1
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Lacin H, Zhu Y, DiPaola JT, Wilson BA, Zhu Y, Skeath JB. A Genetic Screen in Drosophila uncovers a role for senseless-2 in surface glia in the peripheral nervous system to regulate CNS morphology. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024:jkae152. [PMID: 38996053 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Despite increasing in mass approximately 100-fold during larval life, the Drosophila CNS maintains its characteristic form. Dynamic interactions between the overlying basement membrane and underlying surface glia are known to regulate CNS structure in Drosophila, but the genes and pathways that establish and maintain CNS morphology during development remain poorly characterized. To identify genes that regulate CNS shape in Drosophila, we conducted an EMS-based, forward genetic screen of the second chromosome, uncovered 50 mutations that disrupt CNS structure, and mapped these alleles to 17 genes. Analysis of whole genome sequencing data wedded to genetic studies uncovered the affected gene for all but one mutation. Identified genes include well characterized regulators of tissue shape, like LanB1, viking, and Collagen type IV alpha1, and previously characterized genes, such as Toll-2 and Rme-8, with no known role in regulating CNS structure. We also uncovered that papilin and C1GalTA likely act in the same pathway to regulate CNS structure and found that the fly homolog of a glucuronosyltransferase, B4GAT1/LARGE1, that regulates Dystroglycan function in mammals is required to maintain CNS shape in Drosophila. Finally, we show that the senseless-2 transcription factor is expressed and functions specifically in surface glia found on peripheral nerves but not in the CNS to govern CNS structure, identifying a gene that functionally subdivides a glial subtype along the peripheral-central axis. Future work on these genes should clarify the genetic mechanisms that ensure the homeostasis of CNS form during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haluk Lacin
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Yuqing Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jose T DiPaola
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Beth A Wilson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James B Skeath
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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2
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Wilkie IC. Basement Membranes, Brittlestar Tendons, and Their Mechanical Adaptability. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:375. [PMID: 38927255 PMCID: PMC11200632 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are thin layers of extracellular matrix that separate epithelia, endothelia, muscle cells, and nerve cells from adjacent interstitial connective tissue. BMs are ubiquitous in almost all multicellular animals, and their composition is highly conserved across the Metazoa. There is increasing interest in the mechanical functioning of BMs, including the involvement of altered BM stiffness in development and pathology, particularly cancer metastasis, which can be facilitated by BM destabilization. Such BM weakening has been assumed to occur primarily through enzymatic degradation by matrix metalloproteinases. However, emerging evidence indicates that non-enzymatic mechanisms may also contribute. In brittlestars (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea), the tendons linking the musculature to the endoskeleton consist of extensions of muscle cell BMs. During the process of brittlestar autotomy, in which arms are detached for the purpose of self-defense, muscles break away from the endoskeleton as a consequence of the rapid destabilization and rupture of their BM-derived tendons. This contribution provides a broad overview of current knowledge of the structural organization and biomechanics of non-echinoderm BMs, compares this with the equivalent information on brittlestar tendons, and discusses the possible relationship between the weakening phenomena exhibited by BMs and brittlestar tendons, and the potential translational value of the latter as a model system of BM destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain C Wilkie
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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3
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Leroy C, Lang K, Spitz D, Milosavljevic J, Heinkele H, Kayser S, Helmstädter M, Walz G, Ulbrich MH, Hermle T. Linking Basement Membrane and Slit Diaphragm in Drosophila Nephrocytes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024:00001751-990000000-00329. [PMID: 38776165 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Drosophila nephrocytes feature a special basement membrane that may serve to model joint function of the glomerular filtration barrier.Silencing of Drosophila laminin and collagen IV genes reduced the density of slit diaphragms in nephrocytes, showing a direct effect of the matrix.Matrix receptor silencing phenocopied basement membrane disruption, indicating that the matrix guides slit diaphragm position through matrix receptors.
Background
The glomerular basement membrane and the slit diaphragm are essential parts of the filtration barrier. How these layers collaborate remains unclear. The podocyte-like nephrocytes in Drosophila harbor both a slit diaphragm and a basement membrane, serving as a model to address this critical question.
Methods
Basement membrane components and matrix receptors were silenced using RNA interference in nephrocytes. Slit diaphragms were analyzed using immunofluorescence, followed by automated quantification. Tracer endocytosis was applied for functional readouts.
Results
Immunofluorescence indicated a significant reduction in slit diaphragm density upon loss of laminin and collagen IV components. This was accompanied by reduced expression of fly nephrin and shallower membrane invaginations. Tracer studies revealed that the basement membrane defines properties of the nephrocyte filtration barrier. Acute enzymatic disruption of the basement membrane via collagenase rapidly caused slit diaphragm mislocalization and disintegration, which was independent of cell death. Loss of matrix-interacting receptors, particularly integrins mys and mew, phenocopied basement membrane disruption. Integrins and nephrin colocalized at the slit diaphragm in nephrocytes in a mutually dependent manner, interacting genetically. Human integrin α3 interacted physically with nephrin.
Conclusions
The glomerular basement membrane model in Drosophila nephrocytes reveals that matrix receptor–mediated cues ensure correct positioning of the slit diaphragm and the overall filtration barrier architecture.
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Grants
- HE 7456/4-1, HE 7456/7-1, and project-ID 431984000 â€" SFB 1453 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- HE 7456/6-1 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- HE 7456/4-1, HE 7456/7-1, and project-ID 431984000 - SFB 1453 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- HE 7456/4-1, HE 7456/7-1, and project-ID 431984000 - SFB 1453 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- HE 7456/4-1, HE 7456/7-1, and project-ID 431984000 - SFB 1453 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- HE 7456/4-1, HE 7456/7-1, and project-ID 431984000 - SFB 1453 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Leroy
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Lang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Spitz
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Milosavljevic
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helena Heinkele
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Séverine Kayser
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- EMcore, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, University Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Helmstädter
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- EMcore, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, University Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian H Ulbrich
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Hermle
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Dennis C, Pouchin P, Richard G, Mirouse V. Basement membrane diversification relies on two competitive secretory routes defined by Rab10 and Rab8 and modulated by dystrophin and the exocyst complex. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011169. [PMID: 38437244 PMCID: PMC10939200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) is an essential structural element of tissues, and its diversification participates in organ morphogenesis. However, the traffic routes associated with BM formation and the mechanistic modulations explaining its diversification are still poorly understood. Drosophila melanogaster follicular epithelium relies on a BM composed of oriented BM fibrils and a more homogenous matrix. Here, we determined the specific molecular identity and cell exit sites of BM protein secretory routes. First, we found that Rab10 and Rab8 define two parallel routes for BM protein secretion. When both routes were abolished, BM production was fully blocked; however, genetic interactions revealed that these two routes competed. Rab10 promoted lateral and planar-polarized secretion, whereas Rab8 promoted basal secretion, leading to the formation of BM fibrils and homogenous BM, respectively. We also found that the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC) and Rab10 were both present in a planar-polarized tubular compartment containing BM proteins. DAPC was essential for fibril formation and sufficient to reorient secretion towards the Rab10 route. Moreover, we identified a dual function for the exocyst complex in this context. First, the Exo70 subunit directly interacted with dystrophin to limit its planar polarization. Second, the exocyst complex was also required for the Rab8 route. Altogether, these results highlight important mechanistic aspects of BM protein secretion and illustrate how BM diversity can emerge from the spatial control of distinct traffic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Dennis
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), UMR CNRS 6293-INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Pouchin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), UMR CNRS 6293-INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Graziella Richard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), UMR CNRS 6293-INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Mirouse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), UMR CNRS 6293-INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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5
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Berg C, Sieber M, Sun J. Finishing the egg. Genetics 2024; 226:iyad183. [PMID: 38000906 PMCID: PMC10763546 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamete development is a fundamental process that is highly conserved from early eukaryotes to mammals. As germ cells develop, they must coordinate a dynamic series of cellular processes that support growth, cell specification, patterning, the loading of maternal factors (RNAs, proteins, and nutrients), differentiation of structures to enable fertilization and ensure embryonic survival, and other processes that make a functional oocyte. To achieve these goals, germ cells integrate a complex milieu of environmental and developmental signals to produce fertilizable eggs. Over the past 50 years, Drosophila oogenesis has risen to the forefront as a system to interrogate the sophisticated mechanisms that drive oocyte development. Studies in Drosophila have defined mechanisms in germ cells that control meiosis, protect genome integrity, facilitate mRNA trafficking, and support the maternal loading of nutrients. Work in this system has provided key insights into the mechanisms that establish egg chamber polarity and patterning as well as the mechanisms that drive ovulation and egg activation. Using the power of Drosophila genetics, the field has begun to define the molecular mechanisms that coordinate environmental stresses and nutrient availability with oocyte development. Importantly, the majority of these reproductive mechanisms are highly conserved throughout evolution, and many play critical roles in the development of somatic tissues as well. In this chapter, we summarize the recent progress in several key areas that impact egg chamber development and ovulation. First, we discuss the mechanisms that drive nutrient storage and trafficking during oocyte maturation and vitellogenesis. Second, we examine the processes that regulate follicle cell patterning and how that patterning impacts the construction of the egg shell and the establishment of embryonic polarity. Finally, we examine regulatory factors that control ovulation, egg activation, and successful fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Berg
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5065USA
| | - Matthew Sieber
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390USA
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269USA
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6
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Johnson RM, Cozens DW, Ferdous Z, Armstrong PM, Brackney DE. Increased blood meal size and feeding frequency compromise Aedes aegypti midgut integrity and enhance dengue virus dissemination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011703. [PMID: 37910475 PMCID: PMC10619875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a highly efficient vector for numerous pathogenic arboviruses including dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus, and yellow fever virus. This efficiency can in part be attributed to their frequent feeding behavior. We previously found that acquisition of a second, full, non-infectious blood meal could accelerate virus dissemination within the mosquito by temporarily compromising midgut basal lamina integrity; however, in the wild, mosquitoes are often interrupted during feeding and only acquire partial or minimal blood meals. To explore the impact of this feeding behavior further, we examined the effects of partial blood feeding on DENV dissemination rates and midgut basal lamina damage in Ae. aegypti. DENV-infected mosquitoes given a secondary partial blood meal had intermediate rates of dissemination and midgut basal lamina damage compared to single-fed and fully double-fed counterparts. Subsequently, we evaluated if basal lamina damage accumulated across feeding episodes. Interestingly, within 24 hours of feeding, damage was proportional to the number of blood meals imbibed; however, this additive effect returned to baseline levels by 96 hours. These data reveal that midgut basal lamina damage and rates of dissemination are proportional to feeding frequency and size, and further demonstrate the impact that mosquito feeding behavior has on vector competence and arbovirus epidemiology. This work has strong implications for our understanding of virus transmission in the field and will be useful when designing laboratory experiments and creating more accurate models of virus spread and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Johnson
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Entomology, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Duncan W. Cozens
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Entomology, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Zannatul Ferdous
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Entomology, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Philip M. Armstrong
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Entomology, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Doug E. Brackney
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Entomology, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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7
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Töpfer U, Guerra Santillán KY, Fischer-Friedrich E, Dahmann C. Distinct contributions of ECM proteins to basement membrane mechanical properties in Drosophila. Development 2022; 149:275413. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The basement membrane is a specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) that is crucial for the development of epithelial tissues and organs. In Drosophila, the mechanical properties of the basement membrane play an important role in the proper elongation of the developing egg chamber; however, the molecular mechanisms contributing to basement membrane mechanical properties are not fully understood. Here, we systematically analyze the contributions of individual ECM components towards the molecular composition and mechanical properties of the basement membrane underlying the follicle epithelium of Drosophila egg chambers. We find that the Laminin and Collagen IV networks largely persist in the absence of the other components. Moreover, we show that Perlecan and Collagen IV, but not Laminin or Nidogen, contribute greatly towards egg chamber elongation. Similarly, Perlecan and Collagen, but not Laminin or Nidogen, contribute towards the resistance of egg chambers against osmotic stress. Finally, using atomic force microscopy we show that basement membrane stiffness mainly depends on Collagen IV. Our analysis reveals how single ECM components contribute to the mechanical properties of the basement membrane controlling tissue and organ shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Töpfer
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karla Yanín Guerra Santillán
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Fischer-Friedrich
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Dahmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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8
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Peng Q, Chen J, Wang R, Zhu H, Han C, Ji X, Pan Y. The sex determination gene doublesex regulates expression and secretion of the basement membrane protein Collagen IV. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:636-644. [PMID: 35017121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The highly conserved doublesex (dsx) and doublesex/mab-3 related (Dmrt) genes control sexually dimorphic traits across animals. The dsx gene encodes sex-specific transcription factors, DsxM in males and DsxF in females, which function differentially and often oppositely to establish sexual dimorphism. Here, we report that mutations in dsx, or overexpression of dsx, result in abnormal distribution of the basement membrane (BM) protein Collagen IV in the fat body. We find that Dsx isoforms regulate the expression of Collagen IV in the fat body and its secretion into the BM of other tissues. We identify the procollagen lysyl hydroxylase (dPlod) gene, which is involved in the biosynthesis of Collagen IV, as a direct target of Dsx. We further show that Dsx regulates Collagen IV through dPlod-dependent and independent pathways. These findings reveal how Dsx isoforms function in the secretory fat body to regulate Collagen IV and remotely establish sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qionglin Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jiangtao Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Rong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Huan Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Caihong Han
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yufeng Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
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9
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Gross SJ, Webb AM, Peterlin AD, Durrant JR, Judson RJ, Raza Q, Kitajewski JK, Kushner EJ. Notch regulates vascular collagen IV basement membrane through modulation of lysyl hydroxylase 3 trafficking. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:789-805. [PMID: 33956260 PMCID: PMC8487879 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Collagen type IV (Col IV) is a basement membrane protein associated with early blood vessel morphogenesis and is essential for blood vessel stability. Defects in vascular Col IV deposition are the basis of heritable disorders, such as small vessel disease, marked by cerebral hemorrhage and drastically shorten lifespan. To date, little is known about how endothelial cells regulate the intracellular transport and selective secretion of Col IV in response to angiogenic cues, leaving a void in our understanding of this critical process. Our aim was to identify trafficking pathways that regulate Col IV deposition during angiogenic blood vessel development. We have identified the GTPase Rab10 as a major regulator of Col IV vesicular trafficking during vascular development using both in vitro imaging and biochemistry as well as in vivo models. Knockdown of Rab10 reduced de novo Col IV secretion in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, we determined that Rab10 is an indirect mediator of Col IV secretion, partnering with atypical Rab25 to deliver the enzyme lysyl hydroxylase 3 (LH3) to Col IV-containing vesicles staged for secretion. Loss of Rab10 or Rab25 results in depletion of LH3 from Col IV-containing vesicles and rapid lysosomal degradation of Col IV. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Rab10 is Notch responsive, indicating a novel connection between permissive Notch-based vessel maturation programs and vesicle trafficking. Our results illustrate both a new trafficking-based component in the regulated secretion of Col IV and how this vesicle trafficking program interfaces with Notch signaling to fine-tune basement membrane secretion during blood vessel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Gross
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, 80210, USA
| | - Amelia M Webb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, 80210, USA
| | - Alek D Peterlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, 80210, USA
| | | | - Rachel J Judson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, 80210, USA
| | - Qanber Raza
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jan K Kitajewski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erich J Kushner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, 80210, USA.
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10
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Mortimer NT, Fischer ML, Waring AL, Kr P, Kacsoh BZ, Brantley SE, Keebaugh ES, Hill J, Lark C, Martin J, Bains P, Lee J, Vrailas-Mortimer AD, Schlenke TA. Extracellular matrix protein N-glycosylation mediates immune self-tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2017460118. [PMID: 34544850 PMCID: PMC8488588 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017460118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to respond to infection, hosts must distinguish pathogens from their own tissues. This allows for the precise targeting of immune responses against pathogens and also ensures self-tolerance, the ability of the host to protect self tissues from immune damage. One way to maintain self-tolerance is to evolve a self signal and suppress any immune response directed at tissues that carry this signal. Here, we characterize the Drosophila tuSz1 mutant strain, which mounts an aberrant immune response against its own fat body. We demonstrate that this autoimmunity is the result of two mutations: 1) a mutation in the GCS1 gene that disrupts N-glycosylation of extracellular matrix proteins covering the fat body, and 2) a mutation in the Drosophila Janus Kinase ortholog that causes precocious activation of hemocytes. Our data indicate that N-glycans attached to extracellular matrix proteins serve as a self signal and that activated hemocytes attack tissues lacking this signal. The simplicity of this invertebrate self-recognition system and the ubiquity of its constituent parts suggests it may have functional homologs across animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Mortimer
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790;
| | - Mary L Fischer
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Ashley L Waring
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Pooja Kr
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Balint Z Kacsoh
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Susanna E Brantley
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Joshua Hill
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Chris Lark
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Julia Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Pravleen Bains
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Jonathan Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | | | - Todd A Schlenke
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719
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11
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Khalilgharibi N, Mao Y. To form and function: on the role of basement membrane mechanics in tissue development, homeostasis and disease. Open Biol 2021; 11:200360. [PMID: 33593159 PMCID: PMC8061686 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) is a special type of extracellular matrix that lines the basal side of epithelial and endothelial tissues. Functionally, the BM is important for providing physical and biochemical cues to the overlying cells, sculpting the tissue into its correct size and shape. In this review, we focus on recent studies that have unveiled the complex mechanical properties of the BM. We discuss how these properties can change during development, homeostasis and disease via different molecular mechanisms, and the subsequent impact on tissue form and function in a variety of organisms. We also explore how better characterization of BM mechanics can contribute to disease diagnosis and treatment, as well as development of better in silico and in vitro models that not only impact the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, but can also reduce the use of animals in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargess Khalilgharibi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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12
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Ramond E, Dudzic JP, Lemaitre B. Comparative RNA-Seq analyses of Drosophila plasmatocytes reveal gene specific signatures in response to clean injury and septic injury. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235294. [PMID: 32598400 PMCID: PMC7323993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster's blood cells (hemocytes) play essential roles in wound healing and are involved in clearing microbial infections. Here, we report the transcriptional changes of larval plasmatocytes after clean injury or infection with the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli or the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus compared to hemocytes recovered from unchallenged larvae via RNA-Sequencing. This study reveals 676 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in hemocytes from clean injury samples compared to unchallenged samples, and 235 and 184 DEGs in E. coli and S. aureus samples respectively compared to clean injury samples. The clean injury samples showed enriched DEGs for immunity, clotting, cytoskeleton, cell migration, hemocyte differentiation, and indicated a metabolic reprogramming to aerobic glycolysis, a well-defined metabolic adaptation observed in mammalian macrophages. Microbial infections trigger significant transcription of immune genes, with significant differences between the E. coli and S. aureus samples suggesting that hemocytes have the ability to engage various programs upon infection. Collectively, our data bring new insights on Drosophila hemocyte function and open the route to post-genomic functional analysis of the cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Ramond
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Paul Dudzic
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Umana-Diaz C, Pichol-Thievend C, Marchand MF, Atlas Y, Salza R, Malbouyres M, Barret A, Teillon J, Ardidie-Robouant C, Ruggiero F, Monnot C, Girard P, Guilluy C, Ricard-Blum S, Germain S, Muller L. Scavenger Receptor Cysteine-Rich domains of Lysyl Oxidase-Like2 regulate endothelial ECM and angiogenesis through non-catalytic scaffolding mechanisms. Matrix Biol 2020; 88:33-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Pastor-Pareja JC. Atypical basement membranes and basement membrane diversity - what is normal anyway? J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/8/jcs241794. [PMID: 32317312 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.241794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of basement membranes (BMs) played an essential role in the organization of animal cells into tissues and diversification of body plans. The archetypal BM is a compact extracellular matrix polymer containing laminin, nidogen, collagen IV and perlecan (LNCP matrix) tightly packed into a homogenously thin planar layer. Contrasting this clear-cut morphological and compositional definition, there are numerous examples of LNCP matrices with unusual characteristics that deviate from this planar organization. Furthermore, BM components are found in non-planar matrices that are difficult to categorize as BMs at all. In this Review, I discuss examples of atypical BM organization. First, I highlight atypical BM structures in human tissues before describing the functional dissection of a plethora of BMs and BM-related structures in their tissue contexts in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster To conclude, I summarize our incipient understanding of the mechanisms that provide morphological, compositional and functional diversity to BMs. It is becoming increasingly clear that atypical BMs are quite prevalent, and that even typical planar BMs harbor a lot of diversity that we do not yet comprehend.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Pastor-Pareja
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
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15
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Cerqueira Campos F, Dennis C, Alégot H, Fritsch C, Isabella A, Pouchin P, Bardot O, Horne-Badovinac S, Mirouse V. Oriented basement membrane fibrils provide a memory for F-actin planar polarization via the Dystrophin-Dystroglycan complex during tissue elongation. Development 2020; 147:dev.186957. [PMID: 32156755 DOI: 10.1242/dev.186957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
How extracellular matrix contributes to tissue morphogenesis is still an open question. In the Drosophila ovarian follicle, it has been proposed that after Fat2-dependent planar polarization of the follicle cell basal domain, oriented basement membrane (BM) fibrils and F-actin stress fibers constrain follicle growth, promoting its axial elongation. However, the relationship between BM fibrils and stress fibers and their respective impact on elongation are unclear. We found that Dystroglycan (Dg) and Dystrophin (Dys) are involved in BM fibril deposition. Moreover, they also orient stress fibers, by acting locally and in parallel to Fat2. Importantly, Dg-Dys complex-mediated cell-autonomous control of F-actin fiber orientation relies on the preceding BM fibril deposition, indicating two distinct but interdependent functions. Thus, the Dg-Dys complex works as a crucial organizer of the epithelial basal domain, regulating both F-actin and BM. Furthermore, BM fibrils act as a persistent cue for the orientation of stress fibers that are the main effector of elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Cerqueira Campos
- iGReD (Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development), Université Clermont Auvergne - UMR CNRS 6293 - INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cynthia Dennis
- iGReD (Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development), Université Clermont Auvergne - UMR CNRS 6293 - INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hervé Alégot
- iGReD (Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development), Université Clermont Auvergne - UMR CNRS 6293 - INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cornelia Fritsch
- iGReD (Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development), Université Clermont Auvergne - UMR CNRS 6293 - INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Adam Isabella
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, and Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology - The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago IL 60653, USA
| | - Pierre Pouchin
- iGReD (Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development), Université Clermont Auvergne - UMR CNRS 6293 - INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Olivier Bardot
- iGReD (Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development), Université Clermont Auvergne - UMR CNRS 6293 - INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, and Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology - The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago IL 60653, USA
| | - Vincent Mirouse
- iGReD (Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development), Université Clermont Auvergne - UMR CNRS 6293 - INSERM U1103, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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16
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Duncan S, Delage S, Chioran A, Sirbu O, Brown TJ, Ringuette MJ. The predicted collagen-binding domains of Drosophila SPARC are essential for survival and for collagen IV distribution and assembly into basement membranes. Dev Biol 2020; 461:197-209. [PMID: 32087195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of basement membranes (BMs) into tissue-specific morphoregulatory structures requires non-core BM components. Work in Drosophila indicates a principal role of collagen-binding matricellular glycoprotein SPARC (Secreted Protein, Acidic, Rich in Cysteine) in larval fat body BM assembly. We report that SPARC and collagen IV (Col(IV)) first colocalize in the trans-Golgi of hemocyte-like cell lines. Mutating the collagen-binding domains of Drosophila SPARC led to the loss of colocalization with Col(IV), a fibrotic-like BM, and 2nd instar larval lethality, indicating that SPARC binding to Col(IV) is essential for survival. Analysis of this mutant at 2nd instar reveals increased Col(IV) puncta within adipocytes, reflecting a disruption in the intracellular chaperone-like activity of SPARC. Removal of the disulfide bridge in the C-terminal EF-hand2 of SPARC, which is known to enhance Col(IV) binding, did not lead to larval lethality; however, a less intense fat body phenotype was observed. Additionally, both SPARC mutants exhibited altered fat body BM pore topography. Wing imaginal disc-derived SPARC did not localize within Col(IV)-rich matrices. This raises the possibility that SPARC interaction with Col(IV) requires initial intracellular interaction to colocalize at the BM or that wing-derived SPARC undergoes differential post-translational modifications that impacts its function. Collectively, these data provide evidence that the chaperone-like activity of SPARC on Col(IV) begins just prior to their co-secretion and demonstrate for the first time that the Col(IV) chaperone-like activity of SPARC is necessary for Drosophila development beyond the 2nd instar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Duncan
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samuel Delage
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexa Chioran
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga Sirbu
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theodore J Brown
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum, Research Institute at Sinai Health Systems, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maurice J Ringuette
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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17
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Davis MN, Horne-Badovinac S, Naba A. In-silico definition of the Drosophila melanogaster matrisome. Matrix Biol Plus 2019; 4:100015. [PMID: 33543012 PMCID: PMC7852309 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2019.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an assembly of hundreds of proteins that structurally supports the cells it surrounds and biochemically regulates their functions. Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful model organism to study fundamental mechanisms underlying ECM protein secretion, ECM assembly, and ECM roles in pathophysiological processes. However, as of today, we do not possess a well-defined list of the components forming the ECM of this organism. We previously reported the development of computational pipelines to define the matrisome - the ensemble of genes encoding ECM and ECM-associated proteins - of humans, mice, zebrafish and C. elegans. Using a similar approach, we report here that our pipeline has identified 641 genes constituting the Drosophila matrisome. We further classify these genes into different structural and functional categories, including an expanded way to classify genes encoding proteins forming apical ECMs. We illustrate how having a comprehensive list of Drosophila matrisome proteins can be used to annotate large proteomic datasets and identify unsuspected roles for the ECM in pathophysiological processes. Last, to aid the dissemination and usage of the proposed definition and categorization of the Drosophila matrisome by the scientific community, our list has been made available through three public portals: The Matrisome Project (http://matrisome.org), The FlyBase (https://flybase.org/), and GLAD (https://www.flyrnai.org/tools/glad/web/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin N. Davis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alexandra Naba
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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18
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Jayadev R, Chi Q, Keeley DP, Hastie EL, Kelley LC, Sherwood DR. α-Integrins dictate distinct modes of type IV collagen recruitment to basement membranes. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3098-3116. [PMID: 31387941 PMCID: PMC6719451 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201903124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are cell-associated extracellular matrices that support tissue integrity, signaling, and barrier properties. Type IV collagen is critical for BM function, yet how it is directed into BMs in vivo is unclear. Through live-cell imaging of endogenous localization, conditional knockdown, and misexpression experiments, we uncovered distinct mechanisms of integrin-mediated collagen recruitment to Caenorhabditis elegans postembryonic gonadal and pharyngeal BMs. The putative laminin-binding αINA-1/βPAT-3 integrin was selectively activated in the gonad and recruited laminin, which directed moderate collagen incorporation. In contrast, the putative Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-binding αPAT-2/βPAT-3 integrin was activated in the pharynx and recruited high levels of collagen in an apparently laminin-independent manner. Through an RNAi screen, we further identified the small GTPase RAP-3 (Rap1) as a pharyngeal-specific PAT-2/PAT-3 activator that modulates collagen levels. Together, these studies demonstrate that tissues can use distinct mechanisms to direct collagen incorporation into BMs to precisely control collagen levels and construct diverse BMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjay Jayadev
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Qiuyi Chi
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Daniel P Keeley
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Eric L Hastie
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Laura C Kelley
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - David R Sherwood
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
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19
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Jovanović B, Jovanović N, Cvetković VJ, Matić S, Stanić S, Whitley EM, Mitrović TL. The effects of a human food additive, titanium dioxide nanoparticles E171, on Drosophila melanogaster - a 20 generation dietary exposure experiment. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17922. [PMID: 30560898 PMCID: PMC6298969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36174-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) were exposed to an estimated daily human E171 consumption concentration for 20 generations. Exposure to E171 resulted in: a change in normal developmental and reproductive dynamics, reduced fecundity after repetitive breeding, increased genotoxicity, the appearance of aberrant phenotypes and morphologic changes to the adult fat body. Marks of adaptive evolution and directional selection were also exhibited. The larval stages were at a higher risk of sustaining damage from E171 as they had a slower elimination rate of TiO2 compared to the adults. This is particularly worrisome, since among the human population, children tend to consume higher daily concentrations of E171 than do adults. The genotoxic effect of E171 was statistically higher in each subsequent generation compared to the previous one. Aberrant phenotypes were likely caused by developmental defects induced by E171, and were not mutations, since the phenotypic features were not transferred to any progeny even after 5 generations of consecutive crossbreeding. Therefore, exposure to E171 during the early developmental period carries a higher risk of toxicity. The fact that the daily human consumption concentration of E171 interferes with and influences fruit fly physiological, ontogenetic, genotoxic, and adaptive processes certainly raises safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Jovanović
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Nikola Jovanović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Vladimir J Cvetković
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Sanja Matić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Snežana Stanić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Tatjana Lj Mitrović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
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20
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Dissection of Nidogen function in Drosophila reveals tissue-specific mechanisms of basement membrane assembly. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007483. [PMID: 30260959 PMCID: PMC6177204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are thin sheet-like specialized extracellular matrices found at the basal surface of epithelia and endothelial tissues. They have been conserved across evolution and are required for proper tissue growth, organization, differentiation and maintenance. The major constituents of BMs are two independent networks of Laminin and Type IV Collagen in addition to the proteoglycan Perlecan and the glycoprotein Nidogen/entactin (Ndg). The ability of Ndg to bind in vitro Collagen IV and Laminin, both with key functions during embryogenesis, anticipated an essential role for Ndg in morphogenesis linking the Laminin and Collagen IV networks. This was supported by results from cultured embryonic tissue experiments. However, the fact that elimination of Ndg in C. elegans and mice did not affect survival strongly questioned this proposed linking role. Here, we have isolated mutations in the only Ndg gene present in Drosophila. We find that while, similar to C.elegans and mice, Ndg is not essential for overall organogenesis or viability, it is required for appropriate fertility. We also find, alike in mice, tissue-specific requirements of Ndg for proper assembly and maintenance of certain BMs, namely those of the adipose tissue and flight muscles. In addition, we have performed a thorough functional analysis of the different Ndg domains in vivo. Our results support an essential requirement of the G3 domain for Ndg function and unravel a new key role for the Rod domain in regulating Ndg incorporation into BMs. Furthermore, uncoupling of the Laminin and Collagen IV networks is clearly observed in the larval adipose tissue in the absence of Ndg, indeed supporting a linking role. In light of our findings, we propose that BM assembly and/or maintenance is tissue-specific, which could explain the diverse requirements of a ubiquitous conserved BM component like Nidogen. Basement membranes (BMs) are thin layers of specialized extracellular matrices present in every tissue of the human body. Its main constituents are two networks of laminin and Type IV Collagen linked by Nidogen (Ndg) and proteoglycans. They form an organized scaffold that regulates organ morphogenesis and function. Mutations affecting BM components are associated with organ dysfunction and several congenital diseases. Thus, a better comprehension of BM assembly and maintenance will not only help to learn more about organogenesis but also to a better understanding and, hopefully, treatment of these diseases. Here, we have used the fruit fly Drosophila to analyse the role of Ndg in BM formation in vivo. Elimination of Ndg in worms and mice does not affect survival, strongly questioning its proposed linking role, derived from in vitro experiments. Here, we show that in the fly, Ndg is dispensable for BM assembly and preservation in many tissues, but absolutely required in others. Furthermore, our functional study of the different Ndg domains challenges the significance of some interactions between BM components derived from in vitro experiments, while confirming others, and reveals a new key requirement for the Rod domain in Ndg function and incorporation into BMs.
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21
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Chen DY, Crest J, Bilder D. A Cell Migration Tracking Tool Supports Coupling of Tissue Rotation to Elongation. Cell Rep 2018; 21:559-569. [PMID: 29045826 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is indispensable to morphogenesis and homeostasis. Live imaging allows mechanistic insights, but long-term observation can alter normal biology, and tools to track movements in vivo without perturbation are lacking. We develop here a tool called M-TRAIL (matrix-labeling technique for real-time and inferred location), which reveals migration histories in fixed tissues. Using clones that overexpress GFP-tagged extracellular matrix (ECM) components, motility trajectories are mapped based on durable traces deposited onto basement membrane. We applied M-TRAIL to Drosophila follicle rotation, comparing in vivo and ex vivo migratory dynamics. The rate, trajectory, and cessation of rotation in wild-type (WT) follicles measured in vivo and ex vivo were identical, as was rotation failure in fat2 mutants. However, follicles carrying intracellularly truncated Fat2, previously reported to lack rotation ex vivo, in fact rotate in vivo at a reduced speed, thus revalidating the hypothesis that rotation is required for tissue elongation. The M-TRAIL approach could be applied to track and quantitate in vivo cell motility in other tissues and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yuan Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Justin Crest
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David Bilder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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22
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Abstract
The basement membrane is a thin but dense, sheet-like specialized type of extracellular matrix that has remarkably diverse functions tailored to individual tissues and organs. Tightly controlled spatial and temporal changes in its composition and structure contribute to the diversity of basement membrane functions. These different basement membranes undergo dynamic transformations throughout animal life, most notably during development. Numerous developmental mechanisms are regulated or mediated by basement membranes, often by a combination of molecular and mechanical processes. A particularly important process involves cell transmigration through a basement membrane because of its link to cell invasion in disease. While developmental and disease processes share some similarities, what clearly distinguishes the two is dysregulation of cells and extracellular matrices in disease. With its relevance to many developmental and disease processes, the basement membrane is a vitally important area of research that may provide novel insights into biological mechanisms and development of innovative therapeutic approaches. Here we present a review of developmental and disease dynamics of basement membranes in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and vertebrates.
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23
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Chlasta J, Milani P, Runel G, Duteyrat JL, Arias L, Lamiré LA, Boudaoud A, Grammont M. Variations in basement membrane mechanics are linked to epithelial morphogenesis. Development 2017; 144:4350-4362. [PMID: 29038305 DOI: 10.1242/dev.152652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of morphogenesis by the basement membrane (BM) may rely on changes in its mechanical properties. To test this, we developed an atomic force microscopy-based method to measure BM mechanical stiffness during two key processes in Drosophila ovarian follicle development. First, follicle elongation depends on epithelial cells that collectively migrate, secreting BM fibrils perpendicularly to the anteroposterior axis. Our data show that BM stiffness increases during this migration and that fibril incorporation enhances BM stiffness. In addition, stiffness heterogeneity, due to oriented fibrils, is important for egg elongation. Second, epithelial cells change their shape from cuboidal to either squamous or columnar. We prove that BM softens around the squamous cells and that this softening depends on the TGFβ pathway. We also demonstrate that interactions between BM constituents are necessary for cell flattening. Altogether, these results show that BM mechanical properties are modified during development and that, in turn, such mechanical modifications influence both cell and tissue shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Chlasta
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Pascale Milani
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Gaël Runel
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Duteyrat
- Institut NeuroMyoGene, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, 16 rue R. Dubois, Villeurbanne Cedex F-69622, France
| | - Leticia Arias
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Laurie-Anne Lamiré
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Grammont
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69342, Lyon, France
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24
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Chioran A, Duncan S, Catalano A, Brown TJ, Ringuette MJ. Collagen IV trafficking: The inside-out and beyond story. Dev Biol 2017; 431:124-133. [PMID: 28982537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Collagen IV networks endow basement membranes (BMs) with remarkable tensile strength and function as morphoregulatory substrata for diverse tissue-specific developmental events. A complex repertoire of intracellular and extracellular molecular interactions are required for collagen IV secretion and supramolecular assembly into BMs. These include intracellular chaperones such as Heat shock protein 47 (Hsp47) and the chaperone-binding trafficking protein Transport and Golgi organization protein 1 (Tango1). Mutations in these proteins lead to compromised collagen IV protomer stability and secretion, leading to defective BM assembly and function. In addition to intracellular chaperones, a role for extracellular chaperones orchestrating the transport, supramolecular assembly, and architecture of collagen IV in BM is emerging. We present evidence derived from evolutionarily distant model organisms that supports an extracellular collagen IV chaperone-like activity for the matricellular protein SPARC (Secreted Protein, Acidic, Rich in Cysteine). Loss of SPARC disrupts BM homeostasis and compromises tissue biomechanics and physiological function. Thus, the combined contributions of intracellular and extracellular collagen IV-associated chaperones and chaperone-like proteins are critical to ensure proper secretion and stereotypic assembly of collagen IV networks in BMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Chioran
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Sebastian Duncan
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G5
| | | | - Theodore J Brown
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maurice J Ringuette
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G5.
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Duhart JC, Parsons TT, Raftery LA. The repertoire of epithelial morphogenesis on display: Progressive elaboration of Drosophila egg structure. Mech Dev 2017; 148:18-39. [PMID: 28433748 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial structures are foundational for tissue organization in all metazoans. Sheets of epithelial cells form lateral adhesive junctions and acquire apico-basal polarity perpendicular to the surface of the sheet. Genetic analyses in the insect model, Drosophila melanogaster, have greatly advanced our understanding of how epithelial organization is established, and how it is modulated during tissue morphogenesis. Major insights into collective cell migrations have come from analyses of morphogenetic movements within the adult follicular epithelium that cooperates with female germ cells to build a mature egg. Epithelial follicle cells progress through tightly choreographed phases of proliferation, patterning, reorganization and migrations, before they differentiate to form the elaborate structures of the eggshell. Distinct structural domains are organized by differential adhesion, within which lateral junctions are remodeled to further shape the organized epithelia. During collective cell migrations, adhesive interactions mediate supracellular organization of planar polarized macromolecules, and facilitate crawling over the basement membrane or traction against adjacent cell surfaces. Comparative studies with other insects are revealing the diversification of morphogenetic movements for elaboration of epithelial structures. This review surveys the repertoire of follicle cell morphogenesis, to highlight the coordination of epithelial plasticity with progressive differentiation of a secretory epithelium. Technological advances will keep this tissue at the leading edge for interrogating the precise spatiotemporal regulation of normal epithelial reorganization events, and provide a framework for understanding pathological tissue dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Duhart
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, United States
| | - Travis T Parsons
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, United States
| | - Laurel A Raftery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, United States.
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Isabella AJ, Horne-Badovinac S. Rab10-Mediated Secretion Synergizes with Tissue Movement to Build a Polarized Basement Membrane Architecture for Organ Morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2016; 38:47-60. [PMID: 27404358 PMCID: PMC4942852 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are planar protein networks that support epithelial function. Regulated changes to BM architecture can also contribute to tissue morphogenesis, but how epithelia dynamically remodel their BMs is unknown. In Drosophila, elongation of the initially spherical egg chamber correlates with the generation of a polarized network of fibrils in its surrounding BM. Here, we use live imaging and genetic manipulations to determine how these fibrils form. BM fibrils are assembled from newly synthesized proteins in the pericellular spaces between the egg chamber's epithelial cells and undergo oriented insertion into the BM by directed epithelial migration. We find that a Rab10-based secretion pathway promotes pericellular BM protein accumulation and fibril formation. Finally, by manipulating this pathway, we show that BM fibrillar structure influences egg chamber morphogenesis. This work highlights how regulated protein secretion can synergize with tissue movement to build a polarized BM architecture that controls tissue shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Isabella
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Isabella AJ, Horne-Badovinac S. Dynamic regulation of basement membrane protein levels promotes egg chamber elongation in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2015; 406:212-21. [PMID: 26348027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are sheet-like extracellular matrices that provide essential support to epithelial tissues. Recent evidence suggests that regulated changes in BM architecture can direct tissue morphogenesis, but the mechanisms by which cells remodel BMs are largely unknown. The Drosophila egg chamber is an organ-like structure that transforms from a spherical to an ellipsoidal shape as it matures. This elongation coincides with a stage-specific increase in Type IV Collagen (Col IV) levels in the BM surrounding the egg chamber; however, the mechanisms and morphogenetic relevance of this remodeling event have not been established. Here, we identify the Collagen-binding protein SPARC as a negative regulator of egg chamber elongation, and show that SPARC down-regulation is necessary for the increase in Col IV levels to occur. We find that SPARC interacts with Col IV prior to secretion and propose that, through this interaction, SPARC blocks the incorporation of newly synthesized Col IV into the BM. We additionally observe a decrease in Perlecan levels during elongation, and show that Perlecan is a negative regulator of this process. These data provide mechanistic insight into SPARC's conserved role in matrix dynamics and demonstrate that regulated changes in BM composition influence organ morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Isabella
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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