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Palus K, Chmielewska-Krzesińska M, Jana B, Całka J. Glyphosate-induced changes in the expression of galanin and GALR1, GALR2 and GALR3 receptors in the porcine small intestine wall. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8905. [PMID: 38632282 PMCID: PMC11024183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is the active ingredient of glyphosate-based herbicides and the most commonly used pesticide in the world. The goal of the present study was to verify whether low doses of glyphosate (equivalent to the environmental exposure) evoke changes in galanin expression in intramural neurons in the small intestine in pigs and to quantitatively determine changes in the level of galanin receptor encoding mRNA (GALR1, GALR2, GALR3) in the small intestine wall. The experiment was conducted on 15 sexually immature gilts divided into three study groups: control (C)-animals receiving empty gelatin capsules; experimental 1 (G1)-animals receiving a low dose of glyphosate (0.05 mg/kg b.w./day); experimental 2 (G2)-animals receiving a higher dose of glyphosate (0.5 mg/kg b.w./day) orally in gelatine capsules for 28 days. Glyphosate ingestion led to an increase in the number of GAL-like immunoreactive intramural neurons in the porcine small intestine. The results of RT-PCR showed a significant increase in the expression of mRNA, which encodes the GAL-receptors in the ileum, a decreased expression in the duodenum and no significant changes in the jejunum. Additionally, intoxication with glyphosate increased the expression of SOD2-encoding mRNA in the duodenum and decreased it in the jejunum and ileum, but it did not affect SOD1 expression. The results suggest that it may be a consequence of the cytotoxic and/or neurotoxic properties of glyphosate and/or its ability to induce oxidative stress.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Galanin/metabolism
- Glyphosate/metabolism
- Glyphosate/toxicity
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/drug effects
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sus scrofa/genetics
- Swine
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/drug effects
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/drug effects
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/metabolism
- Herbicides/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Palus
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Chmielewska-Krzesińska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Jana
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-078, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jarosław Całka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
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Nakagaki KYR, Nunes MM, Garcia APV, De Brot M, Cassali GD. Neuroendocrine Carcinomas of the Canine Mammary Gland: Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Characteristics. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:621714. [PMID: 33469557 PMCID: PMC7813755 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.621714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive mammary carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation are rare in women and were reported only once in female dogs. For the present study, ten cases of solid mammary carcinoma positive for chromogramin A in immunohistochemistry were selected. Histopathological characteristics of these tumors were described and immunohistochemical evaluation was performed with chromogranin A, synaptophysin, CD56, NSE, PGP 9.5, pancitokeratin, Ki67, estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR). The average animal age was 13.2 years old and the average tumor size was 4.8 cm. In total, 70% of the neoplasms were classified as grade III and 30% as grade II by the Nottingham histological grade system. High mitotic index was observed with a mean of 27.5 mitoses in 10 high magnification fields. Only one case showed typical carcinoid tumor characteristics. In addition, vascular invasion was shown in 3 tumors. All carcinomas were positive for chromogran A, while only two cases were reactive to synaptophysin. For PGP 9.2, NSE and CD56, we observed positivity of 100, 90, and 70%, respectively, in the samples, being that no tumor was positive for all the neuroendocrine markers. All neoplasms showed ER and PR in at least 10% of neoplastic cells, while Ki67 varied from 29 to 95%, with mean mitotic index of 67%. Four of the ten animals died within 1 year of the tumor diagnosis. Neuroendocrine neoplasms occur in the canine mammary gland and are propably underdiagnosed. This is due to their non-specific morphological characteristics and the low use of neuroendocrine immunohistochemistric markers the diagnostic routine. More studies are necessary to determine the prognosis of this new histological type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Yumi Ribeiro Nakagaki
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maíra Meira Nunes
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Vargas Garcia
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marina De Brot
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geovanni Dantas Cassali
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Knauf C, Abot A, Wemelle E, Cani PD. Targeting the Enteric Nervous System to Treat Metabolic Disorders? "Enterosynes" as Therapeutic Gut Factors. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:139-146. [PMID: 31280267 DOI: 10.1159/000500602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is of crucial importance for controlling glucose homeostasis. Alteration of this axis promotes the type 2 diabetes (T2D) phenotype (hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance). Recently, a new concept has emerged to demonstrate the crucial role of the enteric nervous system in the control of glycaemia via the hypothalamus. In diabetic patients and mice, modification of enteric neurons activity in the proximal part of the intestine generates a duodenal hyper-contractility that generates an aberrant message from the gut to the brain. In turn, the hypothalamus sends an aberrant efferent message that provokes a state of insulin resistance, which is characteristic of a T2D state. Targeting the enteric nervous system of the duodenum is now recognized as an innovative strategy for treatment of diabetes. By acting in the intestine, bioactive gut molecules that we called "enterosynes" can modulate the function of a specific type of neurons of the enteric nervous system to decrease the contraction of intestinal smooth muscle cells. Here, we focus on the origins of enterosynes (hormones, neurotransmitters, nutrients, microbiota, and immune factors), which could be considered therapeutic factors, and we describe their modes of action on enteric neurons. This unsuspected action of enterosynes is proposed for the treatment of T2D, but it could be applied for other therapeutic solutions that implicate communication between the gut and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Knauf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), Toulouse, France,
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM, Toulouse, France,
| | - Anne Abot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), Toulouse, France
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Eve Wemelle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), Toulouse, France
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice D Cani
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM, Toulouse, France
- UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO - Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Palus K, Makowska K, Całka J. Alterations in Galanin-Like Immunoreactivity in the Enteric Nervous System of the Porcine Stomach Following Acrylamide Supplementation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133345. [PMID: 31288386 PMCID: PMC6651480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a significant increase in the consumption of products containing large amounts of acrylamide (e.g., chips, fries, coffee), especially among young people has been noted. The present study was created to establish the impact of acrylamide supplementation, in tolerable daily intake (TDI) dose and a dose ten times higher than TDI, on the population of galanin-like immunoreactive (GAL-LI) stomach neurons in pigs. Additionally, in the present study, the possible functional co-operation of GAL with other neuroactive substances and their role in acrylamide intoxication was investigated. Using double-labelling immunohistochemistry, alterations in the expression of GAL were examined in the porcine stomach enteric neurons after low and high doses of acrylamide supplementation. Generally, upregulation in GAL-LI immunoreactivity in both myenteric and submucous plexuses was noted in all stomach fragments studied. Additionally, the proportion of GAL-expressing cell bodies simultaneously immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript peptide (CART) also increased. The results suggest neurotrophic or/and neuroprotective properties of GAL and possible co-operation of GAL with VIP, nNOS, CART in the recovery processes in the stomach enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons following acrylamide intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Palus
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jarosław Całka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
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5
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Ma A, Bai J, He M, Wong AOL. Spexin as a neuroendocrine signal with emerging functions. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 265:90-96. [PMID: 29355530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spexin (SPX), a novel peptide coevolved with the galanin/kisspeptin family, was first identified by bioinformatics prior to its protein purification/functional studies. Its mature peptide is highly conserved among different vertebrate classes. Based on the studies in mammals and fish models, SPX was found to be widely distributed at tissue level, secreted into systemic circulation, identified at notable levels in central nervous system and peripheral tissues, and has been confirmed/implicated in multiple functions in different tissues/organs, suggesting that SPX may serve as a neuroendocrine signal with pleotropic functions. In this article, different isoforms of SPX and their binding with their cognate receptors GalR2 and GalR3, the biological functions of SPX reported in mammals including GI tract movement, energy balance and weight loss, fatty acid uptake, glucose homeostasis, nociception and cardiovascular/renal functions, as well as the recent findings in fish models regarding the role of SPX in reproduction and feeding control will be reviewed with interesting questions for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Bai
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mulan He
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anderson O L Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Zalecki M, Pidsudko Z, Franke-Radowiecka A, Wojtkiewicz J, Kaleczyc J. Galaninergic intramural nerve and tissue reaction to antral ulcerations. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13360. [PMID: 29717796 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Well-developed galaninergic gastric intramural nerve system is known to regulate multiple stomach functions in physiological and pathological conditions. Stomach ulcer, a disorder commonly occurring in humans and animals, is accompanied by inflammatory reaction. Inflammation can cause intramural neurons to change their neurochemical profile. Galanin and its receptors are involved in inflammation of many organs, however, their direct participation in stomach reaction to ulcer is not known. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate adaptive changes in the chemical coding of galaninergic intramural neurons and mRNA expression encoding Gal, GalR1, GalR2, GalR3 receptors in the region of the porcine stomach directly adjacent to the ulcer location. METHODS The experiment was performed on 24 pigs, divided into control and experimental groups. In 12 experimental animals, stomach antrum ulcers were experimentally induced by submucosal injection of acetic acid solution. Stomach wall directly adjacent to the ulcer was examined by: (1) double immunohistochemistry-to verify the changes in the number of galaninergic neurons (submucosal, myenteric) and fibers; (2) real-time PCR to verify changes in mRNA expression encoding galanin, GalR1, GalR2, GalR3 receptors. KEY RESULTS In the experimental animals, the number of Gal-immunoreactive submucosal perikarya was increased, while the number of galaninergic myenteric neurons and fibers (in all the stomach wall layers) remained unchanged. The expression of mRNA encoding all galanin receptors was increased. CONCLUSIONS & INTERFERENCES The results obtained unveiled the participation of galanin and galanin receptors in the stomach tissue response to antral ulcerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zalecki
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Z Pidsudko
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A Franke-Radowiecka
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - J Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - J Kaleczyc
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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7
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Bulc M, Palus K, Zielonka Ł, Gajęcka M, Całka J. Changes in expression of inhibitory substances in the intramural neurons of the stomach following streptozotocin- induced diabetes in the pig. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:6088-6099. [PMID: 28970724 PMCID: PMC5597500 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i33.6088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Influence of chronic hyperglycemia on chemical coding of enteric neurons in stomach using pig as a model for human diabetic complications.
METHODS Ten pigs were divided into two groups: diabetic (D group, n = 5) and control (C group, n = 5). Pigs constituting the experimental group were given streptozotocin (150 mg/kg). Animals were euthanized six weeks after the induction of diabetes. The samples of stomach were collected from animals of both groups. The cryostat sections were processed for double immunofluorescence staining using primary antisera directed towards pan-neuronal marker (Hu C/D) proteins and/or neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and galanin (GAL).
RESULTS In the control group in the myenteric ganglia (MG) of the corpus we have noted 22.28% ± 1.19% of nNOS positive neurons, while in diabetic group we have found 40.74% ± 2.22% of nNOS immunoreactive perikarya (increase by 82.85 %). In turn in the pylorus we have observed 15.91% ± 0.58% nNOS containing neurons in control animals and 35.38% ± 1.54% in the diabetes group (increase by 122.37%). In the MG of the antrum and submucosal ganglion (SG) in the corpus hyperglycemia did not cause statistically significant changes. With regard to VIP-positive cell bodies in the antrum MG in the control animals we have noted 18.38 ± 1.39% and 40.74% ± 1.77% in the experimental group (increase by 121.65%). While in the corpus we have observed 23.20% ± 0.23% in the control and 30.93% ± 0.86% in the diabetes group (increase by 33.31%). In turn in the pylorus VIP positive cells bodies constituted 23.64% ± 1.56% in the control group and 31.20% ± 1.10% in the experimental group (increase by 31.97%). In the submucosal ganglion in the corpus we have noted 43.61% ± 1.06% in the control animals and 37.00% ± 1.77% in the experimental group (decrease by 15.15%). Expression of GAL-positive perikarya showed statistically significant changes only in the MG of the antrum and pylorus. In the antrum GAL positive perykarya constituted 26.53% ± 1.52% in the control and 36.67% ± 1.02% in the experimental animals (increase by 38.22%). While in the pylorus GAL positive neurons in the control group constituted 16.32% ± 0.92% and 17.99% ± 0.38% in the experimental animals (increase by 10.23%).
CONCLUSION Our results support the hypothesis that in the course of diabetes, long term episodes of high glucose serum level may influence the chemical phenotyping of enteric neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bulc
- Department of Clinical Physiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Palus
- Department of Clinical Physiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jarosław Całka
- Department of Clinical Physiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Zalecki M, Sienkiewicz W, Franke-Radowiecka A, Klimczuk M, Kaleczyc J. The Influence of Gastric Antral Ulcerations on the Expression of Galanin and GalR1, GalR2, GalR3 Receptors in the Pylorus with Regard to Gastric Intrinsic Innervation of the Pyloric Sphincter. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155658. [PMID: 27175780 PMCID: PMC4866767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric antrum ulcerations are common disorders occurring in humans and animals. Such localization of ulcers disturbs the gastric emptying process, which is precisely controlled by the pylorus. Galanin (Gal) and its receptors are commonly accepted to participate in the regulation of inflammatory processes and neuronal plasticity. Their role in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility is also widely described. However, there is lack of data considering antral ulcerations in relation to changes in the expression of Gal and GalR1, GalR2, GalR3 receptors in the pyloric wall tissue and galaninergic intramural innervation of the pylorus. Two groups of pigs were used in the study: healthy gilts and gilts with experimentally induced antral ulcers. By double immunocytochemistry percentages of myenteric and submucosal neurons expressing Gal-immunoreactivity were determined in the pyloric wall tissue and in the population of gastric descending neurons supplying the pyloric sphincter (labelled by retrograde Fast Blue neuronal tracer). The percentage of Gal-immunoreactive neurons increased only in the myenteric plexus of the pyloric wall (from 16.14±2.06% in control to 25.5±2.07% in experimental animals), while no significant differences in other neuronal populations were observed between animals of both groups. Real-Time PCR revealed the increased expression of mRNA encoding Gal and GalR1 receptor in the pyloric wall tissue of the experimental animals, while the expression(s) of GalR2 and GalR3 were not significantly changed. The results obtained suggest the involvement of Gal, GalR1 and galaninergic pyloric myenteric neurons in the response of pyloric wall structures to antral ulcerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Zalecki
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Waldemar Sienkiewicz
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Amelia Franke-Radowiecka
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Klimczuk
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kaleczyc
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Palus K, Całka J. Neurochemical Plasticity of the Coeliac-Superior Mesenteric Ganglion Complex Neurons Projecting to the Prepyloric Area of the Porcine Stomach following Hyperacidity. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:8596214. [PMID: 27293908 PMCID: PMC4884586 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8596214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine neurochemical properties of the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion (CSMG) neurons supplying the prepyloric area of the porcine stomach in physiological state and following experimentally induced hyperacidity. To localize sympathetic neurons innervating the studied area of stomach, the neuronal retrograde tracer Fast Blue (FB) was applied to control animals and hydrochloric acid infusion (HCl) groups. After 23 days, animals of the HCl group were reintroduced into a state of general anesthesia and intragastrically given 5 mL/kg of body weight of 0.25 M aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid. On the 28th day, all animals were sacrificed. The CSMG complexes were then collected and processed for double-labeling immunofluorescence. In the control animals, FB-positive perikarya displayed immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and galanin (GAL). Experimentally induced gastric hyperacidity changed the neurochemical phenotype of the studied neurons. An upregulated expression of GAL and NPY and the de novo synthesis of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and leu5-enkephalin (LENK) as well as downregulated expression of TH and DβH in the stomach-projecting neurons were observed. These findings enrich existing knowledge about the participation of these active substances in adaptive mechanism(s) of the sympathetic neurons during pathological processes within the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Palus
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- *Katarzyna Palus:
| | - Jarosław Całka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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10
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Palus K, Całka J. The Influence of Prolonged Acetylsalicylic Acid Supplementation-Induced Gastritis on the Neurochemistry of the Sympathetic Neurons Supplying Prepyloric Region of the Porcine Stomach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143661. [PMID: 26606050 PMCID: PMC4659606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was designed to establish the localization and neurochemical phenotyping of sympathetic neurons supplying prepyloric area of the porcine stomach in a physiological state and during acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) induced gastritis. In order to localize the sympathetic perikarya the stomachs of both control and acetylsalicylic acid treated (ASA group) animals were injected with neuronal retrograde tracer Fast Blue (FB). Seven days post FB injection, animals were divided into a control and ASA supplementation group. The ASA group was given 100 mg/kg of b.w. ASA orally for 21 days. On the 28th day all pigs were euthanized with gradual overdose of anesthetic. Then fourteen-micrometer-thick cryostat sections were processed for routine double-labeling immunofluorescence, using primary antisera directed towards tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin (GAL), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), leu 5-enkephalin (LENK), cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript peptide (CART), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The data obtained in this study indicate that postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers supplying prepyloric area of the porcine stomach originate from the coeliac-cranial mesenteric ganglion complex (CCMG). In control animals, the FB-labelled neurons expressed TH (94.85 ± 1.01%), DβH (97.10 ± 0.97%), NPY (46.88 ± 2.53%) and GAL (8.40 ± 0.53%). In ASA group, TH- and DβH- positive nerve cells were reduced (85.78 ± 2.65% and 88.82 ± 1.63% respectively). Moreover, ASA- induced gastritis resulted in increased expression of NPY (76.59 ± 3.02%) and GAL (26.45 ± 2.75%) as well as the novo-synthesis of nNOS (6.13 ± 1.11%) and LENK (4.77 ± 0.42%) in traced CCMG neurons. Additionally, a network of CART-, CGRP-, SP-, VIP-, LENK-, nNOS- immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers encircling the FB-positive perikarya were observed in both intact and ASA-treated animals. The results of this study indicate involvement of these neuropeptides in the development or presumably counteraction of gastric inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Palus
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jarosław Całka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Spexin Enhances Bowel Movement through Activating L-type Voltage-dependent Calcium Channel via Galanin Receptor 2 in Mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12095. [PMID: 26160593 PMCID: PMC4498193 DOI: 10.1038/srep12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel neuropeptide spexin was found to be broadly expressed in various endocrine and nervous tissues while little is known about its functions. This study investigated the role of spexin in bowel movement and the underlying mechanisms. In functional constipation (FC) patients, serum spexin levels were significantly decreased. Consistently, in starved mice, the mRNA of spexin was significantly decreased in intestine and colon. Spexin injection increased the velocity of carbon powder propulsion in small intestine and decreased the glass beads expulsion time in distal colon in mice. Further, spexin dose-dependently stimulated the intestinal/colonic smooth muscle contraction. Galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) antagonist M871, but not Galanin receptor 3 (GALR3) antagonist SNAP37899, effectively suppressed the stimulatory effects of spexin on intestinal/colonic smooth muscle contraction, which could be eliminated by extracellular [Ca2+] removal and L-type voltage-dependentCa2+ channel (VDCC) inhibitor nifedipine. Besides, spexin dramatically increased the [Ca2+]i in isolated colonic smooth muscle cells. These data indicate that spexin can act on GALR2 receptor to regulate bowel motility by activating L-type VDCC. Our findings provide evidence for important physiological roles of spexin in GI functions. Selective action on spexin pathway might have therapeutic effects on GI diseases with motility disorders.
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Sand E, Roth B, Weström B, Bonn P, Ekblad E, Ohlsson B. Structural and functional consequences of buserelin-induced enteric neuropathy in rat. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:209. [PMID: 25496312 PMCID: PMC4275936 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-014-0209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs may develop enteric neuropathy and dysmotility. Administration of a GnRH analog to rats leads to similar degenerative neuropathy and ganglioneuritis. The aim of this study on rat was to evaluate the early GnRH-induced enteric neuropathy in terms of distribution of neuronal subpopulations and gastrointestinal (GI) function. METHODS Forty rats were given the GnRH analog buserelin (20 μg, 1 mg/ml) or saline subcutaneously, once daily for 5 days, followed by 3 weeks of recovery, representing one treatment session. Two weeks after the fourth treatment session, the animals were tested for GI transit time and galactose absorption, and fecal weight and fat content was analyzed. After sacrifice, enteric neuronal subpopulations were analyzed. Blood samples were analyzed for zonulin and antibodies against GnRH and luteinizing hormone, and their receptors. RESULTS Buserelin treatment transiently increased the body weight after 5 and 9 weeks (p < 0.001). Increased estradiol in plasma and thickened uterine muscle layers indicate high estrogen activity. The numbers of both submucous and myenteric neurons were reduced by 27%-61% in ileum and colon. The relative numbers of neurons containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript (CART), galanin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), serotonin, substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAchT), and their nerve fiber density, were unchanged after buserelin treatment, but the relative number of submucous neurons containing somatostatin tended to be increased (p = 0.062). The feces weight decreased in buserelin-treated rats (p < 0.01), whereas feces fat content increased (p < 0.05), compared to control rats. Total GI transit time, galactose absorption, zonulin levels in plasma, and antibody titers in serum were unaffected by buserelin treatment. CONCLUSIONS A marked enteric neuronal loss with modest effects on GI function is found after buserelin treatment. Increased feces fat content is suggested an early sign of dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sand
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Inga Marie Nilssons street 32, S-205 02, Malmö, Sweden. .,Department of Experimental Medical Science, Neurogastroenterology Unit, BMC B11, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bodil Roth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Inga Marie Nilssons street 32, S-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Björn Weström
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Peter Bonn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, CVMD, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Eva Ekblad
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Neurogastroenterology Unit, BMC B11, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bodil Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Inga Marie Nilssons street 32, S-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
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Lalatta-Costerbosa G, Clavenzani P, Petrosino G, Mazzoni M. An immunohistochemical study of the distribution of nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive neurons and fibers in the reticular groove of suckling lambs. J Anat 2011; 218:439-48. [PMID: 21323665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The reticular groove (RG) is a specialized region of ruminant forestomach which, in suckling animals, via a vagovagal reflex, transforms itself into a tube to ensure the direct transport of milk from the esophagus to the abomasum. The nervous mechanism controlling the RG movement is not fully understood; however, at this level, the enteric nervous system (ENS) shows the highest neuronal density when compared with other forestomach compartments. Because nitric oxide is considered the putative major mediator of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic smooth muscle relaxation, the aim of the present study was to investigate the ENS of the RG of suckling lambs, both in the floor and in the lip, with particular regard to nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactivity (-IR), by means of double immunohistochemical staining. NOS antiserum was used in association with some neurochemical markers which have been utilized by many authors in ENS. A rich innervation of fibers extended along the entire length of the RG. Proceeding distally, the number of neurons stained with a pan-neuronal marker increased; they were more numerous in the lips and lip-floor junction than in the floor itself. However, the percentage of NOS-IR neurons was the same in the proximal and distal parts. Many NOS-IR neurons often co-expressed galanin and dopamine β-hydroxylase. Neurochemical markers, such as calbindin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, IB4 and neurofilament 200 kDa, usually used to identify primary sensory neurons were not expressed in RG neurons, and the co-localization of NOS with tyrosine hydroxylase and substance P was rarely found. When compared with other districts, the RG showed some peculiar aspects, such as the lack of both neurons in the submucosal plexus and the lack of typical sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Lalatta-Costerbosa
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production (DIMORFIPA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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