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Fernandez R, Colás-Ruiz NR, Lara-Martín PA, Fernández-Cisnal R, Hampel M. Proteomic analysis in the brain and liver of sea bream (Sparus aurata) exposed to the antibiotics ciprofloxacin, sulfadiazine, and trimethoprim. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124308. [PMID: 38844040 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics, frequently detected in aquatic ecosystems, can negatively impact the health of resident organisms. Although the study on the possible effects of antibiotics on these organisms has been increasing, there is still little information available on the molecular effects on exposed non-target organisms. In our study we used a label free proteomic approach and sea bream, Sparus aurata, to evaluate the effects of exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of the antibiotic compounds ciprofloxacin (CIP), sulfadiazine (SULF) and trimethoprim (TRIM) produced at the protein level. Individuals of sea bream were exposed to single compounds at 5.2 ± 2.1 μg L-1 of CIP, 3.8 ± 2.7 μg L-1 of SULF and 25.7 ± 10.8 μg L-1 of TRIM for 21 days. After exposure, the number of differentially expressed proteins in the liver was 39, 73 and 4 for CIP, SULF and TRIM respectively. In the brain, there was no alteration of proteins after CIP and TRIM treatment, while 9 proteins were impacted after SULF treatment. The differentially expressed proteins were involved in cellular biological, metabolic, developmental, growth and biological regulatory processes. Overall, our study evidences the vulnerability of Sparus aurata, after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of the major antibiotics CIP, SULF and TRIM and that their chronic exposure could lead to a stress situation, altering the proteomic profile of key organs such as brain and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronield Fernandez
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, University Simon Bolivar, Carrera 59 No. 59-65, Barranquilla, Colombia; Center for Research and Innovation in Biodiversity and Climate Change (ADAPTIA), University Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 59-65, Colombia.
| | - Nieves R Colás-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, University Institute for Marine Research (INMAR), 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, University Institute for Marine Research (INMAR), 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Ricardo Fernández-Cisnal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Miriam Hampel
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, University Institute for Marine Research (INMAR), 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
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2
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Galli A, Behrens JW, Gesto M, Moran NP. Boldness and physiological variation in round goby populations along their Baltic Sea invasion front. Physiol Behav 2023:114261. [PMID: 37290607 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) is a fish native to the Ponto-Caspian region that is highly invasive through freshwater and brackish habitats in northern Europe and North America. Individual behavioural variation appears to be an important factor in their spread, for example a round goby's personality traits can influence their dispersal tendency, which may also produce variation in the behavioural composition of populations at different points along their invasion fronts. To further analyze the drivers of behavioural variation within invasive round goby populations, we focused on two populations along the Baltic Sea invasion front with closely comparable physical and community characteristics. Specifically, this study measured personality within a novel environment and predator response context (i.e., boldness), and directly analyzed links between individuals' personality traits and their physiological characteristics and stress responses (i.e., blood cortisol and lactate, brain neurotransmitters). In contrast to previous findings, the more recently established population had similar activity levels but were less bold in response to a predator cue than the older population, which suggests that behavioural compositions within our study populations may be more driven by local environmental conditions rather than being a result of personality-biased dispersal. Furthermore, we found that both populations showed similar physiological stress responses, and there also appeared to be no detectable relationship between physiological parameters and behavioural responses to predator cues. Instead, body size and body condition were important factors influencing individual behavioural responses. Overall, our results reinforce the importance of boldness traits as a form of phenotypic variation in round goby populations in the Baltic Sea. We also highlight the importance of these traits for future studies specifically testing for effects of invasion processes on phenotypic variation in the species. Nonetheless, our results also highlight that the physiological mechanisms underpinning behavioural variation in these populations remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galli
- Institute for Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 101, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jane W Behrens
- Institute for Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 101, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Manuel Gesto
- Institute for Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 101, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Nicholas P Moran
- Centre for Ocean Life - DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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3
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Kennedy EKC, Janz DM. Chronic stress causes cortisol, cortisone and DHEA elevations in scales but not serum in rainbow trout. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 276:111352. [PMID: 36427661 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fish scales have been reported to incorporate cortisol over long periods of time and thus provide a promising means of assessing long-term stress in many species of teleost fish. However, the quantification of other stress related hormones has only been accomplished in our previous study conducted in goldfish (Carassius auratus). DHEA is a precursory androgen with anti-stress effects used alongside cortisol to diagnose chronic stress via the cortisol:DHEA ratio in mammals. Included in DHEA's anti-stress mechanisms are changes in the metabolism of cortisol to its inactive metabolite cortisone suggesting the relationships between cortisol, DHEA and cortisone may be additionally informative in the assessment of long-term stress. Therefore, to further explore these concepts in a native fish species and generate more comprehensive comparisons between scale and serum hormone concentrations than was possible in our previous study we implemented a 14-day stress protocol in adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and quantified resulting scale and serum cortisol, cortisone and DHEA concentrations. As predicted, elevations in scale concentrations of all hormones were observed in stressed trout compared to controls but were not reflected in serum samples. Significant differences in the cortisol:DHEA and cortisone:cortisol ratios were also found between control and stressed group scales but not serum. These results suggest not only that scales provide a superior medium for the assessment of long-term stress but also that the addition of scale cortisone and DHEA may provide additional relevant information for such assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K C Kennedy
- Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - David M Janz
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine and Toxicology Centre, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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4
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Madaro A, Nilsson J, Whatmore P, Roh H, Grove S, Stien LH, Olsen RE. Acute stress response on Atlantic salmon: a time-course study of the effects on plasma metabolites, mucus cortisol levels, and head kidney transcriptome profile. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:97-116. [PMID: 36574113 PMCID: PMC9935726 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) welfare and performance can be strongly influenced by stress episodes caused by handling during farming practices. To better understand the changes occurring after an acute stress response, we exposed a group of Atlantic salmon parr to an acute stressor, which involved netting and transferring fish to several new holding tanks. We describe a time-course response to stress by sampling parr in groups before (T0) and 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 240, 300, and 330 min post-stress. A subgroup of fish was also subjected to the same stressor for a second time to assess their capacity to respond to the same challenge again within a short timeframe (ReStressed). Fish plasma was assessed for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and ions levels. Mucus cortisol levels were analyzed and compared with the plasma cortisol levels. At 5 selected time points (T0, 60, 90, 120, 240, and ReStressed), we compared the head kidney transcriptome profile of 10 fish per time point. The considerably delayed increase of ACTH in the plasma (60 min post-stress), and the earlier rise of cortisol levels (10 min post-stress), suggests that cortisol release could be triggered by more rapidly responding factors, such as the sympathetic system. This hypothesis may be supported by a high upregulation of several genes involved in synaptic triggering, observed both during the first and the second stress episodes. Furthermore, while the transcriptome profile showed few changes at 60 min post-stress, expression of genes in several immune-related pathways increased markedly with each successive time point, demonstrating the role of the immune system in fish coping capacity. Although many of the genes discussed in this paper are still poorly characterized, this study provides new insights regarding the mechanisms occurring during the stress response of salmon parr and may form the basis for a useful guideline on timing of sampling protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Whatmore
- Department of eResearch, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - HyeongJin Roh
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5984, Matredal, Norway
| | - Søren Grove
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5984, Matredal, Norway
- Fish Health Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Lars H Stien
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5984, Matredal, Norway
| | - Rolf Erik Olsen
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5984, Matredal, Norway
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
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5
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Gilmour KM, Bard B. Social buffering of the stress response: insights from fishes. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220332. [PMID: 36285460 PMCID: PMC9597401 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Social buffering of stress refers to the effect of a social partner in reducing the cortisol or corticosterone response to a stressor. It has been well studied in mammals, particularly those that form pair bonds. Recent studies on fishes suggest that social buffering of stress also occurs in solitary species, gregarious species that form loose aggregations and species with well-defined social structures and bonds. The diversity of social contexts in which stress buffering has been observed in fishes holds promise to shed light on the evolution of this phenomenon among vertebrates. Equally, the relative simplicity of the fish brain is advantageous for identifying the neural mechanisms responsible for social buffering. In particular, fishes have a relatively small and simple forebrain but the brain regions that are key to social buffering, including the social behaviour network, the amygdala and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal axis, are functionally conserved across vertebrates. Thus, we suggest that insight into the mechanistic and evolutionary underpinnings of stress buffering in vertebrates can be gained from the study of social buffering of stress in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Gilmour
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Brittany Bard
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
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6
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Best C, Gilmour KM. Regulation of cortisol production during chronic social stress in rainbow trout. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 325:114056. [PMID: 35594954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress resulting from social interactions impacts the endocrine stress response in many vertebrates, including teleost fishes. Juvenile rainbow trout held in pairs form a dominance hierarchy with the subordinate individual exhibiting chronic elevation of plasma cortisol and an attenuated cortisol response to an additional acute stressor. The current study investigated the mechanisms underlying this apparent dichotomy in cortisol production at the level of the head kidney (adrenal homolog). Following four days of chronic social stress, subordinate rainbow trout exhibited elevated plasma cortisol levels that correlated with basal cortisol production by the head kidney in vitro. Subordinate trout had higher transcript abundances of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and cytochrome p450 side chain cleavage enzyme, which facilitate key steps in steroidogenesis, as well as two paralogs of steroidogenic factor 1. Despite elevation of basal steroidogenesis, acute cortisol production in response to ACTH (in vivo and in vitro) was lower in subordinate trout. Transcript abundances of the ACTH receptor accessory proteins were elevated in subordinate fish, but head kidney cortisol production in response to a cAMP analogue was lower than in dominant fish. Together, the data suggest that the attenuated acute cortisol response of subordinate trout reflects limitations on cortisol production downstream of cAMP signalling in steroidogenic cells of the head kidney, despite the increased basal abundance of key components of the steroidogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Best
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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7
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de Abreu MS, Maximino C, Cardoso SC, Marques CI, Pimentel AFN, Mece E, Winberg S, Barcellos LJG, Soares MC. Dopamine and serotonin mediate the impact of stress on cleaner fish cooperative behavior. Horm Behav 2020; 125:104813. [PMID: 32619442 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stress is known to modulate behavioral responses and rapid decision-making processes, especially under challenging contexts which often occur in social and cooperative interactions. Here, we evaluated the effects of acute stress on cooperative behavior of the Indo-Pacific cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus) and the implications of pre-treatment with monoaminergic compounds: the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - fluoxetine, the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist - WAY-100,635, the D1 receptor agonist - SKF-38393, and the D1 receptor antagonist - SCH-23390. We demonstrated that stress decreased the predisposal to interact and increased cortisol levels in cleaners, which are alleviated by fluoxetine and the dopaminergic D1 antagonist. Overall, our findings highlight the crucial influence of stress on cooperative behavior.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Benzazepines/pharmacology
- Cooperative Behavior
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine/physiology
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Fishes/physiology
- Fluoxetine/pharmacology
- Perciformes/metabolism
- Perciformes/physiology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/drug effects
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Serotonin/physiology
- Stress, Physiological/drug effects
- Stress, Physiological/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo S de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
| | - Caio Maximino
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil; Faculty of Psychology, Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Sónia C Cardoso
- CIBIO/InBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Cristiana I Marques
- CIBIO/InBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ana F N Pimentel
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil; Faculty of Psychology, Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Elona Mece
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, Husargatan 3, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Svante Winberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, Husargatan 3, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leonardo J G Barcellos
- Graduate Programs in Bio-Experimentation and Environmental Sciences, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Marta C Soares
- CIBIO/InBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
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8
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Gesto M, Zupa W, Alfonso S, Spedicato MT, Lembo G, Carbonara P. Using acoustic telemetry to assess behavioral responses to acute hypoxia and ammonia exposure in farmed rainbow trout of different competitive ability. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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9
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Earhart ML, Ali JL, Bugg WS, Jeffries KM, Anderson WG. Endogenous cortisol production and its relationship with feeding transitions in larval lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 249:110777. [PMID: 32738406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the importance of cortisol in the development of fishes largely stems from teleosts and in particular the zebrafish, Danio rerio. However, studies examining the ontogeny of the cortisol endocrine axis in acipenseriformes (sturgeon and paddlefish) have demonstrated similar general patterns during early development. Beginning with maternal deposition of cortisol in the egg, followed by development of de novo synthesis, a hypo-responsive period, and finally the ability of the fish to appropriately increase whole-body levels of cortisol in response to a stressor. In the present study, we demonstrate a similar pattern of ontogeny in the cortisol response in lake sturgeon over two-year classes. Whole-body levels of cortisol were examined over two cohorts and found to be different in both concentration and timing of endogenous production. The 2016 cohort were found to have relatively high levels of cortisol and developed to first feeding approximately six days faster than the 2017 cohort with lower levels of cortisol. In the 2017 cohort, mRNA expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and glucocorticoid receptor 1 (GR1) increased just prior to the increase in cortisol and associated onset of exogenous feeding. Treatment in metyrapone, an inhibitor of 11β-hydroxylase, significantly inhibited cortisol production and resulted in the inability of the fish to appropriately transition to exogenous feeding. Data suggest a potential key role for cortisol in lake sturgeon as they transition between diets during early life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L Earhart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Jennifer L Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; National Microbiology Lab, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - William S Bugg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ken M Jeffries
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - W Gary Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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10
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Helland-Riise SH, Vindas MA, Johansen IB, Nadler LE, Weinersmith KL, Hechinger RF, Øverli Ø. Brain-encysting trematodes ( Euhaplorchis californiensis) decrease raphe serotonergic activity in California killifish ( Fundulus parvipinnis). Biol Open 2020; 9:bio049551. [PMID: 32439741 PMCID: PMC7358127 DOI: 10.1242/bio.049551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of brain serotonin (5-HT) signalling is associated with parasite-induced changes in host behaviour, potentially increasing parasite transmission to predatory final hosts. Such alterations could have substantial impact on host physiology and behaviour, as 5-HT serves multiple roles in neuroendocrine regulation. These effects, however, remain insufficiently understood, as parasites have been associated with both increased and decreased serotonergic activity. Here, we investigated effects of trematode Euhaplorchis californiensis metacercariae on post-stress serotonergic activity in the intermediate host California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis). This parasite is associated with conspicuous behaviour and increased predation of killifish by avian end-hosts, as well as inhibition of post-stress raphe 5-HT activity. Until now, laboratory studies have only been able to achieve parasite densities (parasites/unit host body mass) well below those occurring in nature. Using laboratory infections yielding ecologically relevant parasite loads, we show that serotonergic activity indeed decreased with increasing parasite density, an association likely indicating changes in 5-HT neurotransmission while available transmitter stores remain constant. Contrary to most observations in the literature, 5-HT activity increased with body mass in infected fish, indicating that relationships between parasite load and body mass may in many cases be a real underlying factor for physiological correlates of body size. Our results suggest that parasites are capable of influencing brain serotonergic activity, which could have far-reaching effects beyond the neurophysiological parameters investigated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri H Helland-Riise
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway 1407
| | - Marco A Vindas
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway 1407
| | - Ida B Johansen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway 1407
| | - Lauren E Nadler
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway 1407
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Ryan F Hechinger
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Øyvind Øverli
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway 1407
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11
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Romero A, Vega M, Santibáñez N, Spies J, Pérez T, Enríquez R, Kausel G, Oliver C, Oyarzún R, Tort L, Vargas-Chacoff L. Salmo salar glucocorticoid receptors analyses of alternative splicing variants under stress conditions. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 293:113466. [PMID: 32194046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol is the main corticosteroid in teleosts, exerting multiple functions by activating glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Most teleost species have two GR genes, gr-1 and gr-2. Some teleost also presents two splice variants for gr-1; gr-1a and gr-1b. In this study, we report for first time the presence of 2 homeologous genes for gr-1 and gr-2, located on chromosomes 4q-13q (gr-1) and 5p-9q (gr-2) of the Salmo salar genome. Furthermore, our results describe gr-1 splice variants derived from chromosome 4 and 13, sharing typical teleost GR elements such as the 9 amino acid insertion in the DNA binding domain (DBD) and variations in the length of the ligand binding domain (LBD). Three splice variants were predicted for the gr-2 homeologous gene in chromosome 5, with differences of a 5 amino acid insertion in the DBD. We also identified an uncommon truncated gr-2 gene in chromosome 9 in salmon, which lacked the DBD and LBD domains. Finally, by designing specific primers for each predicted splice variant, we validated and evaluated the expression of their transcripts in S. salar subjected to stress caused by stocking density. Differences were observed in the expression of all identified mRNAs, revealing that gr-1 and gr-2 splice variants were upregulated in head kidney and gills of post-stressed fish. In conclusion, our findings suggest that from specific salmonid genomic duplication (125 MYA), two gene copies of each GR receptor were generated in S. salar. The identified splice variants could contribute to the variability of GR receptor complex modulation expression during stressful events, leading to variations in physiological responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Romero
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral De Chile, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Centro FONDAP, Chile.
| | - Matías Vega
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral De Chile, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Centro FONDAP, Chile
| | - Natacha Santibáñez
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral De Chile, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Centro FONDAP, Chile
| | - Johana Spies
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral De Chile, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Tatiana Pérez
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral De Chile, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Centro FONDAP, Chile
| | - Ricardo Enríquez
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral De Chile, Chile.
| | - Gudrun Kausel
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral De Chile, Chile.
| | - Cristian Oliver
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral De Chile, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Centro FONDAP, Chile
| | - Ricardo Oyarzún
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gesto
- Section for Aquaculture, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Willemoesvej 2, 9850 Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Morris Villarroel
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Gesto M. Consistent individual competitive ability in rainbow trout as a proxy for coping style and its lack of correlation with cortisol responsiveness upon acute stress. Physiol Behav 2019; 208:112576. [PMID: 31207270 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For a given fish species, individuals are different in their ability to cope with stressors; each individual has its own set of physiological and behavioral responses to stress (stress-coping style). This individual diversity is of importance when considering the welfare of fish reared in aquaculture facilities. In this study with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) we investigated the link between the ability to compete for food of each individual (used as a proxy of dominance behavior/proactive stress-coping style) and its ability to cope with stress; we hypothesized that fish that are better competitors would be more robust against common aquaculture stressors. We screened 680 rainbow trout individuals for competition ability. This was done by submitting groups of 20 individuals to a 1-week competition trial where they were kept at low stocking density and were provided a restricted amount of food. A 15% of the screened fish were selected as "winners" and another 15% were selected as "losers", based on growth rates during the competition trials. Fish were re-tested in a second competition trial after several weeks, to assess for consistency of competitive ability. Winner and loser fish were individually exposed to confinement and their neuroendocrine stress response was evaluated (serotonergic activity in telencephalon and brain stem, plasma levels of cortisol, glucose and lactate). Furthermore, behavioral responses to confinement and net restraining tests were also investigated. The results showed good temporal consistency of competitive ability in the lapse of time of the experiments. Besides, competitive ability showed a positive association to fish activity during the net restraining tests. However, plasma stress marker data showed a lack of relevant differences between the acute stress responses of winner and loser fish, adding up to the body of evidence suggesting that stress responsiveness might not be consistently linked to SCS in vertebrates. This, together with the inability of winner fish to outperform loser fish in usual stocking density conditions, suggests that there is no clear welfare or performance benefits in selecting fish of a specific coping style for fish farming, at least in the domesticated trout population used in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gesto
- Section for Aquaculture, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Willemoesvej 2, 9850 Hirtshals, Denmark.
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Oyarzún R, Vargas-Lagos C, Martínez D, Muñoz J, Dantagnan L, Vargas-Chacoff L. The effects of intraperitoneal administration of Francisella noatunensis subsp. noatunensis on hepatic intermediary metabolism and indicators of stress in Patagonian blennie Eleginops maclovinus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 230:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gesto M, Madsen L, Andersen NR, Jokumsen A. Stress and disease resilience differences related to emergence time for first feeding in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.174623. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.174623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Salmonid individuals show a relatively high variability in the time required to abandon the gravel nest where they hatch, the so-called “emergence time”. Different behavioral and physiological traits have been shown to be associated to that emergence time in wild salmonids. In general, early- and late-emerging fish have traits resembling those of proactive and reactive stress coping styles, respectively. Proactive fish are considered to be more resilient to stress and probably to disease, so it was hypothesized that fish with different emergence time have different ability to resist repeated episodes of stress without suffering deleterious effects on their welfare or health status. In this study, rainbow trout eyed eggs were hatched and larvae were fractionated according to their emergence time (Early fraction: first 20 % of fish to emerge; Intermediate fraction: mid 20 %; Late fraction: last 20 %). When the fish were four months old, part of the fish were exposed to a daily repeated stress protocol for 15 days. The next day, both naïve and repeatedly-stressed fish were exposed to an acute stress challenge. Different plasma (cortisol, glucose, lactate) as well as CNS (serotonergic activity) stress markers were assessed to evaluate the stress resilience of the different fractions. Furthermore, an intraperitoneal infection challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum was carried out to assess the disease resilience of the different emergence fractions. Altogether, the results showed that fish from different fractions displayed different activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis, pointing to a higher stress resilience in the fish with shorter emergence times. However, those differences were not reflected in the ability of the different fractions to grow and perform well in terms of growth, or in the ability to overcome the infection with the bacteria, which was similar for all the emergence fractions. This suggests that discriminating fish according to emergence time would probably have little effect in improving the performance and the welfare of farmed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gesto
- DTU Aqua, Section for Aquaculture, Technical University of Denmark, North Sea Science Park, Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Lone Madsen
- DTU Vet, Division of Diagnostics & Scientific Advice - Fish Diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj R. Andersen
- DTU Vet, Division of Diagnostics & Scientific Advice - Fish Diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alfred Jokumsen
- DTU Aqua, Section for Aquaculture, Technical University of Denmark, North Sea Science Park, Hirtshals, Denmark
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Backström T, Winberg S. Serotonin Coordinates Responses to Social Stress-What We Can Learn from Fish. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:595. [PMID: 29163002 PMCID: PMC5669303 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Social interaction is stressful and subordinate individuals are often subjected to chronic stress, which greatly affects both their behavior and physiology. In teleost fish the social position of an individual may have long-term effects, such as effects on migration, age of sexual maturation or even sex. The brain serotonergic system plays a key role in coordinating autonomic, behavioral and neuroendocrine stress responses. Social subordination results in a chronic activation of the brain serotonergic system an effect, which seems to be central in the subordinate phenotype. However, behavioral effects of short-term acute activation of the serotonergic system are less obvious. As in other vertebrates, divergent stress coping styles, often referred to as proactive and reactive, has been described in teleosts. As demonstrated by selective breeding, stress coping styles appear to be partly heritable. However, teleost fish are characterized by plasticity, stress coping style being affected by social experience. Again, the brain serotonergic system appears to play an important role. Studies comparing brain gene expression of fish of different social rank and/or displaying divergent stress coping styles have identified several novel factors that seem important for controlling aggressive behavior and stress coping, e.g., histamine and hypocretin/orexin. These may also interact with brain monoaminergic systems, including serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Backström
- Institute of Integrated Natural Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Svante Winberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Comparative models suggest that effects of dietary tryptophan (Trp) on brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) neurochemistry and stress responsiveness are present throughout the vertebrate lineage. Moreover, hypothalamic 5-HT seems to play a central role in control of the neuroendocrine stress axis in all vertebrates. Still, recent fish studies suggest long-term effects of dietary Trp on stress responsiveness, which are independent of hypothalamic 5-HT. Here, we investigated if dietary Trp treatment may result in long-lasting effects on stress responsiveness, including changes in plasma cortisol levels and 5-HT neurochemistry in the telencephalon and hypothalamus of Atlantic salmon. Fish were fed diets containing one, two or three times the Trp content in normal feed for 1 week. Subsequently, fish were reintroduced to control feed and were exposed to acute crowding stress for 1 h, 8 and 21 d post Trp treatment. Generally, acute crowding resulted in lower plasma cortisol levels in fish treated with 3×Trp compared with 1×Trp- and 2×Trp-treated fish. The same general pattern was reflected in telencephalic 5-HTergic turnover, for which 3×Trp-treated fish showed decreased values compared with 2×Trp-treated fish. These long-term effects on post-stress plasma cortisol levels and concomitant 5-HT turnover in the telencephalon lends further support to the fact that the extrahypothalamic control of the neuroendocrine stress response is conserved within the vertebrate lineage. Moreover, they indicate that trophic/structural effects in the brain underlie the effects of dietary Trp treatment on stress reactivity.
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Gesto M, Skov PV, Jokumsen A. Emergence Time and Skin Melanin Spot Patterns Do Not Correlate with Growth Performance, Social Competitive Ability or Stress Response in Farmed Rainbow Trout. Front Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28638317 PMCID: PMC5461272 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In wild salmonid fish, specific individual behavioral traits have been correlated with the timing of fry emergence from their gravel spawning nests; Early emerging fish display more aggressive behavior and have a higher probability of becoming socially dominant, compared to fish that emerge at a later stage. Apart from aggression and dominance, other behavioral and metabolic traits, such as boldness, metabolic rate, or growth, have also been linked to emergence time. Altogether, the traits of early- and late-emerging fish resemble those of the proactive and reactive stress-coping style, respectively. As proactive fish are considered more resilient to stress, it may be desirable to select these for aquaculture production. However, it is currently unclear to what extent the link between emergence time and stress-coping styles is maintained in the selective breeding of farmed fish. In the present study, eyed eggs from a commercial supplier were hatched, and larvae fractionated according to their emergence time. Later on, juvenile fish from different emergence fractions were subjected to a stress challenge and also tested to evaluate their competitive ability for food. Beyond some slight dissimilarities in the acute stress responses, emergence fraction displayed no correlation with growth rates, or the ability to compete for feed. Within the whole group of fish utilized in the experiments, no relationship between skin melanin spot pattern and growth performance, stress response intensity, or competitive ability was found. Altogether, the differences in physiological traits related to emergence time were not as strong as those found in earlier studies. It is hypothesized, that the origin and degree of domestication of the fish might be partly responsible for this. The predictive value of skin spots or emergence time to infer the fish stress coping style in farmed fish is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gesto
- Section for Aquaculture, North Sea Research Centre, DTU Aqua, Technical University of DenmarkHirtshals, Denmark
| | - Peter V Skov
- Section for Aquaculture, North Sea Research Centre, DTU Aqua, Technical University of DenmarkHirtshals, Denmark
| | - Alfred Jokumsen
- Section for Aquaculture, North Sea Research Centre, DTU Aqua, Technical University of DenmarkHirtshals, Denmark
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The effect of starvation and re-feeding on vasotocinergic and isotocinergic pathways in immature gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:945-958. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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