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Škop V, Liu N, Xiao C, Stinson E, Chen KY, Hall KD, Piaggi P, Gavrilova O, Reitman ML. Beyond day and night: The importance of ultradian rhythms in mouse physiology. Mol Metab 2024; 84:101946. [PMID: 38657735 PMCID: PMC11070603 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Our circadian world shapes much of metabolic physiology. In mice ∼40% of the light and ∼80% of the dark phase time is characterized by bouts of increased energy expenditure (EE). These ultradian bouts have a higher body temperature (Tb) and thermal conductance and contain virtually all of the physical activity and awake time. Bout status is a better classifier of mouse physiology than photoperiod, with ultradian bouts superimposed on top of the circadian light/dark cycle. We suggest that the primary driver of ultradian bouts is a brain-initiated transition to a higher defended Tb of the active/awake state. Increased energy expenditure from brown adipose tissue, physical activity, and cardiac work combine to raise Tb from the lower defended Tb of the resting/sleeping state. Thus, unlike humans, much of mouse metabolic physiology is episodic with large ultradian increases in EE and Tb that correlate with the active/awake state and are poorly aligned with circadian cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Škop
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Naili Liu
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cuiying Xiao
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emma Stinson
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Kong Y Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin D Hall
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa 56122, Italy
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marc L Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Fischer S, Naegeli K, Cardone D, Filippini C, Merla A, Hanusch KU, Ehlert U. Emerging effects of temperature on human cognition, affect, and behaviour. Biol Psychol 2024; 189:108791. [PMID: 38599369 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Human body core temperature is tightly regulated within approximately 37 °C. Global near surface temperature has increased by over 1.2 °C between 1850 and 2020. In light of the challenge this poses to human thermoregulation, the present perspective article sought to provide an overview on the effects of varying ambient and body temperature on cognitive, affective, and behavioural domains of functioning. To this end, an overview of observational and experimental studies in healthy individuals and individuals with mental disorders was provided. Within body core temperature at approximately 37 °C, relatively lower ambient and skin temperatures appear to evoke a need for social connection, whereas comparably higher temperatures appear to facilitate notions of other as closer and more sociable. Above-average ambient temperatures are associated with increased conflicts as well as incident psychotic and depressive symptoms, mental disorders, and suicide. With mild hypo- and hyperthermia, paradoxical effects are observed: whereas the acute states are generally characterised by impairments in cognitive performance, anxiety, and irritability, individuals with depression experience longer-term symptom improvements with treatments deliberately inducing these states for brief amounts of time. When taken together, it has thus become clear that temperature is inexorably associated with human cognition, affect, and (potentially) behaviour. Given the projected increase in global warming, further research into the affective and behavioural sequelae of heat and the mechanisms translating it into mental health outcomes is urgently warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Fischer
- University of Zurich, Institute of Psychology, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Kathrin Naegeli
- University of Zurich, Department of Geography, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Cardone
- University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Department of Engineering and Geology, Chieti, Italy
| | - Chiara Filippini
- University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Department of Engineering and Geology, Chieti, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Merla
- University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Department of Engineering and Geology, Chieti, Italy
| | - Kay-Uwe Hanusch
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- University of Zurich, Institute of Psychology, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Santiago HP, Leite LHR, Lima PMA, Fóscolo DRC, Natali AJ, Prímola-Gomes TN, Szawka RE, Coimbra CC. Effects of physical training on hypothalamic neuronal activation and expressions of vasopressin and oxytocin in SHR after running until fatigue. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:365-377. [PMID: 38308122 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
To assess the influence of physical training on neuronal activation and hypothalamic expression of vasopressin and oxytocin in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), untrained and trained normotensive rats and SHR were submitted to running until fatigue while internal body and tail temperatures were recorded. Hypothalamic c-Fos expression was evaluated in thermoregulatory centers such as the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), medial preoptic nucleus (mPOA), paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and supraoptic nucleus (SON). The PVN and the SON were also investigated for vasopressin and oxytocin expressions. Although exercise training improved the workload performed by the animals, it was reduced in SHR and followed by increased internal body temperature due to tail vasodilation deficit. Physical training enhanced c-Fos expression in the MnPO, mPOA, and PVN of both strains, and these responses were attenuated in SHR. Vasopressin immunoreactivity in the PVN was also increased by physical training to a lesser extent in SHR. The already-reduced oxytocin expression in the PVN of SHR was increased in response to physical training. Within the SON, neuronal activation and the expressions of vasopressin and oxytocin were reduced by hypertension and unaffected by physical training. The data indicate that physical training counterbalances in part the negative effect of hypertension on hypothalamic neuronal activation elicited by exercise, as well as on the expression of vasopressin and oxytocin. These hypertension features seem to negatively influence the workload performed by SHR due to the hyperthermia derived from the inability of physical training to improve heat dissipation through skin vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique P Santiago
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laura H R Leite
- Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo M A Lima
- Núcleo de Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Rio Verde, Universidade de Rio Verde, Campus Goiânia, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Daniela R C Fóscolo
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antônio José Natali
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Raphael E Szawka
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cândido C Coimbra
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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Ghattassi K, Farjallah MA, Graja A, Romdhani M, Boudhina N, Guimard A, Driss T, Souissi N, Chtourou H, Hammouda O. Nocturnal Melatonin Ingestion Improves Soccer Players' Short-Term Maximal Performances on the Following Day. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38329497 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2024.2303457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: Exogenous melatonin has been proven to have beneficial effects on sleep. A good sleep quality promotes recovery and improves physical performance. In this sense, the present study aimed to explore the potential effect of nocturnal melatonin ingestion on psycho-cognitive and short-term maximal performances, in the following morning. Method: Twelve professional soccer players (22.9 ± 1.3 years, 1.80 ± 0.05 m, and 72.0 ± 8.8 kg) volunteered to perform two separate testing sessions after either nocturnal melatonin or placebo ingestion. The next morning, participants performed the following psycho-cognitive and physical tests: Hooper's index, reaction time, vigilance, handgrip strength (HG), squat jump (SJ), modified agility T-test (MAT) and Wingate anaerobic test (WanT). Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate [La] were recorded, respectively, immediately and 3 min after the WanT. Blood glucose [GL] was measured before and 3 min after WanT. Results: Compared with placebo, melatonin improved subjective sleep quality, short-term maximal performances (HG and SJ), reaction-time, as well as peak and mean WanT powers and decreased fatigue index and RPE scores. However, [La] and [GL] were not affected by melatonin ingestion. Conclusion: Nocturnal melatonin intake before sleep has beneficial effects on cognitive and physical performances the following day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandre Guimard
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord
- Université d'Orléans CIAMS
- Université Paris-Saclay CIAMS
- SAPRéM, Université d'Orléans
| | | | | | | | - Omar Hammouda
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax
- Paris Nanterre University
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5
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Miziev S, Pawlak WA, Howard N. Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1320441. [PMID: 38292898 PMCID: PMC10825050 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1320441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
As neural implant technologies advance rapidly, a nuanced understanding of their powering mechanisms becomes indispensable, especially given the long-term biocompatibility risks like oxidative stress and inflammation, which can be aggravated by recurrent surgeries, including battery replacements. This review delves into a comprehensive analysis, starting with biocompatibility considerations for both energy storage units and transfer methods. The review focuses on four main mechanisms for powering neural implants: Electromagnetic, Acoustic, Optical, and Direct Connection to the Body. Among these, Electromagnetic Methods include techniques such as Near-Field Communication (RF). Acoustic methods using high-frequency ultrasound offer advantages in power transmission efficiency and multi-node interrogation capabilities. Optical methods, although still in early development, show promising energy transmission efficiencies using Near-Infrared (NIR) light while avoiding electromagnetic interference. Direct connections, while efficient, pose substantial safety risks, including infection and micromotion disturbances within neural tissue. The review employs key metrics such as specific absorption rate (SAR) and energy transfer efficiency for a nuanced evaluation of these methods. It also discusses recent innovations like the Sectored-Multi Ring Ultrasonic Transducer (S-MRUT), Stentrode, and Neural Dust. Ultimately, this review aims to help researchers, clinicians, and engineers better understand the challenges of and potentially create new solutions for powering neural implants.
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6
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Yang T, Wang Z, Li J, Shan F, Huang QY. Cerebral Lactate Participates in Hypoxia-induced Anapyrexia Through its Receptor G Protein-coupled Receptor 81. Neuroscience 2024; 536:119-130. [PMID: 37979840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced anapyrexia is thought to be a regulated decrease in body core temperature (Tcore), but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Recent evidence suggests that lactate, a glycolysis product, could modulate neuronal excitability through the G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81). The present study aims to elucidate the role of central lactate and GPR81 in a rat model of hypoxia-induced anapyrexia. The findings revealed that hypoxia (11.1% O2, 2 h) led to an increase in lactate in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and a decrease in Tcore. Injection of dichloroacetate (DCA, 5 mg/kg, 1 μL), a lactate production inhibitor, to the third ventricle (3 V), alleviated the increase in CSF lactate and the decrease in Tcore under hypoxia. Immunofluorescence staining showed GPR81 was expressed in the preoptic area of hypothalamus (PO/AH), the physiological thermoregulation integration center. Under normoxia, injection of GPR81 agonist 3-chloro-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (CHBA, 0.05 mg/kg, 1 μL) to the 3 V, reduced Tcore significantly. In addition, hypoxia led to a dramatic increase in tail skin temperature and a decrease in interscapular brown adipose tissue skin temperature. The number of c-Fos+ cells in the PO/AH increased after exposure to 11.1% O2 for 2 h, but administration of DCA to the 3 V blunted this response. Injection of CHBA to the 3 V also increased the number of c-Fos+ cells in the PO/AH under normoxia. In light of these, our research has uncovered the pivotal role of central lactate-GPR81 signaling in anapyrexia, thereby providing novel insights into the mechanism of hypoxia-induced anapyrexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yang
- Department of Frigid Zone Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zejun Wang
- Department of Frigid Zone Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Junxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Traumatic Shock and Transfusion, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Fabo Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
| | - Qing-Yuan Huang
- Department of Frigid Zone Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing 400038, China.
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7
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Savioli G, Ceresa IF, Bavestrello Piccini G, Gri N, Nardone A, La Russa R, Saviano A, Piccioni A, Ricevuti G, Esposito C. Hypothermia: Beyond the Narrative Review-The Point of View of Emergency Physicians and Medico-Legal Considerations. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1690. [PMID: 38138917 PMCID: PMC10745126 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13121690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia is a widespread condition all over the world, with a high risk of mortality in pre-hospital and in-hospital settings when it is not promptly and adequately treated. In this review, we aim to describe the main specificities of the diagnosis and treatment of hypothermia through consideration of the physiological changes that occur in hypothermic patients. Hypothermia can occur due to unfavorable environmental conditions as well as internal causes, such as pathological states that result in reduced heat production, increased heat loss or ineffectiveness of the thermal regulation system. The consequences of hypothermia affect several systems in the body-the cardiovascular system, the central and peripheral nervous systems, the respiratory system, the endocrine system and the gastrointestinal system-but also kidney function, electrolyte balance and coagulation. Once hypothermia is recognized, prompt treatment, focused on restoring body temperature and supporting vital functions, is fundamental in order to avert preventable death. It is important to also denote the fact that CPR has specificities related to the unique profile of hypothermic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Savioli
- Emergency Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Iride Francesca Ceresa
- Emergency Department and Internal Medicine, Istituti Clinici di Pavia e Vigevano, Gruppo San Donato, 27029 Vigevano, Italy;
| | | | - Nicole Gri
- Niguarda Cancer Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza dell’Ospedale Maggiore, 3, 20162 Milano, Italy
| | - Alba Nardone
- Emergency Department, Ospedale Civile, 27058 Voghera, Italy
| | - Raffaele La Russa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Forensic Pathology, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Angela Saviano
- Emergency Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Piccioni
- Emergency Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Giovanni Ricevuti
- Department of Drug Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Ciro Esposito
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, ICS Maugeri, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
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8
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Buguet A, Radomski MW, Reis J, Spencer PS. Heatwaves and human sleep: Stress response versus adaptation. J Neurol Sci 2023; 454:120862. [PMID: 37922826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The World Meteorological Organization considers a heatwave as "a period of statistically unusual hot weather persisting for a number of days and nights". Accompanying the ongoing global climate change, sharp heatwave bouts occur worldwide, growing in frequency and intensity, and beginning earlier in the season. Heatwaves exacerbate the risk of heat-related illnesses, hence human morbidity and mortality, particularly in vulnerable elderly and children. Heat-related illnesses present a continuum from normothermic (prickly heat, heat edema, heat cramps, heat tetany) to hyperthermic syndromes (from heat syncope and heat exhaustion to lethal heat stroke). Heat stroke may occur through passive heating and/or exertional exercise. "Normal sleep", such as observed in temperate conditions, is altered during heatwaves. Brisk excessive heat bouts shorten and fragment human sleep. Particularly, deep N3 sleep (formerly slow-wave sleep) and REM sleep are depleted, such as in other stressful situations. The resultant sleep loss is deleterious to cognitive performance, emotional brain function, behavior, and susceptibility to chronic health conditions and infectious diseases. Our group has previously demonstrated that sleep constitutes an adaptive mechanism during climatic heat acclimatization. In parallel, artificial heat acclimation procedures have been proposed in sports and military activities, and for the elderly. Other preventive actions should be considered, such as education and urban heat island cooling (vegetation, white paint), thus avoiding energy-hungry air conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Buguet
- Invited Scientist, Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS, Claude-Bernard Lyon-1 University, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Manny W Radomski
- Professor Emeritus at the University of Toronto, Apt n° 2501, 2010 Islington Avenue, Toronto, ON M9P3S8, Canada
| | - Jacques Reis
- University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Association RISE, 3 rue du Loir, 67205 Oberhausbergen, France
| | - Peter S Spencer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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9
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Buguet A, Reis J, Radomski MW. Sleep and global warming: How will we sleep when the Earth is hotter? J Neurol Sci 2023; 454:120859. [PMID: 37922827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Societal concern about climate change and global warming has grown worldwide along with the concomitant awareness that health will be impacted deeply. Among living beings, humans have quite large capacities for adaptation to varied temperature conditions. Despite their tropical origin, they live under all Earth climates, such as polar, temperate, altitude, arid, and tropical climates, using a wide range of behavioral and physiological adaptive responses. We address the adaptive abilities of human sleep-wake regulation and its interplay with thermoregulation under different natural climates. Sleep represents one-third of our living time and is also a major determinant of morbidity and mortality; shortening sleep duration increases mortality and multimorbidity. In addition, major advances in sleep neurology have occurred in the last decades. Some have been extensively reviewed, notably comparative sleep physiology among animals, allowing one to hypothesize about the functions of the different sleep states, as well as their relation to cognitive neuroscience or body biorhythms. However, the question of the sleep adaptive capacity of humans to global warming has barely been addressed. We examine "normal" sleep and thermoregulation in young adults residing in temperate conditions. We then review the sleep and thermoregulatory reactions under various climatic conditions, demonstrating the role of sleep changes as potent adaptive responses to living under natural hot climatic conditions. As a result, we show that humans are well-equipped to adapt to severe climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Buguet
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS, Claude-Bernard Lyon-1 University, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Jacques Reis
- University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Association RISE, 3 rue du Loir, 67205 Oberhausbergen, France
| | - Manny W Radomski
- Professor Emeritus at the University of Toronto, Apt n° 2501, 2010 Islington Avenue, Toronto, ON, M9P3S8, Canada
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10
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Notley SR, Mitchell D, Taylor NAS. A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 1: Foundational principles and theories of regulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2379-2459. [PMID: 37702789 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
This contribution is the first of a four-part, historical series encompassing foundational principles, mechanistic hypotheses and supported facts concerning human thermoregulation during athletic and occupational pursuits, as understood 100 years ago and now. Herein, the emphasis is upon the physical and physiological principles underlying thermoregulation, the goal of which is thermal homeostasis (homeothermy). As one of many homeostatic processes affected by exercise, thermoregulation shares, and competes for, physiological resources. The impact of that sharing is revealed through the physiological measurements that we take (Part 2), in the physiological responses to the thermal stresses to which we are exposed (Part 3) and in the adaptations that increase our tolerance to those stresses (Part 4). Exercising muscles impose our most-powerful heat stress, and the physiological avenues for redistributing heat, and for balancing heat exchange with the environment, must adhere to the laws of physics. The first principles of internal and external heat exchange were established before 1900, yet their full significance is not always recognised. Those physiological processes are governed by a thermoregulatory centre, which employs feedback and feedforward control, and which functions as far more than a thermostat with a set-point, as once was thought. The hypothalamus, today established firmly as the neural seat of thermoregulation, does not regulate deep-body temperature alone, but an integrated temperature to which thermoreceptors from all over the body contribute, including the skin and probably the muscles. No work factor needs to be invoked to explain how body temperature is stabilised during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Notley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nigel A S Taylor
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Foroushani S. A cyclist's thermal comfort dilemma: Is faster better? J Biomech 2023; 160:111804. [PMID: 37812977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermal balance between the body and the environment is a precondition of thermal comfort. This balance depends on the bodily heat generation due to metabolism and heat dissipation to the ambient. Various thermoregulatory mechanisms are in place to adjust the latter in response to changes in the former and maintain the balance. Otherwise, thermal discomfort occurs due to a sensation of warmth or cold, depending on in which direction the balance is tipped. This short paper uses basic thermodynamic models to examine the role of cycling speed in improving thermal comfort. The effect of higher speed on both metabolic heat generation and heat dissipation is examined for various road and environmental conditions to determine whether cycling faster could provide relief from thermal discomfort. The results suggest a net cooling effect, desirable under heat surplus, is unlikely to be achieved. A net heating effect, on the other hand, can be achieved for mildly cold conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Foroushani
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany.
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12
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Grant AD, Kriegsfeld LJ. Neural substrates underlying rhythmic coupling of female reproductive and thermoregulatory circuits. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1254287. [PMID: 37753455 PMCID: PMC10518419 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1254287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated fluctuations in female reproductive physiology and thermoregulatory output have been reported for over a century. These changes occur rhythmically at the hourly (ultradian), daily (circadian), and multi-day (ovulatory) timescales, are critical for reproductive function, and have led to the use of temperature patterns as a proxy for female reproductive state. The mechanisms underlying coupling between reproductive and thermoregulatory systems are not fully established, hindering the expansion of inferences that body temperature can provide about female reproductive status. At present, numerous digital tools rely on temperature to infer the timing of ovulation and additional applications (e.g., monitoring ovulatory irregularities and progression of puberty, pregnancy, and menopause are developed based on the assumption that reproductive-thermoregulatory coupling occurs across timescales and life stages. However, without clear understanding of the mechanisms and degree of coupling among the neural substrates regulating temperature and the reproductive axis, whether such approaches will bear fruit in particular domains is uncertain. In this overview, we present evidence supporting broad coupling among the central circuits governing reproduction, thermoregulation, and broader systemic physiology, focusing on timing at ultradian frequencies. Future work characterizing the dynamics of reproductive-thermoregulatory coupling across the lifespan, and of conditions that may decouple these circuits (e.g., circadian disruption, metabolic disease) and compromise female reproductive health, will aid in the development of strategies for early detection of reproductive irregularities and monitoring the efficacy of fertility treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lance J. Kriegsfeld
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Graduate Group in Endocrinology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
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13
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Migliorino E, Nonino F, Amici R, Tupone D, Aspide R. Neurogenic Fever after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Animal Models: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11514. [PMID: 37511267 PMCID: PMC10380430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The observation of neurogenic fever resulting from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in animal models is a useful tool for the interpretation of its pathophysiology in humans, which is still a major challenge in the management of neurocritical patients. This systematic review aims to identify the prognostic factors and pathophysiological elements that determine the onset of neurogenic fever and its severity in animal models. In addition, our study aims to analyze which pharmacological treatments are most effective. All the articles available in Pubmed, Embase, and the Biological Science Collection until August 2021 concerning in vivo experimental studies on SAH animal models, including full texts and abstracts written in English and Italian, were considered. The risk of bias was assessed with SYRCLE's Risk of Bias tool. In total, 81 records were retrieved; after excluding duplicates, 76 records were potentially relevant. A total of 64 articles was excluded after title and abstract screening. The remaining 12 studies were evaluated as full texts, and 6 other studies were excluded (SAH-induced animal studies without a body temperature assessment). In one study, body temperature was measured after SAH induction, but the authors did not report temperature recording. Therefore, only five studies met the search criteria. The high methodological heterogeneity (different animal species, different temperature measurement methods, and different methods of the induction of bleeding) prevented meta-analysis. Synthesis methodology without meta-analysis (SWiM) was used for data analysis. The total number of animals used as controls was 87 (23 rabbits, 32 mice, and 32 rats), while there were 130 animals used as interventions (54 rabbits, 44 mice, and 32 rats). The presence of blood in the subarachnoid space, particularly red blood cells, is responsible for neurogenic fever; the role of hemoglobin is unclear. The mechanism is apparently not mediated by prostaglandins. The autonomic nervous system innervating brown adipose tissue is undoubtedly implicated in the onset of neurogenic fever. The activation of the central adenosine-1 receptor is effective in controlling the temperature of animals with neurogenic fever (by inhibiting thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Migliorino
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Anesthesia and Neurointensive Care Unit, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Nonino
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Epidemiology and Biostatistic Unit, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Amici
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenico Tupone
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Raffaele Aspide
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Anesthesia and Neurointensive Care Unit, 40139 Bologna, Italy
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14
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Kang H, Zsoldos RR, Sole-Guitart A, Narayan E, Cawdell-Smith AJ, Gaughan JB. Heat stress in horses: a literature review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023; 67:957-973. [PMID: 37060454 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Healthy adult horses can balance accumulation and dissipation of body heat to maintain their body temperature between 37.5 and 38.5 °C, when they are in their thermoneutral zone (5 to 25 °C). However, under some circumstances, such as following strenuous exercise under hot, or hot and humid conditions, the accumulation of body heat exceeds dissipation and horses can suffer from heat stress. Prolonged or severe heat stress can lead to anhidrosis, heat stroke, or brain damage in the horse. To ameliorate the negative effects of high heat load in the body, early detection of heat stress and immediate human intervention is required to reduce the horse's elevated body temperature in a timely manner. Body temperature measurement and deviations from the normal range are used to detect heat stress. Rectal temperature is the most commonly used method to monitor body temperature in horses, but other body temperature monitoring technologies, percutaneous thermal sensing microchips or infrared thermometry, are currently being studied for routine monitoring of the body temperature of horses as a more practical alternative. When heat stress is detected, horses can be cooled down by cool water application, air movement over the horse (e.g., fans), or a combination of these. The early detection of heat stress and the use of the most effective cooling methods is important to improve the welfare of heat stressed horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsuk Kang
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia.
| | - Rebeka R Zsoldos
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Albert Sole-Guitart
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Edward Narayan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - A Judith Cawdell-Smith
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - John B Gaughan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
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15
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Nogueira-de-Sá PG, Bicudo JEPW, Chaui-Berlinck JG. Energy and time optimization during exit from torpor in vertebrate endotherms. J Comp Physiol B 2023:10.1007/s00360-023-01494-5. [PMID: 37171656 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Torpor is used in small sized birds and mammals as an energy conservation trait. Considerable effort has been put towards elucidating the mechanisms underlying its entry and maintenance, but little attention has been paid regarding the exit. Firstly, we demonstrate that the arousal phase has a stereotyped dynamic: there is a sharp increase in metabolic rate followed by an increase in body temperature and, then, a damped oscillation in body temperature and metabolism. Moreover, the metabolic peak is around two-fold greater than the corresponding euthermic resting metabolic rate. We then hypothesized that either time or energy could be crucial variables to this event and constructed a model from a collection of first principles of physiology, control engineering and thermodynamics. From the model, we show that the stereotyped pattern of the arousal is a solution to save both time and energy. We extended the analysis to the scaling of the use of torpor by endotherms and show that variables related to the control system of body temperature emerge as relevant to the arousal dynamics. In this sense, the stereotyped dynamics of the arousal phase necessitates a certain profile of these variables which is not maintained as body size increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Goes Nogueira-de-Sá
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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16
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Vizin RC, Almeida MC, Soriano RN, Romanovsky AA. Selection of preferred thermal environment and cold-avoidance responses in rats rely on signals transduced by the dorsal portion of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord. Temperature (Austin) 2023; 10:121-135. [PMID: 37187830 PMCID: PMC10177698 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2023.2191378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoregulatory behaviors are powerful effectors for core body temperature (Tc) regulation. We evaluated the involvement of afferent fibers ascending through the dorsal portion of the lateral funiculus (DLF) of the spinal cord in "spontaneous" thermal preference and thermoregulatory behaviors induced by thermal and pharmacological stimuli in a thermogradient apparatus. In adult Wistar rats, the DLF was surgically severed at the first cervical vertebra bilaterally. The functional effectiveness of funiculotomy was verified by the increased latency of tail-flick responses to noxious cold (-18°C) and heat (50°C). In the thermogradient apparatus, funiculotomized rats showed a higher variability of their preferred ambient temperature (Tpr) and, consequently, increased Tc fluctuations, as compared to sham-operated rats. The cold-avoidance (warmth-seeking) response to moderate cold (whole-body exposure to ~17°C) or epidermal menthol (an agonist of the cold-sensitive TRPM8 channel) was attenuated in funiculotomized rats, as compared to sham-operated rats, and so was the Tc (hyperthermic) response to menthol. In contrast, the warmth-avoidance (cold-seeking) and Tc responses of funiculotomized rats to mild heat (exposure to ~28°C) or intravenous RN-1747 (an agonist of the warmth-sensitive TRPV4; 100 μg/kg) were unaffected. We conclude that DLF-mediated signals contribute to driving spontaneous thermal preference, and that attenuation of these signals is associated with decreased precision of Tc regulation. We further conclude that thermally and pharmacologically induced changes in thermal preference rely on neural, presumably afferent, signals that travel in the spinal cord within the DLF. Signals conveyed by the DLF are important for cold-avoidance behaviors but make little contribution to heat-avoidance responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson C.L. Vizin
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria C. Almeida
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato N. Soriano
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Basic Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
| | - Andrej A. Romanovsky
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Arizona, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Zharko Pharma, Inc, Olympia, WA, USA
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17
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Feketa P, Birkoben T, Noll M, Schaum A, Meurer T, Kohlstedt H. Artificial homeostatic temperature regulation via bio-inspired feedback mechanisms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5003. [PMID: 36973355 PMCID: PMC10043278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31963-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis comprises one of the main features of living organisms that enables their robust functioning by adapting to environmental changes. In particular, thermoregulation, as an instance of homeostatic behavior, allows mammals to maintain stable internal temperature with tightly controlled self-regulation independent of external temperatures. This is made by a proper reaction of the thermoeffectors (like skin blood vessels, brown adipose tissue (BAT), etc.) on a wide range of temperature perturbations that reflect themselves in the thermosensitive neurons' activity. This activity is being delivered to the respective actuation points and translated into thermoeffectors' actions, which bring the temperature of the organism to the desired level, called a set-point. However, it is still an open question whether these mechanisms can be implemented in an analog electronic device: both on a system theoretical and a hardware level. In this paper, we transfer this control loop into a real electric circuit by designing an analog electronic device for temperature regulation that works following bio-inspired principles. In particular, we construct a simplified single-effector regulation system and show how spiking trains of thermosensitive artificial neurons can be processed to realize an efficient feedback mechanism for the stabilization of the a priori unknown but system-inherent set-point. We also demonstrate that particular values of the set-point and its stability properties result from the interplay between the feedback control gain and activity patterns of thermosensitive artificial neurons, for which, on the one hand, the neuronal interconnections are generally not necessary. On the other hand, we show that such connections can be beneficial for the set-point regulation and hypothesize that the synaptic plasticity in real thermosensitive neuronal ensembles can play a role of an additional control layer empowering the robustness of thermoregulation. The electronic realization of temperature regulation proposed in this paper might be of interest for neuromorphic circuits which are bioinspired by taking the basal principle of homeostasis on board. In this way, a fundamental building block of life would be transferred to electronics and become a milestone for the future of neuromorphic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petro Feketa
- Chair of Automation and Control, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143, Kiel, Germany.
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, 6140, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Tom Birkoben
- Chair of Nanoelectronics, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maximiliane Noll
- Chair of Nanoelectronics, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Schaum
- Chair of Automation and Control, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143, Kiel, Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Meurer
- Digital Process Engineering Group, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hermann Kohlstedt
- Chair of Nanoelectronics, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143, Kiel, Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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18
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) displays the unique capacity to generate heat through uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation that makes it a very attractive therapeutic target for cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we review BAT cellular metabolism, its regulation by the central nervous and endocrine systems and circulating metabolites, the plausible roles of this tissue in human thermoregulation, energy balance, and cardiometabolic disorders, and the current knowledge on its pharmacological stimulation in humans. The current definition and measurement of BAT in human studies relies almost exclusively on BAT glucose uptake from positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxiglucose, which can be dissociated from BAT thermogenic activity, as for example in insulin-resistant states. The most important energy substrate for BAT thermogenesis is its intracellular fatty acid content mobilized from sympathetic stimulation of intracellular triglyceride lipolysis. This lipolytic BAT response is intertwined with that of white adipose (WAT) and other metabolic tissues, and cannot be independently stimulated with the drugs tested thus far. BAT is an interesting and biologically plausible target that has yet to be fully and selectively activated to increase the body's thermogenic response and shift energy balance. The field of human BAT research is in need of methods able to directly, specifically, and reliably measure BAT thermogenic capacity while also tracking the related thermogenic responses in WAT and other tissues. Until this is achieved, uncertainty will remain about the role played by this fascinating tissue in human cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André C Carpentier
- Correspondence: André C. Carpentier, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave N, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | | | - Denis Richard
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada
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19
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Evaluation of the Thermal Response of the Horns in Dairy Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030500. [PMID: 36766390 PMCID: PMC9913495 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy cattle are typically disbudded or dehorned. Little is known, however, about the biological function and role of horns during thermoregulatory processes in cattle, and thus about the potential physiological consequences of horn removal. Anecdotal evidence suggests that dairy cow horns increase in temperature during rumination, and few studies on other bovid species indicate that horns aid thermoregulation. The objective of this study was, therefore, to elucidate a possible thermoregulatory function of the horns in dairy cattle. Using non-invasive infrared thermography, we measured the superficial temperature of the horns, eyes, and ears of 18 focal cows on three different farms in a temperate climate zone under various environmental circumstances. Observations of social and non-social behaviours were conducted as well. Based on environmental temperature, humidity, and wind speed, the heat load index (HLI) was calculated as a measure of the heat load experienced by a cow. The temperature of the horns increased by 0.18 °C per unit HLI, indicating that horns serve the dissipation of heat. Dehorned cows had higher eye temperatures than horned cows, though this result should be interpreted with caution as the low sample size and experimental setup prevent casual conclusions. We did not, however, find changes in horn temperature during rumination, nor with any other behaviours. Our study thus supports a role of horns in thermoregulation, but not related to rumination. These results should be considered when assessing the potential consequences of horn removal, a painful procedure.
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20
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Arnold JT, Lennon JF, Lloyd AB. Modulation of cold-induced shivering activity by intermittent and continuous voluntary suppression. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 324:R102-R108. [PMID: 36440900 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00361.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This investigation assessed the physiological effects of voluntary suppression of shivering thermogenesis in response to whole body cooling. Eleven healthy volunteers underwent passive air cooling (10°C), across three visits: NO_SUP, where participants allowed their body to freely regulate against the cold; FULL_SUP, where participants constantly suppressed shivering; INT_SUP, where participants intermittently suppressed shivering (5 min phases), interspersed with 5 min free regulation. Shivering was assessed via electromyography (EMG), mechanomyography (MMG), and whole body oxygen uptake (V̇o2), whereas body temperature and heat exchange were assessed via skin temperature, rectal temperature, and heat flux sensors. A 29% increase was observed in shivering onset time in the FULL_SUP trial compared with NO_SUP (P = 0.032). Assessing shivering intensity, EMG activity decreased by 29% (P = 0.034), MMG activity decreased by 35% (P = 0.031), whereas no difference was observed in V̇o2 (P = 0.091) in the FULL_SUP trial compared with NO_SUP. Partitioning the no-suppression and suppression phases of the INT_SUP trial, acute voluntary suppression significantly decreased V̇o2 (P = 0.001), EMG (P < 0.001), and MMG (P = 0.012) activity compared with the no-suppression phases. Shivering activity was restored in the no-suppression phases, equivalent to that in the NO_SUP trial (P > 0.3). No difference was observed in thermal metrics between conditions up to 60 min (P > 0.4). Humans can both constantly and periodically suppress shivering activity, leading to a delay in shivering onset and a reduction in shivering intensity. Following suppression, regular shivering is resumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh T Arnold
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jack F Lennon
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Alex B Lloyd
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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21
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Tartarini F, Schiavon S, Quintana M, Miller C. Personal comfort models based on a 6-month experiment using environmental parameters and data from wearables. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13160. [PMID: 36437680 PMCID: PMC9827859 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Personal thermal comfort models are a paradigm shift in predicting how building occupants perceive their thermal environment. Previous work has critical limitations related to the length of the data collected and the diversity of spaces. This paper outlines a longitudinal field study comprising 20 participants who answered Right-Here-Right-Now surveys using a smartwatch for 180 days. We collected more than 1080 field-based surveys per participant. Surveys were matched with environmental and physiological measured variables collected indoors in their homes and offices. We then trained and tested seven machine learning models per participant to predict their thermal preferences. Participants indicated 58% of the time to want no change in their thermal environment despite completing 75% of these surveys at temperatures higher than 26.6°C. All but one personal comfort model had a median prediction accuracy of 0.78 (F1-score). Skin, indoor, near body temperatures, and heart rate were the most valuable variables for accurate prediction. We found that ≈250-300 data points per participant were needed for accurate prediction. We, however, identified strategies to significantly reduce this number. Our study provides quantitative evidence on how to improve the accuracy of personal comfort models, prove the benefits of using wearable devices to predict thermal preference, and validate results from previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Schiavon
- Center for the Built EnvironmentUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Matias Quintana
- Department of the Built EnvironmentNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Clayton Miller
- Department of the Built EnvironmentNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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22
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Ferreira FC, Padilha MCSV, Tobadini E, Bellocchi C, Carandina A, Montano N, Soares PPS, Rodrigues GD. Women have a greater cardiac vagal withdrawal to heat stress compared to men. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 10:444-453. [PMID: 38130655 PMCID: PMC10732604 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2135354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The heated environment shifts the sympatho-vagal balance toward sympathetic predominance and vagal withdrawal. Women's heart is more reliant on vagal autonomic control, while men's heart is more dependent on sympathetic control. However, sex differences in cardiovascular autonomic responses to heat stress remain unknown. We aimed to investigate the cardiovascular autonomic regulation under heat stress between sexes. Thirty-two young participants (27 ± 4 years old; 16 women) were enrolled in a single visit, resting for 30min at baseline (thermal reference condition TC; ∼24°C) and 30min under a heated environment (HOT; ∼38°C). Blood pressure (BP), skin temperature, electrocardiogram, and respiratory oscillations were continuously recorded. The heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed by spectral analysis (low-frequency [LFnu; sympathetic and vagal] and high-frequency [HFnu; vagal]), and symbolic analysis (0 V% [sympathetic] and 2UV%, and 2LV% [vagal]). The spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was calculated by the gain between BP and R-R within the LF band (αLF). The estimated maximal aerobic capacity and body surface area were employed as covariates in sex comparisons. The effects of HOT were the following: 1) Women have a greater cardiac vagal withdrawal to heat stress compared to men; 2) Sex differences on cardiac autonomic response to heat stress exist after controlling for the effect of estimated physical fitness and body surface area. Therefore, heat stress provokes a higher vagal withdrawal to the heart in women compared to men. It could be attributed to sex per se since significant differences between men and women were not modified after covariate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Michelle Cristina S. V. Padilha
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eleonora Tobadini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bellocchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122Milan, Italy
| | - Angelica Carandina
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Montano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122Milan, Italy
| | - Pedro Paulo S. Soares
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Gabriel D. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122Milan, Italy
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23
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Cramer MN, Gagnon D, Laitano O, Crandall CG. Human temperature regulation under heat stress in health, disease, and injury. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1907-1989. [PMID: 35679471 PMCID: PMC9394784 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body constantly exchanges heat with the environment. Temperature regulation is a homeostatic feedback control system that ensures deep body temperature is maintained within narrow limits despite wide variations in environmental conditions and activity-related elevations in metabolic heat production. Extensive research has been performed to study the physiological regulation of deep body temperature. This review focuses on healthy and disordered human temperature regulation during heat stress. Central to this discussion is the notion that various morphological features, intrinsic factors, diseases, and injuries independently and interactively influence deep body temperature during exercise and/or exposure to hot ambient temperatures. The first sections review fundamental aspects of the human heat stress response, including the biophysical principles governing heat balance and the autonomic control of heat loss thermoeffectors. Next, we discuss the effects of different intrinsic factors (morphology, heat adaptation, biological sex, and age), diseases (neurological, cardiovascular, metabolic, and genetic), and injuries (spinal cord injury, deep burns, and heat stroke), with emphasis on the mechanisms by which these factors enhance or disturb the regulation of deep body temperature during heat stress. We conclude with key unanswered questions in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Cramer
- Defence Research and Development Canada-Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Gagnon
- Montreal Heart Institute and School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Orlando Laitano
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Craig G Crandall
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Andrade MT, Goulart KNO, Barbosa NHS, Soares DD, Andrade AGP, Gonçalves DAP, Mendes TT, Coimbra CC, Wanner SP. Core body temperatures of rats subjected to treadmill exercise to fatigue or exhaustion: The journal Temperature toolbox. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 10:287-312. [PMID: 37554383 PMCID: PMC10405761 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2115274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study systematically reviewed the literature reporting the changes in rats' core body temperature (TCORE) induced by either incremental- or constant-speed running to fatigue or exhaustion. In addition, multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the factors contributing to the TCORE values attained when exercise was interrupted. Four databases (EMBASE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) were searched in October 2021, and this search was updated in August 2022. Seventy-two studies (n = 1,538 rats) were included in the systematic review. These studies described heterogeneous experimental conditions; for example, the ambient temperature ranged from 5 to 40°C. The rats quit exercising with TCORE values varying more than 8°C among studies, with the lowest and highest values corresponding to 34.9°C and 43.4°C, respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that the ambient temperature (p < 0.001), initial TCORE (p < 0.001), distance traveled (p < 0.001; only incremental exercises), and running speed and duration (p < 0.001; only constant exercises) contributed significantly to explaining the variance in the TCORE at the end of the exercise. In conclusion, rats subjected to treadmill running exhibit heterogeneous TCORE when fatigued or exhausted. Moreover, it is not possible to determine a narrow range of TCORE associated with exercise cessation in hyperthermic rats. Ambient temperature, initial TCORE, and physical performance-related variables are the best predictors of TCORE at fatigue or exhaustion. From a broader perspective, this systematic review provides relevant information for selecting appropriate methods in future studies designed to investigate exercise thermoregulation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo T. Andrade
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Karine N. O. Goulart
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nicolas H. S. Barbosa
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Danusa D. Soares
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - André G. P. Andrade
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Dawit A. P. Gonçalves
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thiago T. Mendes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cândido C. Coimbra
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Samuel P. Wanner
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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25
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Chou TH, Coyle EF. Cardiovascular responses to hot skin at rest and during exercise. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 10:326-357. [PMID: 37554384 PMCID: PMC10405766 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2109931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrative cardiovascular responses to heat stress during endurance exercise depend on various variables, such as thermal stress and exercise intensity. This review addresses how increases in skin temperature alter and challenge the integrative cardiovascular system during upright submaximal endurance exercise, especially when skin is hot (i.e. >38°C). Current evidence suggests that exercise intensity plays a significant role in cardiovascular responses to hot skin during exercise. At rest and during mild intensity exercise, hot skin increases skin blood flow and abolishes cutaneous venous tone, which causes blood pooling in the skin while having little impact on stroke volume and thus cardiac output is increased with an increase in heart rate. When the heart rate is at relatively low levels, small increases in heart rate, skin blood flow, and cutaneous venous volume do not compromise stroke volume, so cardiac output can increase to fulfill the demands for maintaining blood pressure, heat dissipation, and the exercising muscle. On the contrary, during more intense exercise, hot skin does not abolish exercise-induced cutaneous venoconstriction possibly due to high sympathetic nerve activities; thus, it does not cause blood pooling in the skin. However, hot skin reduces stroke volume, which is associated with a decrease in ventricular filling time caused by an increase in heart rate. When the heart rate is high during moderate or intense exercise, even a slight reduction in ventricular filling time lowers stroke volume. Cardiac output is therefore not elevated when skin is hot during moderate intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Heng Chou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Edward F. Coyle
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, Tx, USA
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26
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Bruzzi RS, Moraes MM, Martins YAT, Hudson ASR, Ladeira RVP, Núñez-Espinosa C, Wanner SP, Arantes RME. Heart rate variability, thyroid hormone concentration, and neuropsychological responses in Brazilian navy divers: a case report of diving in Antarctic freezing waters. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20210501. [PMID: 35648992 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120210501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Open-water diving in a polar environment is a psychophysiological challenge to the human organism. We evaluated the effect of short-term diving (i.e., 10 min) in Antarctic waters on autonomic cardiac control, thyroid hormone concentration, body temperatures, mood, and neuropsychological responses (working memory and sleepiness). Data collection was carried out at baseline, before, and after diving in four individuals divided into the supporting (n=2) and diving (n=2) groups. In the latter group, autonomic cardiac control (by measuring heart rate variability) was also assessed during diving. Diving decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (effect size = 1.6) and thyroxine (effect size = 2.1) concentrations; these responses were not observed for the supporting group. Diving also reduced both the parasympathetic (effect size = 2.6) and sympathetic activities to the heart (ES > 3.0). Besides, diving reduced auricular (effect size > 3.0), skin [i.e., hand (effect size = 1.2) and face (effect size = 1.5)] temperatures compared to pre-dive and reduced sleepiness state (effect size = 1.3) compared to basal, without changing performance in the working memory test. In conclusion, short-term diving in icy waters affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, modulates autonomic cardiac control, and reduces body temperature, which seems to decrease sleepiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rúbio S Bruzzi
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Michele M Moraes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (NUPAD- FM/UFMG), Núcleo de Ações e Pesquisa em Apoio Diagnóstico, Rua Alfredo Balena, 189, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ygor A T Martins
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre S R Hudson
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Roberto V P Ladeira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (NUPAD- FM/UFMG), Núcleo de Ações e Pesquisa em Apoio Diagnóstico, Rua Alfredo Balena, 189, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristian Núñez-Espinosa
- Universidad de Magallanes, Escuela de Medicina, Laboratorio de Fisiología, Avenida Bulnes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Samuel P Wanner
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosa M E Arantes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (NUPAD- FM/UFMG), Núcleo de Ações e Pesquisa em Apoio Diagnóstico, Rua Alfredo Balena, 189, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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27
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The Role of Hyperthermia in the Treatment of Peritoneal Surface Malignancies. Curr Oncol Rep 2022; 24:875-887. [PMID: 35325402 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-022-01275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hyperthermia is used to treat peritoneal surface malignancies (PSM), particularly during hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). This manuscript provides a focused update of hyperthermia in the treatment of PSM. RECENT FINDINGS The heterogeneous response to hyperthermia in PSM can be explained by tumor and treatment conditions. PSM tumors may resist hyperthermia via metabolic and immunologic adaptation. The thermodynamics of HIPEC are complex and require computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The clinical evidence supporting the benefit of hyperthermia is largely observational. Continued research will allow clinicians to characterize and predict the individual response of PSM to hyperthermia. The application of hyperthermia in current HIPEC protocols is mostly empirical. Thus, modeling heat transfer with CFD is a necessary task if we are to achieve consistent and reproducible hyperthermia. Although observational evidence suggests a survival benefit of hyperthermia, no clinical trial has tested the individual role of hyperthermia in PSM.
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28
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Martins YAT, Passos RLF, Marques AL, Gonçalves DAP, Mendes TT, Núñez-Espinosa C, Rodrigues LOC, Wanner SP, Moraes MM, Arantes RME, Soares DD. A 32-day long fieldwork in Antarctica improves heat tolerance during physical exercise. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20210593. [PMID: 35239799 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220210593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the influence of a 32-day camping in Antarctica on physical performance and exercise-induced thermoregulatory responses. In Brazil, before and after the Antarctic camping, the volunteers performed an incremental exercise at temperate conditions and, two days later, an exercise heat stress protocol (45-min running at 60% of maximum aerobic speed, at 31°C and 60% of relative humidity). In Antarctica, core temperature was assessed on a day of fieldwork, and average values higher than 38.5°C were reported. At pre- and post-Antarctica, physiological (whole-body and local sweat rate, number of active sweat glands, sweat gland output, core and skin temperatures) and perceptual (thermal comfort and sensation) variables were measured. The Antarctic camping improved the participants' performance and induced heat-related adaptations, as evidenced by sweat redistribution (lower in the chest but higher in grouped data from the forehead, forearm, and thigh) and reduced skin temperatures in the forehead and chest during the exercise heat stress protocol. Notwithstanding the acclimatization, the participants did not report differences of the thermal sensation and comfort. In conclusion, staying in an Antarctic camp for 32 days improved physical performance and elicited physiological adaptations to heat due to the physical exertion-induced hyperthermia in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ygor A T Martins
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata L F Passos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alice L Marques
- Universidade Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Sociais em Desenvolvimento, Agricultura e Sociedade, Av. Presidente Vargas, 417, 20071-003 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Dawit A P Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago T Mendes
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Centro de Ciências Humanas, Naturais, Saúde e Tecnologia, Estrada Pinheiro/Pacas, Km 10, s/n, 65200-000 Pinheiro, MA, Brazil
| | - Cristian Núñez-Espinosa
- Universidad de Magallanes, School of Medicine, Physiology Laboratory, Pdte. Manuel Bulnes Avenue, 01855, Punta Arenas, Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica, Chile
| | - Luiz O C Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Samuel P Wanner
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Michele M Moraes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia geral, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Ações e Pesquisa em Apoio Diagnóstico, (UFMG/FM-NUPAD), Av. Alfredo Balena, 189, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosa M E Arantes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia geral, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Ações e Pesquisa em Apoio Diagnóstico, (UFMG/FM-NUPAD), Av. Alfredo Balena, 189, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danusa D Soares
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Namisnak LH, Haghayegh S, Khoshnevis S, Diller KR. Bioheat Transfer Basis of Human Thermoregulation: Principles and Applications. JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER 2022; 144:031203. [PMID: 35833149 PMCID: PMC8823203 DOI: 10.1115/1.4053195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Thermoregulation is a process that is essential to the maintenance of life for all warm-blooded mammalian and avian species. It sustains a constant core body temperature in the face of a wide array of environmental thermal conditions and intensity of physical activities that generate internal heat. A primary component of thermoregulatory function is the movement of heat between the body core and the surface via the circulation of blood. The peripheral vasculature acts as a forced convection heat exchanger between blood and local peripheral tissues throughout the body enabling heat to be convected to the skin surface where is may be transferred to and from the environment via conduction, convection, radiation, and/or evaporation of water as local conditions dictate. Humans have evolved a particular vascular structure in glabrous (hairless) skin that is especially well suited for heat exchange. These vessels are called arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) and can vasodilate to large diameters and accommodate high flow rates. We report herein a new technology based on a physiological principle that enables simple and safe access to the thermoregulatory control system to allow manipulation of thermoregulatory function. The technology operates by applying a small amount of heating local to control tissue on the body surface overlying the cerebral spine that upregulates AVA perfusion. Under this action, heat exchangers can be applied to glabrous skin, preferably on the palms and soles, to alter the temperature of elevated blood flow prior to its return to the core. Therapeutic and prophylactic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Namisnak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Shahab Haghayegh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; Department of Biostatics, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02138
| | - Sepideh Khoshnevis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Kenneth R Diller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
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30
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Relationship between infrared thermography and muscle damage markers in physically active men after plyometric exercise. J Therm Biol 2022; 104:103187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Sumiyoshi E, Masuki S, Nose H. Role of linkage between cerebral activity and baroreflex control of heart rate via central vasopressin V1a receptors in food-deprived mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:761-772. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00364.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that cerebral activation at the onset of voluntary locomotion suppressed baroreflex control of heart rate (HR) and increased arterial pressure via vasopressin V1a receptors in the brain. Here, we examined whether these responses were associated with food seeking, a motivated behavior, using free-moving wild-type (WT, n=10), V1a receptor knockout (KO, n=9) and wild-type mice locally infused with a V1a receptor antagonist into the nucleus tractus solitarii (BLK, n=10). For 3 consecutive days mice were fed ad libitum (Fed), food deprived (FD), and refed (RF) under a dark/light cycle (19:00/7:00). Food was removed on day2 and restored on day3 at 18:00. Throughout the protocol, cerebral activity was determined from the power density ratio of θ- to δ-wave band (θ/δ) by electroencephalogram every 4sec. Baroreflex was evaluated by the cross-correlation function (R(t)) between changes in HR and arterial pressure every 4sec. The cerebro-baroreflex linkage was then evaluated by the cross-correlation function between θ/δ and R(t). Behavior was recorded with CCD camera. We found that cerebro-baroreflex linkage, enhanced in WT at night after FD (P=0.006), returned to Fed level after RF (P=0.68). Similarly, food-seeking behavior increased after FD to a level twofold higher than during Fed (P=0.004) and returned to Fed level after RF (P=0.74). However, none of these changes occurred in KO or BLK (P>0.11). Thus, the suppression of baroreflex control of HR linked with cerebral activation via V1a receptors might play an important role at the onset of motivated behaviors, such as food seeking induced by FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Sumiyoshi
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Shizue Masuki
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nose
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- e-Health Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
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Kelava L, Ivić I, Pakai E, Fekete K, Maroti P, Told R, Ujfalusi Z, Garami A. Stereolithography 3D Printing of a Heat Exchanger for Advanced Temperature Control in Wire Myography. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030471. [PMID: 35160461 PMCID: PMC8839612 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the additive manufacturing of a heat-exchange device that can be used as a cooling accessory in a wire myograph. Wire myography is used for measuring vasomotor responses in small resistance arteries; however, the commercially available devices are not capable of active cooling. Here, we critically evaluated a transparent resin material, in terms of mechanical, structural, and thermal behavior. Tensile strength tests (67.66 ± 1.31 MPa), Charpy impact strength test (20.70 ± 2.30 kJ/m2), and Shore D hardness measurements (83.0 ± 0.47) underlined the mechanical stability of the material, supported by digital microscopy, which revealed a glass-like structure. Differential scanning calorimetry with thermogravimetry analysis and thermal conductivity measurements showed heat stability until ~250 °C and effective heat insulation. The 3D-printed heat exchanger was tested in thermophysiology experiments measuring the vasomotor responses of rat tail arteries at different temperatures (13, 16, and 36 °C). The heat-exchange device was successfully used as an accessory of the wire myograph system to cool down the experimental chambers and steadily maintain the targeted temperatures. We observed temperature-dependent differences in the vasoconstriction induced by phenylephrine and KCl. In conclusion, the transparent resin material can be used in additive manufacturing of heat-exchange devices for biomedical research, such as wire myography. Our animal experiments underline the importance of temperature-dependent physiological mechanisms, which should be further studied to understand the background of the thermal changes and their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Kelava
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Ivan Ivić
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Pakai
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Kata Fekete
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Peter Maroti
- Medical Simulation Education Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
- 3D Printing and Visualization Center, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Roland Told
- Medical Simulation Education Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
- 3D Printing and Visualization Center, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Ujfalusi
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Andras Garami
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
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33
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Keringer P, Furedi N, Gaszner B, Miko A, Pakai E, Fekete K, Olah E, Kelava L, Romanovsky AA, Rumbus Z, Garami A. The hyperthermic effect of central cholecystokinin is mediated by the cyclooxygenase-2 pathway. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E10-E23. [PMID: 34779255 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00223.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) increases core body temperature via CCK2 receptors when administered intracerebroventricularly (icv). The mechanisms of CCK-induced hyperthermia are unknown, and it is also unknown whether CCK contributes to the fever response to systemic inflammation. We studied the interaction between central CCK signaling and the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. Body temperature was measured in adult male Wistar rats pretreated with intraperitoneal infusion of the nonselective COX enzyme inhibitor metamizol (120 mg/kg) or a selective COX-2 inhibitor, meloxicam, or etoricoxib (10 mg/kg for both) and, 30 min later, treated with intracerebroventricular CCK (1.7 µg/kg). In separate experiments, CCK-induced neuronal activation (with and without COX inhibition) was studied in thermoregulation- and feeding-related nuclei with c-Fos immunohistochemistry. CCK increased body temperature by ∼0.4°C from 10 min postinfusion, which was attenuated by metamizol. CCK reduced the number of c-Fos-positive cells in the median preoptic area (by ∼70%) but increased it in the dorsal hypothalamic area and in the rostral raphe pallidus (by ∼50% in both); all these changes were completely blocked with metamizol. In contrast, CCK-induced satiety and neuronal activation in the ventromedial hypothalamus were not influenced by metamizol. CCK-induced hyperthermia was also completely blocked with both selective COX-2 inhibitors studied. Finally, the CCK2 receptor antagonist YM022 (10 µg/kg icv) attenuated the late phases of fever induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (10 µg/kg; intravenously). We conclude that centrally administered CCK causes hyperthermia through changes in the activity of "classical" thermoeffector pathways and that the activation of COX-2 is required for the development of this response.NEW & NOTEWORTHY An association between central cholecystokinin signaling and the cyclooxygenase-prostaglandin E pathway has been proposed but remained poorly understood. We show that the hyperthermic response to the central administration of cholecystokinin alters the neuronal activity within efferent thermoeffector pathways and that these effects are fully blocked by the inhibition of cyclooxygenase. We also show that the activation of cyclooxygenase-2 is required for the hyperthermic effect of cholecystokinin and that cholecystokinin is a modulator of endotoxin-induced fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Keringer
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nora Furedi
- Department of Anatomy, Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School and Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School and Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Miko
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School and Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Pakai
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kata Fekete
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Emoke Olah
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Leonardo Kelava
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Zoltan Rumbus
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andras Garami
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Damasceno JR, Cavalcante TF, Ferreira JEDSM, Barbosa EDS, Moreira RP, Lopes MVDO, Lira ALBDC. Accuracy of the defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis hypothermia in patients on hemodialysis. Rev Bras Enferm 2022; 75:e20210620. [DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the accuracy of the defining characteristics of hypothermia in patients on hemodialysis. Methods: a diagnostic accuracy study was assembled within a cross-sectional study with 124 patients from two dialysis centers. A latent class model was used for data analysis. Results: the nursing diagnosis hypothermia was present in 13 (10.48%) study participants. The most prevalent defining characteristics were hypoxia (100%), decrease in blood glucose level (83.1%), hypertension (65.3%), piloerection (45.2%), and skin cool to touch (41.1%). The defining characteristics acrocyanosis (99.96%) and cyanotic nail beds (99.98%) had a high sensitivity. Acrocyanosis (91.8%), skin cool to touch (64.8%), and peripheral vasoconstriction (91.8%) had high specificity. Conclusion: specific and sensitive indicators of hypothermia work as good clinical indicators for confirming this diagnosis in patients on hemodialysis. The study findings can assist nurses in their clinical reasoning for a correct inference of hypothermia.
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Voronova IP. 5-HT Receptors and Temperature Homeostasis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1914. [PMID: 34944557 PMCID: PMC8699715 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review summarizes the data concerning the influence of serotonin (5-HT) receptors on body temperature in warm-blooded animals and on processes associated with its maintenance. This review includes the most important part of investigations from the first studies to the latest ones. The established results on the pharmacological activation of 5-HT1A, 5-HT3, 5-HT7 and 5-HT2 receptor types are discussed. Such activation of the first 3 type of receptors causes a decrease in body temperature, whereas the 5-HT2 activation causes its increase. Physiological mechanisms leading to changes in body temperature as a result of 5-HT receptors' activation are discussed. In case of 5-HT1A receptor, they include an inhibition of shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, as well simultaneous increase of peripheral blood flow, i.e., the processes of heat production and heat loss. The physiological processes mediated by 5-HT2 receptor are opposite to those of the 5-HT1A receptor. Mechanisms of 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptor participation in these processes are yet to be studied in more detail. Some facts indicating that in natural conditions, without pharmacological impact, these 5-HT receptors are important links in the system of temperature homeostasis, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina P. Voronova
- Department of Thermophysiology, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
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36
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Interoception abnormalities in schizophrenia: A review of preliminary evidence and an integration with Bayesian accounts of psychosis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:757-773. [PMID: 34823914 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia research has traditionally focused almost exclusively on how the brain interprets the outside world. However, our internal bodily milieu is also central to how we interpret the world and construct our reality: signals from within the body are critical for not only basic survival, but also a wide range of brain functions from basic perception, emotion, and motivation, to sense of self. In this article, we propose that interoception-the processing of bodily signals-may have implications for a wide range of clinical symptoms in schizophrenia and may thus provide key insights into illness mechanisms. We start with an overview of interoception pathways. Then we provide a review of direct and indirect findings in various interoceptive systems in schizophrenia and interpret these findings in the context of computational frameworks that model interoception as hierarchical Bayesian inference. Finally, we propose a conceptual model of how altered interoceptive inference may contribute to specific schizophrenia symptoms-negative symptoms in particular-and suggest directions for future research, including potential new avenues of treatment.
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Jung S, Lee M, Kim DY, Son C, Ahn BH, Heo G, Park J, Kim M, Park HE, Koo DJ, Park JH, Lee JW, Choe HK, Kim SY. A forebrain neural substrate for behavioral thermoregulation. Neuron 2021; 110:266-279.e9. [PMID: 34687664 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thermoregulatory behavior is a basic motivated behavior for body temperature homeostasis. Despite its fundamental importance, a forebrain region or defined neural population required for this process has yet to be established. Here, we show that Vgat-expressing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LHVgat neurons) are required for diverse thermoregulatory behaviors. The population activity of LHVgat neurons is increased during thermoregulatory behavior and bidirectionally encodes thermal punishment and reward (P&R). Although this population also regulates feeding and caloric reward, inhibition of parabrachial inputs selectively impaired thermoregulatory behaviors and encoding of thermal stimulus by LHVgat neurons. Furthermore, two-photon calcium imaging revealed a subpopulation of LHVgat neurons bidirectionally encoding thermal P&R, which is engaged during thermoregulatory behavior, but is largely distinct from caloric reward-encoding LHVgat neurons. Our data establish LHVgat neurons as a required neural substrate for behavioral thermoregulation and point to the key role of the thermal P&R-encoding LHVgat subpopulation in thermoregulatory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieun Jung
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Myungsun Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Dong-Yoon Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Celine Son
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Benjamin Hyunju Ahn
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Gyuryang Heo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Junkoo Park
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Minyoo Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Han-Eol Park
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Koo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwi Park
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Han Kyoung Choe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Sung-Yon Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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Hymczak H, Gołąb A, Mendrala K, Plicner D, Darocha T, Podsiadło P, Hudziak D, Gocoł R, Kosiński S. Core Temperature Measurement-Principles of Correct Measurement, Problems, and Complications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010606. [PMID: 34682351 PMCID: PMC8535559 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Core temperature reflects the temperature of the internal organs. Proper temperature measurement is essential to diagnose and treat temperature impairment in patients. However, an accurate approach has yet to be established. Depending on the method used, the obtained values may vary and differ from the actual core temperature. There is an ongoing debate regarding the most appropriate anatomical site for core temperature measurement. Although the measurement of body core temperature through a pulmonary artery catheter is commonly cited as the gold standard, the esophageal temperature measurement appears to be a reasonable and functional alternative in the clinical setting. This article provides an integrative review of invasive and noninvasive body temperature measurements and their relations to core temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Hymczak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland;
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gołąb
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Konrad Mendrala
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (K.M.); (T.D.)
| | - Dariusz Plicner
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomasz Darocha
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (K.M.); (T.D.)
| | - Paweł Podsiadło
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-369 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Damian Hudziak
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Upper-Silesian Heart Center, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (D.H.); (R.G.)
| | - Radosław Gocoł
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Upper-Silesian Heart Center, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (D.H.); (R.G.)
| | - Sylweriusz Kosiński
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland;
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Vellei M, Chinazzo G, Zitting KM, Hubbard J. Human thermal perception and time of day: A review. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 8:320-341. [PMID: 34901316 PMCID: PMC8654484 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1976004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock regulates diurnal variations in autonomic thermoregulatory processes such as core body temperature in humans. Thus, we might expect that similar daily fluctuations also characterize human thermal perception, the ultimate role of which is to drive thermoregulatory behaviors. In this paper, we explore this question by reviewing experimental and observational thermal comfort investigations which include the "time of day" variable. We found only 21 studies considering this factor, and not always as their primary analysis. Due to the paucity of studies and the lack of a specific focus on time-of-day effects, the results are difficult to compare and appear on the whole contradictory. However, we observe a tendency for individuals to prefer higher ambient temperatures in the early evening as compared to the rest of the day, a result in line with the physiological decrease of the core body temperature over the evening. By drawing from literature on the physiology of thermoregulation and circadian rhythms, we outline some potential explanations for the inconsistencies observed in the findings, including a potential major bias due to the intensity and spectrum of the selected light conditions, and provide recommendations for conducting future target studies in highly-controlled laboratory conditions. Such studies are strongly encouraged as confirmed variations of human thermal perceptions over the day would have enormous impact on building operations, thus on energy consumption and occupant comfort. List of abbreviations: TSV: Thermal Sensation Vote; TCV: Thermal Comfort Vote; Tpref: Preferred Temperature; TA: Indoor Air Temperature; RH: Indoor Relative Humidity; Tskin: Skin Temperature; Tty: Tympanic Temperature; Tre: Rectal Temperature; Toral: Oral Temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Vellei
- Laboratory of Engineering Sciences for the Environment (LaSIE) (Umr Cnrs 7356), La Rochelle University, La Rochelle, France
| | - Giorgia Chinazzo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
| | - Kirsi-Marja Zitting
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Ma, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hubbard
- Laboratory of Integrated Performance in Design (Lipid), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (Enac), École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (Epfl), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Shakeel CS, Hassan U, Ilyas F, Zariwala MM, Ilyas SM, Khan SJ. A prelude to wearable technology for the measurement and restoration of core body temperature and heart rate in athletes suffering from hypothermia. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2021; 236:56-64. [PMID: 34632881 DOI: 10.1177/09544119211051176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An individual who is in good physical health tends to exhibit an internal core temperature of 37°C and a heart rate of 60-100 beats per minute. Increase in the temperature of the surrounding environment can serve as the basis for the onset of the condition of Hypothermia. Hypothermia acts as one of the most significant barriers being faced by winter athletes and starts initially with an increase in the heart and breathing rate. However, if the condition persists it can lead to reduction in the heart and breathing rate and ultimately results in cardiac failure. Although, jackets are commercially available, they tend to operate manually and furthermore, do not serve the primary purpose of counteracting the condition of hypothermia, particularly experienced by athletes taking part in winter sports. The objective of this study is to design a heating jacket that enables effective counteraction of the condition of Hypothermia. It enables precise measurement of the of core body temperature with the aid of a pyroelectric sensor. Along with this, a pulse rate sensor for detecting the accurate heart rate has been incorporated on the index finger. Five heating pads would get activated to attain optimal temperature, in case the core body temperature of <37°C is detected. If the condition of hypothermia advances to the moderate stage, two additional heating pads will get activated and provide extra warmth to attain normal heart rate along with core body temperature. Overall, this wearable technology serves as a definitive solution to counteract the condition of hypothermia only when the internal parameters exhibit that you actually have it. The results of the study exhibited that this prototype can be utilized for detecting and treating the condition of Hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choudhary Sobhan Shakeel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Science, Technology and Management (ZUFESTM), Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Umer Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Science, Technology and Management (ZUFESTM), Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fatema Ilyas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Science, Technology and Management (ZUFESTM), Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Munira Muhammadi Zariwala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Science, Technology and Management (ZUFESTM), Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Salman Muhammad Ilyas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Science, Technology and Management (ZUFESTM), Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saad Jawaid Khan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Science, Technology and Management (ZUFESTM), Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
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The Hypothermic Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide Is Mediated by the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channel in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14100992. [PMID: 34681216 PMCID: PMC8538668 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown in previous studies to cause hypothermia and hypometabolism in mice, and its thermoregulatory effects were subsequently investigated. However, the molecular target through which H2S triggers its effects on deep body temperature has remained unknown. We investigated the thermoregulatory response to fast-(Na2S) and slow-releasing (GYY4137) H2S donors in C57BL/6 mice, and then tested whether their effects depend on the transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) channel in Trpa1 knockout (Trpa1−/−) and wild-type (Trpa1+/+) mice. Intracerebroventricular administration of Na2S (0.5–1 mg/kg) caused hypothermia in C57BL/6 mice, which was mediated by cutaneous vasodilation and decreased thermogenesis. In contrast, intraperitoneal administration of Na2S (5 mg/kg) did not cause any thermoregulatory effect. Central administration of GYY4137 (3 mg/kg) also caused hypothermia and hypometabolism. The hypothermic response to both H2S donors was significantly (p < 0.001) attenuated in Trpa1−/− mice compared to their Trpa1+/+ littermates. Trpa1 mRNA transcripts could be detected with RNAscope in hypothalamic and other brain neurons within the autonomic thermoeffector pathways. In conclusion, slow- and fast-releasing H2S donors induce hypothermia through hypometabolism and cutaneous vasodilation in mice that is mediated by TRPA1 channels located in the brain, presumably in hypothalamic neurons within the autonomic thermoeffector pathways.
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The Effect of Cold Exposure on Cognitive Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189725. [PMID: 34574649 PMCID: PMC8470111 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several aspects of cognition can be affected after cold exposure, but contradictory results have been reported regarding affected cognitive domains. The aim of the current systematic review was to evaluate the effects of specific cold exposure on cognitive performance in healthy subjects. A systematic search was performed using MEDLINE (through PubMed), EMBASE (Scopus) and PsycINFO databases according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Inclusion criteria were healthy subjects exposed to a cold environment (either simulated or not) and cognitive performance related to cold exposure with an experimental design. The literature search identified 18 studies, eight studies investigated the effect of cold air exposure and ten the effect of cold water immersion on cognitive performance of healthy subjects. There were several differences among the studies (environmental temperature reached, time of exposure, timing, and type of cognitive test administration). Cold exposure induced in most of the experimental settings (15 of 18) an impairment of CP even before accidental hypothermia was established. The most investigated and affected cognitive domains were attention and processing speed, executive function, and memory. Gender differences and effects of repeated exposure and possible acclimation on cognitive performance need further studies to be confirmed.
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43
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Ferreira FC, Vaz Padilha MCS, Tobadini E, Carandina A, Montano N, Soares PPDS, Rodrigues GD. The interplay between heated environment and active standing test on cardiovascular autonomic control in healthy individuals. Physiol Meas 2021; 42. [PMID: 34261052 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective.To investigate the interplay between active standing and heat stress on cardiovascular autonomic modulation in healthy individuals.Approach.Blood pressure (BP) and ECG were continuously recorded during 30 min in supine (SUP) and 6 min in orthostatic position (ORT) under thermal reference (TC; ∼24 °C) or heated environment (HOT; ∼36 °C) conditions, in a randomized order. All data collection was performed during the winter and spring seasons when typical outdoor temperatures are ∼23 °C. Spectral analysis was employed by the autoregressive model of R-R and systolic blood pressure (SBP) time series and defined, within each band, in low (LF, 0.04 to 0.15 Hz) and high (0.15-0.40 Hz) frequencies. The indices of cardiac sympathetic (LF) and cardiac parasympathetic (HF) were normalized (nu) dividing each band power by the total power subtracted the very-low component (<0.04 Hz), obtaining the cardiac autonomic balance (LF/HF) modulation. The gain of the relationship between SBP and R-R variabilities within the LF band was utilized for analysis of spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (alpha index;αLF). Nonlinear analysis was employed through symbolic dynamics of R-R, which provided the percentage of sequences of three heart periods without changes in R-R interval (0V%; cardiac sympathetic modulation) and two significant variations (2UV% and 2LV%; cardiac vagal modulation).Main results.HOT increased 0V% and HR, and decreasedαLF and 2UV% during SUP compared to TC. During ORT, HOT provokes a greater increment on HR, LF/HF and 0V%, indexes compared to ORT under TC.Significance.At rest, heat stress influences both autonomic branches, increasing sympathetic and decreasing vagal modulation and spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity. The augmented HR during active standing under heat stress seems to be mediated by a greater increment in cardiac sympathetic modulation, showing an interplay between gravitational and thermal stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Castro Ferreira
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Eleonora Tobadini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, I-20122 Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, I-20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Angelica Carandina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, I-20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Montano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, I-20122 Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, I-20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Pedro Paulo da Silva Soares
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Dias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, I-20122 Milan, Italy
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Abou Saleh L, Boyd A, Aragon IV, Koloteva A, Spadafora D, Mneimneh W, Barrington RA, Richter W. Ablation of PDE4B protects from Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced acute lung injury in mice by ameliorating the cytostorm and associated hypothermia. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21797. [PMID: 34383981 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100495r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a frequent cause of hospital-acquired lung infections characterized by hyperinflammation, antibiotic resistance, and high morbidity/mortality. Here, we show that the genetic ablation of one cAMP-phosphodiesterase 4 subtype, PDE4B, is sufficient to protect mice from acute lung injury induced by P aeruginosa infection as it reduces pulmonary and systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as pulmonary vascular leakage and mortality. Surprisingly, despite dampening immune responses, bacterial clearance in the lungs of PDE4B-KO mice is significantly improved compared to WT controls. In wildtypes, P aeruginosa-infection produces high systemic levels of several cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, that act as cryogens and render the animals hypothermic. This, in turn, diminishes their ability to clear the bacteria. Ablation of PDE4B curbs both the initial production of acute response cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as their downstream signaling, specifically the induction of the secondary-response cytokine IL-6. This synergistic action protects PDE4B-KO mice from the deleterious effects of the P aeruginosa-induced cytostorm, while concurrently improving bacterial clearance, rather than being immunosuppressive. These benefits of PDE4B ablation are in contrast to the effects resulting from treatment with PAN-PDE4 inhibitors, which have been shown to increase bacterial burden and dissemination. Thus, PDE4B represents a promising therapeutic target in settings of P aeruginosa lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Abou Saleh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Abigail Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Ileana V Aragon
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Anna Koloteva
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Domenico Spadafora
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Wadad Mneimneh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Robert A Barrington
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Wito Richter
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
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45
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Zouhar P, Janovska P, Stanic S, Bardova K, Funda J, Haberlova B, Andersen B, Rossmeisl M, Cannon B, Kopecky J, Nedergaard J. A pyrexic effect of FGF21 independent of energy expenditure and UCP1. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101324. [PMID: 34418595 PMCID: PMC8452799 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Administration of FGF21 to mice reduces body weight and increases body temperature. The increase in body temperature is generally interpreted as hyperthermia, i.e. a condition secondary to the increase in energy expenditure (heat production). Here, we examine an alternative hypothesis: that FGF21 has a direct pyrexic effect, i.e. FGF21 increases body temperature independently of any effect on energy expenditure. METHODS We studied the effects of FGF21 treatment on body temperature and energy expenditure in high-fat-diet-fed and chow-fed mice exposed acutely to various ambient temperatures, in high-fat diet-fed mice housed at 30 °C (i.e. at thermoneutrality), and in mice lacking uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). RESULTS In every model studied, FGF21 increased body temperature, but energy expenditure was increased only in some models. The effect of FGF21 on body temperature was more (not less, as expected in hyperthermia) pronounced at lower ambient temperatures. Effects on body temperature and energy expenditure were temporally distinct (daytime versus nighttime). FGF21 enhanced UCP1 protein content in brown adipose tissue (BAT); there was no measurable UCP1 protein in inguinal brite/beige adipose tissue. FGF21 increased energy expenditure through adrenergic stimulation of BAT. In mice lacking UCP1, FGF21 did not increase energy expenditure but increased body temperature by reducing heat loss, e.g. a reduced tail surface temperature. CONCLUSION The effect of FGF21 on body temperature is independent of UCP1 and can be achieved in the absence of any change in energy expenditure. Since elevated body temperature is a primary effect of FGF21 and can be achieved without increasing energy expenditure, only limited body weight-lowering effects of FGF21 may be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Zouhar
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Janovska
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Stanic
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Bardova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Funda
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Haberlova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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46
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Schmid W, Fan Y, Chi T, Golanov E, Regnier-Golanov AS, Austerman RJ, Podell K, Cherukuri P, Bentley T, Steele CT, Schodrof S, Aazhang B, Britz GW. Review of wearable technologies and machine learning methodologies for systematic detection of mild traumatic brain injuries. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34330120 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are the most common type of brain injury. Timely diagnosis of mTBI is crucial in making 'go/no-go' decision in order to prevent repeated injury, avoid strenuous activities which may prolong recovery, and assure capabilities of high-level performance of the subject. If undiagnosed, mTBI may lead to various short- and long-term abnormalities, which include, but are not limited to impaired cognitive function, fatigue, depression, irritability, and headaches. Existing screening and diagnostic tools to detect acute andearly-stagemTBIs have insufficient sensitivity and specificity. This results in uncertainty in clinical decision-making regarding diagnosis and returning to activity or requiring further medical treatment. Therefore, it is important to identify relevant physiological biomarkers that can be integrated into a mutually complementary set and provide a combination of data modalities for improved on-site diagnostic sensitivity of mTBI. In recent years, the processing power, signal fidelity, and the number of recording channels and modalities of wearable healthcare devices have improved tremendously and generated an enormous amount of data. During the same period, there have been incredible advances in machine learning tools and data processing methodologies. These achievements are enabling clinicians and engineers to develop and implement multiparametric high-precision diagnostic tools for mTBI. In this review, we first assess clinical challenges in the diagnosis of acute mTBI, and then consider recording modalities and hardware implementation of various sensing technologies used to assess physiological biomarkers that may be related to mTBI. Finally, we discuss the state of the art in machine learning-based detection of mTBI and consider how a more diverse list of quantitative physiological biomarker features may improve current data-driven approaches in providing mTBI patients timely diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Schmid
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Neuroengineering Initiative (NEI), Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Yingying Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Neuroengineering Initiative (NEI), Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Taiyun Chi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Neuroengineering Initiative (NEI), Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Eugene Golanov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | | | - Ryan J Austerman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Podell
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Paul Cherukuri
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering (IBB), Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Timothy Bentley
- Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA 22203, United States of America
| | - Christopher T Steele
- Military Operational Medicine Research Program, US Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Sarah Schodrof
- Department of Athletics-Sports Medicine, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Behnaam Aazhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Neuroengineering Initiative (NEI), Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Gavin W Britz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
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47
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Namisnak LH, Khoshnevis S, Diller KR. A Conformable Two-Dimensional Resistance Temperature Detector for Measuring Average Skin Temperature. J Med Device 2021; 15:031010. [PMID: 34336080 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoregulation research and various medical procedures are accomplished by manipulating skin temperature in a nonuniform pattern. Skin temperature monitoring is essential to assess conformance to protocol specifications and to prevent thermal injury. Existing solutions for skin temperature monitoring include single point sensors, such as thermocouples, and two-dimensional methods of sensing surface temperature, such as infrared thermography, and wearable technology. Single point sensors cannot detect the average temperature and consequently their measurements cannot be representative of average surface temperature in a nonuniform temperature field. Infrared thermography requires optical access, and existing ambulatory sensors may require complex manufacturing processes and impede the heat exchange with a source by including a structural substrate layer. Our solution is a two-dimensional resistance temperature detector (two-dimensional (2D) RTD) created by knitting copper magnet wire into custom shapes. The 2D RTDs were calibrated, compared to one-dimensional sensors and wearable sensors, and analyzed for hysteresis, repeatability, and surface area conformation. Resistance and temperature were correlated with an R2 of 0.99. The 2D RTD proved to be a superior device for measuring average skin temperature over a defined area exposed to a nonuniform temperature boundary in the absence of optical access such as when a full body thermal control garment is worn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Namisnak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton Street Stop C0800, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Sepideh Khoshnevis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton Street Stop C0800, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Kenneth R Diller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton Street Stop C0800, Austin, TX 78712
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48
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Alberca RW, Gomes E, Moretti EH, Russo M, Steiner AA. Naturally occurring hypothermia promotes survival in severe anaphylaxis. Immunol Lett 2021; 237:27-32. [PMID: 34245741 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although hypothermia has received substantial attention as an indicator of severity in anaphylaxis, it has been neglected from the perspective of whether it could act as a disease-modifying factor in this condition. Here, the impact of naturally occurring (spontaneous) hypothermia on anaphylaxis was evaluated in a murine model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergy. Nonextreme changes in the ambient temperature (Ta) were used to modulate the magnitude of spontaneous hypothermia. At a Ta of 24°C, challenge with OVA intraperitoneally or intravenously resulted in a rapid, transient fall in body core temperature, which reached its nadir 4-6°C below baseline in 30 min. This hypothermic response was largely attenuated when the mice were kept at a Ta of 34°C. The Ta-dependent attenuation of hypothermia resulted in a survival rate of only 30%, as opposed to survival of 100% in the condition that favored the development of hypothermia. The protective effect of hypothermia did not involve changes in the rate of mast cell degranulation, as assessed by the concentration of mast cell protease-1 in bodily fluids. On the other hand, hypothermia improved oxygenation of the brain and kidneys, as indicated by higher NAD+/NADH ratios. Therefore, it is plausible to propose that naturally occurring hypothermia makes organs more resistant to the anaphylactic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo W Alberca
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - Eliane Gomes
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - Eduardo H Moretti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - Momtchilo Russo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil.
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49
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Ashour ME, Allam W, Elsayed W, Atteya R, Elserafy M, Magdeldin S, Hassan MK, El-Khamisy SF. High Temperature Drives Topoisomerase Mediated Chromosomal Break Repair Pathway Choice. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102315. [PMID: 34065967 PMCID: PMC8151962 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Targeting topoisomerases has been widely used as anticancer therapeutics. Exposure to high temperature (hyperthermia) protects cells from the cytotoxic effect of topoisomerase-targeting therapeutics, yet the mechanism remains unknown. Here, we report that hyperthermia inhibits the nucleolytic processing of topoisomerase-induced DNA damage and drives repair to a more faithful pathway mediated by TDP1 and TDP2. We further show that hyperthermia suppresses topoisomerase-induced chromosomal translocation and hallmarks of inflammation, which has broad implications in cancer development and therapy. Abstract Cancer-causing mutations often arise from inappropriate DNA repair, yet acute exposure to DNA damage is widely used to treat cancer. The challenge remains in how to specifically induce excessive DNA damage in cancer cells while minimizing the undesirable effects of genomic instability in noncancerous cells. One approach is the acute exposure to hyperthermia, which suppresses DNA repair and synergizes with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. An exception, however, is the protective effect of hyperthermia on topoisomerase targeting therapeutics. The molecular explanation for this conundrum remains unclear. Here, we show that hyperthermia suppresses the level of topoisomerase mediated single- and double-strand breaks induced by exposure to topoisomerase poisons. We further uncover that, hyperthermia suppresses hallmarks of genomic instability induced by topoisomerase targeting therapeutics by inhibiting nuclease activities, thereby channeling repair to error-free pathways driven by tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterases. These findings provide an explanation for the protective effect of hyperthermia from topoisomerase-induced DNA damage and may help to explain the inverse relationship between cancer incidence and temperature. They also pave the way for the use of controlled heat as a therapeutic adjunct to topoisomerase targeting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E. Ashour
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt; (M.E.A.); (W.A.); (W.E.); (R.A.); (M.E.)
| | - Walaa Allam
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt; (M.E.A.); (W.A.); (W.E.); (R.A.); (M.E.)
| | - Waheba Elsayed
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt; (M.E.A.); (W.A.); (W.E.); (R.A.); (M.E.)
| | - Reham Atteya
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt; (M.E.A.); (W.A.); (W.E.); (R.A.); (M.E.)
| | - Menattallah Elserafy
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt; (M.E.A.); (W.A.); (W.E.); (R.A.); (M.E.)
| | - Sameh Magdeldin
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Research Program, Children Cancer Hospital (CCHE 57357), Cairo 11441, Egypt;
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed K. Hassan
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt; (M.E.A.); (W.A.); (W.E.); (R.A.); (M.E.)
- Biotechnology Program, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said 42522, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.K.H.); (S.F.E.-K.); Tel.: +44-114-2222791 (S.F.E.-K.)
| | - Sherif F. El-Khamisy
- The Healthy Lifespan and the Neuroscience Institutes, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
- Correspondence: (M.K.H.); (S.F.E.-K.); Tel.: +44-114-2222791 (S.F.E.-K.)
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50
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Freitag L, Clijsen R, Deflorin C, Taube W, Taeymans J, Hohenauer E. Intramuscular Temperature Changes in the Quadriceps Femoris Muscle After Post-Exercise Cold-Water Immersion (10°C for 10 min): A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:660092. [PMID: 34027405 PMCID: PMC8136288 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.660092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-exercise cold-water immersion (CWI) is a widely accepted recovery strategy for maintaining physical performance output. However, existing review articles about the effects of CWI commonly pool data from very heterogenous study designs and thus, do rarely differentiate between different muscles, different CWI-protocols (duration, temperature, etc.), different forms of activating the muscles before CWI, and different thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tissue. This systematic review therefore aimed to investigate the effects of one particular post-exercise CWI protocol (10°C for 10 min) on intramuscular temperature changes in the quadriceps femoris muscle while accounting for skinfold thickness. An electronic search was conducted on PubMed, LIVIVO, Cochrane Library, and PEDro databases. Pooled data on intramuscular temperature changes were plotted with respect to intramuscular depth to visualize the influence of skinfold thickness. Spearman's rho (rs) was used to assess a possible linear association between skinfold thickness and intramuscular temperature changes. A meta-analysis was performed to investigate the effect of CWI on pre-post intramuscular temperature for each measurement depth. A total of six articles met the inclusion criteria. Maximum intramuscular temperature reduction was 6.40°C with skinfold thickness of 6.50 mm at a depth of 1 cm, 4.50°C with skinfold thickness of 11.00 mm at a depth of 2 cm, and only 1.61°C with skinfold thickness of 10.79 mm at a depth of 3 cm. However, no significant correlations between skinfold thickness and intramuscular temperature reductions were observed at a depth of 1 cm (r s = 0.0), at 2 cm (r s = -0.8) and at 3 cm (r s = -0.5; all p > 0.05). The CWI protocol resulted in significant temperature reductions in the muscle tissue layers at 1 cm (d = -1.92 [95% CI: -3.01 to -0.83] and 2 cm (d = -1.63 [95% CI: -2.20 to -1.06]) but not at 3 cm (p < 0.05). Skinfold thickness and thus, subcutaneous adipose tissue, seems to influence temperature reductions in the muscle tissue only to a small degree. These findings might be useful for practitioners as they demonstrate different intramuscular temperature reductions after a specific post-exercise CWI protocol (10°C for 10 min) in the quadriceps femoris muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Freitag
- Rehabilitation Research Laboratory 2rLab, Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Group, Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Ron Clijsen
- Rehabilitation Research Laboratory 2rLab, Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Group, Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland.,International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland.,Department of Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Berne, Switzerland.,Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carlina Deflorin
- Rehabilitation Research Laboratory 2rLab, Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Group, Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Taube
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jan Taeymans
- Department of Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Berne, Switzerland.,Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Erich Hohenauer
- Rehabilitation Research Laboratory 2rLab, Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Group, Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland.,International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland.,Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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