinositol, phosphoethanolamine (PE), and docosahexaenoic acid metabolism may contribute mechanistically to catastrophic vesicular depletion, impaired receptor trafficking, and morphological dendritic deformation. Together, this analysis supports an emerging hypothesis that aberrant phospholipid metabolism may be one of multiple critical determinants required for Alzheimer disease conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffany A L Bennett
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; CIHR Training Program in Neurodegenerative Lipidomics, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abe M, Kobayashi T. Imaging local sphingomyelin-rich domains in the plasma membrane using specific probes and advanced microscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:720-6. [PMID: 23860017 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) is one of the major lipids in the mammalian plasma membrane. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that SM plays at least two functional roles in the cell, as a reservoir of lipid second messengers and as a platform for signaling molecules. To understand the molecular organization and dynamics of the SM-rich membrane domains, new approaches have been developed utilizing newly characterized specific SM-binding probes and state-of-the-art microscopy techniques. The toxic protein from the sea anemone, equinatoxin II, has been characterized as a specific probe for SM. The cytolytic protein from the earthworm, lysenin, has also been used as a SM-specific probe for the analysis of the heterogeneity of SM-rich membrane domains. Recently, using a non-toxic form of lysenin, we showed the spatial and temporal localization of SM in the plasma membrane by confocal and super-resolution microscopy. New microscopy techniques have also been introduced by other groups to help visualize membrane lipid domains. Here we review the most recent studies on imaging the SM-rich domains in biological membranes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled New Frontiers in Sphingolipid Biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Abe
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kobayashi
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan; INSERM U1060, Université Lyon1, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
| |
Collapse
|