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Zhang D, Lin L, Yang J, Lv Q, Wang M, Hua L, Zhang K, Chen H, Wu B, Peng Z. Pseudorabies virus infection increases the permeability of the mammalian respiratory barrier to facilitate Pasteurella multocida infection. mSphere 2024; 9:e0029724. [PMID: 39041808 PMCID: PMC11351098 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00297-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Interaction between viruses and bacteria during the development of infectious diseases is a complex question that requires continuous study. In this study, we explored the interactions between pseudorabies virus (PRV) and Pasteurella multocida (PM), which are recognized as the primary and secondary agents of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), respectively. In vivo tests using mouse models demonstrated that intranasal inoculation with PRV at a sublethal dose induced disruption of murine respiratory barrier and promoted the invasion and damages caused by PM through respiratory infection. Inoculation with PRV also disrupted the barrier function of murine and porcine respiratory epithelial cells, and accelerated the adherence and invasion of PM to the cells. In mechanism, PRV infection resulted in decreased expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin) and adherens junction proteins (β-catenin, E-cadherin) between neighboring respiratory epithelial cells. Additionally, PRV inoculation at an early stage downregulated multiple biological processes contributing to epithelial adhesion and barrier functions while upregulating signals beneficial for respiratory barrier disruption (e.g., the HIF-1α signaling). Furthermore, PRV infection also stimulated the upregulation of cellular receptors (CAM5, ICAM2, ACAN, and DSCAM) that promote bacterial adherence. The data presented in this study provide insights into the understanding of virus-bacteria interactions in PRDC and may also contribute to understanding the mechanisms of secondary infections caused by different respiratory viruses (e.g., influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2) in both medical and veterinary medicine. IMPORTANCE Co-infections caused by viral and bacterial agents are common in both medical and veterinary medicine, but the related mechanisms are not fully understood. This study investigated the interactions between the zoonotic pathogens PRV and PM during the development of respiratory infections in both cell and mouse models, and reported the possible mechanisms which included: (i) the primary infection of PRV may induce the disruption and/or damage of mammal respiratory barrier, thereby contributing to the invasion of PM; (ii) PRV infection at early stage accelerates the transcription and/or expression of several cellular receptors that are beneficial for bacterial adherence. This study may shed a light on understanding the mechanisms on the secondary infection of PM promoted by different respiratory viruses (e.g., influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2) in both medical and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingjie Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Mixue Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Hua
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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Lin J, Aprahamian H, Golovko G. A proactive/reactive mass screening approach with uncertain symptomatic cases. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1012308. [PMID: 39141678 PMCID: PMC11346970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
We study the problem of mass screening of heterogeneous populations under limited testing budget. Mass screening is an essential tool that arises in various settings, e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of mass screening is to classify the entire population as positive or negative for a disease as efficiently and accurately as possible. Under limited budget, testing facilities need to allocate a portion of the budget to target sub-populations (i.e., proactive screening) while reserving the remaining budget to screen for symptomatic cases (i.e., reactive screening). This paper addresses this decision problem by taking advantage of accessible population-level risk information to identify the optimal set of sub-populations for proactive/reactive screening. The framework also incorporates two widely used testing schemes: Individual and Dorfman group testing. By leveraging the special structure of the resulting bilinear optimization problem, we identify key structural properties, which in turn enable us to develop efficient solution schemes. Furthermore, we extend the model to accommodate customized testing schemes across different sub-populations and introduce a highly efficient heuristic solution algorithm for the generalized model. We conduct a comprehensive case study on COVID-19 in the US, utilizing geographically-based data. Numerical results demonstrate a significant improvement of up to 52% in total misclassifications compared to conventional screening strategies. In addition, our case study offers valuable managerial insights regarding the allocation of proactive/reactive measures and budget across diverse geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Lin
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hrayer Aprahamian
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - George Golovko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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Pondomatti SC, Tyagi I, Shrivastava KK, Mahajan S, Patel J, Shinde MA. A Literature Review of the Integration of Ancient Indian Mythology in Clinical Medicine: A Holistic Approach to Health and Healing. Cureus 2024; 16:e63779. [PMID: 39099985 PMCID: PMC11297191 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.63779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The fusion of mythology and ancient Indian medicine, particularly Ayurveda, is a fascinating synthesis of cultural heritage and scientific endeavor. Ayurveda encompasses a wide range of practices, including pharmacology, anatomy, physiology, surgery, and obstetrics, and integrates the rich tapestry of Hindu mythology, providing a comprehensive understanding of health and disease. The inclusion of mythological figures and narratives in the discourse of ancient Indian medicine offers a unique perspective on the integration of spiritual and empirical knowledge, highlighting the role of mythology in shaping the foundational principles of clinical medicine. The discourse explores the profound impact of Ayurveda and its mythological underpinnings on contemporary clinical practices, underscoring the timeless wisdom embedded in ancient narratives. These stories represent the bedrock of holistic medical practices, emphasizing the parity between mind, body, and spirit that is increasingly validated in modern therapeutic paradigms. The philosophy and methods detailed in the age-old texts of Sushruta and Charaka, coupled with the allegorical tales of Dhanvantari and Bharadwaja, contribute significantly to the foundational principles underpinning today's holistic medical approaches. The enduring legacy of Ayurveda and its mythological narratives continues to influence and inspire a holistic approach to health care, underscoring the indelible connection between ancient wisdom and modern medical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ishaan Tyagi
- Internal Medicine, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Pune, IND
| | | | - Swati Mahajan
- Physiology, Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society Medical College, Godhra, IND
| | - Jitendra Patel
- Physiology, Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society Medical College, Vadnagar, IND
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Singh S, Govekar A, Mazumdar D, Dhimmar A, Sahastrabudhe H, Gajjar A, Kumar P, Tothadi S, Dodiya PJ, Shinde UP, Mohanty AK, Shinde PB, Rathod MR. Glaucarubinone from Simarouba glauca DC. as a potential biocontrol agent for mosquito vector management. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38940013 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2371569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The study explored Simarouba glauca DC. for mosquito larvicidal potential by performing bioactivity-guided chemical investigation of its root extract resulting in isolation of the known bioactive metabolite glaucarubinone (1). Mosquito larvicidal activity of glaucarubinone (1) against the three vector species viz. Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus was determined using a modified WHO 2005 protocol. It was observed that Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were the most susceptible species with LC50 13.88 ppm and LC90 70.01 ppm followed by Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi at 24 h of exposure. The mode of action as observed microscopically is the lysis of midgut and thorax cells of the third instar larvae. The crystal structure of the glaucarubinone (1) is reported for the first time using X-ray crystallography. This phytochemical product has the potential to act as a green alternative to existing chemical-based insecticides for integrated vector management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Singh
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gujarat, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Abhishek Govekar
- Field Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Panaji, Goa, India
| | - Debattam Mazumdar
- Field Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Panaji, Goa, India
| | - Asmita Dhimmar
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gujarat, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Harshal Sahastrabudhe
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gujarat, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Apexa Gajjar
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gujarat, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gujarat, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Srinu Tothadi
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division and Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Prakash J Dodiya
- Division of Plant Omics, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Usha P Shinde
- Gyanmanjari Pharmacy College, Gyanmanjari Group of Colleges, Bhavnagar, India
| | | | - Pramod B Shinde
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gujarat, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Meena R Rathod
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gujarat, India
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Liu H, Dass SA, Wong MTJ, Balakrishnan V, Nordin F, Tye GJ. Investigating the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of a T Cell Receptor (TCR)-like single Domain Antibody (sDAb)-Human IgG1 Antibody against Heat Shock Protein (HSP) 16KDa/HLA-A2 for Latent Tuberculosis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:139. [PMID: 39058181 PMCID: PMC11281560 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9070139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 16-kDa (HSP 16-kDa) is essential for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) during the latent period; hence, a peptide-MHC presentation of HSP 16-kDa could be a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for latent tuberculosis (LTB). This study aimed to generate a TCR-like single-domain antibody (sDAb)-human IgG1 antibody and subsequently investigate its diagnostic and therapeutic potential in LTB, utilizing a model cell presenting the target peptide. A previously generated TCR-like sDAB that can bind to HSP 16-kDa was first fused to a human IgG1 Fc-receptor via a linker. The fusion product, sDAb-IgG1, was expressed with HEK293-F and was subsequently purified. Its diagnostic potential was investigated via cell-based ELISA utilizing MCF-7 cells peptide-pulsed with HSP 16-kDa peptides. Investigation into the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of MCF-7 cells was also conducted to investigate its therapeutic potential. Finally, TCR-like sDAb-IgG1 was successfully produced transiently with HEK-293F and was purified using protein A chromatography. The generated antibody was tested using cell-based ELISA, which demonstrated the effective binding of the TCR-like sDAb-IgG1 to the 16-kDa peptide-MHC on the cell surface. The ADCC assay also showed that the antibody effectively mediated the ADCC of MCF-7 cells with the help of 16-kDa peptide-MHC. This allows us to hypothesize the possible utility of the said antibody for both diagnostics and therapeutics of latent tuberculosis after more investigations with clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqiang Liu
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, University Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia; (H.L.); (S.A.D.); (V.B.)
| | - Sylvia Annabel Dass
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, University Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia; (H.L.); (S.A.D.); (V.B.)
- Biogenes Technologies, Jalan Maklumat, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Matthew Tze Jian Wong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, University Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia; (H.L.); (S.A.D.); (V.B.)
| | - Venugopal Balakrishnan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, University Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia; (H.L.); (S.A.D.); (V.B.)
| | - Fazlina Nordin
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CTERM), Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, University Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia; (H.L.); (S.A.D.); (V.B.)
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Islam SI, Mahfuj S, Baqar Z, Asadujjaman M, Islam MJ, Alsiwiehri N, Almehmadi M, Sanjida S, Ahammad F. Bacterial diseases of Asian sea bass ( Lates calcarifer): A review for health management strategies and future aquaculture sustainability. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29793. [PMID: 38707314 PMCID: PMC11068540 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The advent of aquaculture has been one of the most significant shifts in world food supply during the last century. Aquaculture has rapidly expanded and become a global food industry, spurred by population expansion, increased seafood consumption, and decreased captured fisheries. Nonetheless, the exponential growth of aquaculture has emerged as a significant contributor to anthropogenic changes. Unexpectedly, the result has focused in the emergence and spread of new diseases. The Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) is an economically important species in aquaculture, contributing significantly to the global seafood market. However, bacterial diseases have emerged as a major concern, affecting both wild and cultured populations of this species. The most prevalent bacterial pathogens are streptococcus, vibriosis, nocardiosis, tenacibaculosis, and pot-belly disease. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively analyze both emerging and non-emerging bacterial diseases affecting L. calcarifer and explore potential management approaches for their control. Through an extensive literature survey and critical evaluation of research findings, this review highlights the current understanding of bacterial diseases in L. calcarifer and proposes strategies for better disease management. In addition, this review looks at the rise and characteristics of aquaculture, the major bacterial pathogens of L. calcarifer and their effects, and the specific attributes of disease emergence in an aquatic rather than terrestrial context. It also considers the potential for future disease emergence in L. calcarifer due to aquaculture expansion and climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Injamamul Islam
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sarower Mahfuj
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Zulqarnain Baqar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Md Asadujjaman
- Department of Aquaculture, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna, 9100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jakiul Islam
- Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Naif Alsiwiehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen Almehmadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saloa Sanjida
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Foysal Ahammad
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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Yasobant S, Lekha KS, Saxena D. Risk Assessment Tools from the One Health Perspective: A Narrative Review. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2024; 17:955-972. [PMID: 38645899 PMCID: PMC11032120 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s436385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background 61% of the infections around the world that have emerged to date are zoonotic. Evidence warns that the threat posed by zoonoses is on the rise, and the risk of a new pandemic is higher now than ever. Early identification of risk, populations at risk, and risk of transmission are essential steps towards a prevention, preparation and response to outbreaks. This review aims to look at the tools available for identifying and estimating risks and threats from one health perspective and finally propose a list of indicators which could assess the risk of transmission of disease at the humans, animals and the environment intersection. Methods The databases like PubMed, google scholar, Embase and Scopus were used to extract the relevant articles. A search was carried out using a keyword. A total of 1311 articles were listed initially after the search and reviewed. Out of 1311, only 26 tools which assessed the risk of diseases mainly infectious or were relevant to risk of transmission of any infectious diseases were included in the review. Results The tools included in this review involve risk assessment at the environmental, animal and human dimensions. The tools are used to evaluate the contamination of the environment due to chemicals or toxins or the risk of transmission of infection due to environmental factors like air contamination, to identify the animal diseases like bovine respiratory disease and foot and mouth disease and to estimate the human health risk at the community or individual levels. Conclusion Risk assessment tools are an essential part of the prevention of pandemics. These tools are helpful in assessing the risk of transmission of infections either from human to human, between human and animals, between animals and animals and so on. Thus this review gives us an insight into the existing risk assessment tools and the need for a One Health risk assessment tools to prevent outbreaks in future. It also provides a list of factors that can be included in a one health risk assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandul Yasobant
- Centre for One Health Education, Research & Development (COHERD), Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
- School of Epidemiology & Public Health, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DMIMS), Wardha, MH, India
- Global Health, Institute for Hygiene & Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - K Shruti Lekha
- Centre for One Health Education, Research & Development (COHERD), Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Centre for One Health Education, Research & Development (COHERD), Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
- School of Epidemiology & Public Health, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DMIMS), Wardha, MH, India
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Oordt-Speets AM, Spinardi JR, Mendoza CF, Yang J, del Carmen Morales G, Kyaw MH. Duration of SARS-CoV-2 shedding: A systematic review. J Glob Health 2024; 14:05005. [PMID: 38547496 PMCID: PMC10978056 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.14.05005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Positive viral severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cultures indicate shedding of infectious virus and corresponding transmission risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The research question of this systematic review was: Is there a discernible pattern in the timing of SARS-CoV-2 virus isolation, and what is the proportion of positive and negative results for isolation of SARS-CoV-2 virus with viral culture relative to the onset of clinical symptoms or the day of diagnosis, as indicated by longitudinal studies? Methods We systematically searched PubMed and Embase from inception to 16 February 2023 for English-language studies with serial viral culture testing within symptomatic or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected persons during the post-vaccination period. Outcomes of interest were the daily culture status per study and the overall daily culture positivity rate of SARS-CoV-2. We critically appraised the selected studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale. Results We included 14 viral shedding studies in this systematic review. Positive viral SARS-CoV-2 cultures were detected in samples ranging from 4 days before to 18 days after symptom onset. The daily culture SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate since symptom onset or diagnosis showed a steep decline between day 5 and 9, starting with a peak ranging from 44% to 50% on days -1 to 5, decreasing to 28% on day 7 and 11% on day 9, and finally ranging between 0% and 8% on days 10-17. Conclusions Viral shedding peaked within 5 days since symptom onset or diagnosis and the culture positivity rate rapidly declined hereafter. This systematic review provides an overview of current evidence on the daily SARS-CoV-2 culture positivity rates during the post-vaccination period. These findings could be used to estimate the effectiveness of public health control measures, including treatment and preventive strategies, to reduce the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia R Spinardi
- Vaccine Medical Affairs, Emerging Markets, Pfizer Inc., Itapevi, Brazil
| | | | - Jingyan Yang
- Global Value and Access, Pfizer Inc., New York, USA
| | | | - Moe H Kyaw
- Vaccine Scientific Affairs, Emerging Markets, Pfizer Inc., New York, USA
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Naidoo M, Shephard W, Kambewe I, Mtshali N, Cope S, Rubio FA, Rasella D. Incorporating social vulnerability in infectious disease mathematical modelling: a scoping review. BMC Med 2024; 22:125. [PMID: 38500147 PMCID: PMC10949739 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03333-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highlighted by the rise of COVID-19, climate change, and conflict, socially vulnerable populations are least resilient to disaster. In infectious disease management, mathematical models are a commonly used tool. Researchers should include social vulnerability in models to strengthen their utility in reflecting real-world dynamics. We conducted a scoping review to evaluate how researchers have incorporated social vulnerability into infectious disease mathematical models. METHODS The methodology followed the Joanna Briggs Institute and updated Arksey and O'Malley frameworks, verified by the PRISMA-ScR checklist. PubMed, Clarivate Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCO Africa Wide Information, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for peer-reviewed published articles. Screening and extracting data were done by two independent researchers. RESULTS Of 4075 results, 89 articles were identified. Two-thirds of articles used a compartmental model (n = 58, 65.2%), with a quarter using agent-based models (n = 24, 27.0%). Overall, routine indicators, namely age and sex, were among the most frequently used measures (n = 42, 12.3%; n = 22, 6.4%, respectively). Only one measure related to culture and social behaviour (0.3%). For compartmental models, researchers commonly constructed distinct models for each level of a social vulnerability measure and included new parameters or influenced standard parameters in model equations (n = 30, 51.7%). For all agent-based models, characteristics were assigned to hosts (n = 24, 100.0%), with most models including age, contact behaviour, and/or sex (n = 18, 75.0%; n = 14, 53.3%; n = 10, 41.7%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Given the importance of equitable and effective infectious disease management, there is potential to further the field. Our findings demonstrate that social vulnerability is not considered holistically. There is a focus on incorporating routine demographic indicators but important cultural and social behaviours that impact health outcomes are excluded. It is crucial to develop models that foreground social vulnerability to not only design more equitable interventions, but also to develop more effective infectious disease control and elimination strategies. Furthermore, this study revealed the lack of transparency around data sources, inconsistent reporting, lack of collaboration with local experts, and limited studies focused on modelling cultural indicators. These challenges are priorities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Naidoo
- The Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, C/ del Rosselló, Barcelona, 171, 08036, Spain.
| | - Whitney Shephard
- The Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, C/ del Rosselló, Barcelona, 171, 08036, Spain
| | - Innocensia Kambewe
- The Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, C/ del Rosselló, Barcelona, 171, 08036, Spain
| | - Nokuthula Mtshali
- The Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, C/ del Rosselló, Barcelona, 171, 08036, Spain
| | - Sky Cope
- The Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, C/ del Rosselló, Barcelona, 171, 08036, Spain
| | - Felipe Alves Rubio
- The Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, C/ del Rosselló, Barcelona, 171, 08036, Spain
| | - Davide Rasella
- The Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, C/ del Rosselló, Barcelona, 171, 08036, Spain
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10
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Wanguyun AP, Oishi W, Sano D. Sensitivity Evaluation of Enveloped and Non-enveloped Viruses to Ethanol Using Machine Learning: A Systematic Review. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024; 16:1-13. [PMID: 38049702 PMCID: PMC10963467 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases are a severe public health issue worldwide. During the coronavirus pandemic, the use of alcohol-based sanitizers was recommended by WHO. Enveloped viruses are sensitive to ethanol, whereas non-enveloped viruses are considerably less sensitive. However, no quantitative analysis has been conducted to determine virus ethanol sensitivity and the important variables influencing the inactivation of viruses to ethanol. This study aimed to determine viruses' sensitivity to ethanol and the most important variables influencing the inactivation of viruses exposed to ethanol based on machine learning. We examined 37 peer-reviewed articles through a systematic search. Quantitative analysis was employed using a decision tree and random forest algorithms. Based on the decision tree, enveloped viruses required around ≥ 35% ethanol with an average contact time of at least 1 min, which reduced the average viral load by 4 log10. In non-enveloped viruses with and without organic matter, ≥ 77.50% and ≥ 65% ethanol with an extended contact time of ≥ 2 min were required for a 4 log10 viral reduction, respectively. Important variables were assessed using a random forest based on the percentage increases in mean square error (%IncMSE) and node purity (%IncNodePurity). Ethanol concentration was a more important variable with a higher %IncMSE and %IncNodePurity than contact time for the inactivation of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses with the available organic matter. Because specific guidelines for virus inactivation by ethanol are lacking, data analysis using machine learning is essential to gain insight from certain datasets. We provide new knowledge for determining guideline values related to the selection of ethanol concentration and contact time that effectively inactivate viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aken Puti Wanguyun
- Department of Frontier Science for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wakana Oishi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Frontier Science for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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11
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Alkhalili M, Bani Hani O, Al-Hmaid Y, Hjazeen A, Hattab M, Khraisat Z, AlDmour W, Abdelrahim N, Abu Lubad H. Assessment of Knowledge of Communicable Diseases Among Medical Students at Al-Balqa Applied University. Cureus 2024; 16:e55572. [PMID: 38576644 PMCID: PMC10993084 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medical education is the foundation of knowledge among medical students. This study aims to investigate the knowledge of medical students at Al-Balqa Applied University, exploring their awareness of five communicable diseases, namely, leishmaniasis, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, measles, and cholera. METHODS This cross-sectional survey included 271 participants who answered a structured validated questionnaire with varying questions on causes, symptoms, complications, transmission routes, and preventive measures for each disease. RESULTS Knowledge of all five communicable diseases was low. Leishmaniasis knowledge was notably low (mean=6.07, SD=1.43), with participants grappling with misconceptions about transmission modes, symptoms, and preventability. Hepatitis B knowledge was also low (mean=10.46, SD=1.67), especially regarding transmission modes, revealing that 76% of students were unaware of how the virus spreads. Tuberculosis knowledge unveiled gaps (mean=7.007, SD=1.90), particularly in recognizing the causes, symptoms, and transmission routes. Measles knowledge (mean=9.56, SD=1.92) indicated a robust understanding of symptoms but unveiled misconceptions about complications and transmission routes. For cholera (mean=14.50, SD=1.98), a knowledge of symptoms was demonstrated, but confusion about causative agents, transmission routes, and preventive measures was highlighted. CONCLUSION The findings of the study emphasize the critical need for enhanced educational strategies including curriculum revisions, increased practical exposure, engaging awareness campaigns, and the integration of interactive learning methods to increase knowledge about communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mais Alkhalili
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, JOR
| | - Osama Bani Hani
- Department of General Surgery, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, JOR
| | - Yamamah Al-Hmaid
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, JOR
| | - Anees Hjazeen
- Department of Biostatistics, Jordanian Royal Medical Services, Amman, JOR
| | - Mohammad Hattab
- Department of Community Medicine, Ministry of Health Holdings, Amman, JOR
| | - Zeina Khraisat
- Department of Community Medicine, Ministry of Health Holdings, Amman, JOR
| | - Wala' AlDmour
- Department of Community Medicine, Ministry of Health Holdings, Amman, JOR
| | - Nanci Abdelrahim
- Department of Community Medicine, Ministry of Health Holdings, Amman, JOR
| | - Heba Abu Lubad
- Department of Community Medicine, Ministry of Health Holdings, Amman, JOR
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12
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Marin MJ, van Wijk XMR, Chambliss AB. Advances in sepsis biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 119:117-166. [PMID: 38514209 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis, a dysregulated host immune response to an infectious agent, significantly increases morbidity and mortality for hospitalized patients worldwide. This chapter reviews (1) the basic principles of infectious diseases, pathophysiology and current definition of sepsis, (2) established sepsis biomarkers such lactate, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein, (3) novel, newly regulatory-cleared/approved biomarkers, such as assays that evaluate white blood cell properties and immune response molecules, and (4) emerging biomarkers and biomarker panels to highlight future directions and opportunities in the diagnosis and management of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximo J Marin
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Allison B Chambliss
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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Hikmawanti NPE, Saputri FC, Yanuar A, Jantan I, Ningrum RA, Mun'im A. Insights into the anti-infective effects of Pluchea indica (L.) Less and its bioactive metabolites against various bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 320:117387. [PMID: 37944874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pluchea indica (L.) Less (family Asteraceae) is popularly consumed as a medicinal vegetable and used in ethnomedicine to treat various diseases including gastrointestinal problems such as dysentery and leucorrhoea, which are due to bacterial, fungal or parasitic infections. There have been numerous studies on the antimicrobial effects of the plant due to these ethnomedicine use. AIM OF THIS REVIEW This review is comprehensively discussed the information on the anti-infective properties of P. indica and its secondary metabolites, and highlight the potential of the plant as a new source of anti-infective agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Scientific databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and ACS Publications were used to gather the relevant information on the ability of P. indica to fight infections, with the leaves and roots receiving most of the attention. RESULTS Anti-bacterial, anti-mycobacterial, anti-malarial, and anti-viral activities have been the most exploited. Most studies were carried out on the crude extracts of the plant and in most studies the bioactive extracts were not standardized or chemically characterized. Several studies have reported the anti-infective activity of several bioactive components of P. indica including caffeoylquinic acids, terpenoid glycosides, thiophenes, and kaempferol. CONCLUSIONS The strong anti-infective effect and underlying mechanisms of the compounds provide insights into the potential of P. indica as a source of new leads for the development of anti-infective agents for use in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Putu Ermi Hikmawanti
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Cluster of Health Sciences Building, Depok, 16424, West Java, Indonesia; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA, East Jakarta, 13460, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia; National Metabolomics Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia.
| | - Fadlina Chany Saputri
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 16424, West Java, Indonesia; National Metabolomics Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia.
| | - Arry Yanuar
- Department of Biomedical Computation-Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 16424, West Java, Indonesia; National Metabolomics Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia.
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ratih Asmana Ningrum
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Raya Bogor Street KM.46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia; National Metabolomics Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia.
| | - Abdul Mun'im
- Department of Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Cluster of Health Sciences Building, Depok, 16424, West Java, Indonesia; National Metabolomics Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia.
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14
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Yadav SK, Khan SA, Tiwari M, Kumar A, Kumar V, Akhter Y. Taking cues from machine learning, compartmental and time series models for SARS-CoV-2 omicron infection in Indian provinces. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2024; 48:100634. [PMID: 38355258 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2024.100634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, posed a significant threat to the world. We analyzed COVID-19 dissemination data in the top ten Indian provinces by infection incidences using the Susceptible-Infectious-Removed (SIR) model, an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) time series model, a machine learning model based on the Random Forest, and distribution fitting. Outbreaks are expected to continue if the Basic Reproduction Number (R0) > 1, and infection waves are anticipated to end if the R0 < 1, as determined by the SIR model. Different parametric probability distributions are also fitted. Data collected from December 12, 2021, to March 31, 2022, encompassing data from both before and during the implementation of strict control measures. Based on the estimates of the model parameters, health agencies and government policymakers can develop strategies to combat the spread of the disease in the future, and the most effective technique can be recommended for real-world application for other outbreaks of COVID-19. The best method out of these could be also implemented further on the epidemiological data of other similar infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Kumar Yadav
- Department of Statistics, School of Physical and Decision Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow-226025, India
| | - Saif Ali Khan
- Department of Statistics, School of Physical and Decision Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow-226025, India
| | - Mayank Tiwari
- Department of Statistics, School of Physical and Decision Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow-226025, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Statistics, School of Physical and Decision Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow-226025, India
| | - Vinit Kumar
- Department of Library & Information Science, School of Information Science & Technology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow-226025, India.
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15
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Mascellino MT, Biswas S, Oliva A. Editorial: Enterobacteriaceae antimicrobial agents and resistance: relationship with the therapeutic approach, volume II. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1356413. [PMID: 38304194 PMCID: PMC10830809 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1356413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Silpak Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India
| | - Alessandra Oliva
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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16
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Luo C, Li X, Li Y. Application of the Peroxidase‒like Activity of Nanomaterials for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria and Viruses. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:441-452. [PMID: 38250191 PMCID: PMC10799623 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s442335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria and viruses pose a significant threat to human life and well-being. The prompt identification of these pathogens, characterized by speed, accuracy, and efficiency, not only aids in the timely screening of infected individuals and the prevention of further transmission, but also facilitates the precise diagnosis and treatment of patients. Direct smear microscopy, microbial culture, nucleic acid-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on microbial surface antigens or human serum antibodies, have made substantial contributions to the prevention and management of infectious diseases. Due to its shorter processing time, simple equipment requirements, and no need for professional and technical personnel, ELISA has inherent advantages over other methods for detecting pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Horseradish peroxidase mediated catalysis of substrate coloration is the key for the detection of target substances in ELISA. However, the variability, high cost, and environmental susceptibility of natural peroxidase greatly limit the application of ELISA in pathogen detection. Compared with natural enzymes, nanomaterials with enzyme-mimicking activity are inexpensive, highly environmentally stable, easy to store and mass producing, etc. Based on their peroxidase-like activities and unique physicochemical properties, nanomaterials can greatly improve the efficiency and ease of use of ELISA-like detection methods for pathogenic bacteria and viruses. This review introduces recent advances in the application of nanomaterials with peroxidase-like activity for the detection of pathogenic bacteria (both gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria) and viruses (both RNA viruses and DNA viruses). The emphasis is on the detection principle and the evaluation of effectiveness. The limitations and prospects for future translations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Luo
- School of Medicine, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianglong Li
- Medical and Radiation Oncology, Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Medicine, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Goh M, Joy C, Gillespie AN, Soh QR, He F, Sung V. Asymptomatic viruses detectable in saliva in the first year of life: a narrative review. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:508-531. [PMID: 38135726 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections are common in children. Many can be asymptomatic or have delayed health consequences. In view of increasing availability of point-of-care viral detection technologies, with possible application in newborn screening, this review aimed to (1) identify potentially asymptomatic viruses detectable in infants under one year old, via saliva/nasopharyngeal swab, and (2) describe associations between viruses and long-term health conditions. We systematically searched Embase(Ovid), Medline(Ovid) and PubMed, then further searched the literature in a tiered approach. From the 143 articles included, 28 potentially asymptomatic viruses were identified. Our second search revealed associations with a range of delayed health conditions, with most related to the severity of initial symptoms. Many respiratory viruses were linked with development of recurrent wheeze or asthma. Of note, some potentially asymptomatic viruses are linked with later non-communicable diseases: adenovirus serotype 36 and obesity, Enterovirus-A71 associated Hand, Foot, Mouth Disease and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Ebstein Barr Virus (EBV) and malignancy, EBV and multiple sclerosis, HHV-6 and epilepsy, HBoV-1 and lung fibrosis and Norovirus and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Our review identified many potentially asymptomatic viruses, detectable in early life with potential delayed health consequences, that could be important to screen for in the future using rapid point-of-care viral detection methods. IMPACT: Novel point-of-care viral detection technologies enable rapid detection of viruses, both old and emerging. In view of increasing capability to screen for viruses, this is the first review to explore which potentially asymptomatic viruses, that are detectable using saliva and/or nasopharyngeal swabs in infants less than one year of age, are associated with delayed adverse health conditions. Further research into detecting such viruses in early life and their delayed health outcomes may pave new ways to prevent non-communicable diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Goh
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Prevention Innovation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Charissa Joy
- Prevention Innovation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Monash Children's Hospital Clayton, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Alanna N Gillespie
- Prevention Innovation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Qi Rui Soh
- Prevention Innovation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Fan He
- Prevention Innovation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- John Richards Centre for Rural Ageing Research, La Trobe University, Wodonga, VIC, Australia
| | - Valerie Sung
- Prevention Innovation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Monash Children's Hospital Clayton, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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18
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Robi DT, Mossie T, Temteme S. Eukaryotic Infections in Dairy Calves: Impacts, Diagnosis, and Strategies for Prevention and Control. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2023; 14:195-208. [PMID: 38058381 PMCID: PMC10697087 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s442374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic infections are common among dairy calves and can have significant impacts on their health and growth rates. Fungal infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichophyton verrucosum, and Candida albicans can cause respiratory diseases, dermatophytosis, and diarrhea, respectively. Protozoan parasites, including Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis, and Eimeria spp., are also common in dairy calves. C. parvum is highly contagious and can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration, while Giardia duodenalis can lead to poor growth and is transmissible to humans through contaminated food or water. Eimeria spp. can cause coccidiosis and lead to reduced growth rates, poor feed conversion, and death. The common helminthic infections in dairy calves include Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia spp., Fasciola hepatica, and Strongyloides papillosus. These parasitic infections significantly impact calf health, growth, and dairy industry productivity. Diagnosis of these infections can be made through fecal samples using microscopy or molecular methods. However, diagnosis of the infections can be challenging and requires a combination of clinical signs and laboratory tests such as culture and PCR. Preventing and controlling eukaryotic infections in dairy calves requires several measures. Good hygiene and sanitation practices, proper management strategies, and timely treatment of affected animals are important. It is also necessary to avoid overcrowding and consider vaccination against ringworm. Further research is needed to better understand the epidemiology and characterization of eukaryotic infections in dairy calves, which will help in the development of more effective prevention and control strategies. In general, good hygiene practices, appropriate management strategies, and timely treatment of affected animals are crucial in preventing and controlling the infections, ensuring the health and well-being of dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Tulu Robi
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfa Mossie
- Ethiopian Institute of Agriculture Research, Jimma Agriculture Research Center, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Temteme
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, Tepi, Ethiopia
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19
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Rathinam AJ, Santhaseelan H, Dahms HU, Dinakaran VT, Murugaiah SG. Bioprospecting of unexplored halophilic actinobacteria against human infectious pathogens. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:398. [PMID: 37974926 PMCID: PMC10645811 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03812-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pathogenic diseases received much attention recently due to their uncontrolled spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) which causes several threads every year. Effective alternate antimicrobials are urgently required to combat those disease causing infectious microbes. Halophilic actinobacteria revealed huge potentials and unexplored cultivable/non-cultivable actinobacterial species producing enormous antimicrobials have been proved in several genomics approaches. Potential gene clusters, PKS and NRPKS from Nocardia, Salinospora, Rhodococcus, and Streptomyces have wide range coding genes of secondary metabolites. Biosynthetic pathways identification via various approaches like genome mining, In silico, OSMAC (one strain many compound) analysis provides better identification of knowing the active metabolites using several databases like AMP, APD and CRAMPR, etc. Genome constellations of actinobacteria particularly the prediction of BGCs (Biosynthetic Gene Clusters) to mine the bioactive molecules such as pigments, biosurfactants and few enzymes have been reported for antimicrobial activity. Saltpan, saltlake, lagoon and haloalkali environment exploring potential actinobacterial strains Micromonospora, Kocuria, Pseudonocardia, and Nocardiopsis revealed several acids and ester derivatives with antimicrobial potential. Marine sediments and marine macro organisms have been found as significant population holders of potential actinobacterial strains. Deadly infectious diseases (IDs) including tuberculosis, ventilator-associated pneumonia and Candidiasis, have been targeted by halo-actinobacterial metabolites with promising results. Methicillin resistant Staphylococus aureus and virus like Encephalitic alphaviruses were potentially targeted by halophilic actinobacterial metabolites by the compound Homoseongomycin from sponge associated antinobacterium. In this review, we discuss the potential antimicrobial properties of various biomolecules extracted from the unexplored halophilic actinobacterial strains specifically against human infectious pathogens along with prospective genomic constellations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur James Rathinam
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024 India
| | - Henciya Santhaseelan
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024 India
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
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20
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Opere MW. Analysing the interplay of environmental virology, public health, and sanitation: a comprehensive review from a Kenyan perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1256822. [PMID: 37942480 PMCID: PMC10629379 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1256822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review examines the interplay between environmental virology, public health, and sanitation in the unique context of Kenya. The review sheds light on the specific viral threats faced by the country, including waterborne viruses, zoonotic infections, and emerging viral diseases, and their implications for public health. It explores the prevailing public health challenges in Kenya associated with environmental viromics, such as infectious viral diseases, and the rising burden of other infectious particles. The role of sanitation in mitigating viral infections is highlighted, emphasising the importance of clean water supply, proper waste management, and hygienic practises. The review also presents strategies for strengthening environmental virology research in Kenya, including enhancing laboratory capacities and leveraging technological advancements. Furthermore, the policy implications and recommendations derived from the review emphasise the need for multi-sectoral collaboration, evidence-based decision-making, and long-term investments in infrastructure and behaviour change interventions. Implementing these strategies can enhance the understanding of environmental virology, improve public health outcomes, and ensure sustainable sanitation practises in Kenya, ultimately contributing to the well-being of the population and sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wasonga Opere
- School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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21
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Chai S, Wang C, Liu Y, Xia J, Wang X, Shi J. Distribution Patterns of Pathogens Causing Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Based on Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:6635-6645. [PMID: 37840830 PMCID: PMC10576460 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s421383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this study, the distribution patterns of causative pathogens in LRTI were evaluated within a city-level hospital by combining conventional microbiological tests (CMT) with metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Patients and Methods This retrospective cohort study involved 160 patients suspected of having LRTI in a single center. Specimens, including bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), blood, tissue, sputum, and pus were utilized to identify pathogens. The seasonal prevalence of pathogens and co-pathogens involved in multiple infections was analyzed. Results A total of 137 patients with 156 samples were included in this study. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Corynebacterium striatum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida, and human herpesvirus were the top prevalent pathogens. We observed seasonal dynamic variation in the top prevalent bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and herpesvirus (Epstein-Barr virus and Human herpesvirus-7). The majority of patients had single bacterial infections, followed by instances of bacterial-viral co-infections, as well as mixed infections involving bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Notably, the spectrum of co-infecting pathogens was broader among the elderly population, and positive Spearman correlations were observed among these co-infecting pathogens. Conclusion Co-infections were prevalent among patients with LRTI, and the pathogens displayed distinct seasonal distribution patterns. The findings underscored the significance of comprehending pathogen distribution and epidemic patterns, which can serve as a basis for early etiological identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Chai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingrong Xia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinying Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People’s Republic of China
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22
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Erez MS, Doğan İ, Kozan E, Göksu A. A Survey of Knowledge, Approaches, and Practices Surrounding Parasitic Infections and Antiparasitic Drug Usage by Veterinarians in Türkiye. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2693. [PMID: 37684957 PMCID: PMC10486779 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a global background of increasing anthelmintic resistance in parasites, little is known about the current parasite control strategies adopted within the livestock industry in Türkiye. The aim of this survey is to identify the parasitic diseases encountered by veterinarians, the methods and drugs used for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases, parasite control practices, and other related factors. This survey was conducted online between October 2018 and March 2019 with the participation of 607 veterinarians working in different areas from seven different geographical regions of Türkiye. A total of 29 questions were posed to the veterinarians in the online survey. As a result of this survey, it was determined that veterinarians should utilize laboratory methods more frequently for the detection and diagnosis of parasitic diseases and anthelmintic resistance. It was concluded that to effectively implement diagnosis, prevention, and control measures for parasitic diseases, field veterinarians need to establish closer relationships within academia and increase their participation in national and international conferences, symposia, and workshops where knowledge sharing and exchange take place. In conclusion, antiparasitic drug resistance has become increasingly important recently, and therefore measures taken to prevent the development of resistance should be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Sinan Erez
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye; (M.S.E.)
| | - İlkay Doğan
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | - Esma Kozan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye; (M.S.E.)
| | - Ahmet Göksu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye; (M.S.E.)
- Eville & Jones, Leeds LS15 8ZB, UK
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23
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Mukhida S, Borah N. How precautionary medicine and public health are attached? J Family Med Prim Care 2023; 12:1743-1744. [PMID: 37767446 PMCID: PMC10521859 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2220_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sahjid Mukhida
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nirankush Borah
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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24
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Yang J, Fan G, Zhang L, Zhang T, Xu Y, Feng L, Yang W. The association between ambient pollutants and influenza transmissibility: A nationwide study involving 30 provinces in China. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13177. [PMID: 37492239 PMCID: PMC10363796 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of exposure to ambient pollutants on influenza transmissibility is poorly understood. We aim to examine the associations of six ambient pollutants with influenza transmissibility in China and assess the effect of the depletion of susceptibles. Methods Provincial-level surveillance data on weekly influenza-like illness (ILI) incidence and viral activity were utilized to estimate the instantaneous reproduction number (Rt) using spline functions. Log-linear regression and the distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) were employed to investigate the effects of ambient pollutants-ozone (O3), particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), particulate matter ≤10 μm (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO)-on influenza transmissibility across 30 Chinese provinces from 2014 to 2019. Additionally, the potential effects of the depletion of susceptibles and regional characteristics were explored. Results There is a significantly positive correlation between influenza transmissibility and five distinct ambient pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, SO2, CO, and NO2. On average, these ambient pollutants explained percentages of the variance in Rt: 0.8%, 0.8%, 1.9%, 1.3%, and 1.4%, respectively. Conversely, O3 was found to be negatively associated with Rt, explaining 1.5% of the variance in Rt. When controlling for the effect of susceptibles depletion, the effects of all pollutants were more pronounced. The effects of PM2.5, PM10, CO, and SO2 were higher in the eastern and southern regions. Conclusions Most ambient pollutants may potentially contribute to the facilitation of human-to-human influenza virus transmission in China. This observed association was maintained even after adjusting for variation in the susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yang
- School of Population Medicine and Public HealthChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Guohui Fan
- School of Population Medicine and Public HealthChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- National Center for Respiratory MedicineNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijingChina
- Institute of Respiratory MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Department of Clinical Research and Data managementCenter of Respiratory Medicine, China‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Life Course and Population SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Population Medicine and Public HealthChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yunshao Xu
- School of Population Medicine and Public HealthChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Luzhao Feng
- School of Population Medicine and Public HealthChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Weizhong Yang
- School of Population Medicine and Public HealthChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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25
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Gentry Z, Zhao L, Faust RA, David RE, Norton J, Xagoraraki I. Wastewater surveillance beyond COVID-19: a ranking system for communicable disease testing in the tri-county Detroit area, Michigan, USA. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1178515. [PMID: 37333521 PMCID: PMC10272568 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1178515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Throughout the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, wastewater surveillance has been utilized to monitor the disease in the United States through routine national, statewide, and regional monitoring projects. A significant canon of evidence was produced showing that wastewater surveillance is a credible and effective tool for disease monitoring. Hence, the application of wastewater surveillance can extend beyond monitoring SARS-CoV-2 to encompass a diverse range of emerging diseases. This article proposed a ranking system for prioritizing reportable communicable diseases (CDs) in the Tri-County Detroit Area (TCDA), Michigan, for future wastewater surveillance applications at the Great Lakes Water Authority's Water Reclamation Plant (GLWA's WRP). Methods The comprehensive CD wastewater surveillance ranking system (CDWSRank) was developed based on 6 binary and 6 quantitative parameters. The final ranking scores of CDs were computed by summing the multiplication products of weighting factors for each parameter, and then were sorted based on decreasing priority. Disease incidence data from 2014 to 2021 were collected for the TCDA. Disease incidence trends in the TCDA were endowed with higher weights, prioritizing the TCDA over the state of Michigan. Results Disparities in incidences of CDs were identified between the TCDA and state of Michigan, indicating epidemiological differences. Among 96 ranked CDs, some top ranked CDs did not present relatively high incidences but were prioritized, suggesting that such CDs require significant attention by wastewater surveillance practitioners, despite their relatively low incidences in the geographic area of interest. Appropriate wastewater sample concentration methods are summarized for the application of wastewater surveillance as per viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens. Discussion The CDWSRank system is one of the first of its kind to provide an empirical approach to prioritize CDs for wastewater surveillance, specifically in geographies served by centralized wastewater collection in the area of interest. The CDWSRank system provides a methodological tool and critical information that can help public health officials and policymakers allocate resources. It can be used to prioritize disease surveillance efforts and ensure that public health interventions are targeted at the most potentially urgent threats. The CDWSRank system can be easily adopted to geographical locations beyond the TCDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Gentry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | | | - Randy E. David
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - John Norton
- Great Lakes Water Authority, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Irene Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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26
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Vujcich D, Roberts M, Selway T, Nattabi B. The Application of Systems Thinking to the Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmissible Infections among Adolescents and Adults: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095708. [PMID: 37174226 PMCID: PMC10178699 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Systems thinking is a mechanism for making sense of complex systems that challenge linear explanations of cause-and-effect. While the prevention and control of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) has been identified as an area that may benefit from systems-level analyses, no review on the subject currently exists. The aim of this study is to conduct a scoping review to identify literature in which systems thinking has been applied to the prevention and control of STIs among adolescent and adult populations. Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines for the conduct of scoping reviews were followed. Five databases were searched for English-language studies published after 2011. A total of n = 6102 studies were screened against inclusion criteria and n = 70 were included in the review. The majority of studies (n = 34) were conducted in African nations. Few studies focused on priority sub-populations, and 93% were focused on HIV (n = 65). The most commonly applied systems thinking method was system dynamics modelling (n = 28). The review highlights areas for future research, including the need for more STI systems thinking studies focused on: (1) migrant and Indigenous populations; (2) conditions such as syphilis; and (3) innovations such as pre-exposure prophylaxis and at-home testing for HIV. The need for conceptual clarity around 'systems thinking' is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vujcich
- Western Australian Sexual Health and Blood-Borne Virus Applied Research and Evaluation Network, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Meagan Roberts
- Western Australian Sexual Health and Blood-Borne Virus Applied Research and Evaluation Network, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Tyler Selway
- Western Australian Sexual Health and Blood-Borne Virus Applied Research and Evaluation Network, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Barbara Nattabi
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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27
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Talukdar R, Sahu SK, Rajaram M. Implementation Status of Airborne Infection Control Measures in Primary and Secondary Public Health Facilities, Puducherry: A Mixed-Methods Study. Indian J Community Med 2023; 48:483-491. [PMID: 37469915 PMCID: PMC10353669 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_196_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poor ventilation in healthcare settings is a concern for airborne infections, particularly in light of the potential for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission. This study aimed to assess the implementation status of airborne infection control (AIC) measures in primary and secondary public healthcare facilities (HCFs) and to explore the facilitating factors and barriers in the implementation of AIC measures. Methods A mixed-methods approach was adopted, which includes a cross-sectional descriptive study using a checklist to collect data on the implementation of AIC measures in 22 primary and two secondary public HCFs in Puducherry, South India, between October 2020 and February 2021. Further, key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted among medical officers (MOs). The qualitative data were manually analyzed, and transcripts created from handwritten notes and audio recordings were deductively evaluated. Results Of the twenty-four health facilities visited, 54.2% had infection control (IC) committees. Annual IC training was held for housekeeping staff, MOs, nurses, and laboratory technicians in 23 (95.8%), 21 (87.5%), 20 (83.4%), and 14 (58.4%) facilities, respectively. Respiratory symptomatic patients were counseled on cough etiquettes in 22 (91.6%) facilities. Adequate cross-ventilation was present in outpatient departments in 16 (66.6%) institutions. N95 masks and face shields were provided in 21 (87.5%) facilities. Training through the KAYAKALP program and the presence of a separate sputum collection area were facilitators of IC, while lack of patient adherence and delays in fund release were found as barriers. Conclusion Overall, the AIC measures were well-implemented, but improvements are needed in infrastructure development for patient segregation in outpatient departments and dedicated AIC training for all healthcare personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rounik Talukdar
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, JIPMER, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Manju Rajaram
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, JIPMER, Puducherry, India
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28
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Mavrouli M, Mavroulis S, Lekkas E, Tsakris A. An Emerging Health Crisis in Turkey and Syria after the Earthquake Disaster on 6 February 2023: Risk Factors, Prevention and Management of Infectious Diseases. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11071022. [PMID: 37046949 PMCID: PMC10093972 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11071022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
On 6 February 2023, Turkey and Syria were hit by two major earthquakes that caused extremely heavy structural damage to buildings and infrastructure in one of the most densely populated areas of Anatolia. The authors visited the devastated area shortly after the earthquakes in the frame of search and rescue and scientific missions in order to check whether the newly formed conditions have the potential to further affect public health. Based on the collected disaster-related field data, it is revealed that risk factors associated with and favoring emergence of infectious diseases are present in the affected residential areas from the first hours of the emergency state. The coexistence and synergy of many collapsed health facilities, cold winter conditions, destruction of lifeline infrastructures, overcrowding in emergency shelters, poor sanitation and adverse socio-economic conditions along with evolving crises and disasters (conflicts, pandemic and epidemics) may further aggravate the already fragile public health situation and cause considerable delays in the recovery process. Efficient disease surveillance at local and regional levels is a crucial requirement for early warning and protection against emerging infectious diseases in the earthquake-affected areas among other proposed measures for prevention and management of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mavrouli
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Mavroulis
- Department of Dynamic Tectonic Applied Geology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Efthymios Lekkas
- Department of Dynamic Tectonic Applied Geology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
- Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization, 15451 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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29
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Abu Jarad N, Rachwalski K, Bayat F, Khan S, Shakeri A, MacLachlan R, Villegas M, Brown ED, Hosseinidoust Z, Didar TF, Soleymani L. A Bifunctional Spray Coating Reduces Contamination on Surfaces by Repelling and Killing Pathogens. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:16253-16265. [PMID: 36926806 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface-mediated transmission of pathogens is a major concern with regard to the spread of infectious diseases. Current pathogen prevention methods on surfaces rely on the use of biocides, which aggravate the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and pose harmful health effects. In response, a bifunctional and substrate-independent spray coating is presented herein. The bifunctional coating relies on wrinkled polydimethylsiloxane microparticles, decorated with biocidal gold nanoparticles to induce a "repel and kill" effect against pathogens. Pathogen repellency is provided by the structural hierarchy of the microparticles and their surface chemistry, whereas the kill mechanism is achieved using functionalized gold nanoparticles embedded on the microparticles. Bacterial tests with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa reveal a 99.9% reduction in bacterial load on spray-coated surfaces, while antiviral tests with Phi6─a bacterial virus often used as a surrogate to SARS-CoV-2─demonstrate a 98% reduction in virus load on coated surfaces. The newly developed spray coating is versatile, easily applicable to various surfaces, and effective against various pathogens, making it suitable for reducing surface contamination in frequently touched, heavy traffic, and high-risk surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Abu Jarad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4K1, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth Rachwalski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
| | - Fereshteh Bayat
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
| | - Shadman Khan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
| | - Amid Shakeri
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
| | - Roderick MacLachlan
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Villegas
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
| | - Eric D Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
| | - Zeinab Hosseinidoust
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
| | - Tohid F Didar
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4K1, ON, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4K1, ON, Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton L8S 4L7, ON, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Engineering Physics, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Canada
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30
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Abu Jarad N, Rachwalski K, Bayat F, Khan S, Shakeri A, MacLachlan R, Villegas M, Brown ED, Soleymani L, Didar TF. An Omniphobic Spray Coating Created from Hierarchical Structures Prevents the Contamination of High-Touch Surfaces with Pathogens. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205761. [PMID: 36587985 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Engineered surfaces that repel pathogens are of great interest due to their role in mitigating the spread of infectious diseases. A robust, universal, and scalable omniphobic spray coating with excellent repellency against water, oil, and pathogens is presented. The coating is substrate-independent and relies on hierarchically structured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microparticles, decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Wettability studies reveal the relationship between surface texturing of micro- and/or nano-hierarchical structures and the omniphobicity of the coating. Studies of pathogen transfer with bacteria and viruses reveal that an uncoated contaminated glove transfers pathogens to >50 subsequent surfaces, while a coated glove picks up 104 (over 99.99%) less pathogens upon first contact and transfers zero pathogens after the second touch. The developed coating also provides excellent stability under harsh conditions. The remarkable anti-pathogen properties of this surface combined with its ease of implementation, substantiate its use for the prevention of surface-mediated transmission of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Abu Jarad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Kenneth Rachwalski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Fereshteh Bayat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Shadman Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Amid Shakeri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Roderick MacLachlan
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Martin Villegas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Eric D Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Tohid F Didar
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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31
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Ng YY, Azidah AK. Monkeypox: A review of data essential in primary care. MALAYSIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ACADEMY OF FAMILY PHYSICIANS OF MALAYSIA 2023; 18:9. [PMID: 36992955 PMCID: PMC10042239 DOI: 10.51866/rv.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox is known to be endemic in Africa, but recently, the unusually increasing number of cases of monkeypox in non-endemic countries has caught the attention of the world. The World Health Organization has declared the monkeypox outbreak a public health emergency. The spread pattern is unlikely associated with the previous outbreak outside of Africa, which is related to travelling or contact with exotic animals. The current outbreak is linked to sexual history and presents with atypical localised genital eruptions with an unpredictable onset of viral prodromal symptoms. Although the monkeypox virus is not easily transmittable compared with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, anyone who has been in close contact with a patient with monkeypox is at risk. Most patients will present to a primary care centre for assessment and treatment; therefore, it is important to increase awareness of the infection among primary care providers for early recognition of monkeypox, containment of the outbreak and prevention of healthcare-associated infection. A physician who suspects any patient with monkeypox should notify local or state health authorities immediately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ying Ng
- MD (USM), MMed (Family Medicine) Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Abdul Kadir Azidah
- MD (UKM), MMed (Family Medicine), PhD, Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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32
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Malange VNE, Hedermann G, Lausten-Thomsen U, Hoffmann S, Voldstedlund M, Aabakke AJM, Eltvedt AK, Jensen JS, Breindahl M, Krebs L, Christiansen M, Hedley PL. The perinatal health challenges of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: A narrative review. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1039779. [PMID: 36684933 PMCID: PMC9850110 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1039779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The world has seen numerous infectious disease outbreaks in the past decade. In many cases these outbreaks have had considerable perinatal health consequences including increased risk of preterm delivery (e.g., influenza, measles, and COVID-19), and the delivery of low birth weight or small for gestational age babies (e.g., influenza, COVID-19). Furthermore, severe perinatal outcomes including perinatal and infant death are a known consequence of multiple infectious diseases (e.g., Ebola virus disease, Zika virus disease, pertussis, and measles). In addition to vaccination during pregnancy (where possible), pregnant women, are provided some level of protection from the adverse effects of infection through community-level application of evidence-based transmission-control methods. This review demonstrates that it takes almost 2 years for the perinatal impacts of an infectious disease outbreak to be reported. However, many infectious disease outbreaks between 2010 and 2020 have no associated pregnancy data reported in the scientific literature, or pregnancy data is reported in the form of case-studies only. This lack of systematic data collection and reporting has a negative impact on our understanding of these diseases and the implications they may have for pregnant women and their unborn infants. Monitoring perinatal health is an essential aspect of national and global healthcare strategies as perinatal life has a critical impact on early life mortality as well as possible effects on later life health. The unpredictable nature of emerging infections and the potential for adverse perinatal outcomes necessitate that we thoroughly assess pregnancy and perinatal health implications of disease outbreaks and their public health interventions in tandem with outbreak response efforts. Disease surveillance programs should incorporate perinatal health monitoring and health systems around the world should endeavor to continuously collect perinatal health data in order to quickly update pregnancy care protocols as needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gitte Hedermann
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Lausten-Thomsen
- Department of Neonatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Hoffmann
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anna J. M. Aabakke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital - North Zealand, Hillerød, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna K. Eltvedt
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Global Health Unit, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen S. Jensen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Breindahl
- Department of Neonatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lone Krebs
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Christiansen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paula L. Hedley
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Brazen Bio, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Bandopadhyay S, Gupta AD, Banerjee A, Gupta P. Bitesize Epidemiology for General Awareness of All Students - I. RESONANCE 2023; 28. [PMCID: PMC10030195 DOI: 10.1007/s12045-023-1563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
This is the first part of a two-part series article. Recently, we have been in the middle of a difficult time due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Pandemics or global epidemics are not new to humankind; they have occurred many times in history. The discourse of epidemiology describes mainly the causal factors which need to be mitigated to prevent or combat the effects of epidemics. In epidemiology, we are not concerned for a person, but rather every individual globally, to make life healthier for all. In this article, we will discuss the basics of epidemiological practice that scientists have used for centuries to prevent epidemics with great results. Overall, we plan for better global health aided by epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjini Bandopadhyay
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Rajarhat Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 135 India
| | - Angana Das Gupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Rajarhat Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 135 India
| | - Asesh Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Rajarhat Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 135 India
| | - Prabuddha Gupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Rajarhat Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 135 India
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Nashebi R, Sari M, Kotil S. Using a real-world network to model the trade-off between stay-at-home restriction, vaccination, social distancing and working hours on COVID-19 dynamics. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14353. [PMID: 36540805 PMCID: PMC9760027 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human behaviour, economic activity, vaccination, and social distancing are inseparably entangled in epidemic management. This study aims to investigate the effects of various parameters such as stay-at-home restrictions, work hours, vaccination, and social distance on the containment of pandemics such as COVID-19. Methods To achieve this, we have developed an agent based model based on a time-dynamic graph with stochastic transmission events. The graph is constructed from a real-world social network. The edges of graph have been categorized into three categories: home, workplaces, and social environment. The conditions needed to mitigate the spread of wild-type COVID-19 and the delta variant have been analyzed. Our purposeful agent based model has carefully executed tens of thousands of individual-based simulations. We propose simple relationships for the trade-offs between effective reproduction number (R e), transmission rate, working hours, vaccination, and stay-at-home restrictions. Results We have found that the effect of a 13.6% increase in vaccination for wild-type (WT) COVID-19 is equivalent to reducing four hours of work or a one-day stay-at-home restriction. For the delta, 20.2% vaccination has the same effect. Also, since we can keep track of household and non-household infections, we observed that the change in household transmission rate does not significantly alter the R e. Household infections are not limited by transmission rate due to the high frequency of connections. For the specifications of COVID-19, the R e depends on the non-household transmissions rate. Conclusions Our findings highlight that decreasing working hours is the least effective among the non-pharmaceutical interventions. Our results suggest that policymakers decrease work-related activities as a last resort and should probably not do so when the effects are minimal, as shown. Furthermore, the enforcement of stay-at-home restrictions is moderately effective and can be used in conjunction with other measures if absolutely necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Nashebi
- Department of Mathematics, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Sari
- Department of Mathematics, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey,Department of Mathematics Engineering, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyfullah Kotil
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Janik-Karpinska E, Ceremuga M, Niemcewicz M, Podogrocki M, Stela M, Cichon N, Bijak M. Immunosensors-The Future of Pathogen Real-Time Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22249757. [PMID: 36560126 PMCID: PMC9785510 DOI: 10.3390/s22249757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens and their toxins can cause various diseases of different severity. Some of them may be fatal, and therefore early diagnosis and suitable treatment is essential. There are numerous available methods used for their rapid screening. Conventional laboratory-based techniques such as culturing, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are dominant. However, culturing still remains the "gold standard" for their identification. These methods have many advantages, including high sensitivity and selectivity, but also numerous limitations, such as long experiment-time, costly instrumentation, and the need for well-qualified personnel to operate the equipment. All these existing limitations are the reasons for the continuous search for a new solutions in the field of bacteria identification. For years, research has been focusing on the use of immunosensors in various types of toxin- and pathogen-detection. Compared to the conventional methods, immunosensors do not require well-trained personnel. What is more, immunosensors are quick, highly selective and sensitive, and possess the potential to significantly improve the pathogen and toxin diagnostic-processes. There is a very important potential use for them in various transport systems, where the risk of contamination by bioagents is very high. In this paper, the advances in the field of immunosensor usage in pathogenic microorganism- and toxin-detection, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Janik-Karpinska
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Ceremuga
- Military Institute of Armored and Automotive Technology, Okuniewska 1, 05-070 Sulejowek, Poland
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Podogrocki
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Stela
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Natalia Cichon
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Ghosh U, Thirthar AA, Mondal B, Majumdar P. Effect of Fear, Treatment, and Hunting Cooperation on an Eco-Epidemiological Model: Memory Effect in Terms of Fractional Derivative. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. TRANSACTION A, SCIENCE 2022; 46:1541-1554. [PMID: 36320931 PMCID: PMC9607782 DOI: 10.1007/s40995-022-01371-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we have studied a fractional-order eco-epidemiological model incorporating fear, treatment, and hunting cooperation effects to explore the memory effect in the ecological system through Caputo-type fractional-order derivative. We have studied the behavior of different equilibrium points with the memory effect. The proposed system undergoes through Hopf bifurcation with respect to the memory parameter as the bifurcation parameter. We perform numerical simulations for different values of the memory parameter and some of model parameters. In the numerical results, it appears that the system is exhibiting a stable behavior from a period or chaotic nature with the increase in the memory effect. The system also exhibits two transcritical bifurcations with respect to the growth rate of the prey. At low values of prey's growth, all species go to extinction, at moderate values of prey's growth, only preys (susceptible and infected) can survive, and at higher values of prey's growth, all species survive simultaneously. The paper ended with some recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Ghosh
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700009 India
| | | | - Bapin Mondal
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700009 India
| | - Prahlad Majumdar
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700009 India
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Ponyon J, Kerdsin A, Preeprem T, Ungcharoen R. Risk Factors of Infections Due to Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria in a Community Hospital in Rural Thailand. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:328. [PMID: 36355871 PMCID: PMC9692927 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health concern globally. The most serious antimicrobial resistance problem among pathogenic bacteria is multidrug resistance (MDR). The objectives of this study were to investigate the risk factors of MDR infections and to develop a risk assessment tool for MDR Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) infections at a community hospital in rural Thailand. The study revealed 30.77% MDR-GNB among GNB strains. The most common MDR-GNB strains were 63.02% for Escherichia coli and 11.46% for Klebsiella pneumoniae. A case-control study was applied to collect clinical data between January 2016 and December 2020. Univariate logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the risk factors for MDR-GNB and a risk assessment score for each factor was determined based on its regression coefficient. The risk factors for MDR-GNB infections were as follows: the presence of Enterobacteriaceae that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) (ORAdj. 23.53, 95% CI 7.00-79.09), infections occurring within the urinary tract (ORAdj. 2.25, 95% CI 1.44-3.53), and patients with a history of steroid usage (ORAdj. 1.91, 95% CI 1.15-3.19). Based on the assigned risk scores for each associated factor, the newly developed risk assessment tool for MDR-GNB infections achieved 64.54% prediction accuracy (AUC-ROC 0.65, 95% CI 0.61-0.68), demonstrating that the tool could be used to assess bacterial infection cases in community hospitals. Its use should provide practical guidance on MDR evaluation and prevention. This study was part of an antibiotic stewardship program; the study surveyed antibiotic-resistant situations in a hospital and implemented an effective risk assessment tool using key risk factors of MDR-GNB infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindanoot Ponyon
- Faculty of Public Health, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Campus, Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Campus, Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Thanawadee Preeprem
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Ratchadaporn Ungcharoen
- Faculty of Public Health, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Campus, Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
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Zerbo A, Castro Delgado R, Arcos González P. Conceptualization of the Transmission Dynamic of Faecal-Orally Transmitted Diseases in Urban Exposome of Sub-Saharan Africa. Healthc Policy 2022; 15:1959-1964. [PMID: 36299662 PMCID: PMC9590352 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s372185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, many urban dwellers are at risk of faecal-orally transmitted diseases due to unplanned and growing urbanization with inadequate sanitation. Making it essential to understand the urban transmission of these diseases and the associated responses. This perspective paper discussed an approach to design a diagram of transmission dynamic from a combination of an urban exposome framework and transmission of faecal-oral diseases. The result is an exposome diagram displaying the interconnection of exposure components and potential barriers to stop the transmission of faecal-oral diseases in the urban area subdivided into public, domestic and individual. As an exposome diagram, it helps to follow the dynamics of exposure over time and to plan targeted surveillance and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Zerbo
- Unit of Research in Emergency and Disaster, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain,Correspondence: Alexandre Zerbo, Unit of Research in Emergency and Disaster, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, 33006, Spain, Email
| | - Rafael Castro Delgado
- Unit of Research in Emergency and Disaster, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Pedro Arcos González
- Unit of Research in Emergency and Disaster, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Singh V, Eljaaly K, Md S, Alhakamy NA, Kesharwani P. Triblock copolymeric drug delivery as an emerging nanocarrier for treatment of infectious diseases. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Psihogios A, Madampage C, Faught BE. Contemporary nutrition-based interventions to reduce risk of infection among elderly long-term care residents: A scoping review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272513. [PMID: 35917358 PMCID: PMC9345473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elderly long-term care residents (ELTCRs) face considerable burden of infection, especially evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. The nutritional status of the host can influence susceptibility to infection by altering immune system integrity, therefore, nutrition-based interventions may be a viable complement to existing infection prevention measures. Objective This scoping review sought to identify nutritional interventions and factors that have the strongest evidence to benefit ELTCRs, and thus best poised for rigorous clinical trial evaluation and subsequent implementation. Methods A database search of OVID-Medline, OVID-Embase, and Web of Science was performed from 2011 to 2021 to identify nutritional intervention studies which attribute to changes in infection in contemporary ELTCR settings. Articles were screened in duplicate and data extraction completed by a single reviewer, while a second reviewer verified the data which was fitted to identify evidence for nutritional interventions related to reducing rates of infection among ELTCRs. Results The search identified 1018 studies, of which 11 (nine clinical trials and two observational cohort studies) satisfied screening criteria. Interventions that significantly reduced risk of infection included whey protein (any infection), Black Chokeberry (urinary tract infection), and vitamin D (acute respiratory tract infection, skin and soft tissue infection). Both zinc and a dedicated meal-plan significantly improved lymphocyte parameters. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with the development of respiratory tract infections. Probiotic and soy-based protein interventions did not significantly affect risk of infection or lymphocyte parameters, respectively. Conclusion The current scoping review was effective in identifying the use of nutrition-based interventions for infection prevention among ELTCRs. In this study, some nutrition-based interventions were observed to significantly influence the risk of infection among ELTCRs. Nutritional interventions such as vitamin D (preventing deficiency/insufficiency), Black Chokeberry juice, zinc gluconate, whey protein, and varied and nutrient dense meal plans may be suitable for future rigorous clinical trial evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Psihogios
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Claudia Madampage
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Brent E. Faught
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Bhattacharjee B, Mukherjee S, Mukherjee R, Haldar J. Easy Fabrication of a Polymeric Transparent Sheet to Combat Microbial Infection. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:3951-3959. [PMID: 35912488 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Surges in infectious diseases and their transmission in households and commercial and healthcare settings have increased the use of polymeric materials as protective covers. Despite ongoing efforts, conventional polymeric materials still pose the threat of surface-associated transmission of pathogens due to the fact that they lack antimicrobial properties. Here, we have developed an easy-to-fabricate polymeric sheet [quaternary polymeric transparent sheet (QPTS)] that shows an excellent antimicrobial property and is also transparent in nature, increasing its practical applications in a wide range of surfaces. The sheet was fabricated by combining cationic amphiphilic water-soluble polyethylenimine derivative (QPEINH-C6) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The optimum composition (QPTS-3) exhibited a complete reduction of bacterial and fungal infection (∼3-4 log reduction) within 15 min. QPTS-3 also exhibited activity against antibiotic-insusceptible metabolically inactive bacterial cells. The sheet prevented the growth of MRSA biofilm even after 72 h of incubation, which was confirmed through electron microscopy on the QPTS sheet. Most importantly, ∼99.9% of the influenza viral load was reduced completely within 30 min of exposure of the sheet. Apart from the antimicrobial property, the sheet successfully retained its transparency (∼88%) and maintained a significant mechanical strength (∼15 N), highlighting its potential applications in commercial and healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinta Bhattacharjee
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bengaluru, 560064 Karnataka, India
| | - Sudip Mukherjee
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bengaluru, 560064 Karnataka, India
| | - Riya Mukherjee
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bengaluru, 560064 Karnataka, India
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bengaluru, 560064 Karnataka, India.,School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bengaluru, 560064 Karnataka, India
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Sudari F, Priskilla I, Febiola M, Sinuraya RK. Strategies to improve the vaccine distribution and community awareness of taking COVID-19 vaccine in rural areas in Indonesia. PHARMACIA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.69.e81525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has spread worldwide, and several governments, including Indonesia, are actively vaccinating. However, numerous factors may contribute to decreased vaccination administration, including hesitation, a lack of information, and demographic considerations. Therefore, this review provides insights on maximizing vaccine distribution and raising community awareness about COVID-19 vaccination in rural regions with difficulty in transportation access, a lack of health care workers, and limited vaccine storage facilities. It was discovered that numerous potential methods, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), bio-tracking and bio-detect, P-median, and Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), can monitor vaccination delivery in rural parts of Indonesia. The correct vaccine distribution system can monitor situations during distribution by combining IoT technology with bio-tracking and bio-detect in airborne transportation. Besides enhancing vaccine distribution technologies, healthcare professionals play a critical role in maintaining vaccine quality and improving community awareness of diseases. In particular, as a healthcare professional, a pharmacist has an essential role in ensuring the quality of the vaccine until it is administered to the patient and improving patients’ awareness of COVID-19 and the vaccinations. Pharmacists can collaborate with other healthcare professionals to educate the community to identify important information related to wrong perceptions about COVID-19 and vaccinations.
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Gulumbe BH, Bazata AY, Bagwai MA. Campylobacter Species, Microbiological Source Tracking and Risk Assessment of Bacterial pathogens. BORNEO JOURNAL OF PHARMACY 2022. [DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v5i2.3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter species continue to remain critical pathogens of public health interest. They are responsible for approximately 500 million cases of gastroenteritis per year worldwide. Infection occurs through the consumption of contaminated food and water. Microbial risk assessment and source tracking are crucial epidemiological strategies to monitor the outbreak of campylobacteriosis effectively. Various methods have been proposed for microbial source tracking and risk assessment, most of which rely on conventional microbiological techniques such as detecting fecal indicator organisms and other novel microbial source tracking methods, including library-dependent microbial source tracking and library-independent source tracking approaches. However, both the traditional and novel methods have their setbacks. For example, while the conventional techniques are associated with a poor correlation between indicator organism and pathogen presence, on the other hand, it is impractical to interpret qPCR-generated markers to establish the exact human health risks even though it can give information regarding the potential source and relative human risk. Therefore, this article provides up-to-date information on campylobacteriosis, various approaches for source attribution, and risk assessment of bacterial pathogens, including next-generation sequencing approaches such as shotgun metagenomics, which effectively answer the questions of potential pathogens are there and in what quantities.
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Agustina KK, Wirawan IMA, Sudarmaja IM, Subrata M, Dharmawan NS. The first report on the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections and associated risk factors among traditional pig farmers in Bali Province, Indonesia. Vet World 2022; 15:1154-1162. [PMID: 35765496 PMCID: PMC9210853 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1154-1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Pigs are the main livestock commodity in Bali Province, Indonesia, where traditional farming practices are widely used. Traditional pig farmers are often closely associated with poverty and a perceived lack of knowledge regarding health and hygiene. Data on soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) and risk factors associated with STH worm infection among traditional pig farmers in Bali were previously unavailable. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and risk factors for STH infections among traditional pig farmers in Bali Province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: This study involved the fecal examination of 238 traditional pig farmers from all areas of Bali Province in Indonesia. In addition, several pig feces samples were combined into one pooled sample belonging to each farm. All fresh fecal samples were stored in a 5% formaldehyde solution before being analyzed using concentration flotation techniques. Subsequently, risk factors were determined through an interview and a questionnaire. The odds ratio (OR) and Chi-square tests were used to determine the risk factors associated with STH infections. Results: The result showed that there was a high prevalence of STH infections among traditional pig farmers and pig farms in Bali, with rates of 21.8% and 76.5%, respectively. This could be due to risk factors, such as personal hygiene (OR: 5.756; confidence interval [CI]: 2.96-11.193; p=0.00), sanitation (OR: 1.914; CI: 1.024-3.576; p=0.042), education level (OR: 7.579; CI: 2.621-21.915; p=0.00), household income (OR: 2.447; CI: 1.122-5.338; p=0.025), and occupation (OR: 2.95; CI: 1.356-6.415; p=0.006). Conclusion: The infections seen in farmers were distributed among hookworm, Ascaris spp., and Trichuris spp., at 15.1%, 9.2%, and 4.2%, respectively. The risk factors associated with infections of STH and Ascaris spp. were personal hygiene, home sanitation, education level, household income, and having a primary occupation as a traditional pig farmer. In contrast, personal hygiene, education level, and primary occupation were the only risk factors for hookworm infection, while personal hygiene and home sanitation were the risk factors associated with Trichuris spp. infection. The limitation of this study was that the number of samples was relatively small due to the difficulty of obtaining stool samples from traditional pig farmers, with many individuals refusing to provide their stool for inspection. We suggest that future research focus on identifying the species of worms that infect traditional pig farmers and to better identify the zoonotic link of STH transmission from pigs to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadek Karang Agustina
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia; Post-Graduation Program, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I. Made Ady Wirawan
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I. Made Sudarmaja
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Made Subrata
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Nyoman Sadra Dharmawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
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Bhattacharjee B, Jolly L, Mukherjee R, Haldar J. An easy-to-use antimicrobial hydrogel effectively kills bacteria, fungi, and influenza virus. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:2014-2028. [PMID: 35294508 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various drug resistant pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and viruses enter a host through different routes, which can lead to health-related problems and even fatalities. Propagation of these infectious microbes majorly occurs through the mucosal openings or upon topical contact. To curb their transmission or to cure infections associated with these pathogens, herein we describe the development of an antimicrobial hydrogel, based on a water soluble quaternary lipophilic polyethyleneimine derivative (QPEINH-C6). The cationic polymer QPEINH-C6 exhibited antibacterial activity against drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria (MIC = 10-62 μg mL-1) and Gram-negative bacteria (MIC = 117-123 μg mL-1). The derivative showed killing of human pathogenic fungi (MIC = 58-67 μg mL-1), including their clinical isolates. The rapid bactericidal and fungicidal nature were confirmed from the fast inactivation kinetics of bacterial cells (methicillin resistant S. aureus and vancomycin resistant S. aureus) within 3-6 hours and C. albicans within 1 h with ∼5-6 log reduction in the microbial burden. This antibacterial and antifungal cationic polymer was then used to construct an antimicrobial shear-thinning hydrogel (Bacfuvir), through non-covalent crosslinking with biocompatible gellan and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). This hydrogel displayed ∼5-7 log reduction of numerous multidrug-resistant bacteria and their stationary phase cells which are insusceptible to conventional antibiotics. In addition, >99.9 % viable bacterial burden was reduced from preformed biofilm matrices of drug-resistant bacteria. Alongside, fluconazole-resistant C. albicans strains were killed completely within 15-60 min upon exposure to Bacfuvir gel. Most importantly, MRSA and C. albicans cells were reduced (3-4 log) in polymicrobial biofilms after hydrogel treatment. The hydrogel exhibited 99.9 % reduction of influenza viruses in a rapid manner. Due to the biocompatibility of Bacfuvir gel on topical application in a murine model and easy administration owing to its shear-thinning behaviour, this hydrogel can markedly contribute to mitigating drug-resistant bacterial, fungal and viral infections in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinta Bhattacharjee
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Logia Jolly
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Riya Mukherjee
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India.
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Abstract
The gold standard for confirming bacterial infections is culture-positive, which has a long sample-to-result turnaround time and poor sensitivity for unculturable and fastidious pathogens; therefore, it is hard to guide early, targeted antimicrobial therapy and reduce overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Nanopore targeted sequencing (NTS) is reported to be advantageous in detection speed and range over culture in prior published reports. However, investigation of the clinical performance of NTS is deficient at present. Thus, we assessed the feasibility of NTS for the first time with cohort and systematic comparisons with traditional culture assays and PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. This retrospective study was performed on 472 samples, including 6 specimen types from 436 patients, to evaluate the clinical performance of NTS designed for identifying the microbial composition of various infections. Of these samples, 86.7% were found to be NTS positive, which was significantly higher than culture-positive (26.7%). A total of 425 significant human opportunistic bacteria and fungi detected by NTS were selected to go through validation with PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. The average accuracy rate was 85.2% (maximum 100% created by Cryptococcus neoformans, the last one 66.7% provided by both Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Moraxella osloensis, minimum 0% produced by Burkholderia cepacia). The accuracy rate also varied with sample type; the highest accuracy rate was found in pleural and ascites fluid (95.8%) followed by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (88.7%), urine (86.8%), and wound secretions (85.0%), while the lowest was present in cerebrospinal fluid (58.8%). NTS had a diagnostic sensitivity of 94.5% and specificity of 31.8%. The positive and negative predictive values of NTS were 79.9% and 66.7%, respectively. For diagnosis of infectious diseases, the sensitivity was greatly increased by 56.7% in NTS compared with culture (94.5% vs 37.8%). Therefore, NTS can accurately detect the causative pathogens in infectious samples, particularly in pleural and ascites fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, urine, and wound secretions, with a short turnaround time of 8-14 h, and might innovatively contribute to personalizing antibiotic treatments for individuals with standardized protocols in clinical practices. IMPORTANCE Nanopore targeted sequencing (NTS) is reported to be advantageous in detection speed and range over culture in prior published reports. Investigation of the clinical performance of NTS is deficient at present. In our study, cohort and systematic comparisons among three assays (culture, NTS, and Sanger sequencing) were analyzed retrospectively for the first time. We found that NTS undoubtedly has incomparable advantages in accurately detecting the causative pathogens in infectious samples, particularly in pleural and ascites fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, urine, and wound secretions, with a short turnaround time of 8-14 h. For sterile specimens like blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the NTS outcomes should be validated using other nucleic acid based detection technology. Overall, NTS might innovatively contribute to guiding early, targeted antimicrobial therapy with lower cost and reduce overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
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Kashari OF, Alsamiri SA, Zabbani FM, Musalli DI, Ibrahim AM. Occurrence of Methemoglobinemia due to COVID-19: A Case Report. Cureus 2022; 14:e23155. [PMID: 35444908 PMCID: PMC9009966 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methemoglobinemia (MetHb) is a rare, life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is exposed to oxidative stress. It is typically corrected through the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-dependent shunt. G6PD deficiency is the most common enzymatic deficiency worldwide. This genetic disorder makes patients susceptible to oxidative stress and reduces the expected life span of erythrocytes (red blood cells (RBCs)) among other cells. G6PD deficiency is asymptomatic in most cases unless exogenous stressors are introduced, whether they are dietary, iatrogenic, or infections, such as the highly transmissible serotype of coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We report a case of an 11-year-old male with known insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, who was found to develop methemoglobinemia after being infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The direct effects of COVID-19 on children were reported to be lower than on adults. However, the effects of COVID-19 on children with comorbidities, such as G6PD deficiency in our patient, are understood only to a minimal extent. Moreover, identifying cases of G6PD deficiency prior to initiating treatment with methylene blue, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), or other contraindicated agents is essential to prevent further deterioration in symptoms.
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Methods Combining Genomic and Epidemiological Data in the Reconstruction of Transmission Trees: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020252. [PMID: 35215195 PMCID: PMC8875843 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to better understand transmission dynamics and appropriately target control and preventive measures, studies have aimed to identify who-infected-whom in actual outbreaks. Numerous reconstruction methods exist, each with their own assumptions, types of data, and inference strategy. Thus, selecting a method can be difficult. Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed the literature for methods combing epidemiological and genomic data in transmission tree reconstruction. We identified 22 methods from the 41 selected articles. We defined three families according to how genomic data was handled: a non-phylogenetic family, a sequential phylogenetic family, and a simultaneous phylogenetic family. We discussed methods according to the data needed as well as the underlying sequence mutation, within-host evolution, transmission, and case observation. In the non-phylogenetic family consisting of eight methods, pairwise genetic distances were estimated. In the phylogenetic families, transmission trees were inferred from phylogenetic trees either simultaneously (nine methods) or sequentially (five methods). While a majority of methods (17/22) modeled the transmission process, few (8/22) took into account imperfect case detection. Within-host evolution was generally (7/8) modeled as a coalescent process. These practical and theoretical considerations were highlighted in order to help select the appropriate method for an outbreak.
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Prognostic Value of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Patterns by Western Blotting Immunodetection in Treated Dogs Previously Infected with Leishmania infantum. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8120293. [PMID: 34941820 PMCID: PMC8705871 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a heterogeneous group of neglected tropical diseases with various clinical syndromes, which is caused by obligate intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by the bite of a female phlebotomine sandfly. Humans and several animal species are considered as reservoirs of the disease. Among other animal species, dogs are the most important reservoirs in a domestic environment, maintaining the endemic focus of the parasite. The behavior of the disease progression and the clinical symptoms of the disease in the infected dog is mainly associated with depressed cellular immunity and strong humoral response. This study aimed to assess the role of Western blotting in the analysis of the idiotype expression of the two main immunoglobulins (IgG1 and IgG2) in dogs that are naturally infected with Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) and treated with N-methyl meglumine antimoniate. Interestingly, for the first time, our study identified several L. infantum antigen polypeptides (14, 31, 33, 49, 64, 66, 99, and 169 kDa) that more frequently stimulate an immune reaction in recovered dogs after treatment, whereas in the non-recovered group of dogs, four antigen polypeptides of L. infantum with molecular weights of 31, 49, 66, and 115 kDa with unfavorable prognosis were identified. Clearly, these interesting findings confirm the strong association between the detected immunodominant bands and the successful recovery in treated dogs that can be used for differentiating the treated dogs from the untreated dogs, as well as the markers of a favorable or unfavorable prognosis and, as a consequence, the prediction of the clinical outcome of the disease. Likewise, these data could be helpful in the implementation of novel vaccines from the detected antigens.
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He S, Leanse LG, Feng Y. Artificial intelligence and machine learning assisted drug delivery for effective treatment of infectious diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113922. [PMID: 34461198 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the era of antimicrobial resistance, the prevalence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms that resist conventional antibiotic treatment has steadily increased. Thus, it is now unquestionable that infectious diseases are significant global burdens that urgently require innovative treatment strategies. Emerging studies have demonstrated that artificial intelligence (AI) can transform drug delivery to promote effective treatment of infectious diseases. In this review, we propose to evaluate the significance, essential principles, and popular tools of AI in drug delivery for infectious disease treatment. Specifically, we will focus on the achievements and key findings of current research, as well as the applications of AI on drug delivery throughout the whole antimicrobial treatment process, with an emphasis on drug development, treatment regimen optimization, drug delivery system and administration route design, and drug delivery outcome prediction. To that end, the challenges of AI in drug delivery for infectious disease treatments and their current solutions and future perspective will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng He
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Leon G Leanse
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanfang Feng
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
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