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Nouman W, Gull T, Shaheen M, Gul R. Hormesis management of Moringa oleifera with exogenous application of plant growth regulators under saline conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2023; 26:947-963. [PMID: 38013429 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2285846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the adaptability of Moringa oleifera to saline conditions, focusing on its hormesis behavior. It also examined how various plant growth regulators affected growth, physiological parameters, and bioactive compounds of moringa. In the first phase, different NaCl stress levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mM) were applied. Notably, significant stimulation was observed at 100 mM stress for growth, total phenolics, total flavonoids and total chlorophyll content while 150 mM stress had a marked inhibitory effect, with survival decreasing at 200 and 250 mM NaCl levels. A 38% reduction in root attributes and shoot length, along with a 55% decrease in leaf score, was observed at 150 mM stress. Total phenolics showed a positive correlation with growth attributes. In the second phase, moringa plants grown under 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl stress were treated with various plant growth regulators, including cytokinin (50 mg L-1), thiourea (5 mM), bezyl amino purine (BAP @50 mg L-1), salicylic acid (50 mg L-1), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2@120 μM), or ascorbic acid (50 mg L-1) to mitigate adverse effects of salinity. Cytokinin, BAP, and salicylic acid applications improved salinity tolerance, enhancing enzymatic, and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and the abundance of kaempferol, quercetin, hydroxybenzoic, and hydroxycinnamic acids. Pearson correlation and principal component analysis manifested relationships among growth parameters, antioxidant activities, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. This study provides new insights into hormesis management for moringa plants and the influence of plant growth regulators on flavonoids and phenolic acid levels in moringa leaves under saline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasif Nouman
- Department of Forestry and Range Management, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- Times Institute, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Tehseen Gull
- Department of Chemistry, Times Institute, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Mehak Shaheen
- Department of Forestry, Range and Wildlife, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Rehman Gul
- Soil and Water Testing Laboratory for Research, Lahore, Pakistan
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Bhattacharya S, Gupta S, Saha J. Nanoparticles regulate redox metabolism in plants during abiotic stress within hormetic boundaries. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:850-869. [PMID: 37757867 DOI: 10.1071/fp23068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress management remains under scrutiny because of the unpredictable nature of climate, which undergoes abrupt alterations. Population pressure, loss of cultivable lands, environmental pollution and other anthropogenic disturbances add to the problem and grossly hinder ongoing management strategies. This has driven increasing effort to find better performing, eco-friendly and reliable alternatives that can contribute to sustainable agricultural practices to manage abiotic stress. Nanotechnology and its implementation in agriculture have emerged as a promising option to cater to the problem of abiotic stress. Induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an inevitable phenomenon linked to stress. Nanoparticles (NPs) perform dual actions in regulating ROS biology. The bidirectional roles of NPs in modulating ROS generation and/or ROS detoxification is tightly coupled within the hormetic boundaries. Nonetheless, how these NPs control the ROS metabolism within hormetic limits demands extensive investigation. This review focuses on the details of ROS metabolism under normal versus stressed conditions. It shall elaborate on the types, modes and process of uptake and translocation of NPs. The molecular dissection of the role of NPs in controlling transcriptomic expressions and modulating molecular crosstalks with other growth regulators, ions, reactive nitrogen species and other signalling molecules shall also be detailed. Throughout, this review aims to summarise the potential roles and regulation of NPs and consider how they can be used for green synthesis within a sustainable agricultural industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswati Bhattacharya
- Department of Botany, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Government College, New Town, Rajarhat, India
| | - Sumanti Gupta
- Department of Botany, Rabindra Mahavidyalaya, Champadanga, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
| | - Jayita Saha
- Department of Botany, Rabindra Mahavidyalaya, Champadanga, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
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Zafar H, Javed R, Zia M. Nanotoxicity assessment in plants: an updated overview. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:93323-93344. [PMID: 37544947 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is rapidly emerging and innovative interdisciplinary field of science. The application of nanomaterials in agricultural biotechnology has been exponentially increased over the years that could be attributed to their uniqueness, versatility, and flexibility. The overuse of nanomaterials makes it crucial to determine their fate and distribution in the in vitro (in cell and tissue cultures) and in vivo (in living species) biological environments by investigating the nano-biointerface. The literature states that the beneficial effects of nanoparticles come along with their adverse effects, subsequently leading to an array of short-term and long-term toxicities. It has been evident that the interplay of nanoparticles with abiotic and biotic communities produces several eco-toxicological effects, and the physiology and biochemistry of crops are greatly influenced by the metabolic alterations taking place at cellular, sub-cellular, and molecular levels. Numerous risk factors affect nanoparticle's accumulation, translocation, and associated cytogenotoxicity. This review article summarizes the contributing factors, possible mechanisms, and risk assessment of hazardous effects of various types of nanoparticles to plant health. The methods for evaluating the plant nanotoxicity parameters have been elaborated. Conclusively, few recommendations are put forward for designing safer, high-quality nanomaterials to protect and maintain environmental safety for smarter agriculture demanded by researchers and industrialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Zafar
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Javed
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, Corner Brook, Newfoundland, A2H 5G4, Canada.
| | - Muhammad Zia
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
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Shehzad MA, Khan MA, Ali A, Mohammad S, Noureldeen A, Darwish H, Ali A, Ahmad A, Khan T, Khan RS. Interactive effects of zinc oxide nano particles and different light regimes on growth and silymarin biosynthesis in callus cultures of Silybum marianum L. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 49:523-535. [PMID: 34187267 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2021.1946069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Silybum marianum L. commonly known as milk thistle is a medicinally potent plant with a multitude of pharmacological applications. The present investigations demonstrated the effects of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on callus growth and biosynthesis of silymarin in milk thistle under various light conditions. The callus cultures developed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media containing ZnO NPs (0.15 mg/L), under the dark condition maintained for two weeks, followed by transference into normal light produced the maximum callus fresh weight (2294 mg/L FW). Further, the metabolite profiling revealed that ZnO NPs significantly augmented the production of silymarin and upregulated the antioxidant system in the callus cultures. Maximum TPC (total phenolic content: 37 ± 0.20 mg/g DW), TFC (total flavonoid content: 8.9 ± 0.023), DPPH antioxidant activity (91.5 ± 1.75%), Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD: 4.1 ± 0.045 nM/min/mg FW) and the highest silymarin content (14.6 ± 0.023 mg/g DW) were recorded in the callus cultures developed on MS media supplemented with solitary ZnO NPs (0.15 mg/L). While the callus culture evolved in presence of only PGRs (2,4 D and BA: 2 mg/L, each) accumulated the lesser fresh weight (562 mg/L FW). A higher concentration of ZnO NPs (0.15 mg/L) enhanced the secondary metabolite accumulation and silymarin content in the callus of Silybum marianum. This is the first standardized protocol to be applied on the industrial level for the production of silymarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aamir Shehzad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Mubarak Ali Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Amir Ali
- Biotechnology Lab, Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Sher Mohammad
- Biotechnology Lab, Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Noureldeen
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeer Darwish
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asif Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Ayaz Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Raham Sher Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan, Pakistan
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Liu C, Zhou H, Zhou J. The Applications of Nanotechnology in Crop Production. Molecules 2021; 26:7070. [PMID: 34885650 PMCID: PMC8658860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With the frequent occurrence of extreme climate, global agriculture is confronted with unprecedented challenges, including increased food demand and a decline in crop production. Nanotechnology is a promising way to boost crop production, enhance crop tolerance and decrease the environmental pollution. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding innovative nanotechnology in crop production, which could help us respond to agricultural challenges. Nanotechnology, which involves the use of nanomaterials as carriers, has a number of diverse applications in plant growth and crop production, including in nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, nanosensors and nanobiotechnology. The unique structures of nanomaterials such as high specific surface area, centralized distribution size and excellent biocompatibility facilitate the efficacy and stability of agro-chemicals. Besides, using appropriate nanomaterials in plant growth stages or stress conditions effectively promote plant growth and increase tolerance to stresses. Moreover, emerging nanotools and nanobiotechnology provide a new platform to monitor and modify crops at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (C.L.); (H.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
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Khan T, Khan MA, Karam K, Ullah N, Mashwani ZUR, Nadhman A. Plant in vitro Culture Technologies; A Promise Into Factories of Secondary Metabolites Against COVID-19. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:610194. [PMID: 33777062 PMCID: PMC7994895 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.610194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The current pandemic has caused chaos throughout the world. While there are few vaccines available now, there is the need for better treatment alternatives in line with preventive measures against COVID-19. Along with synthetic chemical compounds, phytochemicals cannot be overlooked as candidates for drugs against severe respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The important role of secondary metabolites or phytochemical compounds against coronaviruses has been confirmed by studies that reported the anti-coronavirus role of glycyrrhizin from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra. The study demonstrated that glycyrrhizin is a very promising phytochemical against SARS-CoV, which caused an outbreak in 2002-2003. Similarly, many phytochemical compounds (apigenin, betulonic acid, reserpine, emodin, etc.) were isolated from different plants such as Isatis indigotica, Lindera aggregate, and Artemisia annua and were employed against SARS-CoV. However, owing to the geographical and seasonal variation, the quality of standard medicinal compounds isolated from plants varies. Furthermore, many of the important medicinal plants are either threatened or on the verge of endangerment because of overharvesting for medicinal purposes. Therefore, plant biotechnology provides a better alternative in the form of in vitro culture technology, including plant cell cultures, adventitious roots cultures, and organ and tissue cultures. In vitro cultures can serve as factories of secondary metabolites/phytochemicals that can be produced in bulk and of uniform quality in the fight against COVID-19, once tested. Similarly, environmental and molecular manipulation of these in vitro cultures could provide engineered drug candidates for testing against COVID-19. The in vitro culture-based phytochemicals have an additional benefit of consistency in terms of yield as well as quality. Nonetheless, as the traditional plant-based compounds might prove toxic in some cases, engineered production of promising phytochemicals can bypass this barrier. Our article focuses on reviewing the potential of the different in vitro plant cultures to produce medicinally important secondary metabolites that could ultimately be helpful in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Tariq Khan, ;
| | - Mubarak Ali Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan, Pakistan
- Mubarak Ali Khan,
| | - Kashmala Karam
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Nazif Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Zia-ur-Rehman Mashwani
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Akhtar Nadhman
- Institute of Integrative Biosciences, CECOS University, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Begum S, Zahid A, Khan T, Khan NZ, Ali W. Comparative analysis of the effects of chemically and biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles on biomass accumulation and secondary metabolism in callus cultures of Fagonia indica. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1739-1750. [PMID: 32801500 PMCID: PMC7415059 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00851-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Biotechnological strategies are needed to produce larger quantities of biomass and phytochemicals. In this study, callus cultures of Fagonia indica were elicited with different concentrations of chemically and biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (chem- and bioAgNPs) to compare their effects on biomass, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity of the extracts from callus. The results revealed that bioAgNPs being more biocompatible produced the highest biomass initially on day 10 (FW = 4.2152 ± 0.13 g; DW = 0.18527 ± 0.01 g) and day 20 (FW = 7.6558 ± 0.10 g; DW = 0.3489 ± 0.01 g) when supplemented in media as 62.5 µg/mL and 250 µg/mL, respectively. Initially, the highest TPC (319.32 ± 8.28 µg GAE/g of DW) was recorded on day 20 in chemAgNPs (31.25 µg/mL) induced callus as compared to TPC = 302.85 ± 3.002 µg GAE/g of DW in bioAgNPs-induced callus. Compared to the highest values of TFC (108.15 ± 2.10 µg QE/g of DW) produced in 15.6 µg/mL chemAgNPs-induced callus on day 20, TFC produced in bioAgNPs (62.5 µg/mL) was 168.61 ± 3.17 µg GAE/g of DW on day 10. Similarly, chemAgNPs-induced callus (62.5 µg/mL) showed the highest free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) i.e. 87.18% on day 20 while bioAgNPs (125 µg/mL) showed 81.69% FRSA on day 20 compared to highest among control callus (63.98% on day 40). The highest total antioxidant capacity of chemAgNPs-(125 µg/mL) induced callus was 330.42 ± 13.65 µg AAE/g of DW on day 20 compared to bioAgNPs-(62.5 µg/mL) induced callus (312.96 ± 1.73 µg AAE/g of DW) on day 10. Conclusively, bioAgNPs are potent elicitors of callus cultures of F. indica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Begum
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, 18800 Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Zahid
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, 18800 Pakistan
| | - Tariq Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, 18800 Pakistan
| | - Nadir Zaman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, 18800 Pakistan
| | - Waqar Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, 18800 Pakistan
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Anjum S, Anjum I, Hano C, Kousar S. Advances in nanomaterials as novel elicitors of pharmacologically active plant specialized metabolites: current status and future outlooks. RSC Adv 2019; 9:40404-40423. [PMID: 35542657 PMCID: PMC9076378 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08457f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades major advances have shed light on nanotechnology. Nanomaterials have been widely used in various fields such as medicine, energy, cosmetics, electronics, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. Owing to their unique physicochemical characteristics and nanoscale structures, nanoparticles (NPs) have the capacity to enter into plant cells and interact with intracellular organelles and various metabolites. The effects of NPs on plant growth, development, physiology and biochemistry have been reported, but their impact on plant specialized metabolism (aka as secondary metabolism) still remains obscure. In reaction to environmental stress and elicitors, a common response in plants results in the production or activation of different types of specialized metabolites (e.g., alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics and flavonoids). These plant specialized metabolites (SMs) are important for plant adaptation to an adverse environment, but also a huge number of them are biologically active and used in various commercially-valued products (pharmacy, cosmetic, agriculture, food/feed). Due to their wide array of applications, SMs have attracted much attention to explore and develop new strategies to enhance their production in plants. In this context, NPs emerged as a novel class of effective elicitors to enhance the production of various plant SMs. In recent years, many reports have been published regarding the elicitation of SMs by different types of NPs. However, in order to achieve an enhanced and sustainable production of these SMs, in-depth studies are required to figure out the most suitable NP in terms of type, size and/or effective concentration, along with a more complete understanding about their uptake, translocation, internalization and elicitation mechanisms. Herein, we are presenting a comprehensive and critical account of the plant SMs elicitation capacities of the three main classes of nanomaterials (i.e., metallic NPs (MNPs), metal oxide NPs (MONPs) and carbon related nanomaterials). Their different proposed uptake, translocation and internalization pathways as well as elicitation mechanism along with their possible deleterious effect on plant SMs and/or phytotoxic effects are summarized. We also identified and critically discussed the current research gaps existing in this field and requiring future investigation to further improve the use of these nanomaterials for an efficient production of plant SMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Anjum
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women Lahore Pakistan +92-300-6957038
| | - Iram Anjum
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women Lahore Pakistan +92-300-6957038
| | - Christopher Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans 28000 Chartres France
| | - Sidra Kousar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
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Improved Production of Industrially Important Essential Oils Through Elicitation in the Adventitious Roots of Artemisia amygdalina. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8100430. [PMID: 31635139 PMCID: PMC6843893 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The limited production of bioactive essential oils in natural plants does not meet the increasing worldwide market demand. Plant cell culture technology can be used for the higher production of industrially important essential oils. In the present study, a suitable method for production of essential oils was developed through establishment and elicitation of adventitious roots (AR) in a medicinally important plant Artemisia amygdalina D. The results indicated that leaf explants cultured on solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 1.0 mg/L α- naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 4% sucrose instigated the higher AR induction frequency (90 ± 4.25) and maximum AR biomass (fresh biomass: 17.7 g/L). Furthermore, in the AR when transiently elicited with different elicitors for different time periods, methyl jasmonate (Me-J: 0.5 mg/L) resulted in the higher production of total phenolic content (TPC: 3.6 mg), total flavonoid content (TFC: 2.3 mg) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL: 4.8 U/g×FW) activity, respectively. Nonetheless, considerable levels of the major bioactive compounds such as α-thujene (6.8%), α-pinene (8.3%), 1,8-cineole (16.2%), camphor (8.4%) and verbenole (10.2%) were recorded in the Me-J treated AR. Thus, a feasible protocol for production of essential oils through AR in A. amygdalina was established, which can be exploited for commercial production of the industrially important terpenes.
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