1
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Selleri L, Rijli FM. Shaping faces: genetic and epigenetic control of craniofacial morphogenesis. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:610-626. [PMID: 37095271 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Major differences in facial morphology distinguish vertebrate species. Variation of facial traits underlies the uniqueness of human individuals, and abnormal craniofacial morphogenesis during development leads to birth defects that significantly affect quality of life. Studies during the past 40 years have advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that establish facial form during development, highlighting the crucial roles in this process of a multipotent cell type known as the cranial neural crest cell. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in multi-omics and single-cell technologies that enable genes, transcriptional regulatory networks and epigenetic landscapes to be closely linked to the establishment of facial patterning and its variation, with an emphasis on normal and abnormal craniofacial morphogenesis. Advancing our knowledge of these processes will support important developments in tissue engineering, as well as the repair and reconstruction of the abnormal craniofacial complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Selleri
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Filippo M Rijli
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuroepigenetics, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Gerasco JE, Hathaway‐Schrader JD, Poulides NA, Carson MD, Okhura N, Westwater C, Hatch NE, Novince CM. Commensal Microbiota Effects on Craniofacial Skeletal Growth and Morphology. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10775. [PMID: 37614301 PMCID: PMC10443078 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes colonize anatomical sites in health to form commensal microbial communities (e.g., commensal gut microbiota, commensal skin microbiota, commensal oral microbiota). Commensal microbiota has indirect effects on host growth and maturation through interactions with the host immune system. The commensal microbiota was recently introduced as a novel regulator of skeletal growth and morphology at noncraniofacial sites. Further, we and others have shown that commensal gut microbes, such as segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), contribute to noncraniofacial skeletal growth and maturation. However, commensal microbiota effects on craniofacial skeletal growth and morphology are unclear. To determine the commensal microbiota's role in craniofacial skeletal growth and morphology, we performed craniometric and bone mineral density analyses on skulls from 9-week-old female C57BL/6T germ-free (GF) mice (no microbes), excluded-flora (EF) specific-pathogen-free mice (commensal microbiota), and murine-pathogen-free (MPF) specific-pathogen-free mice (commensal microbiota with SFB). Investigations comparing EF and GF mice revealed that commensal microbiota impacted the size and shape of the craniofacial skeleton. EF versus GF mice exhibited an elongated gross skull length. Cranial bone length analyses normalized to skull length showed that EF versus GF mice had enhanced frontal bone length and reduced cranial base length. The shortened cranial base in EF mice was attributed to decreased presphenoid, basisphenoid, and basioccipital bone lengths. Investigations comparing MPF mice and EF mice demonstrated that commensal gut microbes played a role in craniofacial skeletal morphology. Cranial bone length analyses normalized to skull length showed that MPF versus EF mice had reduced frontal bone length and increased cranial base length. The elongated cranial base in MPF mice was due to enhanced presphenoid bone length. This work, which introduces the commensal microbiota as a contributor to craniofacial skeletal growth, underscores that noninvasive interventions in the gut microbiome could potentially be employed to modify craniofacial skeletal morphology. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy E. Gerasco
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Stomatology‐Division of Periodontics, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Pediatrics‐Division of Endocrinology, College of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Orthodontics, Adam's School of DentistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Jessica D. Hathaway‐Schrader
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Stomatology‐Division of Periodontics, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Pediatrics‐Division of Endocrinology, College of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
| | - Nicole A. Poulides
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Stomatology‐Division of Periodontics, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Pediatrics‐Division of Endocrinology, College of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
| | - Matthew D. Carson
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Stomatology‐Division of Periodontics, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Pediatrics‐Division of Endocrinology, College of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
| | - Naoto Okhura
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of DentistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Caroline Westwater
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
| | - Nan E. Hatch
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of DentistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Chad M. Novince
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Stomatology‐Division of Periodontics, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Pediatrics‐Division of Endocrinology, College of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
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3
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Kaucka M. Cis-regulatory landscapes in the evolution and development of the mammalian skull. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220079. [PMID: 37183897 PMCID: PMC10184250 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive morphological variation found in mammals reflects the wide spectrum of their ecological adaptations. The highest morphological diversity is present in the craniofacial region, where geometry is mainly dictated by the bony skull. Mammalian craniofacial development represents complex multistep processes governed by numerous conserved genes that require precise spatio-temporal control. A central question in contemporary evolutionary biology is how a defined set of conserved genes can orchestrate formation of fundamentally different structures, and therefore how morphological variability arises. In principle, differential gene expression patterns during development are the source of morphological variation. With the emergence of multicellular organisms, precise regulation of gene expression in time and space is attributed to cis-regulatory elements. These elements contribute to higher-order chromatin structure and together with trans-acting factors control transcriptional landscapes that underlie intricate morphogenetic processes. Consequently, divergence in cis-regulation is believed to rewire existing gene regulatory networks and form the core of morphological evolution. This review outlines the fundamental principles of the genetic code and genomic regulation interplay during development. Recent work that deepened our comprehension of cis-regulatory element origin, divergence and function is presented here to illustrate the state-of-the-art research that uncovered the principles of morphological novelty. This article is part of the theme issue 'The mammalian skull: development, structure and function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Kaucka
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön 24306, Germany
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4
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Ueharu H, Pan H, Hayano S, Zapien-Guerra K, Yang J, Mishina Y. Augmentation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling in cranial neural crest cells in mice deforms skull base due to premature fusion of intersphenoidal synchondrosis. Genesis 2023; 61:e23509. [PMID: 36622051 PMCID: PMC10757424 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Craniofacial anomalies (CFAs) are a diverse group of disorders affecting the shapes of the face and the head. Malformation of the cranial base in humans leads CFAs, such as midfacial hypoplasia and craniosynostosis. These patients have significant burdens associated with breathing, speaking, and chewing. Invasive surgical intervention is the current primary option to correct these structural deficiencies. Understanding molecular cellular mechanism for craniofacial development would provide novel therapeutic options for CFAs. In this study, we found that enhanced bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) (P0-Cre;caBmpr1a mice) causes premature fusion of intersphenoid synchondrosis (ISS) resulting in leading to short snouts and hypertelorism. Histological analyses revealed reduction of proliferation and higher cell death in ISS at postnatal day 3. We demonstrated to prevent the premature fusion of ISS in P0-Cre;caBmpr1a mice by injecting a p53 inhibitor Pifithrin-α to the pregnant mother from E15.5 to E18.5, resulting in rescue from short snouts and hypertelorism. We further demonstrated to prevent premature fusion of cranial sutures in P0-Cre;caBmpr1a mice by injecting Pifithrin-α through E8.5 to E18.5. These results suggested that enhanced BMP-p53-induced cell death in cranial NCCs causes premature fusion of ISS and sutures in time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ueharu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Haichun Pan
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Satoru Hayano
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Karen Zapien-Guerra
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Abe M, Cox TC, Firulli AB, Kanai SM, Dahlka J, Lim KC, Engel JD, Clouthier DE. GATA3 is essential for separating patterning domains during facial morphogenesis. Development 2021; 148:dev199534. [PMID: 34383890 PMCID: PMC8451945 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) within the mandibular and maxillary prominences of the first pharyngeal arch are initially competent to respond to signals from either region. However, mechanisms that are only partially understood establish developmental tissue boundaries to ensure spatially correct patterning. In the 'hinge and caps' model of facial development, signals from both ventral prominences (the caps) pattern the adjacent tissues whereas the intervening region, referred to as the maxillomandibular junction (the hinge), maintains separation of the mandibular and maxillary domains. One cap signal is GATA3, a member of the GATA family of zinc-finger transcription factors with a distinct expression pattern in the ventral-most part of the mandibular and maxillary portions of the first arch. Here, we show that disruption of Gata3 in mouse embryos leads to craniofacial microsomia and syngnathia (bony fusion of the upper and lower jaws) that results from changes in BMP4 and FGF8 gene regulatory networks within NCCs near the maxillomandibular junction. GATA3 is thus a crucial component in establishing the network of factors that functionally separate the upper and lower jaws during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Abe
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Timothy C. Cox
- Departments of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Anthony B. Firulli
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Stanley M. Kanai
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jacob Dahlka
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David E. Clouthier
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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6
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Han X, Xiong X, Shi X, Chen F, Li Y. Targeted sequencing of NOTCH signaling pathway genes and association analysis of variants correlated with mandibular prognathism. Head Face Med 2021; 17:17. [PMID: 34039391 PMCID: PMC8152080 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-021-00268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study was to systematically identify variants in NOTCH signaling pathway genes that correlate with mandibular prognathism (MP) in the general Chinese population. Methods Targeted sequencing of NOTCH signaling pathway genes was conducted in 199 MP individuals and 197 class I malocclusion control individuals. The associations of common and rare variants with MP, cephalometric parameters, and continuous cephalometric phenotypes were analyzed by principal component (PC) analysis. The associations between rare variants and MP were tested for each gene. Results Six SNPs, including rs415929, rs520688, and rs423023 in an exonic region of NOTCH4; rs1044006 in an exonic region of NOTCH3; rs1051415 in an exonic region of JAG1; and rs75236173 in the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of NUMB were associated with MP (P < 0.05). One common variant, rs1051415, in an exonic region of JAG1 was significantly related to PC1 (P = 3.608 × 10− 4), which explained 24.3% of the overall phenotypic variation observed and corresponded to the sagittal mandibular position towards the maxilla, ranging from a posterior positioned mandible to an anterior positioned mandible. Additionally, 41 other variants were associated with PC1–5 (P < 0.05). With respect to rare variant analysis, variants within the EP300, NCOR2, and PSEN2 gene showed an association with MP (t < 0 .05). Conclusions An association between NOTCH signaling pathway genes and MP has been identified. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13005-021-00268-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhuo Han
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, Middle Yanchang Road, 399, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xueyan Xiong
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiujuan Shi
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fengshan Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, Middle Yanchang Road, 399, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Yongming Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, Middle Yanchang Road, 399, Shanghai, P.R. China.
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Ankamreddy H, Bok J, Groves AK. Uncovering the secreted signals and transcription factors regulating the development of mammalian middle ear ossicles. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:1410-1424. [PMID: 33058336 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian middle ear comprises a chain of ossicles, the malleus, incus, and stapes that act as an impedance matching device during the transmission of sound from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. These ossicles are derived from cranial neural crest cells that undergo endochondral ossification and subsequently differentiate into their final functional forms. Defects that occur during middle ear development can result in conductive hearing loss. In this review, we summarize studies describing the crucial roles played by signaling molecules such as sonic hedgehog, bone morphogenetic proteins, fibroblast growth factors, notch ligands, and chemokines during the differentiation of neural crest into the middle ear ossicles. In addition to these cell-extrinsic signals, we also discuss studies on the function of transcription factor genes such as Foxi3, Tbx1, Bapx1, Pou3f4, and Gsc in regulating the development and morphology of the middle ear ossicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinwoong Bok
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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8
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Eftekhariyazdi M, Meshkani M, Moslem A, Hakimi P, Safari S, Khaligh A, Zare-Abdollahi D. Ellis-van Creveld syndrome: Report of a case and recurrent variant. J Gene Med 2020; 22:e3175. [PMID: 32072716 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EvCS) is a rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia that is characterized by short stature, short limbs, short ribs, polydactyly and structural heart defect. Despite locus heterogeneity, in the majority of the cases, the disorder segregates with mutations in the EVC and EVC2 genes, notably mutations with truncating protein as a final sequence. In the present study, we report the prenatal findings and genetic analysis of a terminated pregnancy affected by severe thoracic and skeletal dysplasia. METHODS After detailed physical and clinical examination, whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed and the variant was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS One homozygote variant in EVC2 gene was identified in the fetus (NM_147127, c.942G>A, p.W314X). The EVC2 gene is strongly associated with EvCS, which is consistent with the sonographic findings of the fetus. CONCLUSIONS The homozygous p.W314X mutation found in this family was recently reported to be segregated in a consanguineous family originating from Pakistan. The occurrence of the p.W314X mutation in two unrelated families (Iranian and Pakistani) may be the result of an old founder effect or arose because of a mutational hotspot and is supporting evidence for the pathogenicity of this variant. Because skeletal dysplasia belongs to a broad spectrum of syndromes and therefore exhibits considerable background locus and allelic heterogeneity, our report highlights the need for appropriate genetic counseling and supports the feasibility of WES to determine an accurate diagnosis, as well as precise recurrence risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Eftekhariyazdi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mahshid Meshkani
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Pooria Hakimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of science, Islamic azad University, Neyshabour, Iran
| | - Shamsi Safari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khaligh
- Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Davood Zare-Abdollahi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Leitch VD, Bassett JHD, Williams GR. Role of thyroid hormones in craniofacial development. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:147-164. [PMID: 31974498 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of the craniofacial skeleton relies on complex temporospatial organization of diverse cell types by key signalling molecules. Even minor disruptions to these processes can result in deleterious consequences for the structure and function of the skull. Thyroid hormone deficiency causes delayed craniofacial and tooth development, dysplastic facial features and delayed development of the ossicles in the middle ear. Thyroid hormone excess, by contrast, accelerates development of the skull and, in severe cases, might lead to craniosynostosis with neurological sequelae and facial hypoplasia. The pathogenesis of these important abnormalities remains poorly understood and underinvestigated. The orchestration of craniofacial development and regulation of suture and synchondrosis growth is dependent on several critical signalling pathways. The underlying mechanisms by which these key pathways regulate craniofacial growth and maturation are largely unclear, but studies of single-gene disorders resulting in craniofacial malformations have identified a number of critical signalling molecules and receptors. The craniofacial consequences resulting from gain-of-function and loss-of-function mutations affecting insulin-like growth factor 1, fibroblast growth factor receptor and WNT signalling are similar to the effects of altered thyroid status and mutations affecting thyroid hormone action, suggesting that these critical pathways interact in the regulation of craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) Centre for Additive Manufacturing, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Li YP, Wu B, Liang J, Li F. Isopsoralen ameliorates H 2O 2-induced damage in osteoblasts via activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:1899-1906. [PMID: 31410152 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a disease with a worldwide prevalence that involves a severe loss of bone mineral density and decreased microarchitecture, which increases the risk of bone fracture. The present study evaluated the effects of isopsoralen on osteoblastic OB-6 cells following hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced damage and investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in this process. For in vitro experiments, OB-6 osteoblasts were treated with H2O2 or H2O2 + isopsoralen then the cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and calcium accumulation were determined. Results demonstrated that treatment with H2O2 reduced cell viability, runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and osteocalcin (OCN) expression levels, and calcium deposition, whilst markedly increasing cell apoptosis and ROS production. However, isopsoralen (1 µM) provided significant protection against H2O2-induced alterations in osteoblasts. In addition, isopsoralen effectively upregulated protein expression of tankyrase and β-catenin which are the main transductors of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Of note, the protective effects of isopsoralen against H2O2-induced damage were attenuated in OB-6 cells treated with tankyrase inhibitor XAV-939. In conclusion, the present findings provided evidence that isopsoralen attenuated oxidative stress-induced injury in osteoblasts via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Peng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
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11
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Abstract
Deviations from the precisely coordinated programme of human head development can lead to craniofacial and orofacial malformations often including a variety of dental abnormalities too. Although the aetiology is still unknown in many cases, during the last decades different intracellular signalling pathways have been genetically linked to specific disorders. Among these pathways, the RAS/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling cascade is the focus of this review since it encompasses a large group of genes that when mutated cause some of the most common and severe developmental anomalies in humans. We present the components of the RAS/ERK pathway implicated in craniofacial and orodental disorders through a series of human and animal studies. We attempt to unravel the specific molecular targets downstream of ERK that act on particular cell types and regulate key steps in the associated developmental processes. Finally we point to ambiguities in our current knowledge that need to be clarified before RAS/ERK-targeting therapeutic approaches can be implemented.
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12
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are expressed throughout all stages of skeletal development. In the limb bud and in cranial mesenchyme, FGF signaling is important for formation of mesenchymal condensations that give rise to bone. Once skeletal elements are initiated and patterned, FGFs regulate both endochondral and intramembranous ossification programs. In this chapter, we review functions of the FGF signaling pathway during these critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explore skeletal malformations in humans that are caused by mutations in FGF signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132 Inserm (Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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13
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Neben CL, Lo M, Jura N, Klein OD. Feedback regulation of RTK signaling in development. Dev Biol 2017; 447:71-89. [PMID: 29079424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Precise regulation of the amplitude and duration of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling is critical for the execution of cellular programs and behaviors. Understanding these control mechanisms has important implications for the field of developmental biology, and in recent years, the question of how augmentation or attenuation of RTK signaling via feedback loops modulates development has become of increasing interest. RTK feedback regulation is also important for human disease research; for example, germline mutations in genes that encode RTK signaling pathway components cause numerous human congenital syndromes, and somatic alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancers. In this review, we survey regulators of RTK signaling that tune receptor activity and intracellular transduction cascades, with a focus on the roles of these genes in the developing embryo. We detail the diverse inhibitory mechanisms utilized by negative feedback regulators that, when lost or perturbed, lead to aberrant increases in RTK signaling. We also discuss recent biochemical and genetic insights into positive regulators of RTK signaling and how these proteins function in tandem with negative regulators to guide embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Neben
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Megan Lo
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA.
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14
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Basit S, Khoshhal KI. Genetics of clubfoot; recent progress and future perspectives. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 61:107-113. [PMID: 28919208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clubfoot or talipes equinovarus (TEV) is an inborn three-dimensional deformity of leg, ankle and foot. It results from structural defects of several tissues of foot and lower leg leading to abnormal positioning of foot and ankle joints. TEV can lead to long-lasting functional disability, malformation and discomfort if left untreated. Substantial progress has been achieved in the management and diagnosis of limb defects; however, not much is known about the molecular players and signalling pathways underlying TEV disorder. The homeostasis and development of the limb depends on the complex interactions between the lateral plate mesoderm cells and outer ectoderm. These complex interactions include HOX signalling and PITX1-TBX4 pathways. The susceptibility to develop TEV is determined by a number of environmental and genetic factors, although the nature and level of interplay between them remains unclear. Familial occurrence and inter and intra phenotypic variability of TEV is well documented. Variants in genes that code for contractile proteins of skeletal myofibers might play a role in the aetiology of TEV but, to date, no strong candidate genes conferring increased risk have emerged, although variants in TBX4, PITX1, HOXA, HOXC and HOXD clusters genes, NAT2 and others have been shown to be associated with TEV. The mechanisms by which variants in these genes confer risk and the nature of the physical and genetic interaction between them remains to be determined. Elucidation of genetic players and cellular pathways underlying TEV will certainly increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of this deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulman Basit
- Centre for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University Almadinah Almunawwarah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khalid I Khoshhal
- College of Medicine, Taibah University Almadinah Almunawwarah, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Ritzman TB, Banovich N, Buss KP, Guida J, Rubel MA, Pinney J, Khang B, Ravosa MJ, Stone AC. Facing the facts: The Runx2 gene is associated with variation in facial morphology in primates. J Hum Evol 2017; 111:139-151. [PMID: 28874267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The phylogenetic and adaptive factors that cause variation in primate facial form-including differences among the major primate clades and variation related to feeding and/or social behavior-are relatively well understood. However, comparatively little is known about the genetic mechanisms that underlie diversity in facial form in primates. Because it is essential for osteoblastic differentiation and skeletal development, the runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) is one gene that may play a role in these genetic mechanisms. Specifically, polymorphisms in the QA ratio (determined by the ratio of the number of polyglutamines to polyalanines in one functional domain of Runx2) have been shown to be correlated with variation in facial length and orientation in other mammal groups. However, to date, the relationship between variation in this gene and variation in facial form in primates has not been explicitly tested. To test the hypothesis that the QA ratio is correlated with facial form in primates, the current study quantified the QA ratio, facial length, and facial angle in a sample of 33 primate species and tested for correlation using phylogenetic generalized least squares. The results indicate that the QA ratio of the Runx2 gene is positively correlated with variation in relative facial length in anthropoid primates. However, no correlation was found in strepsirrhines, and there was no correlation between facial angle and the QA ratio in any groups. These results suggest that, in primates, the QA ratio of the Runx2 gene may play a role in modulating facial size, but not facial orientation. This study therefore provides important clues about the genetic and developmental mechanisms that may underlie variation in facial form in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence B Ritzman
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Nicholas Banovich
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaitlin P Buss
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer Guida
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Meagan A Rubel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pinney
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bao Khang
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew J Ravosa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA; Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Anne C Stone
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Center for Bioarchaeological Research, ASU, Tempe, AZ, USA; Institute of Human Origins, ASU, Tempe, AZ, USA
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16
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Motch Perrine SM, Stecko T, Neuberger T, Jabs EW, Ryan TM, Richtsmeier JT. Integration of Brain and Skull in Prenatal Mouse Models of Apert and Crouzon Syndromes. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:369. [PMID: 28790902 PMCID: PMC5525342 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain and skull represent a complex arrangement of integrated anatomical structures composed of various cell and tissue types that maintain structural and functional association throughout development. Morphological integration, a concept developed in vertebrate morphology and evolutionary biology, describes the coordinated variation of functionally and developmentally related traits of organisms. Syndromic craniosynostosis is characterized by distinctive changes in skull morphology and perceptible, though less well studied, changes in brain structure and morphology. Using mouse models for craniosynostosis conditions, our group has precisely defined how unique craniosynostosis causing mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptors affect brain and skull morphology and dysgenesis involving coordinated tissue-specific effects of these mutations. Here we examine integration of brain and skull in two mouse models for craniosynostosis: one carrying the FGFR2c C342Y mutation associated with Pfeiffer and Crouzon syndromes and a mouse model carrying the FGFR2 S252W mutation, one of two mutations responsible for two-thirds of Apert syndrome cases. Using linear distances estimated from three-dimensional coordinates of landmarks acquired from dual modality imaging of skull (high resolution micro-computed tomography and magnetic resonance microscopy) of mice at embryonic day 17.5, we confirm variation in brain and skull morphology in Fgfr2cC342Y/+ mice, Fgfr2+/S252W mice, and their unaffected littermates. Mutation-specific variation in neural and cranial tissue notwithstanding, patterns of integration of brain and skull differed only subtly between mice carrying either the FGFR2c C342Y or the FGFR2 S252W mutation and their unaffected littermates. However, statistically significant and substantial differences in morphological integration of brain and skull were revealed between the two mutant mouse models, each maintained on a different strain. Relative to the effects of disease-associated mutations, our results reveal a stronger influence of the background genome on patterns of brain-skull integration and suggest robust genetic, developmental, and evolutionary relationships between neural and skeletal tissues of the head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Motch Perrine
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, United States
| | - Tim Stecko
- Center for Quantitative Imaging, Penn State Institutes for Energy and the Environment, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, United States
| | - Thomas Neuberger
- High Field MRI Facility, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, United States
| | - Ethylin W Jabs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, United States
| | - Timothy M Ryan
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, United States.,Center for Quantitative Imaging, Penn State Institutes for Energy and the Environment, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, United States
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, United States
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17
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Lorenzon A, Calore M, Poloni G, De Windt LJ, Braghetta P, Rampazzo A. Wnt/β-catenin pathway in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60640-60655. [PMID: 28948000 PMCID: PMC5601168 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays essential roles in heart development as well as cardiac tissue homoeostasis in adults. Abnormal regulation of this signaling pathway is linked to a variety of cardiac disease conditions, including hypertrophy, fibrosis, arrhythmias, and infarction. Recent studies on genetically modified cellular and animal models document a crucial role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the molecular pathogenesis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC), an inherited disease of intercalated discs, typically characterized by ventricular arrhythmias and progressive substitution of the myocardium with fibrofatty tissue. In this review, we summarize the conflicting published data regarding the Wnt/β-catenin signaling contribution to AC pathogenesis and we report the identification of a new potential therapeutic molecule that prevents myocyte injury and cardiac dysfunction due to desmosome mutations in vitro and in vivo by interfering in this signaling pathway. Finally, we underline the potential function of microRNAs, epigenetic regulatory RNA factors reported to participate in several pathological responses in heart tissue and in the Wnt signaling network, as important modulators of Wnt/β-catenin signaling transduction in AC. Elucidation of the precise regulatory mechanism of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in AC molecular pathogenesis could provide fundamental insights for new mechanism-based therapeutic strategy to delay the onset or progression of this cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Calore
- Maastricht University, Department of Cardiology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Poloni
- University of Padua, Department of Biology, Padua, Italy
| | - Leon J De Windt
- Maastricht University, Department of Cardiology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Braghetta
- University of Padua, Department of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
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18
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Neben CL, Roberts RR, Dipple KM, Merrill AE, Klein OD. Modeling craniofacial and skeletal congenital birth defects to advance therapies. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:R86-R93. [PMID: 27346519 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development is an intricate process of patterning, morphogenesis, and growth that involves many tissues within the developing embryo. Genetic misregulation of these processes leads to craniofacial malformations, which comprise over one-third of all congenital birth defects. Significant advances have been made in the clinical management of craniofacial disorders, but currently very few treatments specifically target the underlying molecular causes. Here, we review recent studies in which modeling of craniofacial disorders in primary patient cells, patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mice have enhanced our understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of these disorders while also advancing therapeutic avenues for their prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Neben
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ryan R Roberts
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katrina M Dipple
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine and InterDepartmental Program Biomedical Engineering, Henry Samulei School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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19
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Krakow D, Cohn DH, Wilcox WR, Noh GJ, Raffel LJ, Sarukhanov A, Ivanova MH, Danielpour M, Grange DK, Elliott AM, Bernstein JA, Rimoin DL, Merrill AE, Lachman RS. Clinical and radiographic delineation of Bent Bone Dysplasia-FGFR2 type or Bent Bone Dysplasia with Distinctive Clavicles and Angel-shaped Phalanges. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2652-61. [PMID: 27240702 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bent Bone Dysplasia-FGFR2 type is a relatively recently described bent bone phenotype with diagnostic clinical, radiographic, and molecular characteristics. Here we report on 11 individuals, including the original four patients plus seven new individuals with three longer-term survivors. The prenatal phenotype included stillbirth, bending of the femora, and a high incidence of polyhydramnios, prematurity, and perinatal death in three of 11 patients in the series. The survivors presented with characteristic radiographic findings that were observed among those with lethality, including bent bones, distinctive (moustache-shaped) small clavicles, angel-shaped metacarpals and phalanges, poor mineralization of the calvarium, and craniosynostosis. Craniofacial abnormalities, hirsutism, hepatic abnormalities, and genitourinary abnormalities were noted as well. Longer-term survivors all needed ventilator support. Heterozygosity for mutations in the gene that encodes Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2) was identified in the nine individuals with available DNA. Description of these patients expands the prenatal and postnatal findings of Bent Bone Dysplasia-FGFR2 type and adds to the phenotypic spectrum among all FGFR2 disorders. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Krakow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California. .,Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, California. .,International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Daniel H Cohn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - William R Wilcox
- International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Grace J Noh
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Leslie J Raffel
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna Sarukhanov
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Margarita H Ivanova
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Moise Danielpour
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dorothy K Grange
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Alison M Elliott
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology-Ostrow School of Dentistry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ralph S Lachman
- International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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