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Chaumeil MM, Bankson JA, Brindle KM, Epstein S, Gallagher FA, Grashei M, Guglielmetti C, Kaggie JD, Keshari KR, Knecht S, Laustsen C, Schmidt AB, Vigneron D, Yen YF, Schilling F. New Horizons in Hyperpolarized 13C MRI. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:222-232. [PMID: 38147265 PMCID: PMC10972948 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization techniques significantly enhance the sensitivity of magnetic resonance (MR) and thus present fascinating new directions for research and applications with in vivo MR imaging and spectroscopy (MRI/S). Hyperpolarized 13C MRI/S, in particular, enables real-time non-invasive assessment of metabolic processes and holds great promise for a diverse range of clinical applications spanning fields like oncology, neurology, and cardiology, with a potential for improving early diagnosis of disease, patient stratification, and therapy response assessment. Despite its potential, technical challenges remain for achieving clinical translation. This paper provides an overview of the discussions that took place at the international workshop "New Horizons in Hyperpolarized 13C MRI," in March 2023 at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Munich, Germany. The workshop covered new developments, as well as future directions, in topics including polarization techniques (particularly focusing on parahydrogen-based methods), novel probes, considerations related to data acquisition and analysis, and emerging clinical applications in oncology and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - James A Bankson
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Grashei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Guglielmetti
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua D Kaggie
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - Christoffer Laustsen
- The MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas B Schmidt
- Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstr. 5a, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Daniel Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Fen Yen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Li H, Guglielmetti C, Sei YJ, Zilberter M, Le Page LM, Shields L, Yang J, Nguyen K, Tiret B, Gao X, Bennett N, Lo I, Dayton TL, Kampmann M, Huang Y, Rathmell JC, Vander Heiden M, Chaumeil MM, Nakamura K. Neurons require glucose uptake and glycolysis in vivo. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112335. [PMID: 37027294 PMCID: PMC10556202 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons require large amounts of energy, but whether they can perform glycolysis or require glycolysis to maintain energy remains unclear. Using metabolomics, we show that human neurons do metabolize glucose through glycolysis and can rely on glycolysis to supply tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites. To investigate the requirement for glycolysis, we generated mice with postnatal deletion of either the dominant neuronal glucose transporter (GLUT3cKO) or the neuronal-enriched pyruvate kinase isoform (PKM1cKO) in CA1 and other hippocampal neurons. GLUT3cKO and PKM1cKO mice show age-dependent learning and memory deficits. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopic (MRS) imaging shows that female PKM1cKO mice have increased pyruvate-to-lactate conversion, whereas female GLUT3cKO mice have decreased conversion, body weight, and brain volume. GLUT3KO neurons also have decreased cytosolic glucose and ATP at nerve terminals, with spatial genomics and metabolomics revealing compensatory changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics and galactose metabolism. Therefore, neurons metabolize glucose through glycolysis in vivo and require glycolysis for normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Li
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Caroline Guglielmetti
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yoshitaka J Sei
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Misha Zilberter
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lydia M Le Page
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lauren Shields
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joyce Yang
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Brice Tiret
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xiao Gao
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF/UCB Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Neal Bennett
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Iris Lo
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Talya L Dayton
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF/UCB Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UCSF/UCB Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Hong D, Kim Y, Mushti C, Minami N, Wu J, Cherukuri MK, Swenson RE, Vigneron DB, Ronen SM. Monitoring response to a clinically relevant IDH inhibitor in glioma-Hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy approaches. Neurooncol Adv 2023; 5:vdad143. [PMID: 38024238 PMCID: PMC10681661 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdad143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDHmut) catalyzes 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) production and is considered a therapeutic target for IDHmut tumors. However, response is mostly associated with inhibition of tumor growth. Response assessment via anatomic imaging is therefore challenging. Our goal was to directly detect IDHmut inhibition using a new hyperpolarized (HP) 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based approach to noninvasively assess α-ketoglutarate (αKG) metabolism to 2HG and glutamate. Methods We studied IDHmut-expressing normal human astrocyte (NHAIDH1mut) cells and rats with BT257 tumors, and assessed response to the IDHmut inhibitor BAY-1436032 (n ≥ 4). We developed a new 13C Echo Planar Spectroscopic Imaging sequence with an optimized RF pulse to monitor the fate of HP [1-13C]αKG and [5-12C,1-13C]αKG with a 2.5 × 2.5 × 8 mm3 spatial resolution. Results Cell studies confirmed that BAY-1436032-treatment leads to a drop in HP 2HG and an increase in HP glutamate detectable with both HP substrates. Data using HP [5-12C,1-13C]αKG also demonstrated that its conversion to 2HG is detectable without the proximal 1.1% natural abundance [5-13C]αKG signal. In vivo studies showed that glutamate is produced in normal brains but no 2HG is detectable. In tumor-bearing rats, we detected the production of both 2HG and glutamate, and BAY-1436032-treatment led to a drop in 2HG and an increase in glutamate. Using HP [5-12C,1-13C]αKG we detected metabolism with an signal-to-noise ratio of 23 for 2HG and 17 for glutamate. Conclusions Our findings point to the clinical potential of HP αKG, which recently received FDA investigational new drug approval for research, for noninvasive localized imaging of IDHmut status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Hong
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yaewon Kim
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Noriaki Minami
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Rolf E Swenson
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brain Tumor Research Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brain Tumor Research Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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Huang C, Deng W, Xu HZ, Zhou C, Zhang F, Chen J, Bao Q, Zhou X, Liu M, Li J, Liu C. Short-chain fatty acids reprogram metabolic profiles with the induction of reactive oxygen species production in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1606-1620. [PMID: 36874158 PMCID: PMC9975252 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) exhibit anticancer activity in cellular and animal models of colon cancer. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate are the three major SCFAs produced from dietary fiber by gut microbiota fermentation and have beneficial effects on human health. Most previous studies on the antitumor mechanisms of SCFAs have focused on specific metabolites or genes involved in antitumor pathways, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) biosynthesis. In this study, we performed a systematic and unbiased analysis of the effects of acetate, propionate, and butyrate on ROS levels and metabolic and transcriptomic signatures at physiological concentrations in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. We observed significantly elevated levels of ROS in the treated cells. Furthermore, significantly regulated signatures were involved in overlapping pathways at metabolic and transcriptomic levels, including ROS response and metabolism, fatty acid transport and metabolism, glucose response and metabolism, mitochondrial transport and respiratory chain complex, one-carbon metabolism, amino acid transport and metabolism, and glutaminolysis, which are directly or indirectly linked to ROS production. Additionally, metabolic and transcriptomic regulation occurred in a SCFAs types-dependent manner, with an increasing degree from acetate to propionate and then to butyrate. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of how SCFAs induce ROS production and modulate metabolic and transcriptomic levels in colon cancer cells, which is vital for understanding the mechanisms of the effects of SCFAs on antitumor activity in colon cancer.
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Key Words
- 1H–13C HMBC, 1H–13C Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation Spectroscopy
- 1H–13C HSQC, 1H–13C Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence Spectroscopy
- 1H–1H COSY, 1H–1H Correlation Spectroscopy
- 1H–1H TOCSY, 1H–1H Total Correlation Spectroscopy
- ADP, Adenosine diphosphate
- AMP, Adenosine monophosphate
- ATP, Adenosine triphosphate
- Ace, Acetate
- Ach, Acetylcholine
- Ala, Alanine
- CRC, Colorectal Cancer
- Caco-2, Human Colon Adenocarcinoma
- Cho, Choline
- CoA, Coenzyme A
- Cre, Creatine
- DCFH-DA, Dichloro-Dihydro-Fluorescein Diacetate
- DEGs, Differentially Expressed Genes
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
- DMG, Dimethylglycine
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- EP, Eppendorf
- FA, Formate
- FDR, False Discovery Rate
- Fru, Fructose
- Fum, Fumaric acid
- GLS, Glutaminase
- GSEA, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis
- GSH, Glutathione
- Gal-1-P, Galactose-1-phosphate
- Glc, Glucose
- Gln, Glutamine
- Glu, Glutamate
- Gly, Glycine
- HCT116, Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cell Line
- HEK, Human Embryonic Kidney cells
- HT29, Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cell Line with Epithelial Morphology
- His, Histidine
- Ile, Isoleucine
- J-Res, J-resolved Spectroscopy
- LDH, Lactate Dehydrogenase
- Lac, Lactate
- Leu, Leucine
- Lys, Lysine
- MCF-7, Human Breast Cancer Cell Line with Estrogen
- MCT, Monocarboxylate Transporters
- Met, Methionine
- MetS, Metabolic Syndrome
- Mitochondrial function
- NAD+, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NAG, N-Acetyl-L-Glutamine
- NMR, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- NMR-based Metabolomics
- NOESY, Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy
- O-PLS-DA, Orthogonal Projection to the Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis
- PA, Pantothenate
- PC, Phosphocholine
- PCA, Principal Component Analysis
- PDC, Pyruvate Decarboxylase
- PDK, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase
- PKC, Protein Kinase C
- PPP, Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Phe, Phenylalanine
- Pyr, Pyruvate
- RNA, Ribonucleic Acid
- ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species
- RPKM, Reads per Kilobase of Transcript per Million Reads Mapped
- Reactive oxygen species
- SCFAs, Short Chain Fatty Acids
- SLC, Solute-Carrier Genes
- Short-chain fatty acids
- Suc, Succinate
- T2DM, Type 2 Diabetes
- TCA, Tricarboxylic Acid
- Tau, Taurine
- Thr, Threonine
- Transcriptomics
- Tyr, Tyrosine
- UDP, Uridine 5′-diphosphate
- UDP-GLC, UDP Glucose
- UDPG, UDP Glucuronate
- UDPGs, UDP Glucose and UDP Glucuronate
- UMP, Uridine 5′-monophosphate
- Val, Valine
- WST-1, Water-Soluble Tetrazolium salts
- dDNP, dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization
- qRT-PCR, Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
- α-KIV, α-Keto-isovalerate
- α-KMV, α-keto-β-methyl-valerate
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Deng
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huan-Zhou Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chen Zhou
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Junfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinjia Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Optics Valley Laboratory, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Maili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Optics Valley Laboratory, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jing Li
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Optics Valley Laboratory, Hubei 430074, China
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AbuSalim JE, Yamamoto K, Miura N, Blackman B, Brender JR, Mushti C, Seki T, Camphausen KA, Swenson RE, Krishna MC, Kesarwala AH. Simple Esterification of [1- 13C]-Alpha-Ketoglutarate Enhances Membrane Permeability and Allows for Noninvasive Tracing of Glutamate and Glutamine Production. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2144-2150. [PMID: 34554724 PMCID: PMC9107957 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) is a key metabolite and signaling molecule in cancer cells, but the low permeability of α-KG limits the study of α-KG mediated effects in vivo. Recently, cell-permeable monoester and diester α-KG derivatives have been synthesized for use in vivo, but many of these derivatives are not compatible for use in hyperpolarized carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HP-13C-MRS). HP-13C-MRS is a powerful technique that has been used to noninvasively trace labeled metabolites in real time. Here, we show that using diethyl-[1-13C]-α-KG as a probe in HP-13C-MRS allows for noninvasive tracing of α-KG metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna E. AbuSalim
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kazutoshi Yamamoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Natsuko Miura
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Burchelle Blackman
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Brender
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Chandrasekhar Mushti
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Tomohiro Seki
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kevin A. Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Rolf E. Swenson
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Murali C. Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Aparna H. Kesarwala
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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6
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Bae J, Zhang G, Park H, Warren WS, Wang Q. 15N-Azides as practical and effective tags for developing long-lived hyperpolarized agents. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14309-14315. [PMID: 34760217 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04647k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Azide moieties, unique linear species containing three nitrogen atoms, represent an attractive class of molecular tag for hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging (HP-MRI). Here we demonstrate (15N)3-azide-containing molecules exhibit long-lasting hyperpolarization lifetimes up to 9.8 min at 1 T with remarkably high polarization levels up to 11.6% in water, thus establishing (15N)3-azide as a powerful spin storage for hyperpolarization. A single (15N)-labeled azide has also been examined as an effective alternative tag with long-lived hyperpolarization. A variety of biologically important molecules are studied in this work, including choline, glucose, amino acid, and drug derivatives, demonstrating great potential of 15N-labeled azides as universal hyperpolarized tags for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junu Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Guannan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Hyejin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Warren S Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA .,Department of Physics, Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Qiu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
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7
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Radial Flow Perfusion Enables Real-Time Profiling of Cellular Metabolism at Low Oxygen Levels with Hyperpolarized 13C NMR Spectroscopy. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090576. [PMID: 34564392 PMCID: PMC8465580 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe new methods for studying cancer cell metabolism with hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HP 13C MRS) that will enable quantitative studies at low oxygen concentrations. Cultured hepatocellular carcinoma cells were grown on the surfaces of non-porous microcarriers inside an NMR spectrometer. They were perfused radially from a central distributer in a modified NMR tube (bioreactor). The oxygen level of the perfusate was continuously monitored and controlled externally. Hyperpolarized substrates were injected continuously into the perfusate stream with a newly designed system that prevented oxygen and temperature perturbations in the bioreactor. Computational and experimental results demonstrated that cell mass oxygen profiles with radial flow were much more uniform than with conventional axial flow. Further, the metabolism of HP [1-13C]pyruvate was markedly different between the two flow configurations, demonstrating the importance of avoiding large oxygen gradients in cell perfusion experiments.
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8
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Monitoring Early Glycolytic Flux Alterations Following Radiotherapy in Cancer and Immune Cells: Hyperpolarized Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080518. [PMID: 34436459 PMCID: PMC8398834 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in metabolism following radiotherapy affect therapeutic efficacy, although the mechanism underlying such alterations is unclear. A new imaging technique-named dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) carbon-13 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-probes the glycolytic flux in a real-time, dynamic manner. The [1-13C]pyruvate is transported by the monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) into cells and converted into [1-13C]lactate by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). To capture the early glycolytic alterations in the irradiated cancer and immune cells, we designed a preliminary DNP 13C-MRI study by using hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate to study human FaDu squamous carcinoma cells, HMC3 microglial cells, and THP-1 monocytes before and after irradiation. The pyruvate-to-lactate conversion rate (kPL [Pyr.]) calculated by kinetic modeling was used to evaluate the metabolic alterations. Western blotting was performed to assess the expressions of LDHA, LDHB, MCT1, and MCT4 proteins. Following irradiation, the pyruvate-to-lactate conversion rates on DNP 13C-MRI were significantly decreased in the FaDu and the HMC3 cells but increased in the THP-1 cells. Western blot analysis confirmed the similar trends in LDHA and LDHB expression levels. In conclusion, DNP 13C-MRI non-invasively captured the different glycolytic alterations among cancer and immune systems in response to irradiation, implying its potential for clinical use in the future.
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Karlstaedt A, Barrett M, Hu R, Gammons ST, Ky B. Cardio-Oncology: Understanding the Intersections Between Cardiac Metabolism and Cancer Biology. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:705-718. [PMID: 34466757 PMCID: PMC8385559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An important priority in the cardiovascular care of oncology patients is to reduce morbidity and mortality, and improve the quality of life in cancer survivors through cross-disciplinary efforts. The rate of survival in cancer patients has improved dramatically over the past decades. Nonetheless, survivors may be more likely to die from cardiovascular disease in the long term, secondary, not only to the potential toxicity of cancer therapeutics, but also to the biology of cancer. In this context, efforts from basic and translational studies are crucial to understanding the molecular mechanisms causal to cardiovascular disease in cancer patients and survivors, and identifying new therapeutic targets that may prevent and treat both diseases. This review aims to highlight our current understanding of the metabolic interaction between cancer and the heart, including potential therapeutic targets. An overview of imaging techniques that can support both research studies and clinical management is also provided. Finally, this review highlights opportunities and challenges that are necessary to advance our understanding of metabolism in the context of cardio-oncology.
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Key Words
- 99mTc-MIBI, 99mtechnetium-sestamibi
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- D2-HG, D-2-hydroxyglutarate
- FAO, fatty acid oxidation
- FASN, fatty acid synthase
- GLS, glutaminase
- HF, heart failure
- IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- MCT1, monocarboxylate transporter 1
- MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PI3K, insulin-activated phosphoinositide-3-kinase
- PTM, post-translational modification
- SGLT2, sodium glucose co-transporter 2
- TRF, time-restricted feeding
- [18F]FDG, 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-D-glucose
- cancer
- cardio-oncology
- heart failure
- metabolism
- oncometabolism
- α-KG, α-ketoglutarate
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Karlstaedt
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Matthew Barrett
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ray Hu
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Seth Thomas Gammons
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bonnie Ky
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Qiao K, Le Page LM, Chaumeil MM. Non-Invasive Differentiation of M1 and M2 Activation in Macrophages Using Hyperpolarized 13C MRS of Pyruvate and DHA at 1.47 Tesla. Metabolites 2021; 11:410. [PMID: 34206326 PMCID: PMC8305442 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation, first generalized to the M1/M2 dichotomy, is a complex and central process of the innate immune response. Simply, M1 describes the classical proinflammatory activation, leading to tissue damage, and M2 the alternative activation promoting tissue repair. Given the central role of macrophages in multiple diseases, the ability to noninvasively differentiate between M1 and M2 activation states would be highly valuable for monitoring disease progression and therapeutic responses. Since M1/M2 activation patterns are associated with differential metabolic reprogramming, we hypothesized that hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HP 13C MRS), an innovative metabolic imaging approach, could distinguish between macrophage activation states noninvasively. The metabolic conversions of HP [1-13C]pyruvate to HP [1-13C]lactate, and HP [1-13C]dehydroascorbic acid to HP [1-13C]ascorbic acid were monitored in live M1 and M2 activated J774a.1 macrophages noninvasively by HP 13C MRS on a 1.47 Tesla NMR system. Our results show that both metabolic conversions were significantly increased in M1 macrophages compared to M2 and nonactivated cells. Biochemical assays and high resolution 1H MRS were also performed to investigate the underlying changes in enzymatic activities and metabolite levels linked to M1/M2 activation. Altogether, our results demonstrate the potential of HP 13C MRS for monitoring macrophage activation states noninvasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qiao
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (K.Q.); (L.M.L.P.)
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lydia M. Le Page
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (K.Q.); (L.M.L.P.)
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Myriam M. Chaumeil
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (K.Q.); (L.M.L.P.)
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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11
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Ahamed F, Van Criekinge M, Wang ZJ, Kurhanewicz J, Larson P, Sriram R. Modeling hyperpolarized lactate signal dynamics in cells, patient-derived tissue slice cultures and murine models. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4467. [PMID: 33415771 PMCID: PMC8423093 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Determining the aggressiveness of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) noninvasively is a critical part of the diagnostic workup for treating this disease that kills more than 15,000 people annually in the USA. Recently, we have shown that not only the amount of lactate produced, as a consequence of the Warburg effect, but also its efflux out of the cell, is a critical marker of RCC aggressiveness and differentiating RCCs from benign renal tumors. Enzymatic conversions can now be measured in situ with hyperpolarized (HP) 13 C magnetic resonance (MR) on a sub-minute time scale. Using RCC models, we have shown that this technology can interrogate in real time both lactate production and compartmentalization, which are associated with tumor aggressiveness. The dynamic HP MR data have enabled us to robustly characterize parameters that have been elusive to measure directly in intact living cells and murine tumors thus far. Specifically, we were able to measure the same intracellular lactate longitudinal relaxation time in three RCC cell lines of 16.42 s, and lactate efflux rate ranging from 0.14 to 0.8 s-1 in the least to the most aggressive RCC cell lines and correlate it to monocarboxylate transporter isoform 4 expression. We also analyzed dynamic HP lactate and pyruvate data from orthotopic murine RCC tumors using a simplified one-compartment model, and showed comparable apparent pyruvate to lactate conversion rate (kPL ) values with those measured in vitro. This kinetic modeling was then extended to characterize the lactate dynamics in patient-derived living RCC tissue slices; and even without direct measurement of the extracellular lactate signal the efflux parameter was still assessed and was distinct between the benign renal tumors and RCCs. Across all these preclinical models, the rate parameters of kPL and lactate efflux correlated to cancer aggressiveness, demonstrating the validity of our modeling approach for noninvasive assessment of RCC aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayyaz Ahamed
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zhen J. Wang
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peder Larson
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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12
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Kim IY, Park S, Kim Y, Chang Y, Choi CS, Suh SH, Wolfe RR. In Vivo and In Vitro Quantification of Glucose Kinetics: From Bedside to Bench. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:733-749. [PMID: 33397035 PMCID: PMC7803595 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other substrates, plasma glucose is in a dynamic state of constant turnover (i.e., rates of glucose appearance [Ra glucose] into and disappearance [Rd glucose] from the plasma) while staying within a narrow range of normal concentrations, a physiological priority. Persistent imbalance of glucose turnover leads to elevations (i.e., hyperglycemia, Ra>Rd) or falls (i.e., hypoglycemia, Ra
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yeongmin Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yewon Chang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Cheol Soo Choi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Suh
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Robert R. Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, the Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR,
USA
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13
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Molloy AR, Najac C, Viswanath P, Lakhani A, Subramani E, Batsios G, Radoul M, Gillespie AM, Pieper RO, Ronen SM. MR-detectable metabolic biomarkers of response to mutant IDH inhibition in low-grade glioma. Theranostics 2020; 10:8757-8770. [PMID: 32754276 PMCID: PMC7392019 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1mut) are reported in 70-90% of low-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastomas. IDH1mut catalyzes the reduction of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), an oncometabolite which drives tumorigenesis. Inhibition of IDH1mut is therefore an emerging therapeutic approach, and inhibitors such as AG-120 and AG-881 have shown promising results in phase 1 and 2 clinical studies. However, detection of response to these therapies prior to changes in tumor growth can be challenging. The goal of this study was to identify non-invasive clinically translatable metabolic imaging biomarkers of IDH1mut inhibition that can serve to assess response. Methods: IDH1mut inhibition was confirmed using an enzyme assay and 1H- and 13C- magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were used to investigate the metabolic effects of AG-120 and AG-881 on two genetically engineered IDH1mut-expressing cell lines, NHAIDH1mut and U87IDH1mut. Results:1H-MRS indicated a significant decrease in steady-state 2-HG following treatment, as expected. This was accompanied by a significant 1H-MRS-detectable increase in glutamate. However, other metabolites previously linked to 2-HG were not altered. 13C-MRS also showed that the steady-state changes in glutamate were associated with a modulation in the flux of glutamine to both glutamate and 2-HG. Finally, hyperpolarized 13C-MRS was used to show that the flux of α-KG to both glutamate and 2-HG was modulated by treatment. Conclusion: In this study, we identified potential 1H- and 13C-MRS-detectable biomarkers of response to IDH1mut inhibition in gliomas. Although further studies are needed to evaluate the utility of these biomarkers in vivo, we expect that in addition to a 1H-MRS-detectable drop in 2-HG, a 1H-MRS-detectable increase in glutamate, as well as a hyperpolarized 13C-MRS-detectable change in [1-13C] α-KG flux, could serve as metabolic imaging biomarkers of response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Molloy
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chloé Najac
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pavithra Viswanath
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aliya Lakhani
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elavarasan Subramani
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Georgios Batsios
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marina Radoul
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anne Marie Gillespie
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Russell O Pieper
- Brain Tumor Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Brain Tumor Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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14
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Grist JT, Miller JJ, Zaccagna F, McLean MA, Riemer F, Matys T, Tyler DJ, Laustsen C, Coles AJ, Gallagher FA. Hyperpolarized 13C MRI: A novel approach for probing cerebral metabolism in health and neurological disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1137-1147. [PMID: 32153235 PMCID: PMC7238376 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20909045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral metabolism is tightly regulated and fundamental for healthy neurological function. There is increasing evidence that alterations in this metabolism may be a precursor and early biomarker of later stage disease processes. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a powerful tool to non-invasively assess tissue metabolites and has many applications for studying the normal and diseased brain. However, the technique has limitations including low spatial and temporal resolution, difficulties in discriminating overlapping peaks, and challenges in assessing metabolic flux rather than steady-state concentrations. Hyperpolarized carbon-13 magnetic resonance imaging is an emerging clinical technique that may overcome some of these spatial and temporal limitations, providing novel insights into neurometabolism in both health and in pathological processes such as glioma, stroke and multiple sclerosis. This review will explore the growing body of pre-clinical data that demonstrates a potential role for the technique in assessing metabolism in the central nervous system. There are now a number of clinical studies being undertaken in this area and this review will present the emerging clinical data as well as the potential future applications of hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging in the brain, in both clinical and pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Grist
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of
Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Jack J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of
Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John
Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Fulvio Zaccagna
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Mary A McLean
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Riemer
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Tomasz Matys
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John
Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Alasdair J Coles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge, UK
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15
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In vivo detection of γ-glutamyl-transferase up-regulation in glioma using hyperpolarized γ-glutamyl-[1- 13C]glycine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6244. [PMID: 32277103 PMCID: PMC7148357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is often upregulated in cancer, where it serves to mitigate oxidative stress. γ-glutamyl-transferase (GGT) is a key enzyme in GSH homeostasis, and compared to normal brain its expression is elevated in tumors, including in primary glioblastoma. GGT is therefore an attractive imaging target for detection of glioblastoma. The goal of our study was to assess the value of hyperpolarized (HP) γ-glutamyl-[1-13C]glycine for non-invasive imaging of glioblastoma. Nude rats bearing orthotopic U87 glioblastoma and healthy controls were investigated. Imaging was performed by injecting HP γ-glutamyl-[1-13C]glycine and acquiring dynamic 13C data on a preclinical 3T MR scanner. The signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios of γ-glutamyl-[1-13C]glycine and its product [1-13C]glycine were evaluated. Comparison of control and tumor-bearing rats showed no difference in γ-glutamyl-[1-13C]glycine SNR, pointing to similar delivery to tumor and normal brain. In contrast, [1-13C]glycine SNR was significantly higher in tumor-bearing rats compared to controls, and in tumor regions compared to normal-appearing brain. Importantly, higher [1-13C]glycine was associated with higher GGT expression and higher GSH levels in tumor tissue compared to normal brain. Collectively, this study demonstrates, to our knowledge for the first time, the feasibility of using HP γ-glutamyl-[1-13C]glycine to monitor GGT expression in the brain and thus to detect glioblastoma.
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16
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Park H, Zhang G, Bae J, Theis T, Warren WS, Wang Q. Application of 15N 2-Diazirines as a Versatile Platform for Hyperpolarization of Biological Molecules by d-DNP. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:537-541. [PMID: 32023034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
15N2-Diazirines represent an attractive class of imaging tags for hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging (HP-MRI), offering desirable biocompatibility, ease of incorporation into a variety of molecules, and ability to deliver long-lasting polarization. We have recently established hyperpolarization of 15N2-diazirines in organic solvents using SABRE-Shield Enables Alignment Transfer to Heteronuclei (SABRE-SHEATH). Yet, the current challenge of SABRE-SHEATH in water, specifically poor polarization efficiency, presents a barrier in examining the practical use of 15N2-diazirines for HP-MRI. Herein, we show that efficient polarization of diverse 15N2-diazirine-labeled molecules in water can be readily achieved by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (d-DNP), a hyperpolarization technique used in clinical practice. Hyperpolarization by d-DNP also demonstrates greater enhancement for long-lasting 15N signals, in comparison with SABRE-SHEATH. Various biologically important molecules are studied in this work, including amino acid, sugar, and drug compounds, demonstrating the great potential of 15N2-diazirines as molecular tags in broad biomedical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Guannan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Junu Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Thomas Theis
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Warren S Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Physics, Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Qiu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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17
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Le Page LM, Guglielmetti C, Najac CF, Tiret B, Chaumeil MM. Hyperpolarized 13 C magnetic resonance spectroscopy detects toxin-induced neuroinflammation in mice. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4164. [PMID: 31437326 PMCID: PMC6817388 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a commonly used agent for induction of neuroinflammation in preclinical studies. Upon injection, LPS causes activation of microglia and astrocytes, whose metabolism alters to favor glycolysis. Assessing in vivo neuroinflammation and its modulation following therapy remains challenging, and new noninvasive methods allowing for longitudinal monitoring would be highly valuable. Hyperpolarized (HP) 13 C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a promising technique for assessing in vivo metabolism. In addition to applications in oncology, the most commonly used probe of [1-13 C] pyruvate has shown potential in assessing neuroinflammation-linked metabolism in mouse models of multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury. Here, we aimed to investigate LPS-induced neuroinflammatory changes using HP [1-13 C] pyruvate and HP 13 C urea. 2D chemical shift imaging following simultaneous intravenous injection of HP [1-13 C] pyruvate and HP 13 C urea was performed at baseline (day 0) and at days 3 and 7 post-intracranial injection of LPS (n = 6) or saline (n = 5). Immunofluorescence (IF) analyses were performed for Iba1 (resting and activated microglia/macrophages), GFAP (resting and reactive astrocytes) and CD68 (activated microglia/macrophages). A significant increase in HP [1-13 C] lactate production was observed at days 3 and 7 following injection, in the injected (ipsilateral) side of the LPS-treated mouse brain, but not in either the contralateral side or saline-injected animals. HP 13 C lactate/pyruvate ratio, without and with normalization to urea, was also significantly increased in the ipsilateral LPS-injected brain at 7 days compared with baseline. IF analyses showed a significant increase in CD68 and GFAP staining at 3 days, followed by increased numbers of Iba1 and GFAP positive cells at 7 days post-LPS injection. In conclusion, we can detect LPS-induced changes in the mouse brain using HP 13 C MRS, in alignment with increased numbers of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes. This study demonstrates that HP 13 C spectroscopy has substantial potential for providing noninvasive information on neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M Le Page
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Caroline Guglielmetti
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Chloé F Najac
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brice Tiret
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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18
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Najac C, Radoul M, Le Page LM, Batsios G, Subramani E, Viswanath P, Gillespie AM, Ronen SM. In vivo investigation of hyperpolarized [1,3- 13C 2]acetoacetate as a metabolic probe in normal brain and in glioma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3402. [PMID: 30833594 PMCID: PMC6399277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation in NAD+/NADH levels is associated with increased cell division and elevated levels of reactive oxygen species in rapidly proliferating cancer cells. Conversion of the ketone body acetoacetate (AcAc) to β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) by the mitochondrial enzyme β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH) depends upon NADH availability. The β-HB-to-AcAc ratio is therefore expected to reflect mitochondrial redox. Previous studies reported the potential of hyperpolarized 13C-AcAc to monitor mitochondrial redox in cells, perfused organs and in vivo. However, the ability of hyperpolarized 13C-AcAc to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and its potential to monitor brain metabolism remained unknown. Our goal was to assess the value of hyperpolarized [1,3-13C2]AcAc in healthy and tumor-bearing mice in vivo. Following hyperpolarized [1,3-13C2]AcAc injection, production of [1,3-13C2]β-HB was detected in normal and tumor-bearing mice. Significantly higher levels of [1-13C]AcAc and lower [1-13C]β-HB-to-[1-13C]AcAc ratios were observed in tumor-bearing mice. These results were consistent with decreased BDH activity in tumors and associated with increased total cellular NAD+/NADH. Our study confirmed that AcAc crosses the BBB and can be used for monitoring metabolism in the brain. It highlights the potential of AcAc for future clinical translation and its potential utility for monitoring metabolic changes associated with glioma, and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Najac
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marina Radoul
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lydia M Le Page
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Georgios Batsios
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Elavarasan Subramani
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Pavithra Viswanath
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Anne Marie Gillespie
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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19
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Radoul M, Najac C, Viswanath P, Mukherjee J, Kelly M, Gillespie AM, Chaumeil MM, Eriksson P, Santos RD, Pieper RO, Ronen SM. HDAC inhibition in glioblastoma monitored by hyperpolarized 13 C MRSI. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4044. [PMID: 30561869 PMCID: PMC6545173 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vorinostat is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in solid tumors, and is in clinical trials for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). The goal of this study was to assess whether hyperpolarized 13 C MRS and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) can detect HDAC inhibition in GBM models. First, we confirmed HDAC inhibition in U87 GBM cells and evaluated real-time dynamic metabolic changes using a bioreactor system with live vorinostat-treated or control cells. We found a significant 40% decrease in the 13 C MRS-detectable ratio of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]lactate to hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate, [1-13 C]Lac/Pyr, and a 37% decrease in the pseudo-rate constant, kPL , for hyperpolarized [1-13 C]lactate production, in vorinostat-treated cells compared with controls. To understand the underlying mechanism for this finding, we assessed the expression and activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (which catalyzes the pyruvate to lactate conversion), its associated cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, the expression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) MCT1 and MCT4 (which shuttle pyruvate and lactate in and out of the cell) and intracellular lactate levels. We found that the most likely explanation for our finding that hyperpolarized lactate is reduced in treated cells is a 30% reduction in intracellular lactate levels that occurs as a result of increased expression of both MCT1 and MCT4 in vorinostat-treated cells. In vivo 13 C MRSI studies of orthotopic tumors in mice also showed a significant 52% decrease in hyperpolarized [1-13 C]Lac/Pyr when comparing vorinostat-treated U87 GBM tumors with controls, and, as in the cell studies, this metabolic finding was associated with increased MCT1 and MCT4 expression in HDAC-inhibited tumors. Thus, the 13 C MRSI-detectable decrease in hyperpolarized [1-13 C]lactate production could serve as a biomarker of response to HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Radoul
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Chloé Najac
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Pavithra Viswanath
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Joydeep Mukherjee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Mark Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Anne Marie Gillespie
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Myriam M. Chaumeil
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science and Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Pia Eriksson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Romelyn Delos Santos
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Russell O. Pieper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Sabrina M. Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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20
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Hyperpolarized Amino Acid Derivatives as Multivalent Magnetic Resonance pH Sensor Molecules. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18020600. [PMID: 29462891 PMCID: PMC5856118 DOI: 10.3390/s18020600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
pH is a tightly regulated physiological parameter that is often altered in diseased states like cancer. The development of biosensors that can be used to non-invasively image pH with hyperpolarized (HP) magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging has therefore recently gained tremendous interest. However, most of the known HP-sensors have only individually and not comprehensively been analyzed for their biocompatibility, their pH sensitivity under physiological conditions, and the effects of chemical derivatization on their logarithmic acid dissociation constant (pKa). Proteinogenic amino acids are biocompatible, can be hyperpolarized and have at least two pH sensitive moieties. However, they do not exhibit a pH sensitivity in the physiologically relevant pH range. Here, we developed a systematic approach to tailor the pKa of molecules using modifications of carbon chain length and derivatization rendering these molecules interesting for pH biosensing. Notably, we identified several derivatives such as [1-13C]serine amide and [1-13C]-2,3-diaminopropionic acid as novel pH sensors. They bear several spin-1/2 nuclei (13C, 15N, 31P) with high sensitivity up to 4.8 ppm/pH and we show that 13C spins can be hyperpolarized with dissolution dynamic polarization (DNP). Our findings elucidate the molecular mechanisms of chemical shift pH sensors that might help to design tailored probes for specific pH in vivo imaging applications.
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21
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Steinhauser J, Wespi P, Kwiatkowski G, Kozerke S. Assessing the influence of isoflurane anesthesia on cardiac metabolism using hyperpolarized [1- 13 C]pyruvate. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31. [PMID: 29206326 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoflurane is a frequently used anesthetic in small-animal dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization-magnetic resonance imaging (DNP-MRI) studies. Although the literature suggests interactions with mitochondrial metabolism, the influence of the compound on cardiac metabolism has not been assessed systematically to date. In the present study, the impact of low versus high isoflurane concentration was examined in a crossover experiment in healthy rats. The results revealed that cardiac metabolism is modulated by isoflurane concentration, showing increased [1-13 C]lactate and reduced [13 C]bicarbonate production during high isoflurane relative to low isoflurane dose [average differences: +16% [1-13 C]lactate/total myocardial carbon, -22% [13 C]bicarbonate/total myocardial carbon; +51% [1-13 C]lactate/[13 C]bicarbonate]. These findings emphasize that reproducible anesthesia is important when studying cardiac metabolism. As the depth of anesthesia is difficult to control in an experimental animal setting, careful study design is required to exclude confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Steinhauser
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Wespi
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Grzegorz Kwiatkowski
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kozerke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Guglielmetti C, Chou A, Krukowski K, Najac C, Feng X, Riparip LK, Rosi S, Chaumeil MM. In vivo metabolic imaging of Traumatic Brain Injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17525. [PMID: 29235509 PMCID: PMC5727520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex alterations in cerebral energetic metabolism arise after traumatic brain injury (TBI). To date, methods allowing for metabolic evaluation are highly invasive, limiting our understanding of metabolic impairments associated with TBI pathogenesis. We investigated whether 13C MRSI of hyperpolarized (HP) [1-13C] pyruvate, a non-invasive metabolic imaging method, could detect metabolic changes in controlled cortical injury (CCI) mice (n = 57). Our results show that HP [1-13C] lactate-to-pyruvate ratios were increased in the injured cortex at acute (12/24 hours) and sub-acute (7 days) time points after injury, in line with decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, suggesting impairment of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. We then used the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor inhibitor PLX5622 to deplete brain resident microglia prior to and after CCI, in order to confirm that modulations of HP [1-13C] lactate-to-pyruvate ratios were linked to microglial activation. Despite CCI, the HP [1-13C] lactate-to-pyruvate ratio at the injury cortex of microglia-depleted animals at 7 days post-injury remained unchanged compared to contralateral hemisphere, and PDH activity was not affected. Altogether, our results demonstrate that HP [1-13C] pyruvate has great potential for in vivo non-invasive detection of cerebral metabolism post-TBI, providing a new tool to monitor the effect of therapies targeting microglia/macrophages activation after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Guglielmetti
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Surbeck Laboratory of Advanced Imaging, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Austin Chou
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Karen Krukowski
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Chloe Najac
- Surbeck Laboratory of Advanced Imaging, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Xi Feng
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Lara-Kirstie Riparip
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Kavli Institute of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Surbeck Laboratory of Advanced Imaging, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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23
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Zhuo Y, Cordeiro CD, Hekmatyar SK, Docampo R, Prestegard JH. Dynamic nuclear polarization facilitates monitoring of pyruvate metabolism in Trypanosoma brucei. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18161-18168. [PMID: 28887303 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.807495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization provides sensitivity improvements that make NMR a viable method for following metabolic conversions in real time. There are now many in vivo applications to animal systems and even to diagnosis of human disease. However, application to microbial systems is rare. Here we demonstrate its application to the pathogenic protozoan, Trypanosoma brucei, using hyperpolarized 13C1 pyruvate as a substrate and compare the parasite metabolism with that of commonly cultured mammalian cell lines, HEK-293 and Hep-G2. Metabolic differences between insect and bloodstream forms of T. brucei were also investigated. Significant differences are noted with respect to lactate, alanine, and CO2 production. Conversion of pyruvate to CO2 in the T. brucei bloodstream form provides new support for the presence of an active pyruvate dehydrogenase in this stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhuo
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center
| | - Ciro D Cordeiro
- the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, and.,the Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | | | - Roberto Docampo
- the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, and.,the Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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24
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Hyperpolarized 13C MR metabolic imaging can detect neuroinflammation in vivo in a multiple sclerosis murine model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6982-E6991. [PMID: 28760957 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613345114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) play a crucial role in the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Despite advances in neuroimaging, there are currently limited available methods enabling noninvasive detection of MPs in vivo. Interestingly, upon activation and subsequent differentiation toward a proinflammatory phenotype MPs undergo metabolic reprogramming that results in increased glycolysis and production of lactate. Hyperpolarized (HP) 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is a clinically translatable imaging method that allows noninvasive monitoring of metabolic pathways in real time. This method has proven highly useful to monitor the Warburg effect in cancer, through MR detection of increased HP [1-13C]pyruvate-to-lactate conversion. However, to date, this method has never been applied to the study of neuroinflammation. Here, we questioned the potential of 13C MRSI of HP [1-13C]pyruvate to monitor the presence of neuroinflammatory lesions in vivo in the cuprizone mouse model of MS. First, we demonstrated that 13C MRSI could detect a significant increase in HP [1-13C]pyruvate-to-lactate conversion, which was associated with a high density of proinflammatory MPs. We further demonstrated that the increase in HP [1-13C]lactate was likely mediated by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 up-regulation in activated MPs, resulting in regional pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibition. Altogether, our results demonstrate a potential for 13C MRSI of HP [1-13C]pyruvate as a neuroimaging method for assessment of inflammatory lesions. This approach could prove useful not only in MS but also in other neurological diseases presenting inflammatory components.
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25
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Thelin EP, Tajsic T, Zeiler FA, Menon DK, Hutchinson PJA, Carpenter KLH, Morganti-Kossmann MC, Helmy A. Monitoring the Neuroinflammatory Response Following Acute Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2017; 8:351. [PMID: 28775710 PMCID: PMC5517395 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are major contributors to morbidity and mortality. Following the initial insult, patients may deteriorate due to secondary brain damage. The underlying molecular and cellular cascades incorporate components of the innate immune system. There are different approaches to assess and monitor cerebral inflammation in the neuro intensive care unit. The aim of this narrative review is to describe techniques to monitor inflammatory activity in patients with TBI and SAH in the acute setting. The analysis of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in compartments of the central nervous system (CNS), including the cerebrospinal fluid and the extracellular fluid, represent the most common approaches to monitor surrogate markers of cerebral inflammatory activity. Each of these compartments has a distinct biology that reflects local processes and the cross-talk between systemic and CNS inflammation. Cytokines have been correlated to outcomes as well as ongoing, secondary injury progression. Alongside the dynamic, focal assay of humoral mediators, imaging, through positron emission tomography, can provide a global in vivo measurement of inflammatory cell activity, which reveals long-lasting processes following the initial injury. Compared to the innate immune system activated acutely after brain injury, the adaptive immune system is likely to play a greater role in the chronic phase as evidenced by T-cell-mediated autoreactivity toward brain-specific proteins. The most difficult aspect of assessing neuroinflammation is to determine whether the processes monitored are harmful or beneficial to the brain as accumulating data indicate a dual role for these inflammatory cascades following injury. In summary, the inflammatory component of the complex injury cascade following brain injury may be monitored using different modalities. Using a multimodal monitoring approach can potentially aid in the development of therapeutics targeting different aspects of the inflammatory cascade and improve the outcome following TBI and SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peter Thelin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamara Tajsic
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick Adam Zeiler
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Clinician Investigator Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David K Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J A Hutchinson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Keri L H Carpenter
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Cristina Morganti-Kossmann
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Child Health, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Adel Helmy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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26
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Hundshammer C, Düwel S, Schilling F. Imaging of Extracellular pH Using Hyperpolarized Molecules. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hundshammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Ismaninger Str. 22 81675 München Germany
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 2 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Stephan Düwel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Ismaninger Str. 22 81675 München Germany
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 2 85748 Garching Germany
- Institute of Medical Engineering; Technical University of Munich; Boltzmannstr. 11 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Ismaninger Str. 22 81675 München Germany
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27
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MR Molecular Imaging of Brain Cancer Metabolism Using Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 25:187-196. [PMID: 27748711 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is an important hallmark of cancer. Alterations in many metabolic pathways support the requirement for cellular building blocks that are essential for cancer cell proliferation. This metabolic reprogramming can be imaged using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). H MRS can inform on alterations in the steady-state levels of cellular metabolites, but the emergence of hyperpolarized C MRS has now also enabled imaging of metabolic fluxes in real-time, providing a new method for tumor detection and monitoring of therapeutic response. In the case of glioma, preclinical cell and animal studies have shown that the hyperpolarized C MRS metabolic imaging signature is specific to tumor type and can distinguish between mutant IDH1 glioma and primary glioblastoma. Here, we review these findings, first describing the main metabolic pathways that are altered in the different glioma subtypes, and then reporting on the use of hyperpolarized C MRS and MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to probe these pathways. We show that the future translation of this hyperpolarized C MRS molecular metabolic imaging method to the clinic promises to improve the noninvasive detection, characterization, and response-monitoring of brain tumors resulting in improved patient diagnosis and clinical management.
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28
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Chung YL, Leach MO, Eykyn TR. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Study Glycolytic Metabolism During Autophagy. Methods Enzymol 2016; 588:133-153. [PMID: 28237097 PMCID: PMC6175046 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells undergoing starvation- and treatment-induced autophagy were found to exhibit reduced intracellular lactate, reduced rates of steady-state lactate excretion and reduced real-time pyruvate-lactate exchange rates, indicating that glycolytic metabolism was altered in autophagic cells. In this chapter, we describe the technical details of the use of 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure endogenous cellular concentrations of lactate and glucose in autophagic cells and tissues, how to measure the rate of steady-state lactate excretion and glucose uptake by 1H-MRS in autophagic cells, and details of the real-time measurement of [1-13C] pyruvate to lactate exchange in autophagic cells by 13C-MRS-DNP (dynamic nuclear polarization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-L Chung
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
| | - M O Leach
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - T R Eykyn
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Cordes T, Metallo CM. Tracing insights into human metabolism using chemical engineering approaches. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2016; 14:72-81. [PMID: 28480159 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism coordinates the conversion of available nutrients toward energy, biosynthetic intermediates, and signaling molecules to mediate virtually all biological functions. Dysregulation of metabolic pathways contributes to many diseases, so a detailed understanding of human metabolism has significant therapeutic implications. Over the last decade major technological advances in the areas of analytical chemistry, computational estimation of intracellular fluxes, and biological engineering have improved our ability to observe and engineer metabolic pathways. These approaches are reminiscent of the design, operation, and control of industrial chemical plants. Immune cells have emerged as an intriguing system in which metabolism influences diverse biological functions. Application of metabolic flux analysis and related approaches to macrophages and T cells offers great therapeutic opportunities to biochemical engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thekla Cordes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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30
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Najac C, Chaumeil MM, Kohanbash G, Guglielmetti C, Gordon JW, Okada H, Ronen SM. Detection of inflammatory cell function using (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hyperpolarized [6-(13)C]-arginine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31397. [PMID: 27507680 PMCID: PMC4979036 DOI: 10.1038/srep31397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are highly prevalent inflammatory cells that play a key role in tumor development and are considered therapeutic targets. MDSCs promote tumor growth by blocking T-cell-mediated anti-tumoral immune response through depletion of arginine that is essential for T-cell proliferation. To deplete arginine, MDSCs express high levels of arginase, which catalyzes the breakdown of arginine into urea and ornithine. Here, we developed a new hyperpolarized (13)C probe, [6-(13)C]-arginine, to image arginase activity. We show that [6-(13)C]-arginine can be hyperpolarized, and hyperpolarized [(13)C]-urea production from [6-(13)C]-arginine is linearly correlated with arginase concentration in vitro. Furthermore we show that we can detect a statistically significant increase in hyperpolarized [(13)C]-urea production in MDSCs when compared to control bone marrow cells. This increase was associated with an increase in intracellular arginase concentration detected using a spectrophotometric assay. Hyperpolarized [6-(13)C]-arginine could therefore serve to image tumoral MDSC function and more broadly M2-like macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Najac
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Myriam M. Chaumeil
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeremy W. Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sabrina M. Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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31
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Chaumeil MM, Radoul M, Najac C, Eriksson P, Viswanath P, Blough MD, Chesnelong C, Luchman HA, Cairncross JG, Ronen SM. Hyperpolarized (13)C MR imaging detects no lactate production in mutant IDH1 gliomas: Implications for diagnosis and response monitoring. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 12:180-9. [PMID: 27437179 PMCID: PMC4939422 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic imaging of brain tumors using (13)C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] pyruvate is a promising neuroimaging strategy which, after a decade of preclinical success in glioblastoma (GBM) models, is now entering clinical trials in multiple centers. Typically, the presence of GBM has been associated with elevated hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] lactate produced from [1-(13)C] pyruvate, and response to therapy has been associated with a drop in hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] lactate. However, to date, lower grade gliomas had not been investigated using this approach. The most prevalent mutation in lower grade gliomas is the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation, which, in addition to initiating tumor development, also induces metabolic reprogramming. In particular, mutant IDH1 gliomas are associated with low levels of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 (MCT1, MCT4), three proteins involved in pyruvate metabolism to lactate. We therefore investigated the potential of (13)C MRS of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] pyruvate for detection of mutant IDH1 gliomas and for monitoring of their therapeutic response. We studied patient-derived mutant IDH1 glioma cells that underexpress LDHA, MCT1 and MCT4, and wild-type IDH1 GBM cells that express high levels of these proteins. Mutant IDH1 cells and tumors produced significantly less hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] lactate compared to GBM, consistent with their metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] lactate production was not affected by chemotherapeutic treatment with temozolomide (TMZ) in mutant IDH1 tumors, in contrast to previous reports in GBM. Our results demonstrate the unusual metabolic imaging profile of mutant IDH1 gliomas, which, when combined with other clinically available imaging methods, could be used to detect the presence of the IDH1 mutation in vivo.
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Key Words
- 2-HG, 2-hydroxyglutarate
- AIF, arterial input function
- AUC, area under the curve
- DNP, dynamic nuclear polarization
- DNP-MR, dynamic nuclear polarization magnetic resonance
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- FA, flip angle
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FLAIR, fluid attenuated inversion recovery
- FOV, field of view
- GBM, glioblastoma
- Glioma
- Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)
- IDH1, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1
- Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation
- LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A
- MCT1, monocarboxylate transporter 1
- MCT4, monocarboxylate transporter 4
- MR, magnetic resonance
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging
- MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Metabolic reprogramming
- NA, number of averages
- NT, number of transients
- PBS, phosphate-buffer saline
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- RB1, retinoblastoma protein 1
- SLC16A1, solute carrier family 16 member 1
- SLC16A3, solute carrier family 16 member 3
- SNR, signal-to-noise ratio
- SW, spectral width
- TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas
- TE, echo time
- TMZ, temozolomide
- TP53, tumor protein p53
- TR, repetition time
- Tacq, acquisition time
- VOI, voxel of interest
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- α-KG, α-ketoglutarate
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam M. Chaumeil
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Mission Bay Campus, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall, University of California, 94158 San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marina Radoul
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Mission Bay Campus, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall, University of California, 94158 San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Chloé Najac
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Mission Bay Campus, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall, University of California, 94158 San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Pia Eriksson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Mission Bay Campus, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall, University of California, 94158 San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Pavithra Viswanath
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Mission Bay Campus, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall, University of California, 94158 San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael D. Blough
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Hospital, 1403 29 St NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Charles Chesnelong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Hospital, 1403 29 St NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - H. Artee Luchman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Hospital, 1403 29 St NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - J. Gregory Cairncross
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Hospital, 1403 29 St NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Sabrina M. Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Mission Bay Campus, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall, University of California, 94158 San Francisco, CA, United States
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building, 1450 3rd Street, University of California, 94158 San Francisco, CA, United States
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Marco-Rius I, Cao P, von Morze C, Merritt M, Moreno KX, Chang GY, Ohliger MA, Pearce D, Kurhanewicz J, Larson PEZ, Vigneron DB. Multiband spectral-spatial RF excitation for hyperpolarized [2- 13 C]dihydroxyacetone 13 C-MR metabolism studies. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:1419-1428. [PMID: 27017966 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a specialized multislice, single-acquisition approach to detect the metabolites of hyperpolarized (HP) [2-13 C]dihydroxyacetone (DHAc) to probe gluconeogenesis in vivo, which have a broad 144 ppm spectral range (∼4.6 kHz at 3T). A novel multiband radio-frequency (RF) excitation pulse was designed for independent flip angle control over five to six spectral-spatial (SPSP) excitation bands, each corrected for chemical shift misregistration effects. METHODS Specialized multiband SPSP RF pulses were designed, tested, and applied to investigate HP [2-13 C]DHAc metabolism in kidney and liver of fasted rats with dynamic 13 C-MR spectroscopy and an optimal flip angle scheme. For comparison, experiments were also performed with narrow-band slice-selective RF pulses and a sequential change of the frequency offset to cover the five frequency bands of interest. RESULTS The SPSP pulses provided a controllable spectral profile free of baseline distortion with improved signal to noise of the metabolite peaks, allowing for quantification of the metabolic products. We observed organ-specific differences in DHAc metabolism. There was two to five times more [2-13 C]phosphoenolpyruvate and about 19 times more [2-13 C]glycerol 3-phosphate in the liver than in the kidney. CONCLUSION A multiband SPSP RF pulse covering a spectral range over 144 ppm enabled in vivo characterization of HP [2-13 C]DHAc metabolism in rat liver and kidney. Magn Reson Med 77:1419-1428, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Marco-Rius
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cornelius von Morze
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Karlos X Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering, Pre-Pharmacy, and Physics, South Texas College, Weslaco, Texas, USA
| | - Gene-Yuan Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael A Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David Pearce
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Viswanath P, Chaumeil MM, Ronen SM. Molecular Imaging of Metabolic Reprograming in Mutant IDH Cells. Front Oncol 2016; 6:60. [PMID: 27014635 PMCID: PMC4789800 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the metabolic enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) have recently been identified as drivers in the development of several tumor types. Most notably, cytosolic IDH1 is mutated in 70-90% of low-grade gliomas and upgraded glioblastomas, and mitochondrial IDH2 is mutated in ~20% of acute myeloid leukemia cases. Wild-type IDH catalyzes the interconversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Mutations in the enzyme lead to loss of wild-type enzymatic activity and a neomorphic activity that converts α-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). In turn, 2-HG, which has been termed an "oncometabolite," inhibits key α-KG-dependent enzymes, resulting in alterations of the cellular epigenetic profile and, subsequently, inhibition of differentiation and initiation of tumorigenesis. In addition, it is now clear that the IDH mutation also induces a broad metabolic reprograming that extends beyond 2-HG production, and this reprograming often differs from what has been previously reported in other cancer types. In this review, we will discuss in detail what is known to date about the metabolic reprograming of mutant IDH cells, and how this reprograming has been investigated using molecular metabolic imaging. We will describe how metabolic imaging has helped shed light on the basic biology of mutant IDH cells, and how this information can be leveraged to identify new therapeutic targets and to develop new clinically translatable imaging methods to detect and monitor mutant IDH tumors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Viswanath
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
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Sriram R, Van Criekinge M, DeLos Santos J, Keshari KR, Wilson DM, Peehl D, Kurhanewicz J, Wang ZJ. Non-invasive differentiation of benign renal tumors from clear cell renal cell carcinomas using clinically translatable hyperpolarized 13C pyruvate magnetic resonance. Tomography 2016; 2:35-42. [PMID: 27227168 PMCID: PMC4876723 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2016.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Localized renal tumors are increasingly detected incidentally at imaging. Conventional imaging cannot reliably differentiate the 20% of these tumors that are benign from malignant renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), leading to unnecessary surgical resection and resulting morbidity associated with surgery. Here, we investigated hyperpolarized 13C pyruvate metabolism in live patient-derived renal tumor tissue slices using a novel magnetic resonance (MR) -compatible bioreactor platform. We demonstrated for the first time that clear cell RCCs (ccRCCs), which account for 70-80% of all RCCs, have increased lactate production as well as rapid lactate efflux compared to benign renal tumors. This difference is attributed to increased lactate dehydrogenase A and monocarboxylate transporter 4 expression in ccRCCs. This distinctive metabolic phenotype can be used to differentiate RCCs from benign renal tumors using clinically translatable hyperpolarized 13C pyruvate MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Sriram
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Justin DeLos Santos
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - David M Wilson
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Donna Peehl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Zhen J Wang
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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35
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Ito S, Hyodo F. Dynamic nuclear polarization-magnetic resonance imaging at low ESR irradiation frequency for ascorbyl free radicals. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21407. [PMID: 26892591 PMCID: PMC4759784 DOI: 10.1038/srep21407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly water-soluble ubiquinone-0 (CoQ0) reacts with ascorbate monoanion (Asc) to mediate the production of ascorbyl free radicals (AFR). Using aqueous reaction mixture of CoQ0 and Asc, we obtained positively enhanced dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-magnetic resonance (MR) images of the AFR at low frequency (ranging from 515 to 530 MHz) of electron spin resonance (ESR) irradiation. The shape of the determined DNP spectrum was similar to ESR absorption spectra with doublet spectral peaks. The relative locational relationship of spectral peaks in the DNP spectra between the AFR (520 and 525 MHz), 14N-labeled carbamoyl-PROXYL (14N-CmP) (526.5 MHz), and Oxo63 (522 MHz) was different from that in the X-band ESR spectra, but were similar to that in the 300-MHz ESR spectra. The ratio of DNP enhancement to radical concentration for the AFR was higher than those for 14N-CmP, Oxo63, and flavin semiquinone radicals. The spectroscopic DNP properties observed for the AFR were essentially the same as those for AFR mediated by pyrroloquinoline quinone. Moreover, we made a success of in vivo DNP-MR imaging of the CoQ0-mediated AFR which was administered by the subcutaneous and oral injections as an imaging probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Ito
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fuminori Hyodo
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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36
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Chaumeil MM, Lupo JM, Ronen SM. Magnetic Resonance (MR) Metabolic Imaging in Glioma. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:769-80. [PMID: 26526945 PMCID: PMC8029127 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on describing the use of magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy for metabolic imaging of brain tumors. We will first review the MR metabolic imaging findings generated from preclinical models, focusing primarily on in vivo studies, and will then describe the use of metabolic imaging in the clinical setting. We will address relatively well-established (1) H MRS approaches, as well as (31) P MRS, (13) C MRS and emerging hyperpolarized (13) C MRS methodologies, and will describe the use of metabolic imaging for understanding the basic biology of glioma as well as for improving the characterization and monitoring of brain tumors in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janine M. Lupo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingMission Bay Campus
| | - Sabrina M. Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingMission Bay Campus
- Brain Tumor Research CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA
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