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Melnikova DL, Ranjan VV, Nesmelov YE, Skirda VD, Nesmelova IV. Translational Diffusion and Self-Association of an Intrinsically Disordered Protein κ-Casein Using NMR with Ultra-High Pulsed-Field Gradient and Time-Resolved FRET. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:7781-7791. [PMID: 39106061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c03625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Much attention has been given to studying the translational diffusion of globular proteins, whereas the translational diffusion of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) is less studied. In this study, we investigate the translational diffusion and how it is affected by the self-association of an IDP, κ-casein, using pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance and time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer. Using the analysis of the shape of diffusion attenuation and the concentration dependence of κ-casein diffusion coefficients and intermolecular interactions, we demonstrate that κ-casein exhibits continuous self-association. When the volume fraction of κ-casein is below 0.08, we observe that κ-casein self-association results in a macroscopic phase separation upon storage at 4 °C. At κ-casein volume fractions above 0.08, self-association leads to the formation of labile gel-like networks without subsequent macroscopic phase separation. Unlike α-casein, which shows a strong concentration dependence and extensive gel-like network formation, only one-third of κ-casein molecules participate in the gel network at a time, resulting in a more dynamic and less extensive structure. These findings highlight the unique association properties of κ-casein, contributing to a better understanding of its behavior under various conditions and its potential role in casein micelle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria L Melnikova
- Department of Physics of Molecular Systems, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420011, Russia
| | - Venkatesh V Ranjan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
- Department of Physics and Optical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Yuri E Nesmelov
- Department of Physics and Optical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Vladimir D Skirda
- Department of Physics of Molecular Systems, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420011, Russia
| | - Irina V Nesmelova
- Department of Physics and Optical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
- School of Data Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
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2
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Holt C, Carver JA. Invited review: Modeling milk stability. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:5259-5279. [PMID: 38522835 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Novel insights into the stability of milk and milk products during storage and processing result from describing caseins near neutral pH as hydrophilic, intrinsically disordered, proteins. Casein solubility is strongly influenced by pH and multivalent ion binding. Solubility is high at a neutral pH or above, but decreases as the casein net charge approaches zero, allowing a condensed casein phase or gel to form, then increases at lower pH. Of particular importance for casein micelle stability near neutral pH is the proportion of free caseins in the micelle (i.e., caseins not bound directly to nanoclusters of calcium phosphate). Free caseins are more soluble and better able to act as molecular chaperones (to prevent casein and whey protein aggregation) than bound caseins. Some free caseins are highly phosphorylated and can also act as mineral chaperones to inhibit the growth of calcium phosphate phases and prevent mineralized deposits from forming on membranes or heat exchangers. Thus, casein micelle stability is reduced when free caseins bind to amyloid fibrils, destabilized whey proteins or calcium phosphate. The multivalent-binding model of the casein micelle quantitatively describes these and other factors affecting the stability of milk and milk protein products during manufacture and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Holt
- School of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - J A Carver
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
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3
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Khatun S, Pebam M, Putta CL, Rengan AK. Camptothecin loaded casein nanosystem for tuning the therapeutic efficacy against highly metastatic triple-negative breast cancer cells. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:2518-2530. [PMID: 36779378 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01814d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The heterogenic of TNBC and the side effects of chemo drugs lead to the failure of therapy. Protein-based nanoplatforms have emerged as an important domain in protein-engineered biomedicine for delivering anticancer therapeutics. Protein-based nanosystems are biocompatible and biodegradable, with a long half-life and high purity. TNBC is sensitive to DNA-damaging chemo drugs. In this study, we used 10-hydroxy camptothecin, which causes DNA damage in cancer cells. However, the inappropriate solubility and toxic side effects limit its application in cancer therapy. We encapsulated 10-Hydroxycamptothecin in biocompatible casein by synthesizing nanoparticles from it. The synthesized CS and CCS NPs showed excellent biocompatibility in fibroblast cell lines L929, NIH-3T3, and zebrafish embryos. Enhanced uptake of CCS NPs in zebrafish embryos and 4T1 cells, cancer cell toxicity of nearly 80-85%, sub-cellular mitochondrial localization, alterations of mitochondrial membrane potential, lysosomal localization, and reactive oxygen species generation that causes cancer cell apoptosis have been observed. Growth inhibition of 4T1 cell colonies and antimetastatic activity were also noted. Further upregulation of γ-H2AX which causes DNA damage, downregulation of the PARP protein related to DNA repair, and increased level of the CHOP protein marker for endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cell death were observed. The 3-D model of 4T1 cells exhibited deep tumor penetration with significant therapeutic efficacy for CCS NPs. These results imply that casein-based nanoformulation could open a new scope for safe and affordable cancer therapy in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajmina Khatun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India.
| | - Monika Pebam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India.
| | - Chandra Lekha Putta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India.
| | - Aravind Kumar Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India.
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Tang YF, Zhan WX, Li MZ, Wang L, Wei JY, Deng JL, Chen ZX. Glutathione Inhibited Starch Digestion: Structural and Kinetic analysis of Substrate and α-Amylase. Food Chem 2022; 405:134979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bahraminejad E, Paliwal D, Sunde M, Holt C, Carver JA, Thorn DC. Amyloid fibril formation by α S1- and β-casein implies that fibril formation is a general property of casein proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2022; 1870:140854. [PMID: 36087849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2022.140854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Caseins are a diverse family of intrinsically disordered proteins present in the milks of all mammals. A property common to two cow paralogues, αS2- and κ-casein, is their propensity in vitro to form amyloid fibrils, the highly ordered protein aggregates associated with many age-related, including neurological, diseases. In this study, we explored whether amyloid fibril-forming propensity is a general feature of casein proteins by examining the other cow caseins (αS1 and β) as well as β-caseins from camel and goat. Small-angle X-ray scattering measurements indicated that cow αS1- and β-casein formed large spherical aggregates at neutral pH and 20°C. Upon incubation at 65°C, αS1- and β-casein underwent conversion to amyloid fibrils over the course of ten days, as shown by thioflavin T binding, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray fibre diffraction. At the lower temperature of 37°C where fibril formation was more limited, camel β-casein exhibited a greater fibril-forming propensity than its cow or goat orthologues. Limited proteolysis of cow and camel β-casein fibrils and analysis by mass spectrometry indicated a common amyloidogenic sequence in the proline, glutamine-rich, C-terminal region of β-casein. These findings highlight the persistence of amyloidogenic sequences within caseins, which likely contribute to their functional, heterotypic self-assembly; in all mammalian milks, at least two caseins coalesce to form casein micelles, implying that caseins diversified partly to avoid dysfunctional amyloid fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Bahraminejad
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Devashi Paliwal
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Margaret Sunde
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Carl Holt
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - John A Carver
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David C Thorn
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Khatun S, Appidi T, Rengan AK. Casein nanoformulations - Potential biomaterials in theranostics. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Daniloski D, McCarthy NA, Huppertz T, Vasiljevic T. What is the impact of amino acid mutations in the primary structure of caseins on the composition and functionality of milk and dairy products? Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:1701-1712. [PMID: 36212081 PMCID: PMC9535159 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of amino acid mutations within the peptide structure of bovine milk protein is important to understand as it can effect processability and subsequently effect its physiological properties. Genetic polymorphisms of bovine caseins can influence the chemical, structural, and technological properties, including casein micelle morphology, calcium distribution, network creation upon gelation, and surface activity. The A1 and A2 genetic variants of β-casein have recently acquired growing attention from both academia and industry, prompting new developments in the area. The difference between these two genetic variants is the inclusion of either proline in β-casein A2 or histidine in β-casein A1 at position 67 in the peptide chain. The aim of this review was to examine the extent to which milk and ingredient functionality is influenced by β-casein phenotype. One of the main findings of this review was although β-casein A1 was found to be the dominant variant in milks with superior acid gelation and rennet coagulation properties, milks comprised of β-casein A2 possessed greater emulsion and foam formation capabilities. The difference in the casein micelle assembly, hydrophobicity, and chaperone activity of caseins may explain the contrast in the functionality of milks containing β-casein from either A1 or A2 families. This review provides new insights into the subtle variations in the physicochemical properties of bovine milks, which could potentially support dairy producers in the development of new dairy products with different functional properties. Impact of β- and other caseins on the casein micelle structure and functionality. Proline and histidine in β-caseins play a key role in casein micelle conformation. Chaperone activity of β-casein A2 towards heat-induced aggregation of whey protein. Gels prepared of milks with β-casein A1 possess a denser and firmer structure. Ordered structure of β-casein A2 led to improved emulsion and foam formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Daniloski
- Advanced Food Systems Research Unit, Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities and College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996, Cork, Ireland
| | - Noel A. McCarthy
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thom Huppertz
- Advanced Food Systems Research Unit, Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities and College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Todor Vasiljevic
- Advanced Food Systems Research Unit, Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities and College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- Corresponding author.
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Horvath A, Fuxreiter M, Vendruscolo M, Holt C, Carver JA. Are casein micelles extracellular condensates formed by liquid-liquid phase separation? FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2072-2085. [PMID: 35815989 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Casein micelles are extracellular polydisperse assemblies of unstructured casein proteins. Caseins are the major component of milk. Within casein micelles, casein molecules are stabilised by binding to calcium phosphate nanoclusters and, by acting as molecular chaperones, through multivalent interactions. In light of such interactions, we discuss whether casein micelles can be considered as extracellular condensates formed by liquid-liquid phase separation. We analyse the sequence, structure and interactions of caseins in comparison to proteins forming intracellular condensates. Furthermore, we review the similarities between caseins and small heat-shock proteins whose chaperone activity is linked to phase separation of proteins. By bringing these observations together, we describe a regulatory mechanism for protein condensates, as exemplified by casein micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Horvath
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Monika Fuxreiter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Holt
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - John A Carver
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Anselmo S, Sancataldo G, Foderà V, Vetri V. α-casein micelles-membranes interaction: Flower-like lipid protein coaggregates formation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130196. [PMID: 35724888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental conditions regulate the association/aggregation states of proteins and their action in cellular compartments. Analysing protein behaviour in presence of lipid membranes is fundamental for the comprehension of many functional and dysfunctional processes. Here, we present an experimental study on the interaction between model membranes and α-casein. α-casein is the major component of milk proteins and it is recognised to play a key role in performing biological functions. The conformational properties of this protein and its capability to form supramolecular structures, like micelles or irreversible aggregates, are key effectors in functional and pathological effects. METHODS By means of quantitative fluorescence imaging and complementary spectroscopic methods, we were able to characterise α-casein association state and the course of events induced by pH changes, which regulate the interaction of this molecule with membranes. RESULTS The study of these complex dynamic events revealed that the initial conformation of the protein critically regulates the fate of α-casein, size and structure of the newly formed aggregates and their effect on membrane structures. Disassembly of micelles due to modification in electrostatic interactions results in increased membrane structure rigidity which accompanies the formation of protein lipid flower-like co-aggregates with protein molecules localised in the external part. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These results may contribute to the comprehension of how the initial state of a protein establishes the course of events that occur upon changes in the molecular environment. These events which may occur in cells may be essential to functional, pathological or therapeutical properties specifically associated to casein proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Anselmo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica - Emilio Segré, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed. 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sancataldo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica - Emilio Segré, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed. 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vito Foderà
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Valeria Vetri
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica - Emilio Segré, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed. 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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Tessari P, Toffolon A, Vettore M, Iori E, Lante A, Feller E, Rocco EA, Vedovato M, Verlato G, Bellettato M. Neither Incretin or Amino Acid Responses, nor Casein Content, Account for the Equal Insulin Response Following Iso-Lactose Loads of Natural Human and Cow Milk in Healthy Young Adults. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081624. [PMID: 35458186 PMCID: PMC9026711 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains <50% less protein (casein) than cow milk, but is equally effective in insulin secretion despite lower postingestion hyperaminoacidemia. Such potency of human milk might be modulated either by incretins (glucagon-like polypeptide-1,GLP-1); glucose-inhibitory-polypeptide, GIP), and/or by milk casein content. Healthy volunteers of both sexes were fed iso-lactose loads of two low-protein milks, i.e., human [Hum] (n = 8) and casein-deprived cow milk (Cow [↓Cas]) (n = 10), as well as loads of two high-protein milks, i.e., cow (n = 7), and casein-added human-milk (Hum [↑Cas]) (n = 7). Plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, incretins and amino acid concentrations were measured for 240′. All milks induced the same transient hyperglycemia. The early [20′−30′] insulin and C-peptide responses were comparable among all milk types apart from the low-protein (Cow [↓Cas]) milk, where they were reduced by <50% (p < 0.05 vs. others). When comparing the two high-protein milks, GLP-1 and GIP [5’−20’] responses with the (Hum [↑Cas]) milk were lower (by ≈2−3 fold, p < 0.007 and p < 0.03 respectively) than those with cow milk, whereas incretin secretion was substantially similar. Plasma amino acid increments largely reflected the milk protein content. Thus, neither casein milk content, nor incretin or amino acid concentrations, can account for the specific potency of human milk on insulin secretion, which remains as yet unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tessari
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Diabetes and Metabolism Division, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (M.V.); (E.I.); (E.A.R.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessandro Toffolon
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Diabetes and Metabolism Division, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (M.V.); (E.I.); (E.A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Monica Vettore
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Diabetes and Metabolism Division, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (M.V.); (E.I.); (E.A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Elisabetta Iori
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Diabetes and Metabolism Division, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (M.V.); (E.I.); (E.A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Anna Lante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals & Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35123 Padova, Italy;
| | - Emiliano Feller
- Centrale del Latte di Vicenza Spa, via A. Faedo 60, 36100 Vicenza, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Alma Rocco
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Diabetes and Metabolism Division, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (M.V.); (E.I.); (E.A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Monica Vedovato
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Diabetes and Metabolism Division, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (M.V.); (E.I.); (E.A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Giovanna Verlato
- Department of Pediatrics, Padova City Hospital, via Giustiniani 1, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Massimo Bellettato
- Department of Pediatrics, Vicenza City Hospital, viale Rodolfi, 37, 36100 Vicenza, Italy;
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Luyckx T, Grootaert C, Monge‐Morera M, Delcour JA, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J, Van Camp J. Bioavailability and Health Impact of Ingested Amyloid‐like Protein Fibrils and their Link with Inflammatory Status: a Need for More Research? Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2101032. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202101032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trui Luyckx
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Margarita Monge‐Morera
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Jan A. Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- Switch Laboratory VIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research Leuven Belgium
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- Switch Laboratory VIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research Leuven Belgium
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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Amyloidogenicity of peptides targeting diabetes and obesity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 209:112157. [PMID: 34715595 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of insulin, a century ago, the repertoire of therapeutic polypeptides targeting diabetes - and now also obesity - have increased substantially. The focus on quality has shifted from impure and unstable preparations of animal insulin to highly pure, homologous recombinant insulin, along with other peptide-based hormones and analogs such as amylin analogs (pramlintide, davalintide, cagrilintide), glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1, liraglutide, exenatide, semaglutide). Proper formulation, storage, manipulation and usage by professionals and patients are required in order to avoid agglomeration into high molecular weight products (HMWP), either amorphous or amyloid, which could result in potential loss of biological activity and short- or long-term immune reaction and silent inactivation. In this narrative review, we present perspective of the aggregation of therapeutic polypeptides used in diabetes and other metabolic diseases, covering the nature and mechanisms, analytical techniques, physical and chemical stability, strategies aimed to hamper the formation of HMWP, and perspectives on future biopharmaceutical developments.
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13
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Toffolon A, de Rocco-Ponce M, Vettore M, Iori E, Lante A, Tessari P. Effect of Reversal of Whey-Protein to Casein Ratio of Cow Milk, on Insulin, Incretin, and Amino Acid Responses in Humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100069. [PMID: 34618402 PMCID: PMC9286575 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Scope Milk‐proteins, besides lactose, stimulate insulin and incretin secretion. Although whey‐proteins (WP) are more efficient than casein (Cas) in hormone secretion, the effects of reversal of the (WP/Cas) ratio in whole‐milk are poorly known. Methods and Results Healthy volunteers received two different cow‐milk drinks, at identical lactose (0.36 g × kg−1 BW) and total‐protein (0.18 g × kg1 BW) loads, but at reversed WP/Cas ratio. One is cow‐whole milk with a ≈20/80 [WP/Cas] ratio, the other an experimental cow‐milk with a ≈70/30 [WP/Cas] ratio ([↑WP↓Cas]‐milk). Both milk‐types induced the same mild hyperglycemic response. Following [↑WP↓Cas]‐milk, the [20′–90′] insulin incremental area (iAUC) (+ ≈44%, p < 0.035), and the [20′–120′] C‐peptide iAUC (+ ≈47%, p < 0.015) are greater than those with cow‐milk. Similarly, following [↑WP↓Cas]‐milk, the GLP‐1 [20′–90′] iAUC (+96%, p < 0.025), and the GIP [30′–60′] iAUC (+140%, p < 0.006), were greater than those with cow‐milk. Plasma total and branched‐chain amino acids are also greater following the [↑WP↓Cas] than cow‐milk. Conclusions Reversal of the (WP/Cas) ratio in cow‐milk enhanced the insulin response, an effect possibly mediated by incretins and/or amino acids(s). These data may be useful in designing specific milk formulas with different effects on insulin and incretin response(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Toffolon
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Maurizio de Rocco-Ponce
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Monica Vettore
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Iori
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Anna Lante
- Department of Agronomy, Food Natural Resources, Animals & Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Padova, 35123, Italy
| | - Paolo Tessari
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, 35128, Italy
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Herrera MG, Nicoletti F, Gras M, Dörfler PW, Tonali N, Hannappel Y, Ennen I, Hütten A, Hellweg T, Lammers KM, Dodero VI. Pepsin Digest of Gliadin Forms Spontaneously Amyloid-Like Nanostructures Influencing the Expression of Selected Pro-Inflammatory, Chemoattractant, and Apoptotic Genes in Caco-2 Cells: Implications for Gluten-Related Disorders. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100200. [PMID: 34110092 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Proteolysis-resistant gliadin peptides are intensely investigated in biomedical research relates to celiac disease and gluten-related disorders. Herein, the first integrated supramolecular investigation of pepsin-digested gliadin peptides (p-gliadin) is presented in combination with its functional behavior in the Caco-2 cell line. METHODS AND RESULTS First, gliadins are degraded by pepsin at pH 3, and the physicochemical properties of p-gliadin are compared with gliadin. An integrated approach using interfacial, spectroscopic, and microscopic techniques reveals that the p-gliadin forms spontaneously soluble large supramolecular structures, mainly oligomers and fibrils, capable of binding amyloid-sensitive dyes. The self-assembly of p-gliadin starts at a concentration of 0.40 µg mL-1 . Second, the stimulation of Caco-2 cells with the p-gliadin supramolecular system is performed, and the mRNA expression levels of a panel of genes are tested. The experiments show that p-gliadin composed of supramolecular structures triggers significant mRNA up-regulation (p < 0.05) of pro-apoptotic biomarkers (ratio Bcl2/Bak-1), chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL8), and the chemokine receptor CXCR3. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that p-gliadin is interfacial active, forming spontaneously amyloid-type structures that trigger genes in the Caco-2 cell line involved in recruiting specialized immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Georgina Herrera
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry III, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany.,Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Dr. Alejandro Paladini, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Francesco Nicoletti
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry III, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Marion Gras
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry III, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Philipp W Dörfler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry III, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Nicolo Tonali
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry III, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, BioCIS, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, 92296, France
| | - Yvonne Hannappel
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Inga Ennen
- Department of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Andreas Hütten
- Department of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Karen M Lammers
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry III, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany.,Tubascan Ltd., Science Park 106, Amsterdam, 1098 XG, the Netherlands
| | - Veronica I Dodero
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry III, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
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15
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Rehman SU, Feng T, Wu S, Luo X, Lei A, Luobu B, Hassan FU, Liu Q. Comparative Genomics, Evolutionary and Gene Regulatory Regions Analysis of Casein Gene Family in Bubalus bubalis. Front Genet 2021; 12:662609. [PMID: 33833782 PMCID: PMC8021914 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.662609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Buffalo is a luxurious genetic resource with multiple utilities (as a dairy, draft, and meat animal) and economic significance in the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. The excellent potential to survive and perform on marginal resources makes buffalo an important source for nutritious products, particularly milk and meat. This study was aimed to investigate the evolutionary relationship, physiochemical properties, and comparative genomic analysis of the casein gene family (CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, and CSN3) in river and swamp buffalo. Phylogenetic, gene structure, motif, and conserved domain analysis revealed the evolutionarily conserved nature of the casein genes in buffalo and other closely related species. Results indicated that casein proteins were unstable, hydrophilic, and thermostable, although αs1-CN, β-CN, and κ-CN exhibited acidic properties except for αs2-CN, which behaved slightly basic. Comparative analysis of amino acid sequences revealed greater variation in the river buffalo breeds than the swamp buffalo indicating the possible role of these variations in the regulation of milk traits in buffalo. Furthermore, we identified lower transcription activators STATs and higher repressor site YY1 distribution in swamp buffalo, revealing its association with lower expression of casein genes that might subsequently affect milk production. The role of the main motifs in controlling the expression of casein genes necessitates the need for functional studies to evaluate the effect of these elements on the regulation of casein gene function in buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Tong Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Siwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xier Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - An Lei
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Basang Luobu
- Shannan Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Terminus, Xizang, China
| | - Faiz-ul Hassan
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Qingyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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16
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Thorn DC, Bahraminejad E, Grosas AB, Koudelka T, Hoffmann P, Mata JP, Devlin GL, Sunde M, Ecroyd H, Holt C, Carver JA. Native disulphide-linked dimers facilitate amyloid fibril formation by bovine milk α S2-casein. Biophys Chem 2020; 270:106530. [PMID: 33545456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine milk αS2-casein, an intrinsically disordered protein, readily forms amyloid fibrils in vitro and is implicated in the formation of amyloid fibril deposits in mammary tissue. Its two cysteine residues participate in the formation of either intra- or intermolecular disulphide bonds, generating monomer and dimer species. X-ray solution scattering measurements indicated that both forms of the protein adopt large, spherical oligomers at 20 °C. Upon incubation at 37 °C, the disulphide-linked dimer showed a significantly greater propensity to form amyloid fibrils than its monomeric counterpart. Thioflavin T fluorescence, circular dichroism and infrared spectra were consistent with one or both of the dimer isomers (in a parallel or antiparallel arrangement) being predisposed toward an ordered, amyloid-like structure. Limited proteolysis experiments indicated that the region from Ala81 to Lys113 is incorporated into the fibril core, implying that this region, which is predicted by several algorithms to be amyloidogenic, initiates fibril formation of αS2-casein. The partial conservation of the cysteine motif and the frequent occurrence of disulphide-linked dimers in mammalian milks despite the associated risk of mammary amyloidosis, suggest that the dimeric conformation of αS2-casein is a functional, yet amyloidogenic, structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Thorn
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Elmira Bahraminejad
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Aidan B Grosas
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Tomas Koudelka
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, University of Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Jitendra P Mata
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Glyn L Devlin
- Victorian Health and Human Services Building Authority, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Margaret Sunde
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and Sydney Nano, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Heath Ecroyd
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Carl Holt
- Institute of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - John A Carver
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
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17
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Wang Q, Holt C, Nylander T, Ma Y. Salt partition, ion equilibria, and the structure, composition, and solubility of micellar calcium phosphate in bovine milk with added calcium salts. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9893-9905. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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18
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Structural Biology of Calcium Phosphate Nanoclusters Sequestered by Phosphoproteins. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10090755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biofluids that contain stable calcium phosphate nanoclusters sequestered by phosphopeptides make it possible for soft and hard tissues to co-exist in the same organism with relative ease. The stability diagram of a solution of nanocluster complexes shows how the minimum concentration of phosphopeptide needed for stability increases with pH. In the stable region, amorphous calcium phosphate cannot precipitate. Nevertheless, if the solution is brought into contact with hydroxyapatite, the crystalline phase will grow at the expense of the nanocluster complexes. The physico-chemical principles governing the formation, composition, size, structure, and stability of the complexes are described. Examples are given of complexes formed by casein, osteopontin, and recombinant phosphopeptides. Application of these principles and properties to blood serum, milk, urine, and resting saliva is described to show that under physiological conditions they are in the stable region of their stability diagram and so cannot cause soft tissue calcification. Stimulated saliva, however, is in the metastable region, consistent with its role in tooth remineralization. Destabilization of biofluids, with consequential ill-effects, can occur when there is a failure of homeostasis, such as an increase in pH without a balancing increase in the concentration of sequestering phosphopeptides.
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19
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Matsarskaia O, Roosen‐Runge F, Schreiber F. Multivalent ions and biomolecules: Attempting a comprehensive perspective. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1742-1767. [PMID: 32406605 PMCID: PMC7496725 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ions are ubiquitous in nature. They play a key role for many biological processes on the molecular scale, from molecular interactions, to mechanical properties, to folding, to self-organisation and assembly, to reaction equilibria, to signalling, to energy and material transport, to recognition etc. Going beyond monovalent ions to multivalent ions, the effects of the ions are frequently not only stronger (due to the obviously higher charge), but qualitatively different. A typical example is the process of binding of multivalent ions, such as Ca2+ , to a macromolecule and the consequences of this ion binding such as compaction, collapse, potential charge inversion and precipitation of the macromolecule. Here we review these effects and phenomena induced by multivalent ions for biological (macro)molecules, from the "atomistic/molecular" local picture of (potentially specific) interactions to the more global picture of phase behaviour including, e. g., crystallisation, phase separation, oligomerisation etc. Rather than attempting an encyclopedic list of systems, we rather aim for an embracing discussion using typical case studies. We try to cover predominantly three main classes: proteins, nucleic acids, and amphiphilic molecules including interface effects. We do not cover in detail, but make some comparisons to, ion channels, colloidal systems, and synthetic polymers. While there are obvious differences in the behaviour of, and the relevance of multivalent ions for, the three main classes of systems, we also point out analogies. Our attempt of a comprehensive discussion is guided by the idea that there are not only important differences and specific phenomena with regard to the effects of multivalent ions on the main systems, but also important similarities. We hope to bridge physico-chemical mechanisms, concepts of soft matter, and biological observations and connect the different communities further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Roosen‐Runge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Faculty of Health and SocietyMalmö UniversitySweden
- Division of Physical ChemistryLund UniversitySweden
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