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Gichuki PM, Kibe L, Mwatele C, Mwangangi J, Mbogo CM. Towards an integrated vector management approach for sustainable control of schistosomiasis and malaria in Mwea, Kirinyaga County, Kenya: Baseline epidemiological and vector results. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20966. [PMID: 37876477 PMCID: PMC10590948 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vector control is an important approach in the control of most parasitic and vector-borne diseases including malaria, and schistosomiasis. Distribution of these two infections often overlaps and in such areas it's more economically viable to employ an integrated approach in the control of their vectors which largely shares the same breeding ecosystem. We carried out a baseline epidemiological and vector surveys for malaria and schistosomiasis in Mwea, Kirinyaga County, in preparation for the upscaling of integrated vector management (IVM) for the two diseases. Methods This was a repeated cross sectional survey, where mosquito and snails were sampled during dry and wet seasons in three different ecological zones, Kiamaciri, Thiba and Murinduko to identify possible breeding sites. Mosquito larvae were collected using standard dippers, adults using CDC miniature light traps while snail vectors were sampled using standard snail scoops in different breeding habitats. A total of 1200 pupils from 12 primary schools were tested for malaria using rapid diagnostic tests (Malaria Pf/PAN Ag combo). Stool samples were processed using the Kato Katz technique for intestinal schistosomiasis. Results The overall prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis was 9.08 % (95 % CI: 07.00-11.00), with Kiamaciri zone recording the highest prevalence at 19 % (95%CI: 15.00-23.00) and Murinduko zone the least at 0.17 % (95%CI: 0.00-0.01). Majority of the infections were of light intensity 78.9 % (95%CI: 70.04-86.13). There was no positive malaria case detected in this study. Of the 3208 adult mosquitoes sampled during the dry season, 20.6 % (95 % CI: 19.25-22.08) were Anopheles gambiae s.l while 79.4 % (95 % CI: 77.92-80.75) were culicines. During the wet season, 3378 adult mosquitoes were collected, of which 14.7 % (95 % CI: 13.56-15.98) were Anopheles gambiae s.l and 85.3 % (95 % CI: 84.02-86.44) culicines. Overall, 4085 mosquito larvae were collected during the two seasons, of which, 57.3 % and 42.7 % were anopheles and culicine respectively. Majority of the larvae (85.1 % (95%CI: 84.01-86.10) were collected during the wet season, with only 14.9 % (95%CI: 14.10-16.00) being collected during the dry season. A total of 2292 fresh water vector snails were collected with a majority (69.6 % (95%CI: 68.00-71.10) being Biomphalaria pffeiferi responsible for transmission of intestinal schistosomiasis. Conclusion This study demonstrates that intestinal schistosomiasis is prevalent in Kiamaciri and Thiba zones, and points to the possibility of active transmission of schistosomiasis in Murinduko zone. Malaria vectors were predominantly observed in all sites despite there being no malaria positive case. Culex quinquefaciatus responsible for the spread of several arboviruses was also observed. The presence of these vectors may lead to future disease outbreaks in the area if concerted control initiatives are not undertaken. The disease vectors shared the same breeding sites and thus its economical and feasible to adopt an integrated vector management approach in control efforts for these disease in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Gichuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Eastern & Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Nairobi, P.O BOX 54840-00200 Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Health Sciences, Meru University of Science and Technology, P.O BOX 972-60200 Meru, Kenya
| | - Lydia Kibe
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Eastern & Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Nairobi, P.O BOX 54840-00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cassian Mwatele
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Eastern & Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Nairobi, P.O BOX 54840-00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Mwangangi
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Public Health Unit, PO Box 43640 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Geographical Medicine Research-Coast (CGMR-C). P.O Box 230- 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Charles M. Mbogo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Eastern & Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Nairobi, P.O BOX 54840-00200 Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Public Health Unit, PO Box 43640 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Yin JH, Zhang L, Feng XY, Xia ZG. Evolution of anti-malaria policies and measures in P.R. China for achieving and sustaining malaria-free. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1094859. [PMID: 36935657 PMCID: PMC10020346 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1094859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major public health threat worldwide, and it was also widely prevalent in the history in China, seriously endangering people's health and affecting socioeconomic development. China was certified malaria elimination in 2021 with unremitting efforts since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. This great achievement has been another milestone in the fight against major infectious diseases following the elimination of smallpox, poliomyelitis, leprosy, filariasis, neonatal tetanus and blinding trachoma in China. This paper briefly introduces the malaria burden dynamics and the corresponding malaria transmission risk stratificantions, as well as systematically reviews the evolution of anti-malaria policies and measures from severe epidemic to elimination in China. Meanwhile, five key lessons in malaria control and elimination in China are also briefly summarized. All of the above provide evidences for promoting global malaria eradication and preventing reestablishment of malaria transmission, finally benefit all individuals still suffering from the scourge of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yu Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Gui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
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3
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Lu S, Huang L, Duan L, Xu Q, Ma X, Ding W, Wang D, Lv S, Xiao N. Role of international network on surveillance and response system leading to malaria elimination: China's engagement in global health. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:64. [PMID: 35659108 PMCID: PMC9166191 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
China has accumulated multiple practices and experiences in building and enhancing malaria surveillance and response system. As China’s engagement into global health has gathered stronger momentum than ever, China together with the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and WHO has organised five sessions of the International Forum on Surveillance-Response System Leading to Tropical Diseases Elimination during 2012–2020, in which malaria elimination has always been one of the hottest topics. In this study, the roles of international network on the surveillance and response system were explored to achieve a global malaria-free goal. China’s approach to malaria elimination has demonstrated significance of global collaboration on taking joint prevention and control, and building a worldwide institutional-based network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenning Lu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lulu Huang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lei Duan
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qiuli Xu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Fudan University, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Xuejiao Ma
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Duoquan Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shan Lv
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Cao Y, Lu G, Zhou H, Wang W, Liu Y, Yang M, Liang C, Zhu G, Cao J. Case-based malaria surveillance and response: implementation of 1-3-7 approach in Jiangsu Province, China. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 116:1-31. [PMID: 35752445 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Following initiation of China's National Malaria Elimination Action Plan (NMEAP) in 2010, China's 1-3-7 surveillance and response approach was developed and rolled out in China to facilitate the malaria control programme and accelerate the progress of malaria elimination. Innovative strategies and interventions have been developed and implemented in Jiangsu Province to facilitate case-based malaria surveillance and response. A total of 9879 malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province from 2001 to 2020. Since 2012, no indigenous malaria cases have been reported in Jiangsu Province. However, in recent years, there has been a substantial increase of imported cases from abroad. To continue improving the malaria surveillance and response system, Jiangsu Province has conducted population-based health education to improve the healthcare seeking behaviour of malaria patients, strengthened the capacity of health facilities to improve the performance of malaria diagnosis and treatment, and strengthened health workforce capacity to improve the implementation of 1-3-7 approach. Continually improving surveillance and response system can play a critical role in the early detection and rapid response of individual malaria cases and prevent the re-establishment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission (NHC) on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Guangyu Lu
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Huayun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission (NHC) on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Weiming Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission (NHC) on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yaobao Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission (NHC) on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission (NHC) on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Cheng Liang
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission (NHC) on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Guoding Zhu
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission (NHC) on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Jun Cao
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission (NHC) on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Feng X, Feng J, Zhang L, Tu H, Xia Z. Vector control in China, from malaria endemic to elimination and challenges ahead. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:54. [PMID: 35562786 PMCID: PMC9102289 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00971-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector control is an important approach to preventing and controlling malaria. From the malaria epidemic to malaria elimination in China, vector control has played an essential and irreplaceable role in the historical process. This review systematically summarizes the evolution, adjustment, and optimization of vector control strategy towards elimination and discusses the challenges ahead. MAIN TEXT This review first summarizes the evolution of vector control strategies during different stages of malaria epidemic, control, elimination, and post-elimination in China. We then distill the vector control experience and lessons in different stages. We discuss the current and future challenges and propose future research directions and developments for novel malaria vector control strategies. RESULTS Vector control has played an invaluable role in achieving malaria elimination. China adopted different prevention and control measures in response to the different malaria-endemic situations and vector distributions. Firstly, baseline surveys were initiated to establish the entomological data and helped clarify the prevention priorities and targets. Secondly, targeted and adjusted vector control strategies were conducted in various regions according to the local epidemic characteristics and different vector species. Thirdly, scientific research facilitated efficient vector-control strategies. In addition, the overall economic and social development have promoted environmental improvement, personal protection, and health care. Prediction of the vector distribution was integrated into risk assessment strategies, allowing for sustaining achievements in risk areas. CONCLUSIONS The tailored and adapted vector control strategies have played a critical role in China's malaria prevention, control, and elimination. Achievements and lessons learned on vector control from this progress would provide a practical reference in coping with the challenges and potential barriers other countries face in the global effort to eliminate malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hong Tu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhigui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Feng X, Huang F, Yin J, Wang R, Xia Z. Key takeaways from China's success in eliminating malaria: leveraging existing evidence for a malaria-free world. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2021-008351. [PMID: 35487673 PMCID: PMC9058700 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the total number of malaria cases and fatalities have declined globally since 2010, there were still 241 million malaria cases identified across 85 countries and territories in 2020. As the global malaria eradication process accelerates, more countries have launched their own initiatives of elimination. Notably, China achieved this goal by 2021, ending thousands of years of endemic. Undoubtedly, tremendous experience and vital lessons have been accrued en route to the malaria-free goal in malaria-eliminated countries including China. To enhance prospects of a malaria-free world by bridging the key evidence from a malaria-eliminated country to the contexts of affected, this personal view highlights concerted commitments and universal investment in healthcare, improved surveillance and response system, constant capacity building, demand-oriented scientific research, and multiway cooperation, which have helped China to eliminate this ancient scourge. We discuss how these key takeaways could be leveraged to different contexts. We also argue the long-term challenges and barriers on the pathway to malaria elimination and underline the needs for consistent efforts to maintain zero indigenous cases and prevent re-introduction of malaria. Through concerted efforts from global collaboration, a malaria-free world can become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Huang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Rubo Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Historical experiences on mass drug administration for malaria control and elimination, its challenges and China's experience: a narrative review. Acta Trop 2022; 225:106209. [PMID: 34687651 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
After decades of efforts, malaria is still a major public health problem in many countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Mass drug administration (MDA) has been one of the interventions used to control malaria. China, the largest and most populous country in the world, has recently achieved malaria elimination with MDA within its strategy. Therefore, knowing the history of the use of MDA, and its advantages and challenges are crucial to better implement MDA as a component of malaria control and elimination strategy. This narrative review focused on the use of MDA from the past to present, the experiences of successful and failed MDA interventions to control malaria in Africa, Asia, and South Pacific region, the challenges faced, as well as China's experience in malaria control and elimination. A direct search using key words and phrases was conducted using the web search engines Google and Google Scholar, peer-reviewed journal websites and PubMed database to mainly screen articles on MDA studies with positive and negative results, the World Health Organization guidelines, and other MDA-related reports. We also summarized our historical field experiences on MDA in malaria control to provide informed perspective on the challenges of MDA. Following the spirit of innovation, a comprehensive strategy with MDA at its core and each additional measure compensating one another's shortage based on different malaria transmission settings and stratification could be the highlight of future malaria control and elimination strategy to help achieve the vision of a malaria-free world.
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Feng X, Zhang L, Tu H, Xia Z. Malaria Elimination in China and Sustainability Concerns in the Post-elimination Stage. China CDC Wkly 2022; 4:990-994. [DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2022.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Cao J, Newby G, Cotter C, Hsiang MS, Larson E, Tatarsky A, Gosling RD, Xia Z, Gao Q. Achieving malaria elimination in China. THE LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 6:e871-e872. [PMID: 34838192 PMCID: PMC9022785 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Gretchen Newby
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chris Cotter
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Women's and Children's Health, International Maternal and Child Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michelle S Hsiang
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Erika Larson
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roly D Gosling
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Zhigui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Gao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China
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10
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Badmos AO, Alaran AJ, Adebisi YA, Bouaddi O, Onibon Z, Dada A, Lin X, Lucero-Prisno DE. What sub-Saharan African countries can learn from malaria elimination in China. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:86. [PMID: 34689839 PMCID: PMC8542407 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most devastating diseases plaguing the sub-Saharan African region since time immemorial. In spite of a global reduction in mortality rates, a significant proportion of deaths due to malaria is still accounted for in the region. China recently joined the 40 countries declared malaria free by the World Health Organization and became the first country in the WHO Western Pacific Region to be awarded the certification. We commented on the strategies employed by China to eliminate malaria, address challenges facing malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa, and derive lessons that could be learned in the sub-Saharan African context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xu Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Zheng J, Shi B, Xia S, Yang G, Zhou XN. Spatial patterns of <em>Plasmodium vivax</em> transmission explored by multivariate auto-regressive state-space modelling - A case study in Baoshan Prefecture in southern China. GEOSPATIAL HEALTH 2021; 16. [PMID: 33733649 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2021.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The transition from the control phase to elimination of malaria in China through the national malaria elimination programme has focussed attention on the need for improvement of the surveillance- response systems. It is now understood that routine passive surveillance is inadequate in the parasite elimination phase that requires supplementation by active surveillance in foci where cluster cases have occurred. This study aims to explore the spatial clusters and temporal trends of malaria cases by the multivariate auto-regressive state-space model (MARSS) along the border to Myanmar in southern China. Data for indigenous cases spanning the period from 2007 to 2010 were extracted from the China's Infectious Diseases Information Reporting Management System (IDIRMS). The best MARSS model indicated that malaria transmission in the study area during 36 months could be grouped into three clusters. The estimation of malaria transmission patterns showed a downward trend across all clusters. The proposed methodology used in this study offers a simple and rapid, yet effective way to categorize patterns of foci which provide assistance for active monitoring of malaria in the elimination phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Zheng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai.
| | - Benyun Shi
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu.
| | - Shang Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai.
| | - Guojing Yang
- Hainan Medical University, Laboratory of Tropical Environment and Health, Haikou, Hainan, China; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute; University of Basel, Basel.
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai.
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12
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Monnier N, Barth-Jaeggi T, Knopp S, Steinmann P. Core components, concepts and strategies for parasitic and vector-borne disease elimination with a focus on schistosomiasis: A landscape analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008837. [PMID: 33125375 PMCID: PMC7598467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to control and eliminate human schistosomiasis have accelerated over the past decade. In a number of endemic countries and settings, interruption of schistosome transmission has been achieved. In others, Schistosoma infections continue to challenge program managers at different levels, from the complexity of the transmission cycle, over limited treatment options and lack of field-friendly accurate diagnostics, to controversy around adequate intervention strategies. We conducted a landscape analysis on parasitic and vector-borne disease elimination approaches with the aim to identify evidence-based strategies, core components and key concepts for achieving and sustaining schistosomiasis control and for progressing elimination efforts towards interruption of transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. A total of 118 relevant publications were identified from Web of Science, Pubmed and the grey literature and reviewed for their content. In addition, we conducted in-depth interviews with 23 epidemiologists, program managers, policymakers, donors and field researchers. Available evidence emphasizes the need for comprehensive, multipronged and long-term strategies consisting of multiple complementary interventions that must be sustained over time by political commitment and adequate funding in order to reach interruption of transmission. Based on the findings of this landscape analysis, we propose a comprehensive set of intervention strategies for schistosomiasis control and elimination. Before deployment, the proposed interventions will require review, evaluation and validation in the frame of an expert consultation as a step towards adaptation to specific contexts, conditions and settings. Field testing to ensure local relevance and effectiveness is paramount given the diversity of socio-ecological and epidemiological contexts. This landscape analysis explored successful concepts, approaches and interventions of past and ongoing parasitic and vector-borne disease elimination efforts and programs with regard to relevance for progress in the elimination of human schistosome infections. Schistosomiasis is a disabling, water borne parasitic disease of public health concern with an estimated 250 million people infected worldwide. The long-term morbidity of this neglected tropical disease significantly impacts growth, cognition and socioeconomic development at all ages. Despite increased global efforts to control morbidity and advance elimination, challenges in view of the complex life cycle which involves freshwater sources, intermediate snail hosts and humans, remain. This calls for targeted interventions and concerted programs. According to the evidence from the literature and as proposed by a wide range of key informants, comprehensive, multipronged and long-term strategies supported by strong political commitment and adequate funding are required in order to achieve and sustain the set goals. Based on the findings, we propose here a comprehensive set of intervention strategies for schistosomiasis control and elimination for review and evaluation to inform implementation research needs and elimination program design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Monnier
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Tanja Barth-Jaeggi
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Knopp
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Steinmann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Yang F, Zhou Z, Fang Y, Feng X, Chen Q, Yang P, Xu J, Li S. Surveillance Progress for Crucial Vector-Borne Parasitic Diseases in China. China CDC Wkly 2020; 2:638-642. [PMID: 34594727 PMCID: PMC8392959 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2020.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengbin Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Pin Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Shizhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of China, Shanghai, China
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14
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Feng X, Xia ZG, Feng J, Zhang L, Yan H, Tang L, Zhou XN, Zhou S. The contributions and achievements on malaria control and forthcoming elimination in China over the past 70 years by NIPD-CTDR. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 110:63-105. [PMID: 32563334 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the past decades have seen a remarkable decrease in malaria-caused mortality and morbidity, the infection remains a significant challenge to global health. In the battle against malaria, China has gained notable feat and achievement since the 1940s through the efforts of several generations. Notably, China has not recorded a single indigenous malaria case since August 2016. The National Institute of Parasitic Diseases of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (NIPD), as the only specialized institution for parasitic disease at the national level, has played a significant role in the malaria control, prevention, and elimination in China in the different historical periods. In order to transfer Chinese experiences on malaria control and elimination to other Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) and to improve global health collaboration, we have summarized and reviewed the contributions and achievements by the NIPD over the past 70 years, covering the epidemic situation; field investigation and laboratory experimental research on both parasite and vector; research and development on diagnostics, drugs, and insecticides; surveillance and response; technical and international. Support and cooperation. In addition, we also focus in particular on malaria retransmission risk, strategies on management of imported malaria cases and mobile populations, surveillance and response capacity to be maintained in post-elimination stage, challenges on diagnosis, drug resistance, and insecticide resistance as future concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - He Yan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Linhua Tang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuisen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Cao Y, Cotter C, Wang W, Liu Y, Zhou H, Zhu G, Cao J. Malaria Elimination in China: Improving County-Level Malaria Personnel Knowledge of the 1-3-7 Strategy through Tabletop Exercises. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:804-810. [PMID: 32100680 PMCID: PMC7124899 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
As China moves to the prevention of reestablishment of malaria, maintaining skills for malaria in county personnel on the "1-3-7" surveillance and response strategy is critical. China's "1-3-7" strategy defines targets used to guide and monitor malaria case reporting, investigation, and response, respectively: reporting of malaria cases within 1 day, their confirmation and investigation within 3 days, and the appropriate public health response to prevent further transmission within 7 days. Assessing the knowledge of local CDC malaria personnel on the "1-3-7" surveillance and response strategy is urgently needed. In June 2016, two different training modules (classroom-style teaching and tabletop exercises) were conducted for 125 CDC staff in Jiangsu Province, China, to determine the effectiveness of the two training modules on CDC staff knowledge and learning of the "1-3-7" strategy. The classroom-style training module just imparted the malaria knowledge to participants through teaching. Tabletop exercises were carried out through discussion-based scenarios using questions and answers on the "1-3-7" strategy. Questionnaires assessing knowledge improvement were designed and administered to personnel responsible for malaria surveillance and response activities, including at baseline and end line. Overall, knowledge of the "1-3-7" strategy for malaria elimination was 63.2% correct at baseline, 70.6% after implementing a classroom-style teaching module (χ2 = 11.20, P = 0.001), and 84.6% after the tabletop exercise module (χ2 = 48.82, P < 0.001). The knowledge of each component of the "1-3-7" strategy improved significantly after the tabletop exercise module. The total proportion of respondents with a high score (greater than or equal to 75%) was 82.7% in the classroom-style module and 95.2% in the tabletop exercise module. The proportion of respondents with a high score significantly increased after tabletop exercises in the stratified demographic groups of men who work at the county CDC level, have a bachelor's degree, hold a professional title as professor or assistant, are aged 31-50 years, and have attained 11-20 years of service with the CDC compared with the classroom-style module. Acceptability of the classroom-style module (78.2%) compared with tabletop exercises (94.4%) by the CDC malaria personnel increased significantly (χ2 = 11.96, P = 0.004). Feedback from participants on the modules suggest the tabletop exercises were an effective training method, which could maintain and improve the knowledge and capacity for malaria surveillance and response in basic CDC level personnel in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Cao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chris Cotter
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Weiming Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaobao Liu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huayun Zhou
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoding Zhu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Cao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Routledge I, Lai S, Battle KE, Ghani AC, Gomez-Rodriguez M, Gustafson KB, Mishra S, Unwin J, Proctor JL, Tatem AJ, Li Z, Bhatt S. Tracking progress towards malaria elimination in China: Individual-level estimates of transmission and its spatiotemporal variation using a diffusion network approach. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007707. [PMID: 32203520 PMCID: PMC7117777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to monitor progress towards malaria elimination, it is crucial to be able to measure changes in spatio-temporal transmission. However, common metrics of malaria transmission such as parasite prevalence are under powered in elimination contexts. China has achieved major reductions in malaria incidence and is on track to eliminate, having reporting zero locally-acquired malaria cases in 2017 and 2018. Understanding the spatio-temporal pattern underlying this decline, especially the relationship between locally-acquired and imported cases, can inform efforts to maintain elimination and prevent re-emergence. This is particularly pertinent in Yunnan province, where the potential for local transmission is highest. Using a geo-located individual-level dataset of cases recorded in Yunnan province between 2011 and 2016, we introduce a novel Bayesian framework to model a latent diffusion process and estimate the joint likelihood of transmission between cases and the number of cases with unobserved sources of infection. This is used to estimate the case reproduction number, Rc. We use these estimates within spatio-temporal geostatistical models to map how transmission varied over time and space, estimate the timeline to elimination and the risk of resurgence. We estimate the mean Rc between 2011 and 2016 to be 0.171 (95% CI = 0.165, 0.178) for P. vivax cases and 0.089 (95% CI = 0.076, 0.103) for P. falciparum cases. From 2014 onwards, no cases were estimated to have a Rc value above one. An unobserved source of infection was estimated to be moderately likely (p>0.5) for 19/ 611 cases and high (p>0.8) for 2 cases, suggesting very high levels of case ascertainment. Our estimates suggest that, maintaining current intervention efforts, Yunnan is unlikely to experience sustained local transmission up to 2020. However, even with a mean of 0.005 projected up to 2020, locally-acquired cases are possible due to high levels of importation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shengjie Lai
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Kyle B. Gustafson
- Institute for Disease Modelling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | | | | | - Joshua L. Proctor
- Institute for Disease Modelling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Zhongjie Li
- Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingom
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17
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Wang XL, Cao JB, Li DD, Guo DX, Zhang CD, Wang X, Li DK, Zhao QL, Huang XW, Zhang WD. Management of imported malaria cases and healthcare institutions in central China, 2012-2017: application of decision tree analysis. Malar J 2019; 18:429. [PMID: 31852503 PMCID: PMC6921536 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Imported malaria has been an important challenge for China. Fatality rates from malaria increased in China, particularly in Henan Province, primarily due to malpractice and misdiagnoses in healthcare institutions, and the level of imported malaria. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the state of diagnosis and subsequent complications among imported malaria cases at healthcare institutions, based on malaria surveillance data in Henan Province from 2012 to 2017. Methods A retrospective descriptive analysis was performed using data from the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou City, the capital of Henan Province. A decision tree method was exploited to provide valuable insight into the correlation between imported malaria cases and healthcare institutions. Results From 2012 to 2017, there were 371 imported malaria cases, mostly in males aged between 20 and 50 years, including 319 Plasmodium falciparum cases. First visits of 32.3%, 19.9% and 15.9% malaria cases for treatment were to provincial, municipal and county healthcare institutions, respectively. The time interval between onset and initial diagnosis of 284 cases (76.5%) and the time interval between initial diagnosis and final diagnosis of 197 cases (53.1%) was no more than 72 h. An apparent trend was found that there were notably fewer patients misdiagnosed at first visit to healthcare institutions of a higher administrative level; 12.5% of cases were misdiagnosed in provincial healthcare institutions compared to 98.2% in private clinics, leading to fewer complications at healthcare institutions of higher administrative level due to correct initial diagnosis. In the tree model, the rank of healthcare facilities for initial diagnosis, and number of days between onset and initial diagnosis, made a major contribution to the classification of initial diagnosis, which subsequently became the most significant factor influencing complications developed in the second tree model. The classification accuracy were 82.2 and 74.1%, respectively for the tree models of initial diagnosis and complications developed. Conclusion Inadequate seeking medical care by imported malaria patients, and insufficient capacity to diagnose malaria by healthcare institutions of lower administrative level were identified as major factors influencing complications of imported malaria cases in Henan Province. The lack of connection between uncommon imported malaria cases and superior medical resources was found to be the crucial challenge. A web-based system combined with WeChat to target imported malaria cases was proposed to cope with the challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Liang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Bin Cao
- The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Xiao Guo
- The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Da Zhang
- Department of International Medicine, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, 48073, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Kang Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Lin Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Wen Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Yang J, Siri JG, Remais JV, Cheng Q, Zhang H, Chan KKY, Sun Z, Zhao Y, Cong N, Li X, Zhang W, Bai Y, Bi J, Cai W, Chan EYY, Chen W, Fan W, Fu H, He J, Huang H, Ji JS, Jia P, Jiang X, Kwan MP, Li T, Li X, Liang S, Liang X, Liang L, Liu Q, Lu Y, Luo Y, Ma X, Schwartländer B, Shen Z, Shi P, Su J, Wu T, Yang C, Yin Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Xu B, Gong P. The Tsinghua-Lancet Commission on Healthy Cities in China: unlocking the power of cities for a healthy China. Lancet 2018; 391:2140-2184. [PMID: 29678340 PMCID: PMC7159272 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing, China; Center for Healthy Cities, Institute for China Sustainable Urbanization, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - José G Siri
- United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Justin V Remais
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qu Cheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Karen K Y Chan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Cong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqi Bai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing, China; Center for Healthy Cities, Institute for China Sustainable Urbanization, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjia Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing, China; Center for Healthy Cities, Institute for China Sustainable Urbanization, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Emily Y Y Chan
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wanqing Chen
- National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Central Cancer Registry Cancer Institute/Hospital, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weicheng Fan
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Fu
- Fudan Health Communication Institute, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing He
- China National Engineering Research Center for Human Settlements, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - John S Ji
- Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Harvard Center Shanghai, Asia-Pacific Research Center, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peng Jia
- Department of Earth Observation Science, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | | | - Mei-Po Kwan
- Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tianhong Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Xiguang Li
- School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Liang
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Liang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liang
- Center for Healthy Cities, Institute for China Sustainable Urbanization, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Arkansas Forest Resources Center, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Arkansas at Monticello, Monticello, AR, USA
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Lu
- Department of Geography, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Yong Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing, China
| | - Xiulian Ma
- Chinese Academy of Governance, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Peijun Shi
- Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology/Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Su
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tinghai Wu
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Yang
- Institute for Public Health Information, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongyuan Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing, China; Center for Healthy Cities, Institute for China Sustainable Urbanization, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Peng Gong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing, China; Center for Healthy Cities, Institute for China Sustainable Urbanization, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Xia J, Huang X, Sun L, Zhu H, Lin W, Dong X, Wu D, Qiu J, Zheng L, Cao M, Liu S, Zhang H. Epidemiological characteristics of malaria from control to elimination in Hubei Province, China, 2005-2016. Malar J 2018; 17:81. [PMID: 29448927 PMCID: PMC5815180 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hubei Province, China, has been operating a malaria elimination programme. This study aimed at investigating the epidemiologic characteristics of malaria in Hubei Province (2005-2016) to plan resource allocation for malaria elimination. METHODS Data on all malaria cases from 2005 to 2016 in all counties of Hubei Province were extracted from a web-based reporting system. The numbers of indigenous and imported cases during the disease control (2005-2010) and elimination (2011-2016) stages, as well as their spatiotemporal distribution, were compared. RESULTS A total of 8109 malaria cases were reported from 2005 to 2016 (7270 and 839 cases during the control and elimination stages, respectively). Between 2005 and 2010, indigenous malaria cases comprised the majority of total cases (7114/7270; 97.9%), and Plasmodium vivax malaria cases accounted for most malaria cases (5572/7270; 76.6%). No indigenous malaria cases have been reported in Hubei Province since 2013. Imported malaria cases showed a gradually increasing trend from 2011 to 2016, Plasmodium falciparum was the predominant species in these cases, and the number of counties with imported cases increased from 4 in 2005 to 47 in 2016. During the control and elimination stages, the most likely spatial clusters for indigenous cases included 13 and 11 counties, respectively. However, the cluster of indigenous malaria cases has not been identified since September 2011. For imported cases, the most likely cluster and three secondary clusters during both stages were identified. CONCLUSIONS Hubei Province has made significant achievements in controlling and eliminating malaria; however, the region now faces some challenges associated with the increasing number and distribution of imported malaria cases. Priorities for malaria elimination should include better management of imported malaria cases, prevention of secondary malaria transmission, and ensuring the sustainability of malaria surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- Institute of Parasitic Disease Control, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xibao Huang
- Institute of Parasitic Disease Control, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Lingcong Sun
- Institute of Parasitic Disease Control, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Institute of Parasitic Disease Control, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wen Lin
- Institute of Parasitic Disease Control, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xiaorong Dong
- Institute of Parasitic Disease Control, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Dongni Wu
- Institute of Parasitic Disease Control, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Juan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Estimate for Environment and Disaster of Hubei Province, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430077, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Institute of Parasitic Disease Control, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Mumin Cao
- Institute of Parasitic Disease Control, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Si Liu
- Institute of Parasitic Disease Control, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Huaxun Zhang
- Institute of Parasitic Disease Control, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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Feng X, Zhang S, Huang F, Zhang L, Feng J, Xia Z, Zhou H, Hu W, Zhou S. Biology, Bionomics and Molecular Biology of Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann 1828 (Diptera: Culicidae), Main Malaria Vector in China. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1473. [PMID: 28848504 PMCID: PMC5552724 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
China has set a goal to eliminate all malaria in the country by 2020, but it is unclear if current understanding of malaria vectors and transmission is sufficient to achieve this objective. Anopheles sinensis is the most widespread malaria vector specie in China, which is also responsible for vivax malaria outbreak in central China. We reviewed literature from 1954 to 2016 on An. sinensis with emphasis on biology, bionomics, and molecular biology. A total of 538 references were relevant and included. An. sienesis occurs in 29 Chinese provinces. Temperature can affect most life-history parameters. Most An. sinensis are zoophilic, but sometimes they are facultatively anthropophilic. Sporozoite analysis demonstrated An. sinensis efficacy on Plasmodium vivax transmission. An. sinensis was not stringently refractory to P. falciparum under experimental conditions, however, sporozoite was not found in salivary glands of field collected An. sinensis. The literature on An. sienesis biology and bionomics was abundant, but molecular studies, such as gene functions and mechanisms, were limited. Only 12 molecules (genes, proteins or enzymes) have been studied. In addition, there were considerable untapped omics resources for potential vector control tools. Existing information on An. sienesis could serve as a baseline for advanced research on biology, bionomics and genetics relevant to vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionShanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning CommissionShanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical DiseasesShanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical DiseasesShanghai, China
- Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasites-Hosts Interaction, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases – Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Shaosen Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionShanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning CommissionShanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical DiseasesShanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical DiseasesShanghai, China
- Université de Montpellier, IES – Institut d’Electronique et des Systèmes, UMR 5214, CNRS-UMMontpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR 17, Intertryp, Campus International de BaillarguetMontpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD France), LIPMC, UMR-MD3, Faculté de PharmacieMontpellier, France
| | - Fang Huang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionShanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning CommissionShanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical DiseasesShanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical DiseasesShanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionShanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning CommissionShanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical DiseasesShanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical DiseasesShanghai, China
| | - Jun Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionShanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning CommissionShanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical DiseasesShanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical DiseasesShanghai, China
| | - Zhigui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionShanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning CommissionShanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical DiseasesShanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical DiseasesShanghai, China
| | - Hejun Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionShanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning CommissionShanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical DiseasesShanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical DiseasesShanghai, China
| | - Wei Hu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionShanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning CommissionShanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical DiseasesShanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical DiseasesShanghai, China
- Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasites-Hosts Interaction, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases – Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Shuisen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionShanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning CommissionShanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical DiseasesShanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical DiseasesShanghai, China
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Hundessa SH, Williams G, Li S, Guo J, Chen L, Zhang W, Guo Y. Spatial and space-time distribution of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in China, 2005-2014. Malar J 2016; 15:595. [PMID: 27993171 PMCID: PMC5168843 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the declining burden of malaria in China, the disease remains a significant public health problem with periodic outbreaks and spatial variation across the country. A better understanding of the spatial and temporal characteristics of malaria is essential for consolidating the disease control and elimination programme. This study aims to understand the spatial and spatiotemporal distribution of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in China during 2005-2009. METHODS Global Moran's I statistics was used to detect a spatial distribution of local P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria at the county level. Spatial and space-time scan statistics were applied to detect spatial and spatiotemporal clusters, respectively. RESULTS Both P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria showed spatial autocorrelation. The most likely spatial cluster of P. vivax was detected in northern Anhui province between 2005 and 2009, and western Yunnan province between 2010 and 2014. For P. falciparum, the clusters included several counties of western Yunnan province from 2005 to 2011, Guangxi from 2012 to 2013, and Anhui in 2014. The most likely space-time clusters of P. vivax malaria and P. falciparum malaria were detected in northern Anhui province and western Yunnan province, respectively, during 2005-2009. CONCLUSION The spatial and space-time cluster analysis identified high-risk areas and periods for both P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria. Both malaria types showed significant spatial and spatiotemporal variations. Contrary to P. vivax, the high-risk areas for P. falciparum malaria shifted from the west to the east of China. Further studies are required to examine the spatial changes in risk of malaria transmission and identify the underlying causes of elevated risk in the high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H. Hundessa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006 Australia
| | - Gail Williams
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006 Australia
| | - Shanshan Li
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006 Australia
| | - Jinpeng Guo
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linping Chen
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006 Australia
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Institute for Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuming Guo
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006 Australia
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22
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Spatial change in the risks of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in China, 2005–2014. Infect Dis Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idh.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Lu G, Liu Y, Beiersmann C, Feng Y, Cao J, Müller O. Challenges in and lessons learned during the implementation of the 1-3-7 malaria surveillance and response strategy in China: a qualitative study. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:94. [PMID: 27716398 PMCID: PMC5050603 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China has made great progress in malaria control over the last century and now aims to eliminate malaria by 2020. In 2012, the country launched its 1-3-7 surveillance and response strategy for malaria elimination. The strategy involves to case reporting within 1 day, case investigation within 3 days, and focus investigation and public health actions within 7 days. The aim of this study was to evaluate the challenges in and lessons learned during the implementation of the 1-3-7 strategy in China so far. METHODS This qualitative study was conducted in two provinces in China: Gansu province (northwestern China) and Jiangsu province (southeastern China) in 2014. Key informant interviews (n = 6) and in-depth interviews (n = 36) about the implementation aspects of the 1-3-7 strategy were conducted with malaria experts, health staff, laboratory practitioners, and village doctors at the provincial, city, county, township, and village levels. RESULTS Broad themes related to the challenges in and lessons learned during the implementation of the 1-3-7 strategy were identified according to: case reporting within 1 day, case investigation within 3 days, focus investigation within 7 days, and the overall strategy. The major challenges outlined were related to respecting the timeline of surveillance procedures, the absence of or difficulties in following guidelines on conducting focus investigations, diagnostics, and the increasing number of returning migrant workers from malaria-endemic countries. Important lessons learned revolve around the importance of continuous capacity building, supervision and motivation, quality control, information technology support, applied research, governmental commitment, and intersectoral collaboration. CONCLUSIONS Surveillance is a key intervention in malaria elimination programs. The Chinese 1-3-7 strategy has already proven to be successful but still needs to be improved. In particular, dealing appropriately with imported malaria cases through the screening of migrant workers from malaria-endemic countries is essential for achieving and sustaining malaria elimination in China. China has perfect preconditions for successful malaria elimination provided political commitment and financial investment are guaranteed. The 1-3-7 strategy may also be considered as a model for other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, 225001 Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Public Health, Medical School, The Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, INF 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yaobao Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Claudia Beiersmann
- Institute of Public Health, Medical School, The Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, INF 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yu Feng
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
- Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Olaf Müller
- Institute of Public Health, Medical School, The Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, INF 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Sun JL, Zhou S, Geng QB, Zhang Q, Zhang ZK, Zheng CJ, Hu WB, Clements ACA, Lai SJ, Li ZJ. Comparative evaluation of the diagnosis, reporting and investigation of malaria cases in China, 2005-2014: transition from control to elimination for the national malaria programme. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:65. [PMID: 27349745 PMCID: PMC4924285 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The elimination of malaria requires high-quality surveillance data to enable rapid detection and response to individual cases. Evaluation of the performance of a national malaria surveillance system could identify shortcomings which, if addressed, will improve the surveillance program for malaria elimination. Methods Case-level data for the period 2005–2014 were extracted from the China National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting Information System and Malaria Enhanced Surveillance Information System. The occurrence of cases, accuracy and timeliness of case diagnosis, reporting and investigation, were assessed and compared between the malaria control stage (2005–2010) and elimination stage (2011–2014) in mainland China. Results A total of 210 730 malaria cases were reported in mainland China in 2005–2014. The average annual incidence declined dramatically from 2.5 per 100 000 people at the control stage to 0.2 per 100 000 at the elimination stage, but the proportion of migrant cases increased from 9.8 % to 41.0 %. Since the initiation of the National Malaria Elimination Programme in 2010, the overall proportion of cases diagnosed by laboratory testing consistently improved, with the highest of 99.0 % in 2014. However, this proportion was significantly lower in non-endemic provinces (79.0 %) than that in endemic provinces (91.4 %) during 2011–2014. The median interval from illness onset to diagnosis was 3 days at the elimination stage, with one day earlier than that at the control stage. Since 2011, more than 99 % cases were reported within 1 day after being diagnosed, while the proportion of cases that were reported within one day after diagnosis was lowest in Tibet (37.5 %). The predominant source of cases reporting shifted from town-level hospitals at the control stage (67.9 % cases) to city-level hospitals and public health institutes at the eliminate stage (69.4 % cases). The proportion of investigation within 3 days after case reporting has improved, from 74.6 % in 2010 to 98.5 % in 2014. Conclusions The individual case-based malaria surveillance system in China operated well during the malaria elimination stage. This ensured that malaria cases could be diagnosed, reported and timely investigated at local level. However, domestic migrants and overseas populations, as well as cases in the historically malarial non-endemic areas and hard-to-reach area are new challenges in the surveillance for malaria elimination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0163-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ling Sun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qi-Bin Geng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zi-Ke Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.,Center of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Can-Jun Zheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wen-Biao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sheng-Jie Lai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.,Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Zhong-Jie Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Xia S, Ma JX, Wang DQ, Li SZ, Rollinson D, Zhou SS, Zhou XN. Economic cost analysis of malaria case management at the household level during the malaria elimination phase in The People's Republic of China. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:50. [PMID: 27255648 PMCID: PMC4891900 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China, malaria has been posing a significant economic burden on households. To evaluate malaria economic burden in terms of both direct and indirect costs has its meaning in improving the effectiveness of malaria elimination program in China. METHODS A number of study sites (eight counties in five provinces) were selected from the malaria endemic area in China, representing the different levels of malaria incidence, risk classification, economic development. A number of households with malaria cases (n = 923) were surveyed during the May to December in 2012 to collect information on malaria economic burden. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the basic profiles of selected malaria cases in terms of their gender, age group, occupation and malaria type. The malaria economic costs were evaluated by direct and indirect costs. Comparisons were carried out by using the chi-square test (or Z-test) and the Mann-Whitney U test among malaria cases with reference to local/imported malaria patients, hospitalized/out patients, and treatment hospitals. RESULTS The average cost of malaria per case was 1 691.23 CNY (direct cost was 735.41 CNY and indirect cost was 955.82 CNY), which accounted for 11.1 % of a household's total income. The average costs per case for local and imported malaria were 1 087.58 CNY and 4271.93 CNY, respectively. The average cost of a malaria patient being diagnosed and treated in a hospital at the county level or above (3 975.43 CNY) was 4.23 times higher than that of malaria patient being diagnosed and treated at a village or township hospital (938.80 CNY). CONCLUSION This study found that malaria has been posing a significant economic burden on households in terms of direct and indirect costs. There is a need to improve the effectiveness of interventions in order to reduce the impact costs of malaria, especially of imported infections, in order to eliminate the disease in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Xiang Ma
- Department of Applied Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Duo-Quan Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - David Rollinson
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Shui-Sen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
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Hu T, Liu YB, Zhang SS, Xia ZG, Zhou SS, Yan J, Cao J, Feng ZC. Shrinking the malaria map in China: measuring the progress of the National Malaria Elimination Programme. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:52. [PMID: 27197517 PMCID: PMC4873993 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Remarkable progress has been made towards the elimination of malaria in China since the National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP) was launched in 2010. The incidence of locally-acquired malaria cases has declined rapidly and endemic areas have also dramatically shrunk. In total, 3 078 malaria cases were reported in 2014, but only 56 cases were indigenous. In order to further promote the elimination programme, we reviewed the progress of and experiences associated with malaria elimination in China, and identified the challenges and priorities for the next stage of the programme. Methods Data were collected from the web-based China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, and the China Annual Report of Malaria Elimination. The progress towards the elimination of malaria from 2010 to 2014 was measured. Results During the implementation of the NMEP from 2010 to 2014, local malaria incidence has declined continuously, only remaining in the Yunnan Province and Tibet Autonomous Region in 2014. By the end of 2015, 75.6 % (1 636/2 163) of the malaria-endemic counties passed the sub-national elimination assessment. The main challenges are cases of border malaria and imported malaria from other countries. Sustainable support and investment from the government, the establishment of an effective surveillance and response system, and risk assessments for the potential reintroduction of malaria are priorities for the next stage of the elimination programme. Conclusions The NMEP in China has been successfully implemented thus far and the malaria map has shrunk dramatically. The priorities for malaria elimination are interventions to block transmission at border areas, management of imported malaria cases, preventing malaria reintroduction, capacity building, and sustainability of malaria surveillance and response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0146-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Bao Liu
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Sen Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui-Sen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yan
- Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Cao
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Chun Feng
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Zhou SS, Zhang SS, Zhang L, Rietveld AEC, Ramsay AR, Zachariah R, Bissell K, Van den Bergh R, Xia ZG, Zhou XN, Cibulskis RE. China's 1-3-7 surveillance and response strategy for malaria elimination: Is case reporting, investigation and foci response happening according to plan? Infect Dis Poverty 2015; 4:55. [PMID: 26654106 PMCID: PMC4674909 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-015-0089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The China’s 1-3-7 strategy was initiated and extensively adopted in different types of counties (geographic regions) for reporting of malaria cases within 1 day, their confirmation and investigation within 3 days, and the appropriate public health response to prevent further transmission within 7 days. Assessing the level of compliance to the 1-3-7 strategy at the county level is a first step towards determining whether the surveillance and response strategy is happening according to plan. This study assessed if the time-bound targets of the 1-3-7 strategy were being sustained over time. Such information would be useful to improve implementation of the 1-3-7 strategy in China. Methods This cross-sectional study involved country-wide programmatic data for the period January 1st 2013 to June 30th 2014. Data variables were extracted from the national malaria information system and included socio-demographic information, type of county, date of diagnosis, date of reporting, date of case investigation, case classification (indigenous, or imported, or unknown), focus investigation, date of reactive case detection (RACD), and date of indoor residual spraying (IRS). Summary statistics and proportions were used and comparisons between groups were assessed using the chi-square test. Level of significance was set at a P-value ≤ 0.05. Results Of a total of 5,688 malaria cases from 731 counties, there were 55 (1 %) indigenous cases (only in Type 1 and Type 2 counties) and 5,633 (99 %) imported cases from all types of counties. There was no delay in reporting malaria cases by type of county. In terms of case investigation, 97.5 % cases were investigated within 3 days with the proportion of delays (1.5 %) in type 2 counties, being significantly lower than type 1 counties (4.1 %). Regarding active foci, 96.4 % were treated by RACD and/or IRS. Conclusions The performance of 1-3-7 strategy was encouraging but identified some challenges that if addressed can further improve implementation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-015-0089-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Sen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropic Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai,, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shao-Sen Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropic Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai,, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropic Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai,, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aafje E C Rietveld
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211, Geneva, 27, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew R Ramsay
- Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211, Geneva, 27, Switzerland.
| | - Rony Zachariah
- Médecins Sans Frontieres, Brussels Operational Centre, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Karen Bissell
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France.
| | | | - Zhi-Gui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropic Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai,, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropic Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai,, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Richard E Cibulskis
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211, Geneva, 27, Switzerland.
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Hsiang MS, Gosling RD. Striding Toward Malaria Elimination in China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:203-204. [PMID: 26078325 PMCID: PMC4530732 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S. Hsiang
- *Address correspondence to Michelle S. Hsiang, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390. E-mail:
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29
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Preface. Malaria control and elimination programme in the People’s Republic of China. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2014; 86:xvii-xxi. [PMID: 25476891 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800869-0.22001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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