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Öz-Arslan D, Yavuz M, Kan B. Exploring orphan GPCRs in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1394516. [PMID: 38895631 PMCID: PMC11183337 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1394516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders represent a significant and growing health burden worldwide. Unfortunately, limited therapeutic options are currently available despite ongoing efforts. Over the past decades, research efforts have increasingly focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these devastating conditions. Orphan receptors, a class of receptors with no known endogenous ligands, emerge as promising druggable targets for diverse diseases. This review aims to direct attention to a subgroup of orphan GPCRs, in particular class A orphans that have roles in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Multiple sclerosis. We highlight the diverse roles orphan receptors play in regulating critical cellular processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal survival and neuro-inflammation. Moreover, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting orphan receptors for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, emphasizing recent advances in drug discovery and preclinical studies. Finally, we outline future directions and challenges in orphan receptor research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Öz-Arslan
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurosciences, Acibadem MAA University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Melis Yavuz
- Department of Neurosciences, Acibadem MAA University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Pharmacology, Acibadem MAA University, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Beki Kan
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurosciences, Acibadem MAA University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
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2
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Quinlan S, Khan T, McFall D, Campos-Rodriguez C, Forcelli PA. Early life phenobarbital exposure dysregulates the hippocampal transcriptome. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1340691. [PMID: 38606173 PMCID: PMC11007044 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1340691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Phenobarbital (PB) and levetiracetam (LEV) are the first-line therapies for neonates with diagnosed seizures, however, a growing body of evidence shows that these drugs given during critical developmental windows trigger lasting molecular changes in the brain. While the targets and mechanism of action of these drugs are well understood-what is not known is how these drugs alter the transcriptomic landscape, and therefore molecular profile/gene expression during these critical windows of neurodevelopment. PB is associated with a range of neurotoxic effects in developing animals, from cell death to altered synaptic development to lasting behavioral impairment. LEV does not produce these effects. Methods: Here we evaluated the effects of PB and Lev on the hippocampal transcriptome by RNA sequencing. Neonatal rat pups were given a single dose of PB, Lev or vehicle and sacrificed 72 h later-at time at which drug is expected to be cleared. Results: We found PB induces broad changes in the transcriptomic profile (124 differentially expressed transcripts), as compared to relatively small changes in LEV-treated animals (15 transcripts). PB exposure decreased GABAergic and oligodendrocyte markers pvalb and opalin, and increased the marker of activated microglia, cd68 and the astrocyte- associated gene vegfa. These data are consistent with the existing literature showing developmental neurotoxicity associated with PB, but not LEV. Discussion: The widespread change in gene expression after PB, which affected transcripts reflective of multiple cell types, may provide a link between acute drug administration and lasting drug toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seán Quinlan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Tahiyana Khan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - David McFall
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Patrick A. Forcelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
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3
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Giesecke Y, Asimi V, Stulberg V, Kleinau G, Scheerer P, Koksch B, Grötzinger C. Is the Neuropeptide PEN a Ligand of GPR83? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15117. [PMID: 37894796 PMCID: PMC10606834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 83 (GPR83) is a class A G protein-coupled receptor with predominant expression in the cerebellum and proposed function in the regulation of food intake and in anxiety-like behavior. The neuropeptide PEN has been suggested as a specific GPR83 ligand. However, conflicting reports exist about whether PEN is indeed able to bind and activate GPR83. This study was initiated to evaluate PEN as a potential ligand of GPR83. Employing several second messenger and other GPCR activation assays as well as a radioligand binding assay, and using multiple GPR83 plasmids and PEN peptides from different sources, no experimental evidence was found to support a role of PEN as a GPR83 ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Giesecke
- Tumor Targeting Group, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vahid Asimi
- Tumor Targeting Group, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentina Stulberg
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Group Structural Biology of Cellular Signaling, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Group Structural Biology of Cellular Signaling, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Koksch
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Grötzinger
- Tumor Targeting Group, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Fuentes‐Pardo AP, Farrell ED, Pettersson ME, Sprehn CG, Andersson L. The genomic basis and environmental correlates of local adaptation in the Atlantic horse mackerel ( Trachurus trachurus). Evol Appl 2023; 16:1201-1219. [PMID: 37360028 PMCID: PMC10286234 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how populations adapt to their environment is increasingly important to prevent biodiversity loss due to overexploitation and climate change. Here we studied the population structure and genetic basis of local adaptation of Atlantic horse mackerel, a commercially and ecologically important marine fish that has one of the widest distributions in the eastern Atlantic. We analyzed whole-genome sequencing and environmental data of samples collected from the North Sea to North Africa and the western Mediterranean Sea. Our genomic approach indicated low population structure with a major split between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean and between locations north and south of mid-Portugal. Populations from the North Sea are the most genetically distinct in the Atlantic. We discovered that most population structure patterns are driven by a few highly differentiated putatively adaptive loci. Seven loci discriminate the North Sea, two the Mediterranean Sea, and a large putative inversion (9.9 Mb) on chromosome 21 underlines the north-south divide and distinguishes North Africa. A genome-environment association analysis indicates that mean seawater temperature and temperature range, or factors correlated to them, are likely the main environmental drivers of local adaptation. Our genomic data broadly support the current stock divisions, but highlight areas of potential mixing, which require further investigation. Moreover, we demonstrate that as few as 17 highly informative SNPs can genetically discriminate the North Sea and North African samples from neighboring populations. Our study highlights the importance of both, life history and climate-related selective pressures in shaping population structure patterns in marine fish. It also supports that chromosomal rearrangements play a key role in local adaptation with gene flow. This study provides the basis for more accurate delineation of the horse mackerel stocks and paves the way for improving stock assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward D. Farrell
- EDF Scientific LimitedCorkIreland
- Killybegs Fishermen's OrganisationDonegalIreland
| | - Mats E. Pettersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - C. Grace Sprehn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Leif Andersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Department of Veterinary Integrative BiosciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
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5
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Lin J, Cai Y, Wang Z, Ma Y, Pan J, Liu Y, Zhao Z. Novel biomarkers predict prognosis and drug-induced neuroendocrine differentiation in patients with prostate cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1005916. [PMID: 36686485 PMCID: PMC9849576 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1005916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A huge focus is being placed on the development of novel signatures in the form of new combinatorial regimens to distinguish the neuroendocrine (NE) characteristics from castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) timely and accurately, as well as predict the disease-free survival (DFS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Methods Single cell data of 4 normal samples, 3 CRPC samples and 3 CRPC-NE samples were obtained from GEO database, and CellChatDB was used for potential intercellular communication, Secondly, using the "limma" package (v3.52.0), we obtained the differential expressed genes between CRPC and CRPC-NE both in single-cell RNA seq and bulk RNA seq samples, and discovered 12 differential genes characterized by CRPC-NE. Then, on the one hand, the diagnosis model of CRPC-NE is developed by random forest algorithm and artificial neural network (ANN) through Cbioportal database; On the other hand, using the data in Cbioportal and GEO database, the DFS and PFS prognostic model of PCa was established and verified through univariate Cox analysis, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) regression and multivariate Cox regression in R software. Finally, somatic mutation and immune infiltration were also discussed. Results Our research shows that there exists specific intercellular communication in classified clusters. Secondly, a CRPC-NE diagnostic model of six genes (HMGN2, MLLT11, SOX4, PCSK1N, RGS16 and PTMA) has been established and verified, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) is as high as 0.952 (95% CI: 0.882-0.994). The mutation landscape shows that these six genes are rarely mutated in the CRPC and NEPC samples. In addition, NE-DFS signature (STMN1 and PCSK1N) and NE-PFS signature (STMN1, UBE2S and HMGN2) are good predictors of DFS and PFS in PCa patients and better than other clinical features. Lastly, the infiltration levels of plasma cells, T cells CD4 naive, Eosinophils and Monocytes were significantly different between the CRPC and NEPC groups. Conclusions This study revealed the heterogeneity between CRPC and CRPC-NE from different perspectives, and developed a reliable diagnostic model of CRPC-NE and robust prognostic models for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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6
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Mack SM, Gomes I, Fakira AK, Duarte ML, Gupta A, Fricker L, Devi LA. GPR83 engages endogenous peptides from two distinct precursors to elicit differential signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 102:MOLPHARM-AR-2022-000487. [PMID: 35605991 PMCID: PMC9341263 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PEN is an abundant neuropeptide that activates GPR83, a G protein-coupled receptor that is considered a novel therapeutic target due to its roles in regulation of feeding, reward, and anxiety-related behaviors. The major form of PEN in the brain is 22 residues in length. Previous studies have identified shorter forms of PEN in mouse brain and neuroendocrine cells; these shorter forms were named PEN18, PEN19 and PEN20, with the number reflecting the length of the peptide. The C-terminal five residues of PEN20 are identical to the C-terminus of a procholecystokinin (proCCK)-derived peptide, named proCCK56-62, that is present in mouse brain. ProCCK56-62 is highly conserved across species although it has no homology to the bioactive cholecystokinin domain. ProCCK56-62 and a longer form, proCCK56-63 were tested for their ability to engage GPR83. Both peptides bind GPR83 with high affinity, activate second messenger pathways, and induce ligand-mediated receptor endocytosis. Interestingly, the shorter PEN peptides, ProCC56-62, and ProCCK56-63 differentially activate signal transduction pathways. Whereas PEN22 and PEN20 facilitate receptor coupling to Gai, PEN18, PEN19 and ProCCK peptides facilitate coupling to Gas. Furthermore, the ProCCK peptides exhibit dose dependent Ga subtype selectivity in that they faciliate coupling to Gas at low concentrations and Gai at high concentrations. These data demonstrate that peptides derived from two distinct peptide precursors can differentially activate GPR83, and that GPR83 exhibits Ga subtype preference depending on the nature and concentration of the peptide. These results are consistent with the emerging idea that endogenous neuropeptides function as biased ligands. Significance Statement We found that peptides derived from proCCK bind and activate GPR83, a G protein-coupled receptor that is known to bind peptides derived from proSAAS. Different forms of the proCCK- and proSAAS-derived peptides show biased agonism, activating Gas or Gai depending on the length of the peptide and/or its concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seshat M Mack
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, United States
| | - Ivone Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, United States
| | - Amanda K Fakira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, United States
| | - Mariana L Duarte
- Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Achla Gupta
- Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Lloyd Fricker
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, United States
| | - Lakshmi A Devi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
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7
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Fakira AK, Lueptow LM, Trimbake NA, Devi LA. PEN Receptor GPR83 in Anxiety-Like Behaviors: Differential Regulation in Global vs Amygdalar Knockdown. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:675769. [PMID: 34512237 PMCID: PMC8427670 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.675769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are prevalent across the United States and result in a large personal and societal burden. Currently, numerous therapeutic and pharmaceutical treatment options exist. However, drugs to classical receptor targets have shown limited efficacy and often come with unpleasant side effects, highlighting the need to identify novel targets involved in the etiology and treatment of anxiety disorders. GPR83, a recently deorphanized receptor activated by the abundant neuropeptide PEN, has also been identified as a glucocorticoid regulated receptor (and named GIR) suggesting that this receptor may be involved in stress-responses that underlie anxiety. Consistent with this, GPR83 null mice have been found to be resistant to stress-induced anxiety. However, studies examining the role of GPR83 within specific brain regions or potential sex differences have been lacking. In this study, we investigate anxiety-related behaviors in male and female mice with global knockout and following local GPR83 knockdown in female mice. We find that a global knockdown of GPR83 has minimal impact on anxiety-like behaviors in female mice and a decrease in anxiety-related behaviors in male mice. In contrast, a local GPR83 knockdown in the basolateral amygdala leads to more anxiety-related behaviors in female mice. Local GPR83 knockdown in the central amygdala or nucleus accumbens (NAc) showed no significant effect on anxiety-related behaviors. Finally, dexamethasone administration leads to a significant decrease in receptor expression in the amygdala and NAc of female mice. Together, our studies uncover a significant, but divergent role for GPR83 in different brain regions in the regulation of anxiety-related behaviors, which is furthermore dependent on sex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lakshmi A. Devi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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8
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Baik SH, Selvaraji S, Fann DY, Poh L, Jo DG, Herr DR, Zhang SR, Kim HA, Silva MD, Lai MK, Chen CLH, Drummond GR, Lim KL, Sobey CG, Arumugam TV. Hippocampal transcriptome profiling reveals common disease pathways in chronic hypoperfusion and aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:14651-14674. [PMID: 34074801 PMCID: PMC8221317 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a progressive cognitive impairment of vascular etiology. VaD is characterized by cerebral hypoperfusion, increased blood-brain barrier permeability and white matter lesions. An increased burden of VaD is expected in rapidly aging populations. The hippocampus is particularly susceptible to hypoperfusion, and the resulting memory impairment may play a crucial role in VaD. Here we have investigated the hippocampal gene expression profile of young and old mice subjected to cerebral hypoperfusion by bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS). Our data in sham-operated young and aged mice reveal an age-associated decline in cerebral blood flow and differential gene expression. In fact, BCAS and aging caused broadly similar effects. However, BCAS-induced changes in hippocampal gene expression differed between young and aged mice. Specifically, transcriptomic analysis indicated that in comparison to young sham mice, many pathways altered by BCAS in young mice resembled those already present in sham aged mice. Over 30 days, BCAS in aged mice had minimal effect on either cerebral blood flow or hippocampal gene expression. Immunoblot analyses confirmed these findings. Finally, relative to young sham mice the cell type-specific profile of genes in both young BCAS and old sham animals further revealed common cell-specific genes. Our data provide a genetic-based molecular framework for hypoperfusion-induced hippocampal damage and reveal common cellular signaling pathways likely to be important in the pathophysiology of VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ha Baik
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sharmelee Selvaraji
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore
| | - David Y. Fann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luting Poh
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Deron R. Herr
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Shenpeng R. Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Hyun Ah Kim
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael De Silva
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Mitchell K.P. Lai
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Li-Hsian Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Grant R. Drummond
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Christopher G. Sobey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Thiruma V. Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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9
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Xiao X, Bi M, Jiao Q, Chen X, Du X, Jiang H. A new understanding of GHSR1a--independent of ghrelin activation. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101187. [PMID: 33007437 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, is a functional receptor of ghrelin. The expression levels and activities of GHSR1a are affected by various factors. In past years, it has been found that the ghrelin-GHSR1a system can perform biological functions such as anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-oxidative stress. In addition to mediating the effect of ghrelin, GHSR1a also has abnormally high constitutive activity; that is, it can still transmit intracellular signals without activation of the ghrelin ligand. This constitutive activity affects brain functions, growth and development of the body; therefore, it has profound impacts on neurodegenerative diseases and some other age-related diseases. In addition, GHSR1a can also form homodimers or heterodimers with other GPCRs, affecting the release of neurotransmitters, appetite regulation, cell proliferation and insulin release. Therefore, further understanding of the constitutive activities and dimerization of GHSR1a will enable us to better clarify the characteristics of GHSR1a and provide more therapeutic targets for drug development. Here, we focus on the roles of GHSR1a in various biological functions and provide a comprehensive summary of the current research on GHSR1a to provide broader therapeutic prospects for age-related disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingxia Bi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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10
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Sallee NA, Lee E, Leffert A, Ramirez S, Brace AD, Halenbeck R, Kavanaugh WM, Sullivan KMC. A Pilot Screen of a Novel Peptide Hormone Library Identified Candidate GPR83 Ligands. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 25:1047-1063. [PMID: 32713278 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220934807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification of novel peptide hormones by functional screening is challenging because posttranslational processing is frequently required to generate biologically active hormones from inactive precursors. We developed an approach for functional screening of novel potential hormones by expressing them in endocrine host cells competent for posttranslational processing. Candidate preprohormones were selected by bioinformatics analysis, and stable endocrine host cell lines were engineered to express the preprohormones. The production of mature hormones was demonstrated by including the preprohormones insulin and glucagon, which require the regulated secretory pathway for production of the active forms. As proof of concept, we screened a set of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and identified protein FAM237A as a specific activator of GPR83, a GPCR implicated in central nervous system and regulatory T-cell function. We identified the active form of FAM237A as a C-terminally cleaved, amidated 9 kDa secreted protein. The related protein FAM237B, which is 64% homologous to FAM237A, demonstrated similar posttranslational modification and activation of GPR83, albeit with reduced potency. These results demonstrate that our approach is capable of identifying and characterizing novel hormones that require processing for activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Sallee
- Five Prime Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Maze Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ernestine Lee
- Five Prime Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Atossa Leffert
- Five Prime Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Ramirez
- Five Prime Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.,BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA
| | - Arthur D Brace
- Five Prime Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Halenbeck
- Five Prime Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.,BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA
| | - W Michael Kavanaugh
- Five Prime Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.,CytomX Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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Fakira AK, Peck EG, Liu Y, Lueptow LM, Trimbake NA, Han MH, Calipari ES, Devi LA. The role of the neuropeptide PEN receptor, GPR83, in the reward pathway: Relationship to sex-differences. Neuropharmacology 2019; 157:107666. [PMID: 31199956 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GPR83, the receptor for the neuropeptide PEN, exhibits high expression in the nucleus accumbens of the human and rodent brain, suggesting that it plays a role in modulating the mesolimbic reward pathway. However, the cell-type specific expression of GPR83, its functional impact in the reward pathway, and in drug reward-learning has not been fully explored. Using GPR83/eGFP mice, we show high GPR83 expression on cholinergic interneurons in the nucleus accumbens and moderate expression on ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. In GPR83 knockout mice, baseline dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens is enhanced which disrupts the ratio of tonic vs phasic release. Additionally, GPR83 knockout leads to changes in the expression of dopamine-related genes. Using the morphine conditioned place preference model, we identify sex differences in morphine reward-learning, show that GPR83 is upregulated in the nucleus accumbens following morphine conditioned place preference, and show that shRNA-mediated knockdown of GPR83 in the nucleus accumbens leads to attenuation morphine reward. Together, these findings detect GPR83 expression in the reward-pathway, and show its involvement in dopamine release and morphine reward-learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Fakira
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, USA
| | - Emily G Peck
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, USA; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, USA
| | - Lindsay M Lueptow
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, USA
| | - Nikita A Trimbake
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, USA
| | - Ming-Hu Han
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, USA; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, USA
| | - Erin S Calipari
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lakshmi A Devi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, USA; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, USA.
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Mack SM, Gomes I, Devi LA. Neuropeptide PEN and Its Receptor GPR83: Distribution, Signaling, and Regulation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1884-1891. [PMID: 30726666 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are chemical messengers that act to regulate a number of physiological processes, including feeding, reward, pain, and memory, among others. PEN is one of the most abundant hypothalamic neuropeptides; however, until recently, its target receptor remained unknown. In this Review, we summarize recent developments in research focusing on PEN and its receptor GPR83. We describe the studies leading to the deorphanization of GPR83 as the receptor for PEN. We also describe the signaling mediated by the PEN-GPR83 system, as well as the physiological roles in which PEN-GPR83 has been implicated. As studies have suggested a role for the PEN-GPR83 system in food intake and body weight regulation, as well as in drug addiction and reward disorders, a thorough understanding of this novel neuropeptide-receptor system will help identify novel therapeutic targets to treat pathophysiological conditions involving PEN-GPR83.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seshat M. Mack
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Ivone Gomes
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Lakshmi A. Devi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
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