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Endosomal Transport to Lysosomes and the Trans-Golgi Network in Neurons and Other Cells: Visualizing Maturational Flux. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2557:595-618. [PMID: 36512240 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-level microscopy enables the comprehensive study of dynamic intracellular processes. Here we describe a toolkit of combinatorial approaches for fixed cell imaging and live cell imaging to investigate the interactions along the trans-Golgi network (TGN)-endosome-lysosome transport axis, which underlie the maturation of endosomal compartments and degradative flux. For fixed cell approaches, we specifically highlight how choices of permeabilization conditions, antibody selection, and antibody multiplexing affect interpretation of results. For live cell approaches, we emphasize the use of sensors that read out pH and degradative capacity in combination with endosomal identity for elucidating dynamic compartment changes.
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Sudhakar JN, Lu HH, Chiang HY, Suen CS, Hwang MJ, Wu SY, Shen CN, Chang YM, Li FA, Liu FT, Shui JW. Lumenal Galectin-9-Lamp2 interaction regulates lysosome and autophagy to prevent pathogenesis in the intestine and pancreas. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4286. [PMID: 32855403 PMCID: PMC7453023 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins capable of sensing and repairing damaged lysosomes. As in the physiological conditions glycosylated moieties are mostly in the lysosomal lumen but not cytosol, it is unclear whether galectins reside in lysosomes, bind to glycosylated proteins, and regulate lysosome functions. Here, we show in gut epithelial cells, galectin-9 is enriched in lysosomes and predominantly binds to lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (Lamp2) in a Asn(N)-glycan dependent manner. At the steady state, galectin-9 binding to glycosylated Asn175 of Lamp2 is essential for functionality of lysosomes and autophagy. Loss of N-glycan-binding capability of galectin-9 causes its complete depletion from lysosomes and defective autophagy, leading to increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress preferentially in autophagy-active Paneth cells and acinar cells. Unresolved ER stress consequently causes cell degeneration or apoptosis that associates with colitis and pancreatic disorders in mice. Therefore, lysosomal galectins maintain homeostatic function of lysosomes to prevent organ pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hsueh-Han Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shu Suen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jing Hwang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Yu Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ning Shen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ming Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-An Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Wen Shui
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Lin J, Jo SB, Kim TH, Kim HW, Chew SY. RNA interference in glial cells for nerve injury treatment. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731420939224. [PMID: 32670539 PMCID: PMC7338726 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420939224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drivers of RNA interference are potent for manipulating gene and protein levels, which enable the restoration of dysregulated mRNA expression that is commonly associated with injuries and diseases. This review summarizes the potential of targeting neuroglial cells, using RNA interference, to treat nerve injuries sustained in the central nervous system. In addition, the various methods of delivering these RNA interference effectors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junquan Lin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Seung Bin Jo
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration
Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration
Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science
& BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook
University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration
Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science
& BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook
University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine
Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine,
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Alabdullah AA, Al-Abdulaziz B, Alsalem H, Magrashi A, Pulicat SM, Almzroua AA, Almohanna F, Assiri AM, Al Tassan NA, Al-Mubarak BR. Estimating transfection efficiency in differentiated and undifferentiated neural cells. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:225. [PMID: 30987672 PMCID: PMC6466792 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Delivery of constructs for silencing or over-expressing genes or their modified versions is a crucial step for studying neuronal cell biology. Therefore, efficient transfection is important for the success of these experimental techniques especially in post-mitotic cells like neurons. In this study, we have assessed the transfection rate, using a previously established protocol, in both primary cortical cultures and neuroblastoma cell lines. Transfection efficiencies in these preparations have not been systematically determined before. Results Transfection efficiencies obtained herein were (10–12%) for neuroblastoma, (5–12%) for primary astrocytes and (1.3–6%) for primary neurons. We also report on cell-type specific transfection efficiency of neurons and astrocytes within primary cortical cultures when applying cell-type selective transfection protocols. Previous estimations described in primary cortical or hippocampal cultures were either based on general observations or on data derived from unspecified number of biological and/or technical replicates. Also to the best of our knowledge, transfection efficiency of pure primary neuronal cultures or astrocytes cultured in the context of pure or mixed (neurons/astrocytes) population cultures have not been previously determined. The transfection strategy used herein represents a convenient, and a straightforward tool for targeted cell transfection that can be utilized in a variety of in vitro applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-019-4249-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer A Alabdullah
- Behavioral Genetics Unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.,National Center for Genomics Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basma Al-Abdulaziz
- Behavioral Genetics Unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.,National Center for Genomics Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Alsalem
- Behavioral Genetics Unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amna Magrashi
- Behavioral Genetics Unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Subramanian M Pulicat
- Stem Cell & Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer A Almzroua
- Stem Cell & Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Falah Almohanna
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Mohamed Assiri
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada A Al Tassan
- Behavioral Genetics Unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.,Clinical Laboratory Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer R Al-Mubarak
- Behavioral Genetics Unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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Yap CC, Digilio L, McMahon L, Winckler B. The endosomal neuronal proteins Nsg1/NEEP21 and Nsg2/P19 are itinerant, not resident proteins of dendritic endosomes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10481. [PMID: 28874679 PMCID: PMC5585371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07667-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane traffic critically regulates most aspects of neuronal function. Neurons express many neuronal-specific proteins that regulate membrane traffic, including the poorly understood small transmembrane proteins neural-specific gene 1 and 2 (Nsg1/NEEP21 and Nsg2/P19). Nsg1 has been implicated in regulating endosomal recycling and sorting of several important neuronal receptors. Nsg2 is largely unstudied. At steady-state, Nsg1 and Nsg2 only partially co-localize with known endosomal compartments, and it was suggested that they mark a neuronal-specific endosome. Since Nsg1 localizes to and functions in the dendritic endosome, we set out to discover how Nsg1 and Nsg2 localization to endosomes is regulated in primary rat hippocampal neurons, using quadruple immunolocalization against endogenous proteins, live imaging of dendritic endosomes, and interference approaches against the endosomal regulators Rab5 and Rab7. In contrast to previous conclusions, we now show that Nsg1 and Nsg2 are not resident endosomal proteins, but traffic rapidly from the cell surface to lysosomes and have a half-life of less than two hours. Their partial co-localization with canonical endosomal markers thus reflects their rapid flux towards degradation rather than specific targeting to a singular compartment. These findings will require rethinking of how this class of endosomal proteins regulates trafficking of much longer-lived receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Choo Yap
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Laura Digilio
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Lloyd McMahon
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Bettina Winckler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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